THERMAL ENGINEERING - ILABORATORY MANUAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTSS.NoNAME OF THE EXPERIMENTSPAGE No.

FromTo

1.STUDY OF IC ENGINES AND LOADING DEVICES

2(a).VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

2(b)PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE HORIZONTAL PETROL ENGINE

3DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY USING REDWOOD VISCOMETER

4DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT USING CLEEVE LAND OPEN CUP APPARATUS

5RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

6MORSE TEST

7PERFORMANCE TEST OF SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKEDIESEL ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRENT YNAMOMETER LOADING

8TWO STAGE TWIN CYLINDER AIR COMPRESSOR TEST.

9HEAT BALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH MECHANIAL LOADING

10STUDIES OF BOILER AND TURBINE

EX.NO:1STUDY OF IC ENGINES AND LOADING DEVICESAIM:To Study about the IC engine components and loading devices.PARTS OF IC ENGINE:1. Cylinder head 6.Cylinder11.Flywheel2. Gudgeon pin7.Connecting rod12.Spark plug3. Engine bearing8.Crank case13.Piston ring4. Valve & Valve operating mechanisms9.Fuel pump14.Crank5. Carburetor10.Piston15.GovernorWORKING PRINCIPLE:IC engine is the one in which the thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy. There are four strokes involved in this engine.1. Suction Stroke2. Compression Stroke3. Power Stroke4. Exhaust Stroke

1. Suction Stroke:In this stroke the inlet value opens when the piston moves from TDC to BDC. The Vacuem is created inside cylinder, then air fuel mixture is sucked in this stroke.2. Compression Stroke:In this stroke the piston moves from BDC to TDC and both the valves are kept closed. The air fuel mixture inside the cylinder is compressed in this stroke.3. Power Stroke:All the end of compression stroke the high pressure air fuel mixture is burnt by spark. This high pressure burnt gases pushes the piston from TDC to BDC with both the valves closed. It is also known as working stroke.

4. Exhaust Stroke:At end of power stroke the exhaust stroke i.e., value opens and inlet valve remains closed. The burnt gases inside cylinder are escaped through this valve by movement of piston from BDC to TDC.VARIOUS COMPONENTS:

Cylinder Head:One of cylinder end is closed by means of a Removable cylinder head which usually contains the inlet valve for allowing mixtures of air fuel and exhaust valve for discharging he products of combustion. The main working purpose of cylinder head is to seal the working ends of cylinder and not to permit entry end exist of gases on covered head valve engines the cylinder head usually made of cost iron or Aluminum.Piston:A piston is fitted to reach a phase to receive gas pressure and transmit the thrust to connecting rod; the piston must give gas tight seal to the cylinder through the bore. It must slide freely. It should light in weight and off storage in nature, piston are made of cost or Aluminium alloy for tightness. Cylinder:The cylinder contains gas chamber and guides the piston. It is indirect contact with the products of combustion and it must be cooled.The movement of the piston (or) stroke being in most cases longer than bore. This is known as bore-stroke ratio. The cylinder is made of hot grade cast iron and is usually cost in one piece.Piston rings:The piston must be farely loose fit in the cylinder. If it is tight fit it expands as it got heated and might stick in the cylinder. If the piston sticks it would chease the engine, on the other hand if there is too clearance between the piston and cylinder walls. The burnt gases vapour will leak piston. This means that the push on piston will be much less effective. To provide a good sealing between the piston and cylinder. Pistons are equipped with piston rings and the rings are usually made of cast iron of fine grain and high elasticity which is not affected by the working head.Gudgeon Pin:There are hardened steel parallel spindles fitted through the piston bases and the small end bushes are eyes to allow the connecting rod to surivel. These pins are press fit in piston basