Body cavities

Thorax

Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Pleura

Mediastinum

Thoracic cavity

Thorax – Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

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T1

R1

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T13

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The shape and volume of the thoracic cavity do not coincide with the animal's physical appearance.

Firstly, the proximal parts of the thoracic limbs disguise the fact that the cranial thoracic cavity is quite narrow.

Secondly, the external lines of the back and sternum are a considerable distance from the borders of the thoracic cavity and do not follow its contours.

Lastly, the dome of the diaphragm

enlarges the abdominal cavity at the expense of the thoracic cavity in a manner not indicated by the position of the ribs.

These characteristics of the thoracic cavity are clinically very important as the lung field (the area of the lung adjacent to the thoracic wall available for clinical examination) is actually much smaller than might be expected.

The thorax contains the vital components of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, while the esophagus also passes through the thorax on its way to the abdominal cavity. A sound knowledge of the anatomy of the normal is necessary to distinguish the abnormal. Additionally, a thorough understanding of the organs' topographic relationships is crucial to clinical examination and the correct interpretation of the patient's symptoms.

Thorax – Pleura Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Pleural arrangement (dorsal section, dorsal aspect, schematic)

Thorax – Mediastinum Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Cranial to the heart At the level of the heart Caudal to the heart

Pleural arrangement (transverse section, caudal aspect, schematic)

Thorax – Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

The diaphragm attaches to the medial surface of the ribs and the dorsal surface of the sternum. Just dorsal to the costal attachments, in the depth of the Recessus costodiaphragmaticus, the diaphragmatic pleura is reflected onto the inner surface of the thoracic wall to become the costal pleura.

This line of reflection is clinically important because it is the border of the pleural cavity.

Intercostal surgical incisions cranial to the line will enter the pleural cavity; however, intercostal incisions caudal to the line will enter the abdomen.

The line runs from the bend in the 8th rib cartilage to a point just dorsal to the costochondral junction of the 11th rib, and from there to the vertebral end of the 13th rib.

Thorax – Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

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4 5

T1

R1

6 7

T13

8

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The shape and volume of the thoracic cavity do not coincide with the animal's physical appearance.

Firstly, the proximal parts of the thoracic limbs disguise the fact that the cranial thoracic cavity is quite narrow.

Secondly, the external lines of the back and sternum are a considerable distance from the borders of the thoracic cavity and do not follow its contours.

Lastly, the dome of the diaphragm

enlarges the abdominal cavity at the expense of the thoracic cavity in a manner not indicated by the position of the ribs.

These characteristics of the thoracic cavity are clinically very important as the lung field (the area of the lung adjacent to the thoracic wall available for clinical examination) is actually much smaller than might be expected.

The thorax contains the vital components of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, while the esophagus also passes through the thorax on its way to the abdominal cavity. A sound knowledge of the anatomy of the normal is necessary to distinguish the abnormal. Additionally, a thorough understanding of the organs' topographic relationships is crucial to clinical examination and the correct interpretation of the patient's symptoms.

Summary of Comments on Canine AnatomyPage: 2

Author: T1. Thoracic vertebra 1 Subject: T1. Thoracic vertebra 1 Date: 2009/03/19 02:28:58 PM The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, thefirst ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. Author: T13. Thoracic vertebra 13 Subject: T13. Thoracic vertebra 13 Date: 2009/03/19 02:31:16 PM The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm. Author: R1. Rib 1 Subject: R1. Rib 1 Date: 2009/03/19 02:29:22 PM The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, the first ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. Author: 1. Thoracic vertebrae Subject: 1. Thoracic vertebrae Date: 2009/03/19 02:25:13 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, lies within the thorax and contains all the thoracic viscera, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes and the thin layer of connective tissue surrounding them. It is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. The conformation of the canine thorax varies greatly according to breed: in the greyhound it is deep and narrow, while in the bulldog it is shallow and broad. Author: 5. Cranial thoracic opening Subject: 5. Cranial thoracic opening Date: 2009/03/19 02:27:46 PM Apertura thoracis cranialis The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, the first ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. The opening is closed off by the deep fascia of the neck which also surrounds the esophagus, trachea and the blood vessels and nerves which lie cranial to the opening. Author: 4. Dome of the diaphragm Subject: 4. Dome of the diaphragm Date: 2009/03/19 02:26:35 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. Author: 2. Ribs Subject: 2. Ribs Date: 2009/03/19 02:25:55 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. Author: 7. Caudal thoracic opening Subject: 7. Caudal thoracic opening Date: 2009/03/19 02:30:16 PM Apertura thoracis caudalis The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm. Author: 6. Manubrium sterni Subject: 6. Manubrium sterni Date: 2009/03/19 02:29:44 PM The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, the first ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. Author: 8. Costal arc Subject: 8. Costal arc Date: 2009/03/19 02:31:23 PM Arcus costalis The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm. Author: 3. Sternum Subject: 3. Sternum Date: 2009/03/19 02:26:15 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. Author: 9. Xiphoid process Subject: 9. Xiphoid process Date: 2009/03/19 02:30:51 PM

Comments from page 2 continued on next page

Thorax – Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

1

2

3

4 5

T1

R1

6 7

T13

8

9

The shape and volume of the thoracic cavity do not coincide with the animal's physical appearance.

Firstly, the proximal parts of the thoracic limbs disguise the fact that the cranial thoracic cavity is quite narrow.

Secondly, the external lines of the back and sternum are a considerable distance from the borders of the thoracic cavity and do not follow its contours.

Lastly, the dome of the diaphragm

enlarges the abdominal cavity at the expense of the thoracic cavity in a manner not indicated by the position of the ribs.

These characteristics of the thoracic cavity are clinically very important as the lung field (the area of the lung adjacent to the thoracic wall available for clinical examination) is actually much smaller than might be expected.

The thorax contains the vital components of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, while the esophagus also passes through the thorax on its way to the abdominal cavity. A sound knowledge of the anatomy of the normal is necessary to distinguish the abnormal. Additionally, a thorough understanding of the organs' topographic relationships is crucial to clinical examination and the correct interpretation of the patient's symptoms.

Proc. xiphoideus The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm.

