Thingyan 2014

2

3 wpfckaom oBuFeftcguAsmq&mBuD; aZmf*sDxHrS qkrGefvTm

4 bmaMumifh a&yuf&wmvJ

5 aEGOD;½dk;&mESpfopful;yGJrsm;

6 &efukef? rEÅav; oBuFefvrf;ñTef

8 oHcsyf,Ofaus;rI

10 oBuFef0wfpm;qif,ifrItawG;tjrif

12 r@yf[lonfh a0g[m&

13 vGrf;p&m rEÅav;oBuFef

14 ydawmufawG tcsdefudkuf ryGihfawmhwJh ref;oBuFef

16 tazhvufaqmif

18 oBuFef½dk;&m pm;p&m

19 w&m;pcef; trSwfw&

20 oBuFefwGif; a&ay;a0a&;

21 ,mOfxdef;&J 600 csxm;rnf

22 &efukefaq;½kHBuD;u tqifoihf

24 a&aoewf

26 usKdif;wHkoBuFef

28 'g½dkufwmMunfpdk;xGef;&JU twdwfoBuFef

30 (7)&ufom;orD;rsm;twGuf uHMur®ma[mZ,m;

þtcsyfydkrSm zwfp&m ...

uAsm? aqmif;yg;&Sifrsm; ¼ aZmf*sD? pE´mvGif? eE´matmif? NzdK;a0ausmf? aMu;rkH0if;? jraucdkif? at;Nidrf;0if;? Wade Guyitt ? a&Gulopöm? at;oDwmausmf? atmifausmfñGefY? rsKd;vGif? ZGefyef;yGihf? jrwfNidrf;at;? tdtdol? a'gufuvyfpfavmif;? jrwfEdk;? [def;xufatmif? atmifjrifausmf

pmwnf;rsm; ¼ rsKd;vGif? Wade Guyitt

vufaxmufpmwnf ¼ jraucdkifpdk;

rsufESmzHk;umwGef; ¼ odef;xGef;OD;

'DZdkif; ¼ udkcifaZmf? udkaxG;

"mwfyHk ¼ aumif;xuf? atmifaX;vIdif? bl;oD;? oD&dvl? udkwdyf? a'gufuvyfpfavmif;? ZmenfNzdK;? NzdK;a0ausmf

a0zefpmrsm;twGuf ¼ [email protected], [email protected]

3

vmvmav vkdufcJhawmh

wkdYp½kduf wkdYbmom

ESpfqef;cg ydawmuf<um;csdefrdkY

upm;um a&MunfMunfeJY

yDayonf jrefrmrsKd;ukdv

wkd;qifhí cspfcJhwm/

....vma[h vma[h

bk&m;ukef;u? wtkef;tkef;eJY? w½kef;½kef;vmMu

bJhESmygvdrhf

xdefYvdkufwJh tkd;pnf? ESJuvJ yDoeJY

oDolu oDMu? uolu uvm

EGm;BuD;vJ ygoa[h

ausmay:rSm aumfaZm? tarT;a&m oeyfcg;

csKdzsm;rSm ydawmufyef;awGu

wvQrf;vQrf; a&Ttqif

EGm;pdwfxJ tcJom; 0ifvkduf&

&Tifvkdufrnfh jzpfjcif; ...

0#fruif;oludkjzifh

vTwfjcif;rSm 0goemygwJh

a&Tjrefrm onfvlrsKd;rSmv

tusKd; onfvkdwlvkdufygh

a&TrÍÆL EIwfcsKdcGef;&,feJY

oGef;vdkufrdyg/

tqdkyguAsmudk q&maZmf*sDu 1928 ckESpfwGif a&;om;cJhNyD; 1960 jynfhESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom q&maZmf*sD\ vufa&G;pifuAsmrsm;pmtkyfrS aumufEIwfxm; jcif;jzpfonf/ q&maZmf*sD (1907Ý1990)\ trnf&if;rSm OD;odef;[efjzpfNyD; pma&;q&m? pmMunfhwdkufrSL;ESifh ordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ tqdkyguAsmudk pma&;q&m? *Dwynm&SifESifh bDbDtufpftoHvTifhXmerSL; OD;cifaZmf (1909Ý 1989)u uavmiftrnf ]au}jzifh t*FvdyfbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhonf/ "mwfyHk (0JrS,m) ¼ &efukef (atmifaX;vIdif)? rEÅav; (NzdK;a0ausmf)? yk*H (oD&dvl)? aejynfawmf (jrefrmwdkif;(rf))? &cdkif½dk;&moBuFef (atmifaX;vIdif)/

¼ aZmf*sD

wpfckaom oBuFeftcg

4

pE´[email protected]

tdE´d,uae jrefrmEdkifiHudk Ak'¨bmom a&mufvmcJ hovdk [dE´Lt,l0g'awG? ,Ofaus;rIawGvnf; a&muf&SdcJhygw,f/ ,Ofaus;rIwifru [dE´LvlrsKd;ykPÖm;awGyg ajymif;a&TUa&mufvmcJhNyD;wJhaemuf 'DaeY txd txif&Sm;qHk; usef&SdaewJh [dE´L ,Ofaus;rIwpfckuawmh eu©wfaA'ifygyJ/

a&S;acwf jrefrmEdkifiHudk ykPÖm;wdkYeJYtwl

a&muf&SdcJhwJh [dEL,Ofaus;rI? [dEL vlaerI

b0yg tJ'D aA'ifynmrSm urÇmuae ol&d,

aerif; ([dELeu©wfaA'trnf we*FaEGN*dK[f)

udk ½IMunfhNyD; we*FaEGN*dK[frif; urÇmudk

ywfaecsdef umv 365 &uf twGif;rSm

(wpfESpfrSm q,fhESpfv ponf pdwfykdif;ouJhokdY)

¤if;ae tDauGwmajrmufbuf urÇmhajrmuf

jcrf;uae vSnhfywfaecsdefudk Owå&,mOf?

urÇmhawmifjcrf;uae vSnfhywfaecsdefudk

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obm0t& *drSmEÅ? a[rEÅ? 0oEÅtjzpf

OwkoHk;yg;? vu urÇmudkywfwJhMumcsdef wpfv

ukd ESpfvwpfwGJwGJum &wkajcmufyg; ponf

jzifh tydkif;tjcm;rsm; xyfrHpdwfjzmygw,f/

tJ'Dtydkif;tjcm; wpfckuae wpfckudk

ul;ajymif;jcif;udk oBuFef (ul;ajymif;jcif;) vdkY

owfrSwfwm jzpfygw,f/

]]wpfESpf odkYr[kwf 365 &ufwGif t,mOf

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av;cGif? tpkoHk;pk? &moD q,fhESpfrsKd; paom

tydkif;tjcm;rsm;udk awGU&ygonf/ xdktydkif;

tjcm; wpfckrS wpfckodkY we*FaEGN*dK[f (ae)

ajymif;jcif;udk [dE´Lbmomtm;jzifh ]qef

*&efwD} [kvnf;aumif;? jrefrmwdkYu wpfae&m

rS wpfae&modkY ajymif;jcif;[kvnf;aumif;?

twm ul;jcif;[kvnf;aumif;? oBuFefusjcif;

[kvnf;aumif;ajymqdkMuygonf}}[k pmay

Adrmefxkwf]jrefrmh"avh cgoBuFef} pmtkyfrSm

azmfjyxm;ygw,f/

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bmompum; ]ouFEÅ} u ul;ajymif;jcif;vdkY

t"dyÜm,f&wJhtwGuf oBuFefusjcif;[m

ul;ajymif;csdef usa&mufjcif;vdkY qdk&rSmyg/

twmul;jcif;uawmh ygVdpum;vHk; ]tEÅ} u

qif;oufw,fvdkY ,lqolrsm;&Sdovdk aeYwm

nwm uJhodkY ESpfwmul;jcif;tjzpf ,lqol

rsm;vnf; &Sdygw,f/

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tygt0if a&tm;vHk;udk oBuFefa&vdkY

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awmf0if oBuFefa&? odkYr[kwf awmf0if

acgif;avQmfa& jzpfzdkYudkawmh txl;wvnf

jyifqif azmfpyfMu&ygw,f/

tr&yl&acwf yk&ydkuf wpfckyg awmf0if

acgif;avQmfa& azmfenf;rSm ESif;a&? c½koif;a&?

tkef;a&? y&dwfawmfa&? a&Ta&? aiGa& e0&wf

udk;yg;a& pwJh a&rsKd;rsKd; pkaqmif;NyD; wa&mf

uifyGef; tygt0if aq;zuf0if tarT;eHUom

28 rsKd; a&maESmazmfpyfw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/

rif;wkef;rif;BuD; vufxufrSmawmh awmf0if

oBuFefawmf acgif;aq;a& azmfenf;um;

ydkBuD;us,fvmNyD; **Fgjrpfa&? csif;wGif;jrpfqHka&

pwmawGudkyg xnfhazmfpyfw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/

jrpfa&? uefa& up awmf0ifrdom;pk

awGtwGuf vdkwJh oBuFefa&awmf cyfzdkYtwGuf

awmf0ifa&awmfcyf t&yfawG owfrSwfcyf,l

w,fvdkY jrefrmh"avh cgoBuFefpmtkyfu

qdkygw,f/

'Dvdk oBuFefawmfac:&m wefaqmif;uem;

jyifqifyHkuae tkef;vuf? iSufaysmvuf?

MuHyifMuHvufawGeJY wefqmqifwJh'DuaeY

oBuFefr@yftjyiftqif qif;oufvmwm

jzpfygw,f/

jrefrmhoBuFef"avh[m yk*Hacwfuwdkif

pwifcJhw,fvdkY ajymqdkrIawGvnf; trsm;

tjym; &Sdygw,f/

]]oBuFefumvrSm awmf0ifrdom;pkawG

wifru EdkifiHeJYt0Srf; trsm;jynfolrsm;

a&upm;wJh "avheJYywfoufNyD; t,ltq

wpfckuawmh awmf0ifrdom;pkwkdY&JU oBuFef

awmfac:yGJtwGuf &yf&GmteD; a&awmfcyf

t&yfawGuae tdk;BuD;tdk;i,fawGeJY rif;rI

xrf;rsm; oBuFefa&awmf cyf,l&m? avSmfum;

awGeJY a&awmfo,f,l&muae wpfpwpfp

qifhyGm;vmw,fvdkY ,lqMuygw,f/

]]jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY&JU ESpful; oBuFefyGJonf

vnf; [dELt,l0g'rS oufqif;aom "avh

twdkif; a&S;,cifumvawGrSm rdb

q&morm;awGeJY oufBuD;0gBuD;awGudk

oeyfcg; eHYoma&? oajycuf uav;awGeJY

uefawmhMuwJh tavhtx &SdcJhMuw,f}} vdkY

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/

b,fvdkyJ pwifcJh pwifcJh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm

ausmfvGefNyD;csdef rsufarSmufumvrSmawmh

jrefrmh twmoBuFefyGJawmf[m tESpfom&

a&m toGifo@mefrSmyg jrefrmrI yDjyifum

udk,fydkif,Ofaus;rI yHko@mefawG xHkrTrf;vsuf

jrefrmh0dnmOfudkyg yDyDjyifjyif awGUjrif&wJh

yGJawmfwpfck jzpfaeygNyD/

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okwfoifNyD; ESpfopfudk r*Fvm&SdapwJht&m

awG jyKvkyfBudKqdkw,fqdkwJh rlvoBuFef

t,ltqtay:rSm ax&0g' Ak'bmom&JU

tqHk;treJY ydkrdkvdkufavsmnDaxG jzpfwJh

ESpfa[mif; tnpftaMu; okwfoifyHkawG?

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yGJawmfwGif; vIyf&Sm;rIyHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; ay:xGef;

vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f/

at;apaMumif;jzifh arwåma&pif oGef;

avmif;um cifrifaysmf&TifpGm a&upm;jcif;?

oHcsyfwdkifjcif;? usDp,faemufajymifjcif;? tqdk

tuawGeJY oBuFef {nfhcHr@yfawG wnf

aqmufjcif;? tvSjyum;awGeJY vSnfvnf

azsmfajzjcif; wdkYyg0ifwJh acwfopf oBuFef

yGJawmf yHko@mef wpf&yfudkawmh rEåav;

a&TNrdKUawmfu OD;aqmif yHkazmfcJhygw,f/

&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdk Y&JU avmif;avS

wpfbufwpfcsuf tjyeftvSef a&upm;wJh

[ef pojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;tvdkuf

rluGJav;awG &Sdovdk NrdKUtvdkuf &yf&Gm

tvdkuf qifETJyHk oD;jcm;"avhav;awGvnf;

trsm;tjym; &Sdygw,f/ yHko@mefuGJayr,fh

vnf; tajccHjzpf a&yufjzef;upm;wmeJY

aumif;rIukodkvf yGm;rsm;wmuawmh twlwl

ygyJ/

rsufarSmufacwf twmoBuFefyGJawmf

uawmh wpfESpfpm pdwfzdpD;rIawGudk zGifhxkwfNyD;

t½l;trl; aomufpm; aysmf&TifrIrSuae

ukodkvf&wJh Nidrf;at;csrf;ajrUrI&otxd

aysmf&TifrI tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;&apr,fh qifETJyHk

toD;oD;eJY qifETJwJh ,Ofaus;rI wpf&yf

ay:ayguf xGef;um;aeNyD jzpfygw,f/

vlrIa&;u@rSm aysmf&Tifp&m vIyf&Sm;rI

taeeJY tqdktuawGeJY a&obifyGJqifETJ

jcif;? ukodkvfaumif;rI yGm;rsm;wJhtaeeJY

oufBuD;&G,fBuD;rsm;udk a&uefawmhjcif;?

t&yfav;rsufESmrS a&mufvmol [lorSsudk

arwåma&avmif;um pm;aomufzG,f&m

trsKd;rsKd; pwk'dom auR;arG;v·'gef;jcif;?

bmoma&;e,fy,frS vIyf&Sm;rItaeeJY pkaygif;

'kv’b&[ef;cH&SifjyK? oDv&Sif0wfyGJrsm;

usif;yjcif;? Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;eJY bk&m;

ausmif;uefrsm;udk pkaygif; aq;aMum

oefY&Sif;jcif;? Oykof oDwif; apmifhoHk;jcif;?

pkaygif; w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;awGtxd t&G,f

trsKd;rsKd;? vltrsKd;trsKd; yg0ifqifETJEdkifwJh

vIyf&Sm;rI trsKd;rsKd;wdkY awGUjrifae&ygw,f/

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taeeJY ZD0dw'ge pkaygif;toufvTwfyGJrsm;

usif;yjcif;? qGrf;uyfjcif;ponfh tv·twef;

yGJtrsKd;rsKd; usif;yjcif;? y&dwf&Gwfjcif;wdkY

awGUjrif&ygw,f/

yGJawmfvIyf&Sm;rI trsKd;rsKd; twGif;rS tESpf

om& taeeJY pdwfvuf aysmf&Tif ayghyg;apjcif;?

cifrifarwåm wdk;yGm;apjcif;? aumif;rI

ukodkvfw&m;jzifh pdwfMunfvif csrf;ajrUjcif;

wdkYu 'DaeYacwf twmoBuFefyGJawmf&JU

tvSppfrsm;tjzpf jrwfEdk;zG,f&m xGef;um;

aeygawmhw,f/ g

ESpfopful; oBuFefa&obifyGJawmf[m a&S;a[mif;[dE´L,Ofaus;rIawGuae jrpfzsm;cHvmcJhayr,fh jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItwdkif; usif;ycJhwmMumcJhygNyD...

oBuFefrSm bmaMumihfa&yufMuovJ ...

,refESpf &efukef½dk;&moBuFefr@yfwpfckwGif aysmfaysmfyg;yg; a&upm;aeMupOf/ "mwfyHk è atmifaX;vIdif

5

0dwf'f*dkif,pf'[email protected]

a&mrtifyg,mBuD; ysufpD;oGm;NyD;wJhaemuf

rSmawmh taemufEdkifiHwcsKdU[m ESpfopful;aeY

udk c&pörwf 'grSr[kwf tDpwmwdkYvdk c&pf

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cJhMuygw,f/ t*FvefEdkifiH[m Zefe0g&Dv

1 &ufaeYudk ESpfwpfESpf&JU tpaeYtjzpf

qufNyD;owfrSwfcJhMuNyD; 1752 ckESpfrSm *sL;

jyu©'defuae *&D*dk;&D;,ef;jyu©'defudk rajymif;

ciftcsdefrSm t*FvefEdkifiH&JU w&m;0if½Hk;oHk;

jyu©'deft& ESpfopful;aeY[m rwfv 25 &uf

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aeYudk bmoma&;yGJawmf&ufawGjzpfwJh ]c&pf

rwf 12 &uf} rSm xnfhaygif;cJhygw,f/

rwfv 25 &ufaeY[m c&pfawmf\rdcif

avmif;tjzpf r,fawmfrm&Dtm; aMujim

jcif;aeY (av'Da';vdkYvnf; twdkaumuf

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rsm;rsm;eJY tpdk;&awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m 1752

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Zefe0g&DvupNyD; raumufbJ {NyDvupNyD;

aumufMuwmyg/

wjcm;EdkifiHawGeJY ,Ofaus;rIawGrSmawmh

ESpfwpfESpf&JU tpaeYudk b,faeYowfrSwfr,f

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22 &ufMum;rSm usif;yMuwJh ESpfwpfESpf&JU

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{NyDvv,f ½kd;&m"avUrsm;

ygupöwef (Vaisakhi yGJawmf)qpfcfawG&Sd&m yef*syfjynfe,feJYae&mtESHYrSm AdkifqmuDyGJawmfudk usif;yMuygw,f/ bmoma&;t& ta&;ygwJh yGJvnf;jzpfovdk aEGOD;tptwGuf aus;Zl;wifwJhtaeeJY usif;ywJhyGJvnf;jzpfyg w,f/[dE´Lbmom0ifawGuawmh ESpfopfrSm **FgewforD;[m **FgjrpfxJrSm a&csKd;zdkY urÇmajray: wpfESpfwpfcg

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6

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8

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9

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u oBuFefqkd&if rdefuav;awGu xbDa&pdk

av;awGeJY vHkvHkjcHKjcHKa&;upm;Muw,f/ tck

awmh jrifae&wmuawGUvkduf&if *sif;abmif;

bDtwdkawGeJY tefwDwdkY tjrifrSm rwifhw,f

bl;/ 'gayrJh tjrifrwifhw,fwmxuf udk,fh

vkyfvkdufwJhtjyKtrlaexkdifyHku udk,fhrdb

aqGrsKd;todkif;t0dkif;udk wkduf½dkufxdckdufwwf

w,f/ tJh'gaMumifh 'DESpfoBuFefrSm rdefuav;

awG acwfqefqefeJY vHkvHkjcHKjcHK0wfNyD; oBuFef

qifETJoifhw,f/

trnf ¼ OD;ausmf0if;vdIiftouf ¼ 26ESpftif*sifeD,m

]]tck 'DESpfoBuFefrSmvnf; rdef;uav;

awGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; twkdtjywfawG

0wfaeOD;rSmyJ/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqkdawmh tifwm

eufawG acwfpm;vmwJhtwGuf 0wfpm;

qif,ifyHkawG tGefvdkif;rSmMunfhvdkY&aeNyDav/

vuf&Sdtaetxm;u rdef;uav;awGudk

EkdifiHjcm;zuf&SifawGu vTrf;rdk;aewm awGU&

w,f/ 'ghaMumifhyGJwkdif;rSmvnf; EkdifiHjcm;

zuf&SifawGeJY yGJwufvmwmawGU&w,f/

'Dvkd 0wfqifrI[m tEÅ&m,fudkvufjyac:

aeovkdygyJ/ [dkt&ifacwfwkef;uqkd oBuFef

rSm trsKd;orD;awGu jrefrmh½dk;&m0wfpHkawGeJY

a&upm;Muw,f/ 'g[m odyftjrifwifhw,f

ygw,f/ tckt0wftpm;rS ajymif;vJwm

r[kwfbl; oBuFefrSm rdef;uav;awGbD,m

cGufav;eJY aq;vdyfav;awG vufxJrSm&Sd

w,f/ 'gawGyaysmufzdkY awmfawmfav; tcsdef

ay;NyD;vkyf,l&rSmyg/ yaysmufatmifvkyfwJh

ae&mrSmvnf; rdbawG&JU tcef;u@u

ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ rdbawGudk,fwkdifu acwf

a&pD;aMumif;ay:vkdufNyD; 0wfpm;&ifawmh

om;orD;udk xdef;odrf;zdkY cufoGm;vdrfhr,f/

trnf ¼ a':0g0gcdkifrif;touf ¼ 42 ESpfOuú|? eef;0g0garmifESifh y&[dwarmifESr rsm;tzJGU

