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Redefining a natural resource management approach to address global challenges at the landscape level
Perspectives on the landscape approach
Blair Freeman
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium, Oxford, 15 April 2016
Policy innovation required in developing countries
• Deforestation has been continuing at high levels and alarming rates in particular countries
• Directly related issues include extensive smoke haze, biodiversity loss and CO2 emissions
• The complex array of drivers generally constrains effectiveness of sector-specific approaches
• The complexity of land tenure and land use rights are particularly significant factors
• The immediate drivers for short term ‘cash’ generally overwhelm the drivers for building ‘capital’ for the longer term
• The capacity to align market forces with sustainable development has been lacking – hence the recent focus on ‘responsible sourcing’
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
Source: SNV smallholder palm oil monitoring, Jambi
Flickr Creative Commons
Source: USDA Indonesia Peatland fires;
Flickr Creative Commons
2
The landscape approach – a contemporary paradigm
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
“More
integrated
and holistic
approaches”
are needed.
CIFOR, 2016
3
‘Ten principles’ to be addressed in landscape management processes:
1. Continual learning and adaptive management
2. Common concern entry point
3. Multiple scales – higher and lower level processes
4. Multi-functionality – multiple uses and purposes
5. Multiple stakeholders – equitable engagement
6. Negotiated and transparent change logic
7. Clarification of rights and responsibilities
8. Participatory and user-friendly monitoring
9. Resilience
10. Strengthened stakeholder capacity
Source: Sayer et al., 2012, Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses.
Contemporary models – the landscape approach
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 20164
Contemporary models – adaptive management
• Essentially a structured, iterative process of decision making
• Designed to improve management outcomes over the long term
• Recognition that management needs to be active in the absence of perfect knowledge
• The adaptive management approach incorporates multiple feedback loopsfor learning over time
Source: Peacock, 2014, Adaptive management of the NSW north coast forests – is it time to grasp the
opportunity? IFA seminar on resilience landscapes, October 2014
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
Key principles for active and adaptive management:
5
Contemporary models – TFA 2020 governance
• A global public-private partnership, embracing landscape principles
• Focussing on reducing deforestation associated with the production of four key global commodities –palm oil, beef, soy, pulp & paper – by 2020
• Facilitating partnerships between government, the private sector and civil society
• Establishing ‘country team’ structures that provide for ongoing engagement between stakeholder groups
Source: TFA 2020 – Resources online.
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
The Tropical Forest Alliance (TFA) 2020:
6
A holistic approach recognises interrelated interests
7
• Policy goals and
planning processes
• Effective multi-
stakeholder engagement
• Capacity to support
enforcement and
implementation
• Natural capital
encompasses broad range
of ecosystem services
• Maintaining natural capital
incorporates biodiversity
conservation and enabling
sustainable production
• Primary focus on creating
and supporting livelihoods
based on sustainable
production systems
• Also securing long term
access to ecosystem
services that support
healthy societies
• Sustainable production
is required to support
livelihoods and other
requirements from
society and communities
• Dependent on existing
natural capital
Governance processes
Naturalcapital
Sustainable production
Humanwell-being
The landscapes approach – four key themes for consideration
Interrelated challenges at the global and regional level
Climate Change Biodiversity loss Smoke haze
Competing land
uses
Deforestation
Contested land tenure and
ownership arrangements
Limited knowledge
of agricultural best practice
Increasing population
pressures
Limited access to broader
market opportunities
Presentation to Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
SLP examples of policy innovation in forest governance
8Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
1. Supporting West Papua to become a Conservation Province:
Promoting use of the landscape approach to implement this policy initiative in West Papua
2. Fiscal incentives for forest conservation in Indonesia:
Promoting the development and establishment of fiscal incentives for subnational jurisdictions across Indonesia to conserve and manage existing forest resources
3. Development of a landscape accounting framework:
Developing a jurisdictional framework for setting agreed goals and performance indicators that relate to:
• conserving natural capital, including watersheds, forests and arable land;
• developing sustainable production systems and ‘green’ supply chains; and
• improving human well-being for local communities and society more broadly.