Thorax – Pleura Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Pleural arrangement (dorsal section, dorsal aspect, schematic)

Page: 3

Author: 18. Pleural cupula Subject: 18. Pleural cupula Date: 2009/04/21 11:42:54 AM Cupula pleurae Cranially, the pleura closes off the thoracic inlet by extending laterally from the mediastinum to the first rib. Both pleural cavities extend a short distance beyond the first rib, each forming a small pocket known as the Cupula pleurae; this constitutes the cranial limit of the pleural cavity at the thoracic inlet. The left cupula is slightly larger than the right. The cupula pleurae is clinically important in that deep stab-wounds at the base of the neck can enter the pleural cavity. Author: 18. Pleural cupula Subject: 18. Pleural cupula Date: 2009/04/21 11:43:00 AM Cupula pleurae Cranially, the pleura closes off the thoracic inlet by extending laterally from the mediastinum to the first rib. Both pleural cavities extend a short distance beyond the first rib, each forming a small pocket known as the Cupula pleurae; this constitutes the cranial limit of the pleural cavity at the thoracic inlet. The left cupula is slightly larger than the right. The cupula pleurae is clinically important in that deep stab-wounds at the base of the neck can enter the pleural cavity. Author: 3. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 3. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:26:31 AM Pleura mediastinalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 4. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 4. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:13:48 AM Mediastinum craniale The medial walls of the two pleural sacs are attached to each other by a very thin layer of endothoracic fascia and thus form a membranous septum known as the Mediastinum. Author: The pleura Subject: The pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:40:58 AM The pleura consists of a layer of flat mesothelial cells on a connective tissue base. These cells secrete a serous (watery) fluid into the pleural cavity which allows the organs in the thoracic cavity to move smoothly against one another. This small volume of fluid is all that the pleural cavities contain. In the normal animal there is a negative pressure or vacuum in the pleural cavities. This causes the lungs to expand and fill the available pleural space (with the exception of the depths of the pleural recesses); the lungs lie in close contact with the inner thoracic wall. The contact is increased by the surface tension of the pleural fluid which creates a cohesive linkage between the lungs and the thoracic wall. This liquid coupling provides instantaneous and complete transmission of thoracic volume changes to the lungs. Author: 14. Pleural cavity Subject: 14. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:11:21 AM Cavum pleurae The thoracic cavity is occupied by two membranous sacs that fill and effectively obliterate the cavity, reducing most of it toa very thin layer occupied by connective tissue (Fascia endothoracica); the rest of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the thoracic viscera, blood vessels and nerves. Each sac is formed by a serous membrane, the Pleura, and the cavities in the sacs are the left and right pleural cavities, Cavum pleurae. Each pleural cavity has the approximate shape of a halved cone with its base against the diaphragm and apex at the first rib; the curved lateral surface lies against the thoracic wall, and the flat medial surface lies in the median plane. Author: 11. Rib (transected) Subject: 11. Rib (transected) Date: 2009/04/15 08:32:36 AM Author: 5. Cranial vena cava Subject: 5. Cranial vena cava Date: 2009/04/09 05:16:04 PM Vena cava cranialis Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:22:57 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers thewalls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity.

Comments from page 3 continued on next page

Thorax – Pleura Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Pleural arrangement (dorsal section, dorsal aspect, schematic)

Author: 2. Pericardial pleura Subject: 2. Pericardial pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:06 AM Pleura pericardiaca The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. Author: 12. Intercostal muscles Subject: 12. Intercostal muscles Date: 2009/04/15 08:33:55 AM Mm. intercostales Author: 2. Pericardial pleura Subject: 2. Pericardial pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:10 AM Pleura pericardiaca The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. Author: 1. Heart Subject: 1. Heart Date: 2009/03/23 08:39:06 AM Author: 11. Rib (transected) Subject: 11. Rib (transected) Date: 2009/04/15 08:32:06 AM Author: 13. Costal pleura Subject: 13. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:24:11 AM Pleura costalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 8. Caudal vena cava Subject: 8. Caudal vena cava Date: 2009/04/09 05:19:18 PM Vena cava caudalis Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:05 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers thewalls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 14. Pleural cavity Subject: 14. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:11:37 AM Cavum pleurae The thoracic cavity is occupied by two membranous sacs that fill and effectively obliterate the cavity, reducing most of it toa very thin layer occupied by connective tissue (Fascia endothoracica); the rest of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the thoracic viscera, blood vessels and nerves. Each sac is formed by a serous membrane, the Pleura, and the cavities in the sacs are the left and right pleural cavities, Cavum pleurae. Each pleural cavity has the approximate shape of a halved cone with its base against the diaphragm and apex at the first rib; the curved lateral surface lies against the thoracic wall, and the flat medial surface lies in the median plane. Author: 17. Accessory lobe Subject: 17. Accessory lobe Date: 2009/04/15 08:41:33 AM Lobus accessorius Author: 16. Lung Subject: 16. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:40:18 AM Author: 12. Intercostal muscles Subject: 12. Intercostal muscles Date: 2009/04/15 08:33:25 AM Mm. intercostales Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:51 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers thewalls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 16. Lung Subject: 16. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:39:54 AM Author: 13. Costal pleura Subject: 13. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:24:19 AM Pleura costalis

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Thorax – Pleura Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Pleural arrangement (dorsal section, dorsal aspect, schematic)

The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Subject: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:50 AM Pleura diaphragmatica The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 6. Caudal mediastinum Subject: 6. Caudal mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:13:39 AM Mediastinum caudale The medial walls of the two pleural sacs are attached to each other by a very thin layer of endothoracic fascia and thus form a membranous septum known as the Mediastinum. Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:35 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers thewalls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 3. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 3. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:26:44 AM Pleura mediastinalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 7. Vena caval fold Subject: 7. Vena caval fold Date: 2009/04/09 05:17:54 PM Plica venae cavae Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:28 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers thewalls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:17 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers thewalls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Subject: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:43 AM Pleura diaphragmatica The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Subject: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:26:03 AM Pleura diaphragmatica The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the