]]i,fi,fu oBuFefqkdaysmfw,f/ ESpfpOf

oBuFefa&mufwkdif; ,drf;ucJhMuw,f/

tpfr 10 wef;avmuftxd oBuFefa&muf

wkdif; &yfuGufr@yfawGrSm oli,fcsif;awGeJY

ujzpfovdk NrdKUe,fr@yfawGrSmvnf; ujzpf

w,f/ tpfrwdkYwkef;u oBuFefrSm vHkvHkjcHKjcHK

0wfpm;Muwmrsm;ygw,f/ tckaemufydkif;

qdk;qdk;0g;0g;0wfpm;qif,OfNyD; oBuFefrSmaysmf

aeMuwJhyHkawG tifwmeufay: wufvmwJh

tcg jrefrmrdef;uav;awG [kwfrS[kwf&JU

vm;vkdY awmfawmfav;tHhMordNyD; ½Iwfcs

txifao;rdw,f/ 'Dvdk0wfpm;qif,if

wmaMumifh udk,fwpfa,mufwnf; odu©mus

wm r[kwfbJ udk,fharmifESr rdbaqGrsKd;awGudk

vnf; t&Suf&apw,fvdkY xifygw,f/ 'Dvdk

0wfpm;qif,ifrIawG[m b,folYrSmwm0ef

&Sdw,fvdkY ajymvdkYr&bl;/ vlwdkif;rSm todÓPf

udk,fpD&SdwmyJ/ 'Dvdk0wfpm; qif,ifrIawG

yaysmufEdkifzdkY t"dutaeeJY vlwpfOD;csif;pDu

udk,fydkiftodeJY udk,fhudk,fudk xdef;odrf;EdkifMu

&if oBuFefjrifuGif;awGu wefzdk;&Sd&SdeJY ydkrdkvSy

aer,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/ g

oBuFefrSm b,fvdk 0wfpm;qif,ifMurvJ

"mwfyHk – NzdK;a0ausmf

12

pE´mvGif [email protected]

vlUtzGJUtpnf; wpfck&JU ½dk;&mtarGtESpf pm&if;pkxJrSm '@m&DawG? yHkjyifawGvnf; yg0if ygw,f/ 'D'@m&DyHkjyifawGuae vlYtzGJUtpnf;&JU pdwful;ÓmPf <u,f0 &ifhoefrIudk tuJcwfEdkifw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ jrefrm vlYtzGJUtpnf;uawmh '@m&D <u,f0wJh vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfyg/

oBuFef'@m&D yHkjyifawGuawmh oBuFef&JU obm0udk xif[yfovdk jrefrmAk'¨bmom pmayvm ewfawG? jA[®mawGudk Zmwfaumif tjzpf yg0ifxm;ygw,f/

oBuFef&uftwGif; odMum;rif;BuD; vlYjynf qif;w,fqdkwJh uav;vlBuD; yg;pyfzsm;u oBuFefyHkjyif&JUtp[m tr&yl&acwf eu©wf aA'ifynm&Sif]pE&Sdef;udk;}vdkY pmayAdrmefxkwf ]jrefrmh"avh cgoBuFef} pmtkyfu qdkygw,f/

ykPÖm; vlrsKd; ]pE´&Sdef;udk;} u ESpfwpfESpf&JU tul;tajymif;umv (r[moBuFef) jzpfvm yHkudk jrefrmwdkY em;pGJxm;wJh odMum;rif;BuD; vlYjynfqif;w,fqdkwJh jzpf&yfeJY wifpm;&Sif;jy wmjzpfw,fvdkY pma&;q&m atmifNidrf;csrf; (rEÅav;)u tqdkygpmtkyfrSm a&;xm;w,f/

[dE´Leu©wfaA'iftvdk aerif; (we*FaEG N*dK[f)[m urÇmudkywfwJh c&D;wpfywfjynfh jcif;eJY aemufwpfausmh jyefywf&ef pwifjcif; pyful;rwful; tul;tajymif;umvtydkif; tjcm;xJ 0ifa&mufvmjcif;udk odMum;rif; vlYjynfpqif;jcif; (oBuFeftus)? tul; tajymif;umvxJ a&mufaejcif;udk odMum; rif; vlYjynfaeqJ&uf (oBuFeftMuwf)? tul; tajymif;umv NyD;pD;um aemufwpfywf c&D;pOftwGif; vHk;vHk;0ifa&mufoGm;jcif;udk odMum;rif; jyefwufoGm;jcif; (oBuFeftwuf) vdkY wifpm;&Sif;jywm jzpfw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/

odMum;rif; vlYjynfvmwwfw,fqdkwJh pdwful;uawmh vlom;awGtwGuf tusifh pm&dwåydkif;qdkif&m owday;zdkY taMumif;ay: &ifjzpfap? yg&rDjrifhrm;wJh bk&m;avmif; pol wdkYeJYywfoufwJh xl;jcm;jzpf&yfawG &Sd&if jzpfap odMum;rif; vlYjynfudk vmwwfw,f qdkwm Ak'¨bmom pmayusrf;*efawGrSm

azmfjywJh taMumif;t&m jzpfygw,f/'DESpfckudkaygif;NyD; oBuFef&ufrSm odMum;

rif; vlYjynfvmum aumif;rIukodkvfyGm;oludk a&Tyk&ydkufeJY? raumif;rIvkyfolukd acGom;a& yk&ydkufeJY rSwfwrf;aumufw,fqdkwJh ,Hkwrf; pum;wpfyk'f jzpfvmcJh[ef&Sdygw,f/

