Thermal Project

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In this report you will find a sequence of the process for a systemic energy

planning for a country. Staring from the load profile and how to categorize the profile

and make the selection for the best units for each power according to the capacity and the

variation in the load.

Energy storage is simply a function in power and time, but almost it is a main

trend in the future energy planning process. This report also will point out the energy

storage, its types & how to select the best one for your situation. This description will be

guided with references. You will sense the difference in the capacity when you use the

storage but you have to prepare all the necessary auxiliaries to an energy system equipped

with storage system.

Energy mix will play an important role in our proposed plan which will achieve

about 29 % renewable energy by the year 2050. Also the nuclear energy will share by

30.5 %. Biomass is also included in the energy mix but on a scale of 1 GW increase every

ten years since it requires large space and the cost is quite relatively high.

On the other hand, interconnection of the unified grid with other countries should

be taken into account as it leads to reduce the gap between the capacity and the

consumption curves.

Our Proposed energy plan for the future has mainly two concepts:

Extrapolation of the load curve is based on a recently developed country load

curve which is Malaysia. The detailed description for our selection will be

introduced later on.

The other main concept is that we have to perform some plans for the

manufacturing sequence for the components of our energy system, starting from

the basic one like bolts, belts…etc. Till achieving the full components as it is not

2

from wise to import all of the energy system components. This is the idea of

sustainable development.

3

INTRODUCTION

This section will discuss information about the sectors of energy and their historical

data in this order:

1. Wind energy

2. Solar energy.

3. Nuclear Energy.

4. Hydro Energy.

5. Combined Stations.

6. Gas Turbine Stations.

7. Storage systems.

8. Biomass Energy.

1. WIND ENERGY:

The recent wind stations in Egypt:

El Zaafrana wind station 120 M.W.

Wind station co-operation with Germany 80M.W.

Wind station co-operation with Denmark 120 M.W.

Wind station co-operation with Spain 85 M.W.

Wind station 140 M.W.

So the total in ElZaafrana of wind energy produced 545 MW.

Fig.1 shows the distribution of wind stations in Egypt.

Source: Renewable Energy annual report (2009-10)

4

2. SOLAR ENERGY:

The Solar production gained from only one area till now is Kurymat

Table 1 the Kurymat plant Technical Data.

Total Plant capacity 140MW

Solar capacity 20MW

Combined capacity 120MW

Total output energy 852GWh/year

Total solar output energy 34 GWh/year

Fuel saving ~10,000 tone/year

Table 2. The available areas in Egypt for Solar Energy and Total power can be produced

BORG EL

AAB

6TH

OF

OCTOBER KURYMAT ZAFRANA

Direct radiation

(kwh/m2.year) 2263 2590 2630 2688

Available area m^2 2*10^6 2*10^6 2*10^6 80*10^6

Direct radiation (kwh/year) 4.526*10^9 5.18*10^9 5.26*10^9 2.1504*10^11

Min. (photovoltaic)=

20%

Power output(kwh/year)

0.9052*10^9

1.036*10^9

1.052*10^9

43.008*10^9

Total

46.0012*10

^9

15.7 GW

Min.

(solar thermal collector)=

18% Power output(kwh/year)

0.81468*10^9

0.9324*10^9

0.95*10^9

38.7*10^9

Total

41.4*10^9

14 GW

Cost(table 2) if pv ($)

0.078*10^10 0.078*10^10 0.078*10^10 3.12*10^10

Total

3.354*10^1

0

Cost(table 2) if solar thermal

collector ($)

0.075*10^10

0.075*10^10

0.075*10^10

3.024*10^10

Total

3.2508*10^

10

5

3. NUCLEAR ENERGY:

Egypt has only reactor (Anshas reactor) for research subject not for power consumption

.But, this report in the planning section will expand in usage of Nuclear Energy to satisfy

the increase in energy demand in Egypt.

4. HYDRO ENERGY:

The hydro power has a vital role in the Egypt as the produced power equal 2.8 GW.

To see the hydro power production in Egypt in table.3 app.1

5. COMBINED POWER STATIONS:

The total power produced from the combined power plants in Egypt is 9.14 GW.

The detail for combined power plants in app.1 table 3.

6. GAS TURBINE STATIONS:

The total power produced from the gas turbine power plants in Egypt is 0.84 GW.

The detail for gas turbine power plants in app.1 table 3.

7. STORAGE SYSTEMS:

The storage system technology is not applied in Egypt .But, we will plan to depend on it

to improve the load profile and reduce the peak and it will be discussed later.

8. BIOMASS ENERGY:

The biomass technology is not widely used in Egypt according to its higher initial cost

and required large space .But we will discuss it and put plans to depend on it and make

good use.

6

PROPOSED ENERGY PLAN

LOAD CALCULATIONS

The installed capacity usually determined by units of power (GW) and the

consumption, exports or imports usually determined by units of energy (GWH) this is

because the variations in the load profile should be accomplished by the installed

capacity although the net energy consumption is much lower than the maximum (rated)

energy of the installed units.

The following curve will illustrate these words.

Fig. (2) installed Capacity versus Consumption

The determination of the required power is not an easy matter. We did our estimation for

the future electricity demand based on a recently developed country as the current

situation of Egypt is going to be the same. In order to achieve this estimation we

normalized the power curve for both countries. In other words, we divide the amount of

energy consumption (GWH) by the No. of hours per year (8760 hrs.) So we get the

7

average consumed power. Then we divide the power consumption by the country

residents every year. Get required power per person (GW/Million person).

Fig. (3) Normalized power curve for many countries

First we extrapolated the normalized power curve for many recently developed countries

that we are aiming to be like them. Then we selected Malaysia among them as it achieved

a great progress in a short time period which is our ambition. We extrapolated the power

consumption curve of Egypt parallel to that of Malaysia.

By determining the current average daily load consumption curve for Egypt, which is

given to be as below. the following load curve has the following characteristics :

Has a single peak at about 10 PM.

Its average is equal to consumed amount of energy (GWH) per year divided by

the No. of hours per years (8760).

8

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

GW

Time (Hrs)

July 2010

Load Profile

inter

base

Fig.(4) Summer Daily Consumption Load Profile (2010)

0

5

10

15

20

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

GW

Time (Hrs)

April 2010

load profile

inter

base

Fig.(5) Spring Daily Consumption Load Profile (2010)

9

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

GW

Time(Hrs)

Jan 2010

Peak

Intermediate

Base

Fig.(6) Winter Daily Consumption Load Profile (2010)

10

Table No. 3 estimated hourly load for the year 2020

Winter 2020 Summer 2020 Spring 2020

base inter peak base inter peak base inter peak

1 34.5 38.9 38.9 45.1 52.5 52.5 32.2 37.0 37.0

2 34.2 37.0 37.0 44.6 48.6 48.6 31.6 35.7 35.7

3 34.2 35.7 35.7 44.6 47.3 47.3 31.1 34.4 34.4

4 33.7 34.4 34.4 44.6 47.2 47.2 32.2 34.8 34.8

5 33.7 34.4 34.2 44.1 45.6 45.6 31.4 33.5 33.5

6 34.5 35.8 35.8 42.8 44.6 44.6 31.1 32.2 32.2

7 34.6 37.0 37.0 42.8 46.0 46.0 31.8 32.7 32.4

8 34.8 37.6 37.6 44.6 48.6 48.6 32.2 34.4 34.4

9 35.0 38.1 38.1 44.6 49.3 49.3 32.4 36.3 36.3

10 35.0 38.9 38.9 44.6 50.6 50.6 32.9 37.0 37.0

11 35.0 39.6 39.6 44.9 51.2 51.2 33.5 38.3 38.3

12 35.3 39.9 39.9 44.6 51.4 51.4 33.2 38.4 38.4

13 35.3 40.5 40.5 44.6 51.9 51.9 33.3 38.9 38.9

14 35.4 41.0 41.0 44.9 52.5 52.5 33.2 38.9 38.9

15 34.4 40.9 40.9 45.1 52.4 52.4 33.2 38.9 38.9

16 34.0 40.5 40.5 44.6 52.1 52.1 33.2 38.9 38.9

17 34.2 40.9 40.9 44.6 51.9 51.9 33.2 38.9 38.9

18 34.8 41.5 42.8 44.1 51.2 51.2 33.6 40.5 40.9

19 35.8 42.3 50.6 44.6 52.5 54.5 33.2 40.5 40.5

20 35.3 41.8 49.9 44.6 52.7 55.0 35.8 42.8 48.5

21 35.0 41.5 48.6 45.7 53.7 59.7 34.8 41.5 48.6

22 34.2 41.0 47.3 45.9 53.4 59.7 34.0 40.2 48.0

23 33.7 40.5 46.0 44.9 51.9 57.1 33.5 38.9 46.7

24 32.9 39.4 43.4 44.1 50.1 55.1 32.4 38.1 44.7

25 32.4 38.4 41.5 43.6 49.3 53.8 31.1 37.1 43.3

Max 35.8 42.3 50.6 45.9 53.7 59.7 35.8 42.8 48.6

Design

values

35.8 6.5 8.3 45.9 7.8 6.0 35.8 7.0 5.8

Design values (Maximum Variables)

11

Fig.(7)Electricity Distribution losses

The above curve shows the rate of power loss increased due to extra power generation

and transmission.

As a consequence we get the following :

Fig.(8)Current and extrapolated curves for consumption and capacity

12

By comparing the Government’s and our rate of increase in power consumption we found

that our estimations by the year 2030 is more than that of the government, on the other

hand, by the year 2050, the power consumptions according to the government annual rate

of increase will be more than ours. Which is not logic, our conclusion is that the actual

annual rate increase based on of the Government’s expectation is decreasing through

time; finally the value of the power consumed according to the government will be lower

than ours.

P (N2) = P (N1) *[1+R] (N

1+N

2)

Where,

P (N2): power at year N2

P (N1): power at year N1

R: annual rate of increase

The above equation could be used to evaluate the power demand but you have to take

into account the decrease in the annual rate of power demand.

Our used model for power demand calculations is linear and has the following equation,

P (N) =M*N+C

P (N): power as a function in year

M is the slope of the straight line which is constant

C: the intercept

So we could determine the maximum capacity required yearly and start to make our

analysis.

Table No.4 Incremental capacities (GW) (without storage)

base Intermediate peak Total capacity

2010 17.7 3 3.2 23.9

2020 45.9 7.8 8.3 62

2030 69.3 11.7 12.5 93.5

2040 92.8 15.7 16.8 125.3

2050 116.3 19.7 21 157

13

Table No. 5 Incremental capacities (with storage)

base intermediate peak Total capacity

2008 17.7 3 3.2 23.9

2020 45.9 7.8 6.1 59.8

2030 69.3 11.7 8 89

2040 92.8 15.7 9 117.5

2050 116.3 19.7 8.9 144.9

Note :The highlighted No. shows the capacity reduction due to storage

Fig.(9)Current and extrapolated curves for the consumption and the capacity (Including

Storage)

Table No.6 Installed capacities (GW) (without storage)

base intermediate peak

2010-2020 28.2 4.8 5.1

2020-2030 23.4 3.9 4.2

2030-2040 23.5 4 4.3

2040-2050 23.5 4 4.2

14

Table No. 7 Installed capacities (GW) (with storage)

period base intermediate peak New peak storage

2010-2020 28.2 4.8 5.1 2.9 2.2

2020-2030 23.4 3.9 4.2 1.9 2.3

2030-2040 23.5 4 4.3 1 3.3

2040-2050 23.5 4 4.2 -- 4.3

The above table represents the planned installed capacities for every decade.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2020 2030 2040 2050

Base

Intermediate

Peak

Storage

Fig. (10)Installed capacities per period according to power type

15

0

5

10

15

20

25

2020 2030 2040 2050

Nuclear

Combined

Solar

Wind

Biomass

GT

Hydro

Fig. (11)Installed capacities per period according to energy type

Table No.8 Installed capacities per period according to energy type (GW)

GT CC Nuclear Hydro solar store wind store biomass RE%

2010-2020 0.8 20 3.2 0 4 1.6 8 0.7 0 33.33

2020-2030 0 3.9 9.6 0 6 2.3 8 1 1 52.6

2030-2040 0 2.7 16 1.8 3 2 4 1.3 1 34.4

2040-2050 0 0 17.6 0 4.4 4 4.5 3.2 1 35.6

16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Re

ne

wab

le E

ne

rgy

%

Year

Installed Renewable energy %

Installed Renewable energy %

Fig.(12)Increase in the Installed Renewable energy by period

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

GW

Renewable Energy

Fig.(13)Net renewable energy (GW)

17

The planning should also include plans for generating electric power out of the

government scope. This can be achieved by many methods; one of these methods is

expanding the concept of smart grid.