Comments from page 3 continued on next page

Thorax – Pleura Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Pleural arrangement (dorsal section, dorsal aspect, schematic)

walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Subject: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:36:39 AM Recessus costodiaphragmaticus Various pleural recesses, Recessus pleurales, are formed where the mediastinal, diaphragmatic and costal pleurae meet. The pleural surfaces forming a particular recess normally lie in contact with each other. The basal and ventral margins of the lung may lie in the entrance of a recess, but never extend all the way into its depth. Caudo-laterally, the reflection of diaphragmatic pleura onto the ribs forms the Recessus costodiaphragmaticus which runs all along the line of the diaphragm's attachment to the ribs. The deepest point of this recess constitutes the so-called diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection. Author: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Subject: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:38:04 AM Recessus costodiaphragmaticus Various pleural recesses, Recessus pleurales, are formed where the mediastinal, diaphragmatic and costal pleurae meet. The pleural surfaces forming a particular recess normally lie in contact with each other. The basal and ventral margins of the lung may lie in the entrance of a recess, but never extend all the way into its depth. Caudo-laterally, the reflection of diaphragmatic pleura onto the ribs forms the Recessus costodiaphragmaticus which runs all along the line of the diaphragm's attachment to the ribs. The deepest point of this recess constitutes the so-called diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection. Author: 9. Diaphragm Subject: 9. Diaphragm Date: 2009/04/15 08:29:20 AM Diaphragma Author: 9. Diaphragm Subject: 9. Diaphragm Date: 2009/04/15 08:29:01 AM Diaphragma Author: Caudal pleural cavity Subject: Caudal pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:37:36 AM At its most caudo-dorsal extent, the pleural cavity projects caudal to vertebral end of the last rib and reaches the level of L1. The space between the last rib and the crus of the diaphragm, the Arcus lumbocostalis, is closed off by pleura, Fascia endothoracica, abdominal Fascia transversalis and peritoneum. Caudo-dorsally, the Recessus lumbodiaphragmaticus is formed by the diaphragmatic pleura and the pleura covering the roof of the pleural cavity.

Thorax – Mediastinum Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Cranial to the heart At the level of the heart Caudal to the heart

Pleural arrangement (transverse section, caudal aspect, schematic)

Page: 4

Author: The mediastinum Subject: The mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:54:42 AM The mediastinum is the vertical partition which separates the two pleural cavities from each other. It is formed by two layers of parietal pleura (the medial walls of the left and right pleural sacs) attached to each other by a very thin layer of endothoracic fascia. All the thoracic viscera except the lungs lie within the mediastinum. The greater part of the mediastinum lies in the median plane; however, the right lung is larger than the left and displaces the heart and its mediastinum to the left. To facilitate description, the mediastinum is divided into cranial, middle and caudal regions (Mediastinum craniale / medium / caudale). Each of these regions is subdivided into dorsal and ventral sections (Mediastinum dorsale / ventrale). The mediastinum generally forms a complete but delicate septum between the two pleural cavities. In the dog, however, small openings develop in the ventral part of the mediastinum. These openings connect the two pleural cavities which has major practical implications: for example, it cannot be assumed that an infection in one pleural cavity will not spread to theother cavity.

Author: 8. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 8. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:57:38 AM Mediastinum craniale The dorsal part contains the esophagus, trachea, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, various nerves and ganglia (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, sympathetic trunk, stellate ganglion), thoracic duct and the large blood vessels of the head, neck and thoracic limb. The ventral part of the cranial mediastinum contains the thymus and the Aa. and Vv. thoracicae internae.

Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:43:57 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:24 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 10. Caudal mediastinum Subject: 10. Caudal mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:04:43 PM Mediastinum caudale The dorsal part contains the thoracic aorta, V. azygos dextra, the continuation of the esophagus and vagal nerves, the Cavum mediastini serosum and the caudal mediastinal lymph nodes. The ventral part is very delicate and forms the Plica venae cavae and Recessus mediastini. Author: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Subject: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Date: 2009/04/21 11:17:22 AM Cavum thoracis/ Fascia endothoracica The endothoracic fascia of the mediastinum is continued peripherally where it attaches the pleural sacs to the muscles ventral to the vertebral column, to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, M. transversus thoracis and to the sternum. It also surrounds the base of the heart, pericardial sac, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus and all thoracic blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes. Where the pleura is apposed to these organs and structures, the endothoracic fascia is again responsible for the attachment. The endothoracic fascia contains elastic fibres and, like the pleura, it is able to stretch. This is especially so on the surface of the lungs but also in the ventral parts of most of the mediastinum. In obese animals, fat is stored in the endothoracic fascia. Cranially, the endothoracic fascia is continuous with the fascia at the thoracic inlet and with the deep fascia of the neck. It is therefore possible for infections to spread along the fascial planes from the thorax to the neck and vice versa.

Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:06 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 12. Oesophagus Subject: 12. Oesophagus Date: 2009/04/15 08:01:28 AM Author: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Subject: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Date: 2009/04/21

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Cranial to the heart At the level of the heart Caudal to the heart

Pleural arrangement (transverse section, caudal aspect, schematic)

11:17:42 AM Cavum thoracis Fascia endothoracica The endothoracic fascia of the mediastinum is continued peripherally where it attaches the pleural sacs to the muscles ventral to the vertebral column, to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, M. transversus thoracis and to the sternum. It also surrounds the base of the heart, pericardial sac, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus and all thoracic blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes. Where the pleura is apposed to these organs and structures, the endothoracic fascia is again responsible for the attachment. The endothoracic fascia contains elastic fibres and, like the pleura, it is able to stretch. This is especially so on the surface of the lungs but also in the ventral parts of most of the mediastinum. In obese animals, fat is stored in the endothoracic fascia. Cranially, the endothoracic fascia is continuous with the fascia at the thoracic inlet and with the deep fascia of the neck. It is therefore possible for infections to spread along the fascial planes from the thorax to the neck and vice versa. Author: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Subject: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Date: 2009/04/21 11:17:56 AM Cavum thoracis Fascia endothoracica The endothoracic fascia of the mediastinum is continued peripherally where it attaches the pleural sacs to the muscles ventral to the vertebral column, to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, M. transversus thoracis and to the sternum. It also surrounds the base of the heart, pericardial sac, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus and all thoracic blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes. Where the pleura is apposed to these organs and structures, the endothoracic fascia is again responsible for the attachment. The endothoracic fascia contains elastic fibres and, like the pleura, it is able to stretch. This is especially so on the surface of the lungs but also in the ventral parts of most of the mediastinum. In obese animals, fat is stored in the endothoracic fascia. Cranially, the endothoracic fascia is continuous with the fascia at the thoracic inlet and with the deep fascia of the neck. It is therefore possible for infections to spread along the fascial planes from the thorax to the neck and vice versa. Author: 9. Middle mediastinum Subject: 9. Middle mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:00:13 PM Mediastinum medium The dorsal part is occupied by the tracheal bifurcation, esophagus, aortic arch, Aa. and Vv. pulmonales, thoracic duct, V. azygos dextra, tracheobronchal and pulmonary lymph nodes, and the vagus nerves. The ventral part contains the heart and pericardium. Author: 15. Aorta Subject: 15. Aorta Date: 2009/04/21 12:04:06 PM Author: 12. Oesophagus Subject: 12. Oesophagus Date: 2009/04/15 08:01:59 AM Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:08 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:11:54 AM Cavum pleurae The thoracic cavity is occupied by two membranous sacs that fill and effectively obliterate the cavity, reducing most of it toa very thin layer occupied by connective tissue (Fascia endothoracica); the rest of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the thoracic viscera, blood vessels and nerves. Each sac is formed by a serous membrane, the Pleura, and the cavities in the sacs are the left and right pleural cavities, Cavum pleurae. Each pleural cavity has the approximate shape of a halved cone with its base against the diaphragm and apex at the first rib; the curved lateral surface lies against the thoracic wall, and the flat medial surface lies in the median plane. Author: 20. Serous mediastinal cavity Subject: 20. Serous mediastinal cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:44:31 AM Cavum mediastini serosum This is a closed, laterally flattened membranous cavity which lies mainly to the right of the thoracic esophagus. In the embryo, the cavity (then called the Bursa infracardiaca) is cut off from the Bursa omentalis by the developing diaphragm; the cavum is therefore lined by peritoneum and not pleura. It extends from the root of the lung to the diaphragm but may even reach the cardia of the stomach. The origin of the right pulmonary ligament lies lateral to it. Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:41:29 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 13. Trachea Subject: 13. Trachea Date: 2009/04/15 08:03:01 AM

