Thermal Power Plants and Other Power Plants

Pakistan

Energy Source & Management

Engineer Muhammad Asim Khan

MBA (EEM) 2y (18316)

MBA Environmental Energy Management

Table of Contents ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

THERMAL POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................. 5

Advantages ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Disadvantages .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

PAKISTAN SUPPLY & DEMAND ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

SUPPLY BY SOURCE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

POWER PLANTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

SECTOR WISE POWER CONSUMPTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

POWER DEMAND BREAKDOWN ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 12

HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13

THERMAL POWER GENERATION ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

COAL POWER GENERATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

UPCOMING POWER PROJECTS ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

PARAMETERS OF PLANT & THERE COSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 18

OPTIONS FOR POWER GENERATION IN PAKISTAN .......................................................................................................................................................... 20

PEAK DEMAND FORECAST (REGRESSION ANALYSIS 2015) ........................................................................................................................................... 21

RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25

ABSTRACT

Thermal Power plants are the major source of generation of electricity for any developing country.

Around 60% of electricity generation in our country is met by thermal power plants. Fuel is blown

into the combustible chamber of the boiler where it is burnt at high temperature where Heat energy

converts water into steam. High energy steam is passed through the turbine and the steam creates

force on the turbine causing the shaft to rotate at high speed. A generator is coupled at one end of

the turbine shaft which generates power. The thermal power plant has serious impacts on land ,

soil, air and various social impacts the thermal power plant are also said to emit large amount of

mercury and generate large quantity of fly ash which destroys the surrounding environment. These

plants also consume a large amount of water. Due to these problems they require a proper

Environmental impact assessment before commencement of the project which is not done

judiciously in our country. Various mitigation measures for the control of pollution caused by

thermal power plants along with some new technologies are discussed.

INTRODUCTION

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven.

Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical

generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser

and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest

variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel

resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center

because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. Certain

thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes

of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power.

Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2

emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.

The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered salable

energy produced as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically

33% to 48%.

THERMAL POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages

Fuel used is cheaper

Smaller space is required compared to hydro power plant

Economical in initial cost compared to hydro plants and running costs are less compared to gas plants or diesel plants

Thermal plants can be placed near load centers unlike hydro and nuclear plants. Hence transmission of power losses can be minimized

Thermal plants are able to respond to the load demand more effectively and supports the performance of the electrical grid

Steam plants can withstand for overload for certain extent

Disadvantages

Pollution of the atmosphere

Huge requirement of water

Handling of coal and disposal of ash is quite difficult and requires large area

Gestation period (period for commissioning of plant) takes long time

Efficiency of thermal plant is quite less (30-35%)

Operational cost of thermal plant is costlier compared to hydro and nuclear plant

Activities/Issues Impacts

Change in land use pattern/ Site clearing Erosion

Loss of biodiversity

Loss or change of soil quality and

quantity

Huge diversion and acquisition of

land in case of power plant with

captive mine

Civil works such as earth moving and

building of structures Dust pollution

Noise pollution

PAKISTAN SUPPLY & DEMAND

Total power generation capacity about 25,023 MW.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country of the world having about 183 million populations (Urban

share: 37%)

Population growth: 2.0% per year

GDP: 223,378 Million US dollar

GDP growth: 3.7% per year

Per capita income: 1,340 US dollar

Total primary energy supply: 64.6 MTOE

Per capita energy supply: 0.35 TOE

Electricity generation: 98,894 GWh

Per capita electricity consumption: 420 kWh

Approx. 91,960 of electricity produced in last fiscal year.

Shortfall of 5,000 MW.

Government aiming to add 2110 MW by

2012

Power line losses approx. 25%

SUPPLY BY SOURCE 3

Oil

Hydroelectric

Nuclear

Coal

Natural Gas

LPG

32

10

0.7

8

48

1

POWER PLANTS

Thermal (14,415 MW)

WAPDA operates 11 plants

KESC operates 4 plants

Independent Power Producers (IPPs) operate 26 plants

Hydel (6,444+ MW)

Nuclear (462 MW)

Two nuclear power plants with combined capacity of 462 MW.

Others (272 MW)

SECTOR WISE POWER CONSUMPTION

AREA

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Agriculture

Public Lighting

Bulk supply & others

44

6

32

11

1

6

POWER DEMAND BREAKDOWN

Punjab: The current power demand in the Punjab is about 7,027 MW which is expected to rise to 29,103 MW in 2024-25 under the most conservative growth rate of 6.1%.

Sindh: The current power demand of 2,642 MW in Sindh is expected to rise to 10,993 MW in 2024-25.

NWFP: The current power demand of 1,697 MW in

NWFP is expected to rise to 7,018 MW in 2024-25.

Baluchistan: In Baluchistan, the current power demand of 474 MW is expected to rise to 1,964 MW in 2024-2025.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

There are five major hydropower generation projects in Pakistan:

Tarbela – 3478 MW

Mangla – 1000 MW

Warsak – 240 MW

Chashma – 187 MW

Ghazi Barotha – 1450 MW.

Total hydro potential is estimated at 59,773 MW

Tarbela plant was largest in Asia until China started the Three

Gorges Project

THERMAL POWER GENERATION

WAPDA operates the majority of thermal power plants,

with over 5000 MW installed capacity in its control.