Smart grid involves encouraging individuals to sell electric power to the

government. This electric power is generated by a renewable energy source on a small

scale like using photo voltaic cells or small wind turbines. To encourage individuals to

expand in this strategy, the following criteria will be used:

1- People will sell the generated electric power to the government with a price

higher than they pay for their consumption of electric power so this will be a

profitable business for individuals.

2- For facilities using this strategy, it will get an advantage by reducing the taxes or

reducing customs for imported industries or any other issues.

This will greatly help in satisfying peak loads without establishing additional power

plants this will greatly reduce the cost of establishing and operating power plants to serve

these loads and this will increase the percentage of electric power produced through

green resources to reduce the amount of CO2.

Other method that can be used is encouraging BOOT system which means

build, own, operate and transfer. By this strategy private companies can build additional

power plants in Egypt and it will operate it for a specified period of time and during this

time the company will sell the generated electric power to the government and at the end

the government will possess the plant after the agreed period of time ends this will help

the government to possess additional power plants without paying any capital costs and

of course this plants will be a green energy plants.

CO2 trade is a good point that can be used to get more free donations in the

fields of energy by giving the extra portion of our co2 share to other industrial countries

that need an additional co2 share over their allowed share due to their higher development

rate. This will bring free investments in the field of energy for free.

Connection of the national power network to other countries networks, this will

help in satisfying the peak loads by the help of other countries by exchanging electric

power at peak times or even by buying the electric power from the other countries at peak

times. also connection with other countries may grab great investments by agreements

where these countries will establish energy projects in Egypt in exchange they must

provide us with the technology transfer related to establishing or running this projects as

Egypt has an outstanding amount of available renewable energy resources that is not

available in other regions like solar energy here and for Europe

18

PLANS OF ENERGY TILL 2050

This section will contains the detailed plans of energy in Egypt till 2050 in the next order

1. Nuclear energy .

2. wind energy

3. solar energy

4. Hydro energy

5. Gas turbines

6. Combined cycles

7. Biomass

8. Storage systems

1. NUCLEAR ENERGY PLAN

WHY WE CHOOSE NUCLEAR ENERGY:

1. Fossil fuel in Egypt will end in coming 30 year. [1.5]

2. Generation 3 &4 rectors have very high safety.

3. It will work in base load.

4. It had high capacity.

5. Generation 4 will have the ability to work in peak load also.

6. Cost is low compared to renewable energy for same output [1.4].

7. Sources of funding will be available from lot countries.

8. It will help us in Possession of nuclear weapons.

9. Nuclear technology available from lot countries

19

GOVERNMENT PLANNING FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY:

The government decided to build 4 nuclear reactors in ElDabaa from the type

(APWR) each with capacity 1600MW starting from 2012 every year reactor will be

build and will inter the service after 7 years.

Table .9 shows the required Energy upon which we have put our plan.

place CAPACITY

(MW)

TYPE END DATE Starting

DATE

COST

(billion $)

الضثعح

1600

1600

1600

1600

APWR

APWR

APWR

APWR

9102

9191

9190

9199

9109

9102

9102

9102

10

10

10

10

[1.6]

ENERGY REQUIRED:

Table .10 shows the required Energy upon which we have put our plan.

period Nuclear(GW)

2010 to 2020 3.2

2020 to 2030 9.6

2030 to 2040 16

2040 to 2050 17.6

20

Table .11 shows the plan of constructing the nuclear reactors distributed on the range

from 2012-2050.

PLACE CAPACITY

(MW)

TYPE END START COST

(billion $)

الضثعح

1600

1600

1600

1600

APWR

APWR

APWR

APWR

9102

9191

9190

9199

9109

9102

9102

9102

10

10

10

10

سيدى تراني شرق

السلوم

1600

1600

1600

1600

APWR

APWR

AGCR

AGCR

9192

9192

9196

9197

9102

9102

9109

9120

10

10

10

10

شالتين جنوب

هرسي علن

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

1600

APWR

APWR

AGCR

AGCR

AGCR

AGCR

9121

9120

9129

9122

9122

2035

9192

9192

9192

9192

9192

2028

10

10

10

10

10

10

غرب العريش

1200

1600

1600

1200

MSR

SCWR

SCWR

SCWR

9122

2037

9122

9121

9192

2030

9120

9122

02

02

02

18

حالية

9100

2000

2000

2000

2000

APWR

APWR

SCWR

SCWR

APWR

9120

9129

9122

9122

9122

9122

9122

9122

9122

9122

10

10

18

18

10

جنوب غرب

هنخفض القطارج

2000

2000

2000

SCWR

SCWR

SCWR

9122

9122

9121

9122

9120

9122

20

20

20

21

PLAN FOR COMPONENT MANUFACTURING NUCLEAR REACTORS

1. All concretes, foundation, and construction will be carried out by a company

or a group of construction companies and Egyptian Contracting

2. The rest of the ingredients used in the construction of the reactor itself will of

the company designed the reactor

3. Beginning in 2020 after receipt of the first reactor at Dabaa and within 5 years

will be the production of heat exchangers, pipes from local production

4. from 2025 until 2035 we will be able to manufacture pumps & condenser &

compressors

5. from 2035 to 2040 will be able to manufacture turbines & steam generators &

reactor vessel

6. From 2040 until 2050 we will be able to manufacture all reactor component

We should take into consideration that not foreign engineers will operate the reactors

all time so we must prepare Technical personnel and engineering that will work in

reactors and operate it so we must establish Institutes and colleges specializing in

nuclear energy as this will save a lot of money and this engineers will get experiences

which will be very useful in building other nuclear reactors.

And we must build factories which able to manufacturing these components as it will

save a lot of money and Provides employment opportunities.

DISCUSSION OF THE PLAN:

22

We decided to build nuclear reactor from the type of AGCR (Advanced gas

cooled reactor) and APWR (Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor) because they have

large capacity and they are from generation three which has high safety factors. Adding

to that, they are the best available type at this time till 2030.

At the beginning of 2030 generation 4 technologies will be ready to be applied, so we

choose the types of SCWR (Sodium Cooled Water Reactor) and MSR (Molten Salt

Reactor) as they have the advantage of high safety factor and low initial cost and low

running cost.

SOCIAL:

People in Egypt will not refuse the nuclear energy as we have to use it

to overcome our electricity consumption to achieve good welfare. And no fair from it as

we will build this nuclear plants away as much as we can from any residential zones and

our reactors will be from generation (3 & 4) which have a very good safety methods and

no afraid from any accident.