aemuf,Hkwrf; wpfyk'f jzpfwJh odMum;rif;u jzwfxm;wJh jA[®m&JU OD;acgif;udk oBuFefumv rSm ewforD;awG vufvTJvufajymif; vkyfr,f qdkwmuawmh [dE´L½dk;&m ydkqefwJh,Hkwrf; wpfyk'fyg/ acgif;jzwf&wJh taMumif;&if;u odMum;rif;eJY ]tmoD} trnf& tJ'DjA[®mwdkY a<utHupm;&if; avmif;aMu;½HI;vdkY jzwfwm/ oBuFefumveJY ywfoufNyD; jiif;ckef&if; odMum;rif;u pdwfrxdef;EdkifvdkY jzwfwm ponfjzifh rluGJtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdygw,f/ 'DyHkjyifu vnf; umvtajymif;tvJrSmaeeJYtwl tjcm;eu©wfwm&mawG&JU wnfaeyHktajymif; tvJudk wifpm;wmvnf; jzpffEdkifygw,f/

'gayrJh Ak'¨pmayvm aomwmyeft&d,m olawmfaumif; odMum;rif; OD;rmCu avmif;upm;vkyfwm? jA[®mudk owfjzwfwm

awGu Ak'¨bmom,kwdåeJY rudkufnDvdkYvm; rqdkEdkifbl; 'DyHkjyifu jrefrmawGMum;rSm vlajymodyfrrsm;bJ aumif;rI ukodkvfyGm;zdkY wGef;tm;ay;wJh odMum;rif; a&Tyk&ydkuf? acG; om;a&yk&ydkufwdkYeJY rSwfwrf;aumufwJhyHkjyifu yJ acwfay:*DwawGxJ a&muf&SdwJhtxd vl i,fvlBuD;ra&G;Mum;rSm a&yef;pm;ygw,f/

'DESpf tzdkYvnf; odMum;rif;u vlqdk;? vlaumif; rSwfwrf;aumufzdkY tjzLESpfESpf EGm;EdkYopf ta&mift0wf wefqmudk qifNyD; tJarmif;vSH? cRefawmif;wdkYudk ukdifum a>r,mOfudk pD;NyD; vlYjynfqif;vmr,fvdkY oBuFefpmu qdkxm;ygw,f/ g

r@yfeJY yef',f qdkwJha0g[m&0dwf'f*dkif,pf'f

[email protected]

jrefrmwdkY&JUESpfopful; oBuFefaeY&ufawGrSm jzwfoGm;jzwfvmvlawGeJY um;awGudk a& upm;olawG a&yufEdkifzdkY vkyfxm;wJhpif awGudk bmvdkYac:ygovJ/ wu,fawmh oifb,fEdkifiHu vmovJqdkwJhtay:rSmyJ rlwnfygw,f/ wu,fvdkY oifu t*Fvdyf pum;eJYajymr,fqdk&if 'DpifawGudk ]yef',fvf} (pandal) vdkY ac:aumif;ac:rSmjzpfNyD; jrefrmpum;eJYajymr,fqdk&ifawmh r@yf (mandat) vdkYac:ygvdrfhr,f/

'gayrJh yef',fvfudk t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; wpfvHk;taeeJY b,fvdkenf;eJYowfrSwfxm; wmvJ/ pandal &JUtoHxGufu EdkifiHjcm; a0g[m&toHxGufyHkpHeJY awmfawmfav; qifaeygw,f/ trSefuawmh EdkifiHjcm;om; trsm;pkudk ar;jref;Munfhr,fqdk&if pandal qdkwm jrefrma0g[m&wpfckvdkYyJvdkY ajz aumif; ajzMuygvdrfhr,f/

'DurÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;awGu ]vHkcsnf}udk "sarong" vdkY b,fawmhrS ac:rSmr[kwfygbl; 'grSr[kwf ]rkefY[if;cg;}udkvnf; "fish soup"

vdkY ac:rSmr[kwfygbl;/ 'gqdk olwdkYu bmvdkY r@yf(mandat) vdkY rac:bJ pandal vdkY ac:&wmudk ydkESpfoufaeMurSmvJ/

yxrqHk; ajym&r,fqdk&if aemufcH taMumif;awG&Sdaeygw,f/ jrefrma0g[m& trsm;pktwdkif;yJ r@yfqdkwmuvnf; ygVd a0g[m&jzpfwJh "mandapa" uae qif;ouf vmwmjzpfygw,f/ 'Da0g[m&&JU t"dyÜm,fu [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;wpfck&JU ae&mwpfckudk &nfñTef;wmjzpfygw,f/

jcm;em;wmu pandal qdkwJha0g[m&u wrDvfa0g[m& pantal u qif;oufvm wm jzpfygw,f/ olY&JUt"dyÜm,fuawmh r@yf uem;vdkY t"dyÜm,f&NyD; olYudk tif'D;,ef; t*FvdyfrSm bmoma&;yGJawmf? 'grSr[kwf r*Fvmtcrf;tem;awGrSm wnfaqmufMu wJh taqmufttHkwpfcktjzpf &nfnTef; xm;NyD; oD&dvuFmEdkifiHrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ &nfñTef;ygw,f/ atmufrSmazmfjyxm;wm uawmh atmufpfzdkYwf t*Fvdyftbd"mef xJrSmazmfjyxm;wJh tapmqHk;toHk;tEIef; OyrmawGxJu wcsKdUjzpfygw,f/

