Threats to Global Health

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© R. KYES

© SLT

Threats to Global Health Threats to Global Healthat the Human-Environment Interface

In October 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a major report titled “Global Health Risks.”

They identified 24 global risk factors.

Included among the top five risk factors were:

Childhood malnutrition

Alcohol Use

Unsafe Sex

Lack of Clean Water and Sanitation

High Blood Pressure

WHO was established on 7 Apr 1948 to advise the United Nations (est 1945) on Global Health Issues

Included among the 24 risk factors was:

* Climate Change *

Threats to Global Healthat the Human-Environment Interface

Side Note: Contributing Factors to Climate Change

Habitat Destruction (total loss, fragment., degradation, pollution)

Loss of Forest – increase in co2 – not enough cleaning effect – so warming.

Also, approx. 80% of worlds population depends on forest for traditional medicines

Side Note: Contributing Factors to Climate ChangeHabitat Destruction (total loss, fragment., degradation, pollution)


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copyrighted RKyes 2021

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WHO’s 2009 Global Health Risks Report

Included among the 24 risk factors was:

* Climate Change *


8 Oct 2018

WHO Oct., 2016

Climate Change

Potential health risks from climate change:• Temperature Extremes


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14 Mar 2017

-50% of world’s coral lost in past 30 yrs-90% will be gone by 2050-loss of coral is an ecological catastrophe-loss of coral will undermine human health

10 Jan 2019

-Oceans are heating up 40% faster on averagethan was estimated five years ago Climate Change


• Food and Water Shortages

Planetthoughts.org


Lil Hoody

Marysbeagooddogblog.com

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18 Sept 2018

National Geographic Magazine

April 2010

National Geographic Magazine

April 2010 sos-arsenic.net

Climate Change



• Increase in Waterborne Infections

Cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, skin diseases, etc. Reuters


Climate Change




• Vector-borne Diseases

malaria, dengue, sleeping sickness, etc.


• Vector-borne Diseases -- IN THE NEWS

Zika Virus


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Zika Virus:

- Spread by Aedes aegypti mosquito (carries dengue & yellow fever)

Maybe by other more common mosquito species too.

- Zika can lead to fever and a rash, but most people show no symptoms, and there is no known cure.

- The big concern: scientists note growing evidence that Zikalinked to microcephaly - babies being born with small heads (and often incomplete brain development).

- Zika also have been tied to cases for Guillain-Barre syndrome, a condition that causes paralysis.



Zika Virus:

- First discovered in 1947 in a sentinel monkey (Rhesus 776) being used to monitor for yellow fever in Uganda's Zika Forest.

- First human case in Nigeria in 1954.

- For decades did not appear to pose much threat to people and was largely ignored by the scientific community.

- Outbreak on the Micronesian island of Yap in 2007 caused researchers to take interest.

- In the past year (2015) the virus has "exploded" sweeping through the Americas (South/Central America). An estimated couple of million people may be infected.


Areas with Current of Past Evidence of Zika

Feb 8, 2017


Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)viral hemorrhagic disease (similar to Dengue, Ebola)


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“Deadliest outbreak of Ebola virus:

What you need to know”July 31, 2014 -- Updated 1420 GMT (2220 HKT) CNN

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“The Deadliest Ebola Outbreak in History”Updated at July 31, 2014, 5:26 p.m. ET © 2014 Vox Media, Inc



Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)

Hemorrhagic Fever

cbsn

ews.

com



Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Suspected Vector

Hemorrhagic Fever Bats (“bushmeat”)

cbsn

ews.

com


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“Bushmeat” - Bats

Deforestation

“They argue that the regional poverty and governance issues force people to plunder the forests for resources, increasing the chance of viruses passing from animals to humans.” DanielBerehulak

The laboratory studies with monkeys (and other animal models) to discover treatments for Ebola, Zika, and other serious diseases represent excellent examples of Translational Science

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SARS_CoV-2 virus Suspected Vector

COVID-19 Bats (presumed)


New

s.un

.org

From Feb 2020 – 2021…

Climate Change





• Weather-related Natural Disasters


Climate Change





• Weather-related Natural Disasters

• Conflict over Depleted Natural Resources


Water becoming more valuable than goldBy Patrick M. Sheridan @CNNMoney April 24, 2014: 2:49 PM ET

Something that many might take for granted is becoming highly coveted: water. In fact, water has become more precious than gold.

While the planet Earth is primarily covered in water, only 2.5% of it is fresh, and only a portion of that is drinkable. In fact, many global agencies now say human kind is in a water crisis.

The World Economic Forum names it as the number three global risk of 2014.

U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has warned that, "over 780 million people today do not have access to improved sources of drinking water, especially in Africa."

Water becoming more valuable than goldBy Patrick M. Sheridan @CNNMoney April 24, 2014: 2:49 PM ET

But besides the problem of generating enough clean water, the water crisis also raises some scary potential scenarios.

One is the idea that water will cause global conflicts in the future. Since water, food, and agriculture are so closely tied together, the idea of "water wars" erupting in Africa, the Middle East and Asia is seen as a real possibility by the Pacific Institute, a non-profit research group that studies resources worldwide, as nations rush to secure fresh water for their populations.

http://money.cnn.com/2014/04/24/news/water-gold-price/index.html?source=cnn_bin

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© R. KYES

© SLT

Threats to Global Health

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Threats to Global Health