AVAILABILITY:

Nuclear technology is available from a lot of countries as (Russia

&Japan & France & USA &Canada& Germany & United kingdom)

There are only 2 earthquakes happen in the area of red sea at years (1969 &1995) and the

most area where earthquakes happen and effect on us in Egypt is Crete. [1.1]

So we can build our reactors in red sea area (Earthquake-resistant) like all reactors

in japan which is on the line of earthquakes and volcanoes and we can use (Seismic

code).

It will be expensive to build Earthquake-resistant reactors but we have to build in

this area as we need a source of water We don`t like to build reactors on the Nile as if

any accident happen in the reactors our only source of water will Contaminate.

So there are sites which is suitable for our planning

23

MOST SUITABLE PLACES FOR REACTORS: [1.2]

1. Shalateen Area South Marsa Alam:

As it is far from the line of earthquakes and if there was an explosion to the

reactor, the fallout will fall in the Red Sea will not reach to Saudi Arabia

2. The «Sidi Barani» East Salloum:

As it is away from Cairo about 600 km

3. west of El Arish:

As we will ensure that Israel will seek to repair any malfunction in the reactor, it

would be affected by the first.

4. Qattara Depression:

If we implement the project to the Qattara Depression, the reactor can be a place

southwest of low lake dropper in this case will not affect the tsunami.

5. Halaib

ANALYSIS

Costs :

Initial cost =10 billion /1600 =6.25 (million$/MW)

Running cost= 10 (cents/kwh) [1.3]

Environmental issues :

AGCR produce 19 (g-CO2/kWh).

APWR produce 21 (g-CO2/kWh) [1.7]

Time of construction:

7 years at least for reactor in developing country

WHY WE CHOOSE THESE TYPES OF REACTORS:

We choose (APWR) & (AGCR) as they are most suitable reactors in generation 3 as they

have:

24

APWR:

1. Very stable & easier to operate from a stability standpoint.

2. The water in the secondary loop is not contaminated by radioactive materials.

3. Maintenance easier and much safer.

AGCR:

1. Use natural uranium as fuel.

2. No need to enrichment fuel so it will be less expensive.

3. Designed for large capacity power plants.

4. U.k is the leader in this type. So it will be easy to get this technology.

We choose (SCWR) & (MSR) as they are most suitable reactors in generation 4 as they

had:

1. High capacity than other types of generation 4.

2. Their cost will be law by comparison with other types of generation 4.

APWR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:

Table .12 shows the specifications of (US-APWR) [1.3]

REACTOR PARAMETERS REFERENCE VALUE

Electric Power 1600~2000 MWe

Core Thermal Power 4,451 MWt

Reactor Fuel Assemblies 257

Reactor Fuel Advanced 17x17, 14 ft.

Active Core Length 4.2 meters

Coolant System Loops 4

Coolant Flow 2.75x104 m3/h/loop

Coolant Pressure 15.5 MPa

Steam Generator Type 90TT-1

Number of Steam Generators 4

Reactor Coolant Pump Type 100A

Number of Reactor Coolant Pumps 4

25

FEATURES OF THE US-APWR INCLUDE: [1.3]

1.Enhanced Safety:

A four-train safety system for enhanced redundancy.

An advanced accumulator.

An in-containment refueling water storage pit.

2.Enhanced Reliability

A steam generator with high corrosion resistance.

A neutron reflector with improved internals.

A 90% reduction in plant shutdowns compared to other four-loop PRWs.

3.Attractive Economy

A large core with a thermal efficiency of 39%.

Building volume per MWe that is four-fifths that of other four-loop PWRs.

4.More Environment Friendly

A 28% reduction in spent fuel assemblies per MWh compared to other four-loop

PWRs.

Reduced occupational radiation exposure.

Capacity to use mixed oxide (MOX) fuels made from reprocessed nuclear fuel

waste.

(SCWR) = Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor

(MSR) = Molten Salt Reactor

26

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF SCWR:

Table .13 shows the specifications of (SCWR)[1.4]

REACTOR PARAMETERS REFERNCE VALUE

Plant Capital Cost $900/KW

Unit Power And Neutron Spectrum 1700 MW THERMAL SPECTRUM

Net Efficiency 44%

Coolant Inlet And Outlet Temp. And

Press.

280 C /510 C/25 MPa

Average Power Density ~100 MWth /m3

REFERENCE Fuel UO2 with austenitic or ferritic-martinstic

stainless steel

Fuel Structural Materials Cladding

Structural Materials

Advanced high-strength metal alloy are

needed

Burn Up /Damage 45 GWD /MTHM;10-30 DPA

Technical specification of MSR:

Table .14 shows the specifications of (MSR)[1.4]

REACTOR PARAMETERS REFERENCE VALUE

Net Power 1000 MWe

Power Density 22 MWth/m3

Net Thermal Efficiency 44 to 50%

Fuel- Salt –Inlet Temp.-Outlet Temp.-

Vapour Preesure

565 c - 700 c (850 c for hydrogen

production)<0.1 psi

Moderator Graphite

Power Cycle Multi reheat recuperative helium Bryton

cycle

27

2. WIND ENERGY

Table .15 shows amount of energy required

period Wind (GW)

2010 to 2020 8

2020 to 2030 8

2030 to 2040 4

2040 to 2050 4.5

CRITERIA OF SELECTION THE LOCATIONS FOR THE WIND PROJECTS FROM 2010 TO

2050 :

The site average speed determines which locations have the first priority than other

locations (fig 2-2). According to this approach the main sites selected for the plan :

- Gulf of Suez and Red Sea Governorate

- Area east of the Nile

- West Nile

THE POSSIBILITY OF CONNECTING THE LOCATION TO THE NETWORK:

There are three main areas for wind power generation are:

- Gulf of Suez and Red Sea Governorate

- Area east of the Nile

- West Nile

The facility will be connected to terminals in the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea and the east

of the Nile in the Eastern Desert with main power grid in order to serve the increasing

load in various parts of the Republic, there are pre-connected in the Zaafarana wind

station in the Red Sea

Isolate the stations which established in the west of the Nile area from the main power

grid and that match with the polarization of industrial projects and the establishment of

huge industrial city far from residential areas in Western desert.

And that will save the cost of electricity transmission in the west of the Nile area with

main power grid.

But in return we must establish energy storage plants to store energy for reuse at

maximum load of that industrial city

The topology & environmental properties of the regions:

The Gulf of Suez is limited for further expansion projects as it considered as a touristic

region and the nature of topology is limiting the use of the entire region in further plants.