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Thorax – Mediastinum Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Cranial to the heart At the level of the heart Caudal to the heart

Pleural arrangement (transverse section, caudal aspect, schematic)

Author: 12. Oesophagus Subject: 12. Oesophagus Date: 2009/04/15 08:02:18 AM Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:41:47 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:19 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 13. Trachea Subject: 13. Trachea Date: 2009/04/21 12:02:59 PM Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:05 AM Pleura costalis Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:15 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:02 AM Pleura costalis Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:10 AM Pleura costalis Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:49 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 9. Middle mediastinum Subject: 9. Middle mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:03 PM Mediastinum medium The dorsal part is occupied by the tracheal bifurcation, esophagus, aortic arch, Aa. and Vv. pulmonales, thoracic duct, V. azygos dextra, tracheobronchal and pulmonary lymph nodes, and the vagus nerves. The ventral part contains the heart and pericardium. Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:00:49 AM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:00:27 AM Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:08 PM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:11 PM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:19 PM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 07:58:56 AM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 07:59:15 AM Author: 8. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 8. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:57:29 AM Mediastinum craniale The dorsal part contains the esophagus, trachea, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, various nerves and ganglia (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, sympathetic trunk, stellate ganglion), thoracic duct and the large blood vessels of the head, neck and thoracic limb. The ventral part of the cranial mediastinum contains the thymus and the Aa. and Vv. thoracicae internae. Author: 15. Aorta Subject: 15. Aorta Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:31 PM Author: 23. Right phrenic nerve Subject: 23. Right phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:18:08 AM

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Thorax – Mediastinum Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Cranial to the heart At the level of the heart Caudal to the heart

Pleural arrangement (transverse section, caudal aspect, schematic)

N. phrenicus dexter Author: 21. Caudal vena cava Subject: 21. Caudal vena cava Date: 2009/04/15 08:11:00 AM Vena cava caudalis Author: 22. Left phrenic nerve Subject: 22. Left phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:16 PM N. phrenicus sinister Author: 22. Left phrenic nerve Subject: 22. Left phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:16:02 AM N. phrenicus sinister Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:47:23 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 22. Left phrenic nerve Subject: 22. Left phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:16:06 AM N. phrenicus sinister Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:03 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 23. Right phrenic nerve Subject: 23. Right phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:17:36 AM N. phrenicus dexter Author: 25. Accessory lobe Subject: 25. Accessory lobe Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:45 AM Lobus accessorius Author: 14. Thymus Subject: 14. Thymus Date: 2009/04/15 08:04:12 AM Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:24 AM Pleura costalis Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:47:32 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 16. Heart Subject: 16. Heart Date: 2009/04/15 08:05:41 AM Author: 23. Right phrenic nerve Subject: 23. Right phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:41 AM N. phrenicus dexter Dorsally, the Plica venae cavae also contains the distal portion of the right N. phrenicus. The nerve can either lie in the fold proper, or it can lie in a separate small fold projecting from lateral surface of the plica. Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:22 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:47:27 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 17. Pericardial cavity Subject: 17. Pericardial cavity Date: 2009/04/15 08:06:50 AM Cavum pericardii Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:11 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 18. Fibrous pericardium Subject: 18. Fibrous pericardium Date: 2009/04/15 08:07:46 AM Pericardium fibrosum Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:19 AM Pleura costalis Author: 10. Caudal mediastinum Subject: 10. Caudal mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:05:29 PM Mediastinum caudale The dorsal part contains the thoracic aorta, V. azygos dextra, the continuation of the esophagus and vagal nerves, the Cavum mediastini serosum and the caudal mediastinal lymph nodes. The ventral part is very delicate and forms the Plica venae cavae and Recessus mediastini. Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:28 AM

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Thorax – Mediastinum Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Cranial to the heart At the level of the heart Caudal to the heart

Pleural arrangement (transverse section, caudal aspect, schematic)

Pleura mediastinalis Author: 24. Vena caval fold Subject: 24. Vena caval fold Date: 2009/04/21 11:53:32 AM Plica venae cavae The Plica venae cavae is regarded as part of the caudal mediastinum. Author: 6. Pericardial pleura Subject: 6. Pericardial pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:40:39 AM Pleura pericardiaca Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:30 AM Pleura costalis Author: 19. Serous pericardium Subject: 19. Serous pericardium Date: 2009/04/15 08:08:37 AM Pericardium serosum Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:18 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 9. Middle mediastinum Subject: 9. Middle mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:00:55 PM Mediastinum medium The dorsal part is occupied by the tracheal bifurcation, esophagus, aortic arch, Aa. and Vv. pulmonales, thoracic duct, V. azygos dextra, tracheobronchal and pulmonary lymph nodes, and the vagus nerves. The ventral part contains the heart and pericardium. Author: 26. Mediastinal recess Subject: 26. Mediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:11 AM Recessus mediastini In the caudal mediastinum (between the heart and diaphragm) there is a fairly large pocket which accommodates the Lobus accessorius of the right lung; this is the Recessus mediastini. The recess is a sub compartment of the right pleural cavity with which it freely communicates. The left wall of the recess is essentially the caudal extension of the mediastinum which is displaced a considerable distance to the left. The recess' right wall is a fold of pleura projecting dorsally from the floor of the right pleural cavity; it is continuous cranially with the middle mediastinum while caudally it is reflected onto the diaphragm. In its free dorsal edge the fold contains the cranial portion of the V. cava caudalis which gives the fold its name,the Plica venae cavae.