1692 ckESpfrSm "Open pandall Chappel" vdkY oHk;ygw,f/ 1800 jynfhESpfrSm "I would not

enter his pundull, because he had not paid

the labourers who made it" vdkY oHk;xm;ygw,f/ 1893 ckESpfrSmawmh "The town was gaily

decorated in honour of his visit, twenty

pandals having been erected along the

route to Government House qdkNyD; oHk;EIef; xm;ygw,f/

'Dpum;vHk;u jrefrmEdkifiHu t*Fvdyfpum; ajymolawGtMum; b,fvdkb,fyHka&mufvm ygovJ/ ajym&r,fqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiHudk tdEd, EdkifiH&JU tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf NAdwdoQawG tkyfcsKyfcJhpOftcgu NAdwdoQawGu pandal

pum;vHk;udk oHk;cJhwm awGU&ygw,f/ atmufpf zdkYwft*Fvdyftbd"mefxJrSm azmfjyxm;wJh 1929 ckESpfu oHk;cJhwJh OyrmwpfckrSm "Her

mother, the Kalawoon's wife, was running

the pandal or festival pavilion for Thibaw"

vdkY a&;om;azmfjyxm;wm awGU&ygw,f/jrefrmEdkifiHu tdEd,r[kwfygbl;/ aemuf

NyD; uHaumif;axmufrpGmeJY jynfwGif;rSm ac:a0:oHk;pGJcJhwJh udkvdkeDacwfu a0g[m& trsm;pkudkvnf; toHk;rjyKMuawmhwm awmfawmfav;MumcJhygNyD/ 'gayrJh bmaMumifh rSef; rodygbl;/ pandal qdkwJha0g[m&udk awmh 'DaeYxd oHk;aeMuwkef;ygyJ/ 'gaMumifh 'Dpum;vHk;udkoHk;zdkY c&D;oGm;{nfhonfawGudk oifjyaewmb,folvJ/ EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm; {nfhonfawG av,mOfay:u tqif;rSm The Burman: His Life and Notions qdkwJh pmtkyfudk ay;aewkef;yJvm;/

'gu tJ'Davmufawmh rqdk;&Gm;ygbl;/ 'DaeYrSmawmh pandal u jrefrmt*FvdyfvdkY ac:wJh tenf;i,fomusefwJha0g[m&pm&if; &JU pdwf0ifpm;p&mOyrmwpfck jzpfygw,f/ NAdwdoQpH,lynma&;pepfwpfckudk qufNyD; oif,lcJh&wJholawGaMumifh 'Dpum;vHk;u vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfrSm wGifus,fvmNyD; ESpfaygif; 60 Mumatmif qufNyD;&Sifoef cJhzG,f&Sdygw,f/ tcktcsdefrSm jrefrmEdkifiHudk a&mufvmwJh EdkifiHjcm;om;awGudk jrefrm EdkifiHom;awGu t*FvdyfvdkajymMur,fqdk&if r@yftpm; yef',fvfudkyJ oHk;ygw,f/

pandal u vuf&Sdt*FvdyfpmtoHk;rSm ae&m wpfae&m &xm;NyD;ygNyD/ 'gayrJh pandal eJY mandat qdkwJha0g[m&ESpfckpvHk;u 0PÖESpfck &Sdwma&m? tu©&majcmufvHk;ygwma&m wlae ygw,f/ a0g[m&ESpfck&JU yxrqHk;eJYaemufqHk; tu©&mav;awGyJ rwlwmjzpfygw,f/ 'g aMumifh ESpfopfrSm r@yf (mandat) vdkYomajym qdk&if; a0g[m&udk enf;enf;avmufcsJUxGif MunfhMuygpdkY/ 0if;aomfwm bmomjyefonf/g

NrdKUawmf0efa&upm;r@yf aqmufvkyfaeonfudk ,refESpfu awGU&pOf/ "mwfyHk è atmifaX;vIdif

½dk;&mtarGtESpf pm&if;pk

xJu oBuFefyHkjyifwcsKdU

aumif;rIukodkvfyGm; oludk a&Tyk&ydkufeJY? raumif;rIvkyfolukd acGom;a&yk&ydkufeJY

13

aMu;rkH0if; [email protected]

rwfv wwd,ywfavmufqdk&ifudk &yfuGuf xJu vlysKd? tysKdawG [dkem;rSmwpfpk? 'Dem;rSm wpfzGJUeJY pk½kH;wkdifyifaeMuNyD/

&yfuGufxdyfawG? vrf;xdyfawGrSmqkd vnf; a&obiftoif;aMumfjim? oHcsyf toif;aMumfjimawGu vufn§dK;xdk;rvGJ/ nydkif;usawmhvnf; tdrfawGwkdif;rSm vlawG utjynfh/ tdrf0dkif;xJu ajruGufvyfus,f awGrSm zsmMurf;awG jzefYcif;NyD; wD;vkH;wkdufol wdkuf? tuwkdufolwkdufvkdY pdkif;jyif;aeMuNyD/

wu,fawmh tckajymoGm;wJh jrifuGif;awG jzpf&yfawG[m 1970 jynfhvGefESpfawGwkef; u rEÅav;NrdKU&JU oBuFeftBudKjrifuGif;awG omjzpfygw,f/ ref;oBuFefyJGawmf[m wpf acwfwpfcgu NrdKUrNidrf;&JU *DwtzJGUeJYtwl te,fe,ft&yf&yfu jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG&JU pdwfESvHk;udk zrf;,lqkyfudkifEdkifcJhzl;ygw,f/ rsufarSmufcwfrSmawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfawmhygbl;/