28

Fig (14) wind Atlas for Egypt

Fig (13) wind

distribution

Velocity map

29

Fig (15) main wind regions in Egypt

GOVERNMENT TIME PLAN FOR WIND

Wind station capacity of 120 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in October

2013

Wind station capacity of 220 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in mid-

2014

Wind station capacity of 200 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will run In

mid-2016

Two Wind stations capacity of 700 MW at West Nile region, the project still

under studying phase

Projects of Wind station capacity of 1370 MW in the west Gulf of Suez for the

private sector, the project still under studying phase [2-1]

TIME PLAN FOR WIND TILL 2050

2010-2020

Wind station capacity of 250 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in mid-

2014

Wind station capacity of 500 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in October

2013

Wind station capacity of 250 MW at red sea region, the project will run at the end

of 2013

Two Wind stations capacity of 1000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run

at the end of 2013 and that match start in attracting industry in West Nile, where

you start to create the industrial city

30

Wind station capacity of 2* 1000 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will

run at the end of 2017 and that match reduction in the initial cost of the project

due to locally manufacture the tower

Wind station capacity of 1500 MW at West Nile region, the project will run in

mid-2017 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city

Wind station capacity of 1500 MW at red sea region, the project will run in mid-

2018

Wind station capacity of 1000 MW at East Nile region, the project will run at the

end of 2019

2020-2030

Wind station capacity of 2* 2000 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will

run at the end of 2023 and that match reduction in the initial cost of the project

due to locally manufacture the tower and rotor blades


end of 2026 and that match reduction in the initial cost of the project due to the

wind turbine manufacturing fully locally

Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run in

mid-2028 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city

2030-2040

Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at red sea region, the project will run in mid-

2034

Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run at the

end of 2038 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city

2040-2050

Wind station capacity of 2000 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will run

in mid-2042

Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run at the

end of 2049 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city


end of 2046

31

TIME PLAN FOR MANUFACTURING WIND TURBINE IN EGYPT

Fig (16) Cost percentage of different components of wind turbine

There are 3 parts of 14 make 61.41% of total cost of wind turbine

Tower: 26.3% of total cost

Rotor blades: 22.2% of total cost

Gearbox: 12.91% of total cost

From 2011 to 2015 import all parts of the wind turbine from the outside and during this

period start to construct factories for the manufacture of the tower for local consumption

and for exporting.

From 2015 to 2020 start to construct factories for the manufacture of the rotor blades for

local consumption and for exporting.

From 2020 to 2025 start to construct factories for the manufacture of the gearbox and the

remaining parts in wind turbine as (rotor hub, shaft, bearing……) as well as at the end of

2025 the wind turbine will be fully manufactured in Egypt and exported to the outside

and this will give a great opportunity to reduce the initial cost at the creation of new wind

power plant

32

WIND TURBINE ECONOMICS :

AVAILABLE ENERGY ANALYSIS:

Total area for wind turbine projects= 656+1229+6418=8303 Km2

Total Area = 8000 km2

The mean wind speeds predicted are between 7 and 8 m/s and the power densities

between 300 and 400 W/m2, estimated at height of 50 m a.g.l.

total efficiency = 0.25

available area = (Total area)/4

Available power generated= available area * power density * efficiency

= 2000*106

* 400* 0.25= 200 Giga watt

Approximate Installed Cost of Wind Energy Facility = $1.5 Million / MW [2.3]

For the Available power generated (200 Giga watts):

The Approximate capital cost = $300 Billion

From the previous data we conclude that using the total available wind energy is very

expensive

GENERATED ENERGY ANALYSIS:

Annual capital cost = 60 US $ / MWh [2-4]

Annual operating cost = 13 US $ / MWh [2-4]

Total cost of wind turbine projects over every 10 years of the plan:

Table .16 the total cost of wind turbine project

Time Capacity(GW) Capital

cost(billion $)

Running cost

(billion $)

Total cost

(billion $)

2011-2020 8 12.6 2.75 15.35

2020-2030 8 12.6 2.75 15.35

2030-2040 4 6.3 1.4 7.7

2040-2050 4.5 7 1.55 8.55

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES:

onshore wind turbines

offshore wind turbines

All our planned wind projects till 2050 are based on onshore wind turbines because

offshore wind areas in Egypt are concentrated in the Gulf of Suez, one of the most

important tourist areas in Egypt that rich with coral reefs

33

Fig.(17) Off shore wind atlas of Egypt [2-2]

CRITERIA OF WIND TURBINE SELECTION:

The average speed of the site compared to the rated speed of the turbine

The capacity factor of the turbine while working in the site C.F=

The power density of the turbine based on the output power of the turbine per unit area of

the site this will determine the number of turbines installed in the site power density

PD where turbine area = 5D * 8D

PD : power density (KW/m2)

The total cost of a single turbine multiplied by the total number of turbines in the site is

used as a factor for the economic comparison between different types of Turbines

Total cost = number of turbines * total cost of each turbine

34

Technical specifications For Siemens Wind Turbine SWT-3.6-

35

3. SOLAR ENERGY

ANALYSIS

The Solar Atlas was issued in 1991, indicating that Egypt as one of the sun belt countries

is endowed with high intensity of direct solar radiation ranging between 1970 – 2600 kwh

/ m2 / year from North to South. The sunshine duration ranges from 9 – 11 hours with

few cloudy days all over the year.

Fig.18 average annual direct radiation (normal incidence) in Egypt in KWh/m2/day [3.1]

This table includes the available solar Energy in each site.

36

Fig. (17) Solar thermal plant potential in Egypt [3.2]

SITE Zafrana Koraimat 6th of

October

Borg El

Arab

Near to

Lake

Nasser

western

desert

El wadi El

gdeed

Direct radiation

(kwh/m2.year)

2688 2630 2590 2263 3212 2920 3285

Available area

(m^2)

80*10^6 2*10^6 2*10^6 2*10^6 5.25*10^9 136.2*10^

9

75.3*10^9

Direct radiation

(kwh/year)

2.1504*10^

11

5.26*10^9 5.18*10^9 4.526*10^9 1.68*10^1

3

3.97*10^1

4

2.47*10^1

4

Min.

