This theory states that the universe began as a single point in the CHAOS of the nothingness of space

Something caused an explosion outwards and the universe began to expand

Galaxies formed into some clusters, and then the stars and planets began to form as well

Big Bang Theory

1. Doppler EffectLight in space has a wavelength that you can

only see with special lenses on telescopesIf the wavelength is blue, the light is moving

towards youIf the wavelength is red, the light is moving away

from youEvery light in the universe has a red wavelength,

which means that the universe is expanding

2. Cosmic Background RadiationThe radiation leftover from the explosion of the

Big Bang still surrounds us today, but no longer affects us because we are used to it

Evidence for this theory (which is not proven)

Because it is closer to home, we can study the beginnings of our solar system and camp up with this theory

In the beginnings of our solar system, it started as a collection of dust and gasses known as a nebula

This nebula began to spin and collapse towards the center of the solar system and formed the Sun

Nebular Theory

The dust that surrounded the Sun was still spinning and began to form the planetsThe heavier materials formed the inner, rock y

planets of Mercury, Earth, Venus and MarsThe lighter materials formed the outer, gaseous

planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus

Nebular Theory

Evidence for Theory (which is not proven)1. Orbits of the Planets

The movement of the planets in the shape of an ellipse shows us that spinning is still in motion today

The spinning of the Sun also show us this motion as well

2. Composition of the PlanetsOnly the spinning of the materials in our solar

system would have created the compositions of the planets and the order that they set themselves up in

Nebular Theory

When the Universe formed, the chaos divided itself into a set order that had large masses break into smaller masses.Universe was broken into galaxies which they were then broken into solar systems, which had their own star at the center of those systems, which were then surrounded by a few smaller still planets Not every star will have a solar system

Motions of the Universe1. Rotation Turning or spinning of an object

on its axisEarth’s rotation (spinning) is the same

direction as our solar system and galaxyMost planets rotate the same way except

Uranus, which appears to be rolling and not spinning

This motion on Earth is 24 hours long (a day on Earth)

The rotation along the Earth’s axis is at an angle of 23.5° which helps to create our seasons.

This motion is happening so fast that it is causing the center of our Earth to bulge out in the middleThis makes the circumference of our Earth the

thickest part of the planetThis is where the equator is on Earth http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sit

es/dl/free/0072482621/78778/Seasons_Nav.swf::Seasons%20Interactive

Rotation continued

The axis of the Earth moves in a slow cone shape that will have the axis pointing at a different spot in the sky, but the angle of the Earth does not change. This takes about 13000 years for the switch of positions/stars that it points to.The rotation of the Earth is not smooth

rotation. It wobbles a bit as time goes byRight now, our axis points towards the North

Star, also known as Polaris. Someday, the axis will point towards Vega

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw4Xhw4q4ec

2. Precession

The wobbling around the precessional axis (small wobble)Caused by the moon’s gravitational pull

(mainly)Takes bout 18 years to take place and will have

minor seasonal effects on the Earth

3. Nutation

Motion of a body along a given path around a point in spaceThe point that we revolve around is the Sun

It takes us about 365 days to make a complete revolution

This motion also helps to gives us our seasons in the different hemispheres ( with a lot of help from the tilt of the axis)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pgq0LThW7QA

4. Revolution

The point between two objects where they balance each other When the moon orbits a planet, or a planet

orbits a star, both bodies are actually orbiting around a point that lies outside the center of the larger space body

https://vimeo.com/44008609

5. Barycenter

When its autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, what season is going on in the Southern Hemisphere?

Which is the larger motion, nutation or precession?

Which motion causes the bulge in the center of the Earth?

Can the rotation of other planets cause their circumference to bulge as well?

Johannes Kepler was an astronomer that discovered how the planets moveAstronomer that studied the stars and the

motions of the planets>Creating 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

A planet orbits or revolves around a point. Our star is the point. The Earth revolves

around the Sun in an oval shaped pattern called an ellipse. Most planets and moons have this orbital shape.

First Law Shape

The closer the planet is to the Sun, the shorter the distance it moves during its orbit and farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer the distance that it movesExample: Mercury travels __________ than

JupiterJupiter travels ____________ than Earth

Second Law Distance

Planets closer to the Sun revolve faster than planets that are farther away.Mercury revolves around the Sun in 88 Earth

days.Earth revolves every 365 days (this is what

creates leap year)Jupiter revolves around the Sun in 12 Earth

yearsPluto takes 248 Earth years to revolve around

the Sun

Third Law Time/Speed

Which of the three laws apply to the distances of the orbits?

Which of the three laws apply to the shape of the orbits?

Which of the three laws apply to the time period of the orbits?