]]uRefawmfwkdYwkef;u q,fwef; pmar;yGJ

ajzNyD;wJhaeYqkd&ifudk vrf;xdyfrSm qdkif;bkwfawG

a&mufvmMuNyD/ b,ftoif;u 0ifaMu;

b,favmufeJY 0wfpHkay;r,f pojzifhaygh/

reufqkd&if vufzuf&nfqkdifrSm bmvkyfMu

r,fqdkwm wkdifyifaqG;aEG;? nbufqkd&if

0if;awGxJrSm t&yfolav;awG tuwkduf

wmudk oGm;ai;eJY/ oBuFefrwdkifcif wpfv

avmuftvkduwnf;u jyifqifMueJY aysmfp&m

aumif;cJhw,f}} vdkY rEÅav;NrdKUcH pma&;q&m

ql;iSufu ajymw,f/

]]rEÅav;rSm oBuFeftBudKaeYqkd a&vkH;0

yufavh r&Sdbl;/ aemufNyD; tJ'Dwkef;u rEÅav;

&JU cspfp&maumif;wJh"avhwpfcku tBudKaeY

qdk&if tvSjyum;awG pDwef;NyD; r[mrked

bk&m;BuD;udkoGm;NyD; OD;wkdufMuwmyJ/

y&dowfu aps;csdK em&Dpifem;eJY bk&m;BuD;em;

rSm apmifhMunfhMu&w,f/ wpfESpf wpfESpf

oBuFeftwGuf zGJUpnf;wJh tutoif;? oHcsyf

toif;? tvSjyum;toif;u tenf;qHk; 150

avmuf&Sdw,f}}vdkY oluqdkygw,f/

tJ'DtcsdefawGwkef;u rEÅav;NrdKUu tck

avmufus,fjyefYjcif; r&Sdao;ayr,fh

rEÅav;&JU oBuFefcspfpdwfu EdkifiHausmfcJhyg

w,f/ zGJUpnf;cJhMuwJhtoif;awGudkvnf;

A[dkr@yftjyif NrdKUe,fwpfckcsif;pDrSm qkay;

r@yfawGaqmufNyD; qkcsD;jr§ifhay;Muwmu

vnf; toif;awG tJ'DvkdNrdKifNrdKifqkdifqkdif

zGJUpnf;jzpfzkdY wGef;tm;wpf&yf jzpfcJhyHkay:ygw,f/

tJ'Dwkef;u A[dkr@yftygt0if Xme

qkdif&m r@yfawGtjyif yk*¾vdu azsmfajza&;

r@yfawG[m 'DacwfrSmvdk usHK;ywfvnf

aqmufMuwm r[kwfygbl;/ 84 vrf;? 26

bDvrf;? vrf; 30? vrf; 80 pwJh t"du

vrf;rBuD;awGay:rSmom BuD;us,f crf;em;pGm

aqmufvkyfcJhMuw,fvkdY qdkMuw,f/

]]igwkdYwkef;u tckvdk usHK;ywfywfvnfrSmyJ

r@yfawG &Sdwmr[kwfbl;/ wpfNrdKUvHk;u

usHK;a&udk oHk;pGJaeMuvkdY usHK;ab;rSm r@yfudk

vkyfcGifh ray;wm/ aemufNyD; rEÅav;oBuFefu

a&yufwmt"du r[kwfbl;/ azsmfajza&;

r@yfawGyJrsm;NyD; a&yufr@yfqkdwm

u tkef;vufav;awGeJY xdk;NyD; a&cGufeJY

wpfEdkifyufMuwmrsdK;yJ &Sdwm/ nbufu

t"duyJ/ nbufqkd wpfNrdKUvHk; rD;awG

xdef;vif;NyD; oBuFefoDcsif;oHawGeJY nHae

wmyJ/ oBuFefNyD;oGm;rSmudk aMumufaewm}} vdkY

q&mql;iSufu ajymw,f/

]]1927 ckESpf 1928 ckESpf avmufupvdkY

tvSjyum;awGeJY pvSnfhMuw,f/ NrdKUr toif;

udkawmh 1925 ckESpfuwnf;u pwif

wnfaxmifwmyg/ 1965 ckESpfuae 1975

ckESpfxd tJ'Dwkef;u vQrf;vQrf;awmuf

emrnfBuD;cJhwJh udk0if;OD;eJY NrdKUreJY yl;aygif;

azsmfajzcJhMuw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;uoBuFefuvnf;

t&rf;pnfum;cJhwm}}vdkY NrdKUrtoif;&JU Ouú|

a'gufwmvScdkifu qkdygw,f/

1970 jynfhESpfrwkdifcifeJY 1970 jynfhvGef

ESpfawGrSm tJ'Dvdk tHk;tHk;uRufuRufpnfum;cJh

wJh rEÅav;oBuFefBuD;u 1974 ckESpfaemufydkif;

rSmawmh wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;usqif;wmeJYtwl

NrdKUvnf; pD;yGm;a&;usqif;rIaMumifh tutvS

toif;awGvnf; t&ifvkd rxGufEdkifawmhwJh

tajctae jzpfvmcJhw,fvkdY qkdygw,f/

1978 ckESpfeJY 1980 jynfhESpfawGrSmawmh

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16

rsKd;vGif [email protected]

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26

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28

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29

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Thingyan 2014