The Guddu plant is the largest plant operated by WAPDA

with a capacity of 1,650 MW.

The two largest Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in

Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hub Power (1,292

MW)

COAL POWER GENERATION

One of the world’s largest reserves, estimated at over

185 billion tons of lignite coal

Electricity generation potential of 100,000 MW, at an

estimated consumption of 536 million tons/yr

Investment of $94 million was made last year for the

development of Thar Coal Infrastructure

150 MW plant currently being operated by WAPDA on

Lakhra coal

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION

Pakistan has two nuclear power plants:

Chashma-1 – 300 MW

KANUPP – 125 MW

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission operates both plants

Pakistan is currently working on a nuclear power plant, with

the help of China

Chashma-2 will have an installed capacity of 325 MW, in

2012

Chashma-3 will be completed in 2016 by china

Chashma-4 will be completed in 2017 by china Both new Chashma 3,4 are Pressurized Water Reactors, 2x340 MW

UPCOMING POWER PROJECTS Approximately 60 power projects are expected to go online in the next 10 years Category No of Projects Capacity (MW) Estimated Cost

(US$ m)

Oil Based 21 4603 3452

Pipeline Quality Gas / Dual Fuel

6 1600 1201

Dedicated Gas Fields

6 1174 882

Hydroelectric 21 5128 5594

Coal 6 3550 3550 TOTAL 60 16055 14682

PARAMETERS OF PLANT & THERE COSUMPTIONS

Efficiency1 30% 38% 45% 50%

Carbon Dioxide Emission

Grams /KWh

1116 881 743 669

Coal consumption

Grams/Kwh

480 379 320 288

The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), in a bid to promote coal-based power generation in the

country, approved an attractive up-front tariff for coal-based power plants in 2011 – 12

Coal Upfront Tariff by NEPRA in 2011-12

Particulars local Financing Foreign Financing

Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh

200 MW Local Coal Power Plant 11.4 12.95 9.57 10.87

600 MW Local Coal Power Plant 11.35 12.89 9.42 10.7

1000 MW Local Coal Power Plant 11.28 12.82 9.27 10.54

200 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 9.53 11.29 8.26 9.38

600 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 9.7 11.1 8.03 9.13

1000 MW Imported Coal Power plant 9.65 10.97 7.86 8.93

Coal Upfront Tariff by NEPRA in 2013-14

Particulars local Financing Foreign Financing

Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh

200 MW Local Coal Power Plant 9.36 9.64 8.05 8.29

600 MW Local Coal Power Plant 8.93 9.19 7.56 7.79

1000 MW Local Coal Power Plant 8.5 8.75 7.27 7.49

200 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 9.32 9.6 8.03 8.27

600 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 8.88 9.15 7.55 7.77

1000 MW Imported Coal Power plant 8.48 8.74 7.27 7.49

Cost & Efficiencies of Coal Based Power Project

Project Net Capacity(MW) Cost USD Million USD Million Cost/MW Efficiency

200 254.88 1.2744 39.5

600 702 1.17 42

1000 1,062.00 1.062 42

THERMAL POWER PLANTS

CAPACITY PLANT EFFECIENCY

Announced Requested of GoP

200 MW 39.5% 36%

600 MW 42% 39%

1,000 MW 42% 40%

OPTIONS FOR POWER GENERATION IN PAKISTAN

Hydro (Potential =55,000 MW; Already exploited =7,500 MW)

Gas-fired (Gas insufficient to meet current requirements)

Nuclear (Target of 8,800 MW installed capacity by 2030)

Wind (Potential =~50,000 MW)

Solar (Potential high; techno-economic issues)

Oil-fired (Small reserves; expensive option)

Coal (Resource ~ 186 billion tones; 98% of the resource is lignite with

more than 40% moisture)

PEAK DEMAND FORECAST (REGRESSION ANALYSIS 2015)

RESULTS

Among thermal based power generation, coal based power plants are highest in: Air pollution, Waste

generation, Water consumption, Emission of mercury, Greenhouse emission

Impact of Thermal power plant on water source

High impact on river & ground water

Water demand for the once-through system is 30 to 50 times that of a closed cycle system.

Thermal power plant: Largest emitter of mercury

Typical power plant emits 90 % of its mercury into the air and 10 percent on land

On an average 65 tons of mercury released in the atmosphere by Indian thermal power plant

Air pollution due to thermal power plants

Air Pollution from point source:

Particulates matter, Gaseous emission - Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon

dioxide, Hydrocarbon.

Air Pollution from non-point source:

Transportation of coal, Loading/unloading of fuel, Coal storage yard, Fly ash handling & Transportation.,

Coal storage yard

Thermal power plant: Potential source of water pollution

1) Sources of water pollution

Cooling Tower Blow Down, Boiler Blow Down, Demineralization (DM) Plant Effluent, Coal

Handling Plant Dust Suppression, Ash handling (Leachate of heavy metal (ash pond)

contaminate groundwater), Effluent from oil handling and transformer areas, Power House and

Turbine Area Effluent, Domestic waste water

Remediation Measures in thermal power plant

2) Air pollution control – Point source

For boiler stacks – ESP/Bag house.

Coal crusher – Bag filter

Coal mill – Bag filter

3) Fugitive Dust Control

Covered storage yard for coal

Closed unloading of coal with adequate dust suction device

Closed conveyor belt for transportation of raw

REFERENCES

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