Which of these laws apply to the orbits of the planets?

Which of these laws would affect the seasons here on Earth? Defend your answer.

Questions:

Light from the Sun reaches the Earth through the process of radiationSo if forms of radiation are constantly

bombarding us from space, why do we not die from them?Two layers are protecting us from the high

levels of radiation that hit the EarthA) Ozone Layer Blocks out many forms of

radiation that comes from various locations in space

B) Electromagnetic Field (EM) This invisible shield, that is made from the spinning outer liquid core, protects even more than the ozone layer

Sunlight Reaching the Earth

1. Gamma Radiation Source of Radiation Cosmic rays from dying

stars and other decaying space bodiesUses Radiotherapy for cancer treatments and

killing bacteria and other organisms (irradication)

Effects on Humans In small doses, gamma rays will pass right through our bodiesIn high doses, gamma rays can lead to cell damage

and mutations

Types of Radiation

2. Visible LightSource of Radiation Anything that produces

light Uses The eye interprets the light and shows

us the colors of the worldAlso used to read and transmit information from

DVD’s and CD’sEffects on Humans No true bad effects, but if

you stare at the Sun for long periods of time, you could cause eye damage

Radiation (con’t)

3. Ultraviolet RadiationSources of Radiation SUNUses Tanning

Detecting forgeries for forged documents and money

Sterilizations of products that come in contact with bacteria and unclean conditions

Effects on HumansSunburns when exposed for long periods of time,

and if you are repeatedly sun burned, then it can lead to skin cancer

Radiation (con’t)

4. MicrowavesSource of Radiation Magnetic fields from

stars and large amounts of heat that is given off from space bodies

Uses Cooking of food at high temperatures in short periods of timeNewer cell phonesRadar found in the military and airports

Effects of Humans Nervous system cancersCataracts in the eyes that will slowly destroy your

visionIf exposure is prolonged, if it doesn’t lead to

cancer, it can lead to permanent brain damage

Radiation (con’t)

5. Radio wavesSources of Radiation Magnetic fields from

stars and large amounts of heat that is given off from space bodies

Uses CommunicationsEffects on Humans Nervous system forms of

cancer and leukemia

Radiation (con’t)

6. X-RaysSource of Radiation Cosmic Rays from dying

stars and other decaying space bodiesUses Medical bio scans and bomb detectionEffects on Humans Forms of bone cancer if

not protectTakes high levels exposure for effects to

happen

Radiation (cont.)

Fission VS FusionNuclear Fusion

Atoms are compressed tightly together to produce energy

Produced from atoms coming together and causing a release of energy

This process is what causes stars to burn in the sky

Nuclear FissionAtom’s centers are

split and release energy

Produced from atoms broken into smaller particles, which will release energy as well

This is the process that we find in our nuclear power plants

When the Earth first formed, a small planet sized object crashed into Earth

When the Earth was hit, rocks and dust from the impact stayed close to the Earth

Formation of the Moon

The dust and rocks revolved around the Earth and condenses together to form the moon

This is called the Accretion Theory, one of the more accepted theories of how the moon formedDo we know for sure if this is true? NO

Formation of Moon Cont.

Because the moon is a large mass and fairly close to Earth, it affects the oceans on the EarthThey pull on the water that is not attached to

the EarthThis pull on the oceans is called the tides

Raising and lowering of the height of the oceanAs the moon moves over the oceans, it will pull

on the water like a magnetOnly pulls on large bodies of water

Tides

When it is just the moon perpendicular to the Earth, you will get a normal height to a tidal range

When the moon is in between the Sun and the Earth, you will get unusually high tidal range that is called a spring tide

Types of Tides

When the moon is one the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, a smaller tidal range that is called a neap tide

The Sun’s gravity will have some pull on the oceans, but not as much because it is further away from the Earth

Types of Tide Cont.

This 23.5° tilt of the Earth’s axis creates zones of solar radiation angles that changes the types of climates and biomes on earthAreas in the Tropical Zone have a high angle of

solar radiation and have warmer climates and biomes (about 90°)

Areas in the Temperate Zone have a lower angle of solar radiation and have milder climates and biomes (about 45°)

Areas in the Polar Zone have extremely low angles of solar radiation and have the coldest climates and biomes (very close to 10°)

Earth’s Axis Tilt

When solar radiation hits land or water, there will be a increase in temperatures, but the rates of how fast the land or water will heat are differentLand will absorb the heat and will increase

quicklyWater will reflect some of the heat and light

that strikes it, so the increase in temperatures will be slower than the land

Differential Heating of Land vs Water

Solar Radiation and Plants Photosynthesis is a

process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water