η(photovoltaic)=2

0%

43.008*10^

9

1.052*10^

9

1.036*10^

9

0.9052*10^

9

3.36*10^1

2

7.94*10^1

3

4.94*10^1

3

Power

output(kwh/year)

4.9[GW] 0.12[GW] 0.118[GW

]

0.103[GW] 383[GW] 9051.6[G

W]

5631.6[G

W]

Min. η(solar

thermal

collector)= 18%

38.7*10^9 0.95*10^9 0.9324*10

^9

0.81468*10

^9

3.024*10^

12

7.146*10^

13

4.446*10^

13

Power

output(kwh/year)

4.4[GW] 0.1[GW] 0.106[GW

]

0.092[GW] 344 [GW] 8146

[GW]

5016

[GW]

Cost(table 2) if

PV($)

3.12*10^10 0.078*10^

10

0.078*10^

10

0.078*10^1

0

2*10^12 5.3*10^13 2.93*10^1

3

Cost(table 2) if

solar thermal

collector ($)

3.024*10^1

0

0.075*10^

10

0.075*10^

10

0.075*10^1

0

1.9*10^12

5.14*10^1

3

2.8*10^13

Table .15 show the plan

The main reason for the different types of solar panel is what the energy is eventually

used for. As PV cells directly convert solar energy into electricity, these can be fitted to

remote objects with no direct power supply. As solar thermal cells need a steam turbine

they are static energy producers, like a regular power plant. Although PV cells are also

used on mass to generate electricity, they are also fitted to solar powered cars, the space

shuttle and to other solar powered objects such as traffic signs and emergency telephones.

They are very rarely used on privet buildings, although some offices use them.

Solar thermal cells are either used as a power plant to supply direct electricity or on the

roofs of homes to heat water.

Table .18 System net present Value costs ($/sq.m)in 10 years

System Installation Operation Total

PV(Stationary) 305 85 390

S.TH.Trough 270 108 378

http://www.ehow.com/cars/

37

The two previous types have been proven their suitability and effectiveness in operation

in many countries including Egypt. The other technologies of solar energy aren’t widely

used due to economic reasons, Moreover, the space under the collector might be used in

different applications like (agriculture, animals’ barns…..etc).

PROPOSED ENERGY PLAN

Making and running any solar energy station don’t take more than 6 months.

Table .19 shows required capacity up to 2050

Table .20 shows relation between different technology and the required capacity

Appropriate capacity

under construction and

proposed [MW]

Installed capacity[MW]

Till 2009

CSP Technology Type

>10,000 500 Parabolic through

>3,000 40 Central receiver

>1500 <1 Parabolic dish-sterling

According to the required capacity to be installed based on our plan and the above table,

we have chosen parabolic trough (80 MWe) in our projects.

2010 TO 2020

Table .21 shows the plan of 2010 to 2020

Near to lake Nasser Location

4[GW] Installed Capacity

334[GW] Available Energy

Parabolic Trough Type of Collectors

8 Number of Module

500[MW] Capacity of each Module

8 month Duration of installation of each module

64 month Total Period of construction

2014/2019 Start(yr)/End(yr)

2020 TO 2030

Period (years) Solar (GW)

2010 to 2020 4

2020 to 2030 6

2030 to 2040 3

2040 to 2050 4.4

38

Table 22 shows the plan of 2020 to 2030

Near to lake Nasser Location



Central receiver heliostat Type of Collectors

12 Number of Module





2030 TO 2040

FIRST STAGE

Table .23 shows the first stage of plan of 2030 TO 2040

Koraimat Location

0.05[GW] Installed Capacity

0.1083[GW] Available Energy

Parabolic Trough(hybrid) Type of Collectors

1 Number of Module

0.05[MW] Capacity of each Module




SECOND STAGE

Table .24 shows the second stage of plan of 2030 TO 2040

Western desert Location

1.45+1.5[GW] Installed Capacity


Central receiver heliostat Type of Collectors

6 Number of Module



48month Total Period of construction


2040 TO 2050

39

FIRST STAGE

Table .25 shows the first stage of plan of 2040 TO 2050

Western desert Location


5.3[GW] Available Energy


4 Number of Module





SECOND STAGE

Table .26 shows the second stage of plan of 2040 TO 2050

New Valley Location




2 Number of Module





THIRD STAGE

Table .27 shows the third stage of plan of 2040 TO 2050

New Valley Location




2 Number of Module





The application of the suggested plan will save 78 million ton of fuel and will reduce

carbon dioxide emissions to 209 million ton per year.

40

GOVERNMENT’S PLAN

(A)PHOTOVOLTAIC STATIONS:

Photovoltaic systems are considered the most suitable systems to be used in

countryside and far areas which are away from the national network although it is a high

cost kind of technology. One of the advantages of Photovoltaic solar energy is that it has

fixed costs and its lifespan is about 25 years. In Egypt the total ability of the Photovoltaic

cells systems is between 4 and 4.5 MW, As it can be used in lightning, pumping water

,wireless connections, cooling systems and commercial advertisements in fast roads. The

Egyptian government’s plan in next five years (2012-2017)will be two Solar thermal

power stations , the capacity of each is 50MW Photovoltaic power stations of 20MW

KOMOMBO(1)

With the cooperation between the Natural renewable energy authority and the

German of finance have been chosen KOMOMBO location 100MW

KOMOMBO(2)

20MW Photovoltaic station in KOMOBO in cooperation with France

HURGADA

The studies is being deducted on the location of Urgada Photovoltaic station of 20

MW in Cooperation with Japan

CAIRO SUEZ DESERT ROAD

The Arabic Authority of industrialisation has been establish 600MW One Axis

tracked Photovoltaic Cells in the Campos of the Factory in Cairo Suize desert road and

this project was connected to the unite grid, 33% of the component is Egyptian made

parts in that project, they installed and running it by now. They are trying to increase it to

55%

Project of Remote settlement electrification by PV systems in cooperation with

Italian Government

NREA signed a protocol for cooperation with the Italian Ministry of Environment

to electrify 2 remote settlements in Matrouh Governorate (50 houses, 2 medeical clinic

units, a school, 3 masjeds and 40 street lighting units) .

The project will iclude PV systems of about 43 kW. It is planned to finalize the project by

the end of 2009.