Example 1: West Papua becoming a Conservation Province
9
of primary forest intact
35%
of plants found nowhere else
on earth
60%
SLP is working with the West Papua Province to plan the implementation of the Conservation Province policy initiative by promoting the landscapes approach to development
The creation of a provincial policy framework links ‘green’ government planning and budget cycles with clear sustainability goals and targets for agencies and departments
Proposed strategies to achieve the vision include:
• Protection of customary rights over natural resources
• Development of industries that are compatible with the ‘Provinsi Konservasi’ vision
• Establishing a clear threshold for the proportion of lands to be managed as protected forests and conservation areas
• A Protected Area network that links land (terrestrial) and marine ecosystems – i.e. ‘ridge to reef’ conservation planning
• Integrated watershed management to support conservation and sustainable production
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016Source: Conservation International, 2015
Example 2. Fiscal incentives for forest conservation
10
Deforestation rates across Indonesia
Key features of this initiative
• Observes Indonesia’s policy of
decentralisation and empowerment of
subnational governments
• Embraces principles of simplicity and
transparency, i.e. use of publicly
available measures
• Proposes use of forest cover as a primary
metric; based on examples of similar
policy initiatives in other countries
• Recognises the scope to build on this
platform with other initiatives
1. Set clear policy signals at the national level
Set up National Government fiscal incentives to
incorporate forest cover and/or rate of change
in forest cover as key ecological indicators
2. Crystallise the focus at provincial level
Align state and local budget allocations, and
encourage district governments and village
heads to support private investment that will
conserve or enhance the remaining forest cover
3. Integrate with other objectives over time
Progressively build on this central focus and integrate
with other policies – such as the development of
Forest Management Units, REDD+, and other payment
for ecosystem services (PES) initiatives - over time
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
SLP proposing fiscal incentives for forest conservation:
Source: Margono, et al. 2012, Primary forest
cover loss in Indonesia over 2000 to 2012.
Example 3. Developing a landscape accounting framework to set agreed goals and measure performance over time
11
1. Define, at provincial level with national government support –through multi-stakeholder engagement – goals for landscape sustainability
2. Select landscape accounting indicators using available data sets
3. Produce scorecard and dashboard to show current status and trends
4. Analyse changes and impact of policy interventions
5. Use outputs to inform landscape investments and budget allocations
6. Review periodically
Process for setting goals and monitoring indicators over time
Key indicators that collectively characterise landscape sustainability
Measurable indicators for a holistic view of the landscape, should cover themes of:
• Natural capital: e.g. proportion of forest cover, planned & unplanned deforestation over time, fires
• Sustainable production: e.g. Crop yield x crop type - range of agricultural crop types
• Human well-being: e.g. reference to the Human Development Index
Propose use of Government endorsed datasets and other public datasets to reach consensus and reduce costs
Visualisation of data: transparent platform for decision-making
• Visualisation of the data using scorecards and dashboards
• Multiple thematic layers, with separate components for natural capital, production and human well-being
• Transparent information available for stakeholders for continuous review
• Provision of data inputs for policy decisions relating to:
• Budget allocations
• Landscape investments
• Policy impact assessments
Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
Source: Conservation International, 2015
Exhibit: Developing a landscape accounting ‘dashboard’ for ready access and monitoring by stakeholders
12Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
Source: Conservation International, 2015
Key messages
1. The landscape approach calls for a more holistic and integrated approach to managing natural resources, across tenures and sectors
2. It is essentially an ongoing process of broad stakeholder engagement to set goals and monitor performance indicators for ‘desirable futures’
3. Working models exist in Indonesia and elsewhere, forming the basis for policy innovation
4. Further developmental work includes the following:
i. Implementation of the development of the new ‘Conservation Province’ model
ii. Further testing and piloting of new sustainable financing models
iii. Amplification and replication of natural capital accounting at the sub-national level
iv. Establishing feedback loops between landscape reporting and policy formulation
v. Establishing clear, direct linkages to the UN Sustainable Development Goals
13Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016
References
• CIFOR, 2016, CIFOR Strategy 2016 -2025: Stepping up to the new climate and development agenda. Bogor, Indonesia,
• CIFOR, 2016, The landscape approach and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Further information available online: http://www.landscapes.org/cifor-sdgs-integrated-landscape-approach-needed
• Conservation International, 2015. The Sustainable Landscapes Partnership. Further information available online: http://www.conservation.org/projects/Pages/sustainable-landscapes-partnership-northern-sumatra-indonesia.aspx
• Global Landscapes Forum, 2016. Further information available online: www.landscapes.org/
• Margono, et al. 2014, Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia, 2000-2012. Nature, 29 June 2014 | NCLIMATE2277.
• NSW Natural Resources Commission, 2014. Active and adaptive management of cypress forests in the Brigalow and Nandewar State Conservation Areas. Sydney, NSW.
• Peacock, R. 2014, Adaptive management of the NSW north coast forests – is it time to grasp the opportunity?Presentation to Institute of Foresters of Australia seminar series on resilience landscapes, October 2014, Sydney.
• Sayer, J., Sunderland, T., Ghazoul, J., Pfund, J., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., Venter, M. , Boedhihartono, A.K., Day, M., Garcia, C., van Oosten, C. and Buck, L. 2012, Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. PNAS May 21, 2013 8349 –8356.
14Southeast Asian Studies Symposium – Oxford, April 2016