Author: 8. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 8. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:58:29 AM Mediastinum craniale The dorsal part contains the esophagus, trachea, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, various nerves and ganglia (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, sympathetic trunk, stellate ganglion), thoracic duct and the large blood vessels of the head, neck and thoracic limb. The ventral part of the cranial mediastinum contains the thymus and the Aa. and Vv. thoracicae internae. Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:38:32 AM Recessus costomediastinalis The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae. Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:25 AM Recessus costomediastinalis The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae. Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:38:22 AM Recessus costomediastinalis The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae. Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:01 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:37:20 AM Recessus costomediastinalis

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Thorax – Mediastinum Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

Cranial to the heart At the level of the heart Caudal to the heart

Pleural arrangement (transverse section, caudal aspect, schematic)

The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae.

Thorax – Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection Thoracic cavity ∣ Pleura ∣ Mediastinum ∣ Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection ∣ Menu

The diaphragm attaches to the medial surface of the ribs and the dorsal surface of the sternum. Just dorsal to the costal attachments, in the depth of the Recessus costodiaphragmaticus, the diaphragmatic pleura is reflected onto the inner surface of the thoracic wall to become the costal pleura.

This line of reflection is clinically important because it is the border of the pleural cavity.

Intercostal surgical incisions cranial to the line will enter the pleural cavity; however, intercostal incisions caudal to the line will enter the abdomen.

The line runs from the bend in the 8th rib cartilage to a point just dorsal to the costochondral junction of the 11th rib, and from there to the vertebral end of the 13th rib.

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Author: 5. Lateral border of epaxial muscles Subject: 5. Lateral border of epaxial muscles Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:24PM Author: 1. Left lung Subject: 1. Left lung Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:14 PM Author: 7. Basal edge of the lung Subject: 7. Basal edge of the lung Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:37 PM Author: 3. Rib 3 Subject: 3. Rib 3 Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:19 PM Author: 10. Rib 10 Subject: 10. Rib 10 Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:44 PM Author: 8. Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection Subject: 8. Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:50 PM Author: 6. Rib 6 Subject: 6. Rib 6 Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:28 PM Author: 2. Heart (outline) Subject: 2. Heart (outline) Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:09 PM Author: 4. Tricipital muscle line Subject: 4. Tricipital muscle line Date: 2009/03/19 03:11:54 PM Linea m. tricipitis Author: 9. Thoracocentesis sites (fluid) Subject: 9. Thoracocentesis sites (fluid) Date: 2009/03/19 03:12:56 PM

Summary of Comments on Canine AnatomyPage: 2

Author: T1. Thoracic vertebra 1 Subject: T1. Thoracic vertebra 1 Date: 2009/03/19 02:28:58 PM The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, the first ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. Author: T13. Thoracic vertebra 13 Subject: T13. Thoracic vertebra 13 Date: 2009/03/19 02:31:16 PM The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm. Author: R1. Rib 1 Subject: R1. Rib 1 Date: 2009/03/19 02:29:22 PM The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, the first ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. Author: 1. Thoracic vertebrae Subject: 1. Thoracic vertebrae Date: 2009/03/19 02:25:13 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, lies within the thorax and contains all the thoracic viscera, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes and the thin layer of connective tissue surrounding them. It is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. The conformation of the canine thorax varies greatly according to breed: in the greyhound it is deep and narrow, while in the bulldog it is shallow and broad. Author: 5. Cranial thoracic opening Subject: 5. Cranial thoracic opening Date: 2009/03/19 02:27:46 PM Apertura thoracis cranialis The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, the first ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. The opening is closed off by the deep fascia of the neck which also surrounds the esophagus, trachea and the blood vessels and nerves which lie cranial to the opening. Author: 4. Dome of the diaphragm Subject: 4. Dome of the diaphragm Date: 2009/03/19 02:26:35 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. Author: 2. Ribs Subject: 2. Ribs Date: 2009/03/19 02:25:55 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. Author: 7. Caudal thoracic opening Subject: 7. Caudal thoracic opening Date: 2009/03/19 02:30:16 PM Apertura thoracis caudalis The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm. Author: 6. Manubrium sterni Subject: 6. Manubrium sterni Date: 2009/03/19 02:29:44 PM The cranial opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis cranialis) is bordered by T1 (and M. longus colli) dorsally, the first ribs (left and right) laterally and the Manubrium sterni ventrally. Author: 8. Costal arc Subject: 8. Costal arc Date: 2009/03/19 02:31:23 PM Arcus costalis The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm. Author: 3. Sternum Subject: 3. Sternum Date: 2009/03/19 02:26:15 PM The thoracic cavity, Cavum thoracis, is bordered dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae, laterally by the ribs, ventrally by the sternum and caudally by the diaphragm. Author: 9. Xiphoid process Subject: 9. Xiphoid process Date: 2009/03/19 02:30:51 PM Proc. xiphoideus The caudal opening of the thoracic cavity (Apertura thoracis caudalis) is bordered by T13 (and M. iliopsoas) dorsally, the Arcus costalis laterally and the Proc. xiphoideus ventrally; the opening is closed off by the diaphragm.

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Author: 18. Pleural cupula Subject: 18. Pleural cupula Date: 2009/04/21 11:42:54 AM Cupula pleurae Cranially, the pleura closes off the thoracic inlet by extending laterally from the mediastinum to the first rib. Both pleural cavities extend a short distance beyond the first rib, each forming a small pocket known as the Cupula pleurae; this constitutes the cranial limit of the pleural cavity at the thoracic inlet. The left cupula is slightly larger than the right. The cupula pleurae is clinically important in that deep stab-wounds at the base of the neck can enter the pleural cavity. Author: 18. Pleural cupula Subject: 18. Pleural cupula Date: 2009/04/21 11:43:00 AM Cupula pleurae Cranially, the pleura closes off the thoracic inlet by extending laterally from the mediastinum to the first rib. Both pleural cavities extend a short distance beyond the first rib, each forming a small pocket known as the Cupula pleurae; this constitutes the cranial limit of the pleural cavity at the thoracic inlet. The left cupula is slightly larger than the right. The cupula pleurae is clinically important in that deep stab-wounds at the base of the neck can enter the pleural cavity. Author: 3. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 3. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:26:31 AM Pleura mediastinalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 4. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 4. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:13:48 AM Mediastinum craniale The medial walls of the two pleural sacs are attached to each other by a very thin layer of endothoracic fascia and thus form a membranous septum known as the Mediastinum. Author: The pleura Subject: The pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:40:58 AM The pleura consists of a layer of flat mesothelial cells on a connective tissue base. These cells secrete a serous (watery) fluid into the pleural cavity which allows the organs in the thoracic cavity to move smoothly against one another. This small volume of fluid is all that the pleural cavities contain. In the normal animal there is a negative pressure or vacuum in the pleural cavities. This causes the lungs to expand and fill the available pleural space (with the exception of the depths of the pleuralrecesses); the lungs lie in close contact with the inner thoracic wall. The contact is increased by the surface tension of the pleural fluid which creates a cohesive linkage between the lungs and the thoracic wall. This liquid coupling provides instantaneous and complete transmission of thoracic volume changes to the lungs. Author: 14. Pleural cavity Subject: 14. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:11:21 AM Cavum pleurae The thoracic cavity is occupied by two membranous sacs that fill and effectively obliterate the cavity, reducing most of it to a very thin layer occupied by connective tissue (Fascia endothoracica); the rest of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the thoracic viscera, blood vessels and nerves. Each sac is formed by a serous membrane, the Pleura, and the cavities in the sacs are the left and right pleural cavities, Cavum pleurae. Each pleural cavity has the approximate shape of a halved cone with its base against the diaphragm and apex at the first rib; the curved lateral surface lies against the thoracic wall, and the flat medial surface lies in the median plane. Author: 11. Rib (transected) Subject: 11. Rib (transected) Date: 2009/04/15 08:32:36 AM Author: 5. Cranial vena cava Subject: 5. Cranial vena cava Date: 2009/04/09 05:16:04 PM Vena cava cranialis Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:22:57 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 2. Pericardial pleura Subject: 2. Pericardial pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:06 AM Pleura pericardiaca The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. Author: 12. Intercostal muscles Subject: 12. Intercostal muscles Date: 2009/04/15 08:33:55 AM Mm. intercostales Author: 2. Pericardial pleura Subject: 2. Pericardial pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:10 AM Pleura pericardiaca The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. Author: 1. Heart Subject: 1. Heart Date: 2009/03/23 08:39:06 AM Author: 11. Rib (transected) Subject: 11. Rib (transected) Date: 2009/04/15 08:32:06 AM Author: 13. Costal pleura Subject: 13. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:24:11 AM Pleura costalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 8. Caudal vena cava Subject: 8. Caudal vena cava Date: 2009/04/09 05:19:18 PM Vena cava caudalis Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:05 AM Pleura pulmonalis

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The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 14. Pleural cavity Subject: 14. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:11:37 AM Cavum pleurae The thoracic cavity is occupied by two membranous sacs that fill and effectively obliterate the cavity, reducing most of it to a very thin layer occupied by connective tissue (Fascia endothoracica); the rest of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the thoracic viscera, blood vessels and nerves. Each sac is formed by a serous membrane, the Pleura, and the cavities in the sacs are the left and right pleural cavities, Cavum pleurae. Each pleural cavity has the approximate shape of a halved cone with its base against the diaphragm and apex at the first rib; the curved lateral surface lies against the thoracic wall, and the flat medial surface lies in the median plane. Author: 17. Accessory lobe Subject: 17. Accessory lobe Date: 2009/04/15 08:41:33 AM Lobus accessorius Author: 16. Lung Subject: 16. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:40:18 AM Author: 12. Intercostal muscles Subject: 12. Intercostal muscles Date: 2009/04/15 08:33:25 AM Mm. intercostales Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:51 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 16. Lung Subject: 16. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:39:54 AM Author: 13. Costal pleura Subject: 13. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:24:19 AM Pleura costalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Subject: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:50 AM Pleura diaphragmatica The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 6. Caudal mediastinum Subject: 6. Caudal mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:13:39 AM Mediastinum caudale The medial walls of the two pleural sacs are attached to each other by a very thin layer of endothoracic fascia and thus form a membranous septum known as the Mediastinum. Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:35 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 3. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 3. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:26:44 AM Pleura mediastinalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 7. Vena caval fold Subject: 7. Vena caval fold Date: 2009/04/09 05:17:54 PM Plica venae cavae Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:28 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 15. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 15. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:23:17 AM Pleura pulmonalis The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Subject: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:25:43 AM Pleura diaphragmatica The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Subject: 10. Diaphragmatic pleura Date: 2009/04/21 11:26:03 AM Pleura diaphragmatica The pleura may be divided into a visceral part that covers the lungs, Pleura pulmonalis, and a parietal part that covers the walls of the pleural cavity, Pleura parietalis. The parietal pleura is further classified according to its topographical position as Pleura costalis, Pleura diaphragmatica and Pleura mediastinalis. The mediastinal pleura covering the pericardial sac is the Pleura pericardiaca. It is important to note that all these subdivisions of the pleura are formed by one continuous

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membrane for each pleural cavity. Author: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Subject: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:36:39 AM Recessus costodiaphragmaticus Various pleural recesses, Recessus pleurales, are formed where the mediastinal, diaphragmatic and costal pleurae meet. The pleural surfaces forming a particular recess normally lie in contact with each other. The basal and ventral margins of the lung may lie in the entrance of a recess, but never extend all the way into its depth. Caudo-laterally, the reflection of diaphragmatic pleura onto the ribs forms the Recessus costodiaphragmaticus which runs all along the line of the diaphragm's attachment to the ribs. The deepest point of this recess constitutes the so-called diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection. Author: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Subject: 19. Costodiaphragmatic recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:38:04 AM Recessus costodiaphragmaticus Various pleural recesses, Recessus pleurales, are formed where the mediastinal, diaphragmatic and costal pleurae meet. The pleural surfaces forming a particular recess normally lie in contact with each other. The basal and ventral margins of the lung may lie in the entrance of a recess, but never extend all the way into its depth. Caudo-laterally, the reflection of diaphragmatic pleura onto the ribs forms the Recessus costodiaphragmaticus which runs all along the line of the diaphragm's attachment to the ribs. The deepest point of this recess constitutes the so-called diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection. Author: 9. Diaphragm Subject: 9. Diaphragm Date: 2009/04/15 08:29:20 AM Diaphragma Author: 9. Diaphragm Subject: 9. Diaphragm Date: 2009/04/15 08:29:01 AM Diaphragma Author: Caudal pleural cavity Subject: Caudal pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:37:36 AM At its most caudo-dorsal extent, the pleural cavity projects caudal to vertebral end of the last rib and reaches the level of L1. The space between the last rib and the crus of the diaphragm, the Arcus lumbocostalis, is closed off by pleura, Fascia endothoracica, abdominal Fascia transversalis and peritoneum. Caudo-dorsally, the Recessus lumbodiaphragmaticus is formed by the diaphragmatic pleura and the pleura covering the roof of the pleural cavity.

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Author: The mediastinum Subject: The mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:54:42 AM The mediastinum is the vertical partition which separates the two pleural cavities from each other. It is formed by two layers of parietal pleura (the medial walls of the left and right pleural sacs) attached to each other by a very thin layer of endothoracic fascia. All the thoracic viscera except the lungs lie within the mediastinum. The greater part of the mediastinum lies in the median plane; however, the right lung is larger than the left and displaces the heart and its mediastinum to the left. To facilitate description, the mediastinum is divided into cranial, middle and caudal regions (Mediastinum craniale / medium / caudale). Each of these regions is subdivided into dorsal and ventral sections (Mediastinum dorsale / ventrale). The mediastinum generally forms a complete but delicate septum between the two pleural cavities. In the dog, however, small openings develop in the ventral part of the mediastinum. These openings connect the two pleural cavities which has major practical implications: for example, it cannot be assumed that an infection in one pleural cavity will not spread to the other cavity.

Author: 8. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 8. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:57:38 AM Mediastinum craniale The dorsal part contains the esophagus, trachea, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, various nerves and ganglia (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, sympathetic trunk, stellate ganglion), thoracic duct and the large blood vessels of the head, neck and thoracic limb. The ventral part of the cranial mediastinum contains the thymus and the Aa. and Vv. thoracicae internae.

Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:43:57 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:24 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 10. Caudal mediastinum Subject: 10. Caudal mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:04:43 PM Mediastinum caudale The dorsal part contains the thoracic aorta, V. azygos dextra, the continuation of the esophagus and vagal nerves, the Cavum mediastini serosum and the caudal mediastinal lymph nodes. The ventral part is very delicate and forms the Plica venae cavae and Recessus mediastini. Author: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Subject: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Date: 2009/04/21 11:17:22 AM Cavum thoracis/ Fascia endothoracica The endothoracic fascia of the mediastinum is continued peripherally where it attaches the pleural sacs to the muscles ventral to the vertebral column, to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, M. transversus thoracis and to the sternum. It also surrounds the base of the heart, pericardial sac, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus and all thoracic blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes. Where the pleura is apposed to these organs and structures, the endothoracic fascia is again responsible for the attachment. The endothoracic fascia contains elastic fibres and, like the pleura, it is able to stretch. This is especially so on the surface of the lungs but also in the ventral parts of most of the mediastinum. In obese animals, fat is stored in the endothoracic fascia. Cranially, the endothoracic fascia is continuous with the fascia at the thoracic inlet and with the deep fascia of the neck. It is therefore possible for infections to spread along the fascial planes from the thorax to the neck and vice versa.

Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:06 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 12. Oesophagus Subject: 12. Oesophagus Date: 2009/04/15 08:01:28 AM Author: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Subject: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Date: 2009/04/21 11:17:42 AM Cavum thoracis Fascia endothoracica The endothoracic fascia of the mediastinum is continued peripherally where it attaches the pleural sacs to the muscles ventral to the vertebral column, to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, M. transversus thoracis and to the sternum. It also surrounds the base of the heart, pericardial sac, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus and all thoracic blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes. Where the pleura is apposed to these organs and structures, the endothoracic fascia is again responsible for the attachment. The endothoracic fascia contains elastic fibres and, like the pleura, it is able to stretch. This is especially so on the surface of the lungs but also in the ventral parts of most of the mediastinum. In obese animals, fat is stored in the endothoracic fascia. Cranially, the endothoracic fascia is continuous with the fascia at the thoracic inlet and with the deep fascia of the neck. It is therefore possible for infections to spread along the fascial planes from the thorax to the neck and vice versa. Author: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Subject: 1. Thoracic cavity/ 2. Endothoracic fascia Date: 2009/04/21 11:17:56 AM Cavum thoracis Fascia endothoracica The endothoracic fascia of the mediastinum is continued peripherally where it attaches the pleural sacs to the muscles ventral to the vertebral column, to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, M. transversus thoracis and to the sternum. It also surrounds the base of the heart, pericardial sac, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus and all thoracic blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes. Where the pleura is apposed to these organs and structures, the endothoracic fascia is again responsible for the attachment. The endothoracic fascia contains elastic fibres and, like the pleura, it is able to stretch. This is especially so on the surface of the lungs but also in the ventral parts of most of the mediastinum. In obese animals, fat is stored in the endothoracic fascia. Cranially, the endothoracic fascia is continuous with the fascia at the thoracic inlet and with the deep fascia of the neck. It is therefore possible for infections to spread along the fascial planes from the thorax to the neck and vice versa. Author: 9. Middle mediastinum Subject: 9. Middle mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:00:13 PM Mediastinum medium The dorsal part is occupied by the tracheal bifurcation, esophagus, aortic arch, Aa. and Vv. pulmonales, thoracic duct, V. azygos dextra, tracheobronchal and pulmonary lymph nodes, and the vagus nerves. The ventral part contains the heart and pericardium.

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Author: 15. Aorta Subject: 15. Aorta Date: 2009/04/21 12:04:06 PM Author: 12. Oesophagus Subject: 12. Oesophagus Date: 2009/04/15 08:01:59 AM Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:08 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:11:54 AM Cavum pleurae The thoracic cavity is occupied by two membranous sacs that fill and effectively obliterate the cavity, reducing most of it to a very thin layer occupied by connective tissue (Fascia endothoracica); the rest of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the thoracic viscera, blood vessels and nerves. Each sac is formed by a serous membrane, the Pleura, and the cavities in the sacs are the left and right pleural cavities, Cavum pleurae. Each pleural cavity has the approximate shape of a halved cone with its base against the diaphragm and apex at the first rib; the curved lateral surface lies against the thoracic wall, and the flat medial surface lies in the median plane. Author: 20. Serous mediastinal cavity Subject: 20. Serous mediastinal cavity Date: 2009/04/21 11:44:31 AM Cavum mediastini serosum This is a closed, laterally flattened membranous cavity which lies mainly to the right of the thoracic esophagus. In the embryo, the cavity (then called the Bursa infracardiaca) is cut off from the Bursa omentalis by the developing diaphragm; the cavum is therefore lined by peritoneum and not pleura. It extends from the root ofthe lung to the diaphragm but may even reach the cardia of the stomach. The origin of the right pulmonary ligament lies lateral to it. Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:41:29 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 13. Trachea Subject: 13. Trachea Date: 2009/04/15 08:03:01 AM Author: 12. Oesophagus Subject: 12. Oesophagus Date: 2009/04/15 08:02:18 AM Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:41:47 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:19 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 13. Trachea Subject: 13. Trachea Date: 2009/04/21 12:02:59 PM Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:05 AM Pleura costalis Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:15 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:02 AM Pleura costalis Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:10 AM Pleura costalis Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:49 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 9. Middle mediastinum Subject: 9. Middle mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:03 PM Mediastinum medium The dorsal part is occupied by the tracheal bifurcation, esophagus, aortic arch, Aa. and Vv. pulmonales, thoracic duct, V. azygos dextra, tracheobronchal and pulmonary lymph nodes, and the vagus nerves. The ventral part contains the heart and pericardium. Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:00:49 AM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 08:00:27 AM Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:08 PM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:11 PM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:19 PM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 07:58:56 AM Author: 11. Lung Subject: 11. Lung Date: 2009/04/15 07:59:15 AM Author: 8. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 8. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:57:29 AM Mediastinum craniale The dorsal part contains the esophagus, trachea, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, various nerves and ganglia (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, sympathetic trunk, stellate ganglion), thoracic duct and the large blood vessels of the head, neck and thoracic limb. The ventral part of the cranial mediastinum contains the thymus and the Aa. and Vv. thoracicae internae. Author: 15. Aorta Subject: 15. Aorta Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:31 PM

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Author: 23. Right phrenic nerve Subject: 23. Right phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:18:08 AM N. phrenicus dexter Author: 21. Caudal vena cava Subject: 21. Caudal vena cava Date: 2009/04/15 08:11:00 AM Vena cava caudalis Author: 22. Left phrenic nerve Subject: 22. Left phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/21 12:03:16 PM N. phrenicus sinister Author: 22. Left phrenic nerve Subject: 22. Left phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:16:02 AM N. phrenicus sinister Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:47:23 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 22. Left phrenic nerve Subject: 22. Left phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:16:06 AM N. phrenicus sinister Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:03 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 23. Right phrenic nerve Subject: 23. Right phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/15 08:17:36 AM N. phrenicus dexter Author: 25. Accessory lobe Subject: 25. Accessory lobe Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:45 AM Lobus accessorius Author: 14. Thymus Subject: 14. Thymus Date: 2009/04/15 08:04:12 AM Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:24 AM Pleura costalis Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:47:32 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 16. Heart Subject: 16. Heart Date: 2009/04/15 08:05:41 AM Author: 23. Right phrenic nerve Subject: 23. Right phrenic nerve Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:41 AM N. phrenicus dexter Dorsally, the Plica venae cavae also contains the distal portion of the right N. phrenicus. The nerve can either lie in the fold proper, or it can lie in a separate small fold projecting from lateral surface of the plica. Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:22 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 3. Pleural cavity Subject: 3. Pleural cavity Date: 2009/04/15 07:47:27 AM Cavum pleurae Author: 17. Pericardial cavity Subject: 17. Pericardial cavity Date: 2009/04/15 08:06:50 AM Cavum pericardii Author: 7. Pulmonary pleura Subject: 7. Pulmonary pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:51:11 AM Pleura pulmonalis Author: 18. Fibrous pericardium Subject: 18. Fibrous pericardium Date: 2009/04/15 08:07:46 AM Pericardium fibrosum Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:19 AM Pleura costalis Author: 10. Caudal mediastinum Subject: 10. Caudal mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:05:29 PM Mediastinum caudale The dorsal part contains the thoracic aorta, V. azygos dextra, the continuation of the esophagus and vagal nerves, the Cavum mediastini serosum and the caudal mediastinal lymph nodes. The ventral part is very delicate and forms the Plica venae cavae and Recessus mediastini. Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:28 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 24. Vena caval fold Subject: 24. Vena caval fold Date: 2009/04/21 11:53:32 AM Plica venae cavae The Plica venae cavae is regarded as part of the caudal mediastinum. Author: 6. Pericardial pleura Subject: 6. Pericardial pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:40:39 AM Pleura pericardiaca Author: 4. Costal pleura Subject: 4. Costal pleura Date: 2009/04/15 07:45:30 AM Pleura costalis Author: 19. Serous pericardium Subject: 19. Serous pericardium Date: 2009/04/15 08:08:37 AM Pericardium serosum Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:18 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 9. Middle mediastinum Subject: 9. Middle mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 12:00:55 PM Mediastinum medium The dorsal part is occupied by the tracheal bifurcation, esophagus, aortic arch, Aa. and Vv. pulmonales, thoracic duct, V. azygos dextra, tracheobronchal and

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pulmonary lymph nodes, and the vagus nerves. The ventral part contains the heart and pericardium. Author: 26. Mediastinal recess Subject: 26. Mediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:11 AM Recessus mediastini In the caudal mediastinum (between the heart and diaphragm) there is a fairly large pocket which accommodates the Lobus accessorius of the right lung; this is the Recessus mediastini. The recess is a sub compartment of the right pleural cavity with which it freely communicates. The left wall of the recess is essentially the caudal extension of the mediastinum which is displaced a considerable distance to the left. The recess' right wall is a fold of pleura projecting dorsally from the floor of the right pleural cavity; it is continuous cranially with the middle mediastinum while caudally it is reflected onto the diaphragm. In its free dorsal edge the fold contains the cranial portion of the V. cava caudalis which gives the fold its name, the Plica venae cavae.

Author: 8. Cranial mediastinum Subject: 8. Cranial mediastinum Date: 2009/04/21 11:58:29 AM Mediastinum craniale The dorsal part contains the esophagus, trachea, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, various nerves and ganglia (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, sympathetic trunk, stellate ganglion), thoracic duct and the large blood vessels of the head, neck and thoracic limb. The ventral part of the cranial mediastinum contains the thymus and the Aa. and Vv. thoracicae internae. Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:38:32 AM Recessus costomediastinalis The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae. Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:52:25 AM Recessus costomediastinalis The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae. Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:38:22 AM Recessus costomediastinalis The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae. Author: 5. Mediastinal pleura Subject: 5. Mediastinal pleura Date: 2009/03/23 08:44:01 AM Pleura mediastinalis Author: 27. Costomediastinal recess Subject: 27. Costomediastinal recess Date: 2009/04/21 11:37:20 AM Recessus costomediastinalis The Recessus costomediastinalis is formed ventrally between the mediastinal and the costal pleurae.