PVsystem to light of remoot sites at Matrouh Government

The total capacity of 2 PV systems is 424W Peak for 9*11W (DC) Efficient lamps, and

TV set of 60W (AC)

41

Fig.(20) pv System [3.3]

The international bank estimated that the cost of the production of KW.hr from

Photovoltaic cells will be equal to the cost of production of KW.hr from conventional

methods by 2014

(B)SOLAR THERMAL POWER SATIONS:

Kuraymat staion for generating electricity using solar energy. Kuraymat Solar Thermal

Power Plant (140 MW). The project site at Kuraymat nearly 90km South Cairo, has

been selected due to (1) an uninhabited flat desert land (2) high intensity direct solar

radiation reaches to 2400 kWh /m2 / year (3) an extended unified power grid and

expanded natural gas pipelines (4) near to the sources of water (the River Nile).

TYPICAL COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT CONSISTS OF:

One Gas Turbine (79 MW) firing Natural Gas as fuel to generate electricity,

One Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) that uses the exhaust gases from the gas

turbine to produce superheated steam.

One steam turbine (63 MW).

Cooling system in which the steam turbine exhaust will be condensed in the condenser

and pumped to dearator and then to the HRSG

Table .28 shows Capacity of Solar portion of combined cycle

Capacity of Solar portion (MWe) 20

Capacity of gas turbine (MWe) 79

Capacity of steam turbine (MWe) 76.5

42

SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

Parallel rows of parabolic troughs Solar Collectors. The trough focuses solar

energy on an absorber pipe located along its focal line of a heat Collection Element. The

solar collectors are connected in series and parallel to produce the required heat energy

by tracking the sun from east to west while rotating on a north-south axis

A heat transfer fluid (HTF), (typically synthetic oil) is circulated through the receiver

heated to 393 oC at 20 bar. The fluid is pumped to a heat exchanger to generate steam

that can be superheated in the HRSGs and integrated with the steam generated from the

Combined Cycle (CC) before introducing it to the Steam Turbine (ST) to generate

electricity.

Fig.(21) shows Koraimat Layout [3.5]

Net electric energy (GWhe/a) 852

Solar electric energy (GWhe/a) 33

Solar share (%) 4%

Fuel saving due to the solar portion (T.O.E / a) 10000

CO2 reduction (T / a) 20000

43

(C)SOLAR WATER HEATING

Cooperation with the International Medical Center at Cairo/Ismailia high way, to

erect solar water heating system for domestic purposes, in terms of technical consultancy

services and supervision of the implementation.

Fig.(22) shows Solar Water Heating

44

PLAN FOR MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR ENERGY COMPONENTS IN EGYPT

According to the point of view of the local manufacture we can divide the levels of local

manufacture of renewable energy components to three elements as shown in the

following table:

Table .29 renewable energy components manufacturing categories

category Description

A

Local manufacturing RET components can

be produced directly with current resources

of the Egyptian industry.

B

After innovation and r&d, RET components

can be produced with current resources but

with help of innovation and r&d need about

3 years.

C

Import-joint venture with foreign companies

,RET components can be produced by

Egyptian industry only when a joint

ventures with big universal companies takes

place (transfer of know how takes about 5

years)

It’s important to mention that researches, development, and inventions should be

continuous for the alternatives A , B and C: as for the element A, the researches and

development will enable the local producers to reduce production costs and to improve

the quality at the same time.

(A)PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURING PLAN

Due to the Global increasing of Photovoltaic cells it is logic to start in manufacturing a

portion of its components, and through time we will increase this portion till we reach a

full scale production in Egypt to satisfy the local demand then we will start to export our

production to help in supporting our economical situation specially after the current going

situation after 25th revolution for better future to the successive generations.

Since Egypt has a huge reserve of silica due to the wide area of the desert, this silica in

exported by low cost and then we import it as a products like photovoltaic and many

other semi-conductors , so we have to start constructing this factories here in Egypt with

the help of the international leading countries in this field. And do not export it as raw

materials, and to learn from them some of this technology and make research centers in

this field, so as to be able to manufacture it totally in Egypt, to reduce the initial cost, to

produce low energy cost from this technology.

45

ACTION PLAN FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Fig.(23) shows the Local PV manufacturing plan[3.6]

(B)PARABOLIC TROUGH MANUFACTURING PLAN

Since the demand on the parabolic trough solar collectors starts to increase in the recent

years specially in North Africa like (Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt), it this technology is

used for high capacity energy generation, therefore Egypt should make a gradual

comprehensive manufacturing project for manufacturing its components locally. So, we

have developed the coming action plan, and we are hoping by the end of this plan to

manufacture the whole components locally.

46

Fig. (24) Shows action plan for parabolic trough components manufacturing in Egypt

[3.6]

(C)SOLAR HEATER MANUFACTURING PLAN

The last few years have witnessed a great progress in the solar heater manufacturing in

Egypt, many factories are currently producing different capacities of this solar heaters for

domestic and business needs, and they are widely used in Touristic resorts.

47

4.HYDROPOWER GENERATION

Hydropower plants installed (2008/2009) [4.1]

5 power plants connected to the network of power 2784.9 MW

Participation percentage of total power =12.8%

The generated electric energy 0222242 million KWhr

Fig. (25) shows hydro generation in Egypt [4.2]

HIGH DAM [4.3]

Number of turbines = 12 unit

The power of each unit is 175 * 103 KW

Total capacity =2100 MW

The electricity produced = 10 billion KW.Hr

Unit type: Francis turbine

Table .30 Main Sites of power generation

Net generation

(MWh)

Installed capacity

(MW)

Units

(number*MW)

Station name

9018 2100 12*175 High dam

1395 322 7*46 Aswan 1

1729 270 4*67.5 Aswan 2

382 86 6*14.3 Esna

11 5 3*1.8 Nagaa hamadi

12535 2783 Total

48

Table 31. Sites of power generation (small capacities)

Power (MW) Site

32 Assiut barrage

13 Damietta

5 Zefta

1 Elmokhtalat

2.45 Tawfiki rayah

1.85 Edfina barrage

3 Assiut regulator

1.85 Abbasi rayah

1.55 ibrahimia canal intake

2.2 Beheri rayah

1.8 Menoufi rayah

1.85 Shwarkawia canal

1 Bahr yousef canal

68.55 Total

QATTARA DEPRESSION

Power generation: 1800 MW

Execution duration of the project: 15 years

Overall cost of the project: 14 billion dollar

Pumping storage:

A pumped system is used to cover the needs of power at peak loads. Additional costs are

piping systems, initial cost for pumps and maintenance

The tank is at an elevation = 215 m

So for the peak loads we can reach 4000 MW, but the inclusion of this project has not

been done from 2002 to 2020 [4.4],[4.5]

HIGH DAM OVERHAUL PLAN

It was completed to update the 10 units of 12 units with investments of about one billion

and 700 million pounds from the dam generators and the planned completion of all units

by the end of the middle of this year

ATAKA MOUNTAIN

Capacity 2100 MW [4.6]

Table .32 Percent of installed capacity

Year 2005/2006 2010/2011 2015/2016 2020/2021 2025/2026

Hydro 13.6 10 7.3 5.6 4.4

From the previous table it is clear that the contribution of hydro power decreases and this

is because the resources of this type is limited while other types of energy increase

rapidly.

49

Table 33 Existing transmission interconnections

Voltage ( KV) Design

capacity (MW)

Exports

(GWh)

Imports(

GWh)

Libya 220 600 123 91

Jordan 400 550 823 77

Table 34 C/Cs of proposed interconnection with Ethiopia and Sudan

Option (2) smaller scheme Option (3) larger scheme

Ethiopia – Sudan 1200 1200

Ethiopia – Egypt 700 2000

Voltage (KV) 500 AC

One double circuit

800 DC

One circuit pole line

One single pole line

Length of connection 1120 2385

Egypt connection route Merowe (Sudan)- Nagaa

Hamadi

Mandaya (Ethiopia)-Assiut

Table 35 Economics C/Cs of proposed interconnection with Ethiopia and Sudan

Option (2) smaller scheme Option (3) larger scheme

Ethiopia –Sudan capacity

(MW)

1200 1200

Ethiopia – Egypt (MW) 700 2000

Investment cost

interconnection

US $ 1.22 billion US $ 2.89 billion

Net present value 1660 1200

b/e price of gas US $

/MMBTU

1.8 3.9

From the previous it is clear that we can make interconnection with other countries so we

can reduce the capacity of the units.

50

5. BIOMASS

Table .36 shows the required Biomass Energy upon which we have put our plan.

period bio (GW)

2010 to 2020 0

2020 to 2030 1

2030 to 2040 1

2040 to 2050 1

Table .37 shows the energy plan for biomass till 2050

location number of stations capacity

M.W

period

west of Almenia 6 50

2021-2030 East of Almenia 6 50

south of Almenia 8 50

West of Qena 10 50 2031-2040

West of Qaroun

lake

10 50

South of Alameen 20 50 2041-2050

DISCUSSION

Technology of biomass

In Egypt the total biomass resources potential reaches 60 million Ton / year in 2006

It is not widely spread in egypt the digester volume ranging between 5 and 50 m3.

One of the large plants in Egypt is a 170-m3 digester in EL-Giza Army Camp

51

5. GAS TURBINE

Table 38 shows the required Gas Turbine Energy upon which we have put our

plan.

period GT (GW)

2010 to 2020 0.8

2020 to 2030 0

2030 to 2040 0

2040 to 2050 0

Table 39 shows the required Gas Turbine units.

Year Capacity

2014 400 MW

2016 400 MW

7. COMBINED

Table .40 shows the required Combined Cycles Energy upon which we have

put our plan.

period Advanced

Combined (GW)

2010 to 2020 20

2020 to 2030 3.9

2030 to 2040 2.7

2040 to 2050 0

52

Table 41 shows the sequence of construction of Advanced combined cycles units.

Year Capacity

2011 to 2020 2000 MW unit every year

2021 1300MW

2024 1300MW

2027 1300MW

2031 1500MW

2035 1200MW

53

8. STORAGE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Why we choose to use storage energy system?

Energy storage devices can accommodate a number of network requirements. These are:

1. Load management

2. Spinning reserve

3. Transmission and distribution stabilization.

4. Transmission upgrades deferral

5. Peak generation

6. Renewable energy integration

7. End‐use applications

8. Emergency back‐up

9. Demand Side Management (DSM)

Table 42 Types of storage method & capacity

capacity M.W number of

stations

location Type of storage method

2011-2020

1000 2 South of Sinai Pumped Hydro

100 2 South of Sinai fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell)

2021-2030

1000 2 Gamasa Pumped Hydro

100 3 Gamasa fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell)

2031-2040

1000 3 Port of Safaga Pumped Hydro

100 3 Port of Safaga fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell)

2041-2050

1000 4 Peer Shalteen Pumped Hydro

100 3 Peer Shalteen fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell)

Initial cost =0.86( million $/MW)

Running cost=6 (cent/kwh)

Time of construction =8 years

Discharge time =5 hrs.

54

List of references

[1.1] http://masress.com/youm7/115227

[1.2]http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/377697

[1.3]http://www.mnes.us.com/htm/usapwrdesign.htm

[1.4] Dr. Aya lec.notes

[1.5]http://www.shorouknews.com/contentdata.aspx?id=451370

[1.6]http://alfanonline.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=415790&pg=62

[1.7] japan pdf

[2.1] Annual report of renewable energy authority

[2.2] Wind Atlas of Egypt

[2.3] The economics of wind energy Charles Vaughan,Regional director, Eastern united

states,Clipper Wind power, Inc.

[2.4:] Egypt energy strategy

[3.1](IMP)START_Egypt.pdf

[3.2] NREA

[3.3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

[3.4]Renewable Energy Development Strategy_AR.pdf

[3.5]http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2011/1/8/EGFL1.HTM

[3.6] http://ejabat.google.com/ejabat/thread?tid=708b531899ef8eb7

[4.1] (Book Annual Bulletin of Statistics of Electricity and Energy)

[4.2] Egypt energy strategy pdf

[4.3] http://www.tkne.net/vb/t58582

[4.4] http://www.hppea.gov.eg/English%20Version/stations/other_stations.htm

[4.5] http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0a.ht

[4.6] http://www.hppea.gov.eg/arabic_site/2.projects_studied.htm

[5.1] Renewable Energy Sector in Egypt, By Energy Research Center

(ERC) Faculty of Engineering Cairo University.

[5.2]Biomass Energy Economics Presented by John R. Martin, P.E.

[5.3]Implementation of Renewable Energy Technologies, Opportunities and Barriers

report By NREA Egypt.

[5.4] Dr. Aya lec.notes

[6.1] Overview of energy storage methods, by Leonard Wagner,

http://www.moraassociates.com

http://masress.com/youm7/115227

http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/377697

http://alfanonline.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=415790&pg=62

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2011/1/8/EGFL1.HTM

http://www.tkne.net/vb/t58582

http://www.hppea.gov.eg/English%20Version/stations/other_stations.htm

http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0a.htm

http://www.hppea.gov.eg/arabic_site/2-projects_studied.htm

Documents

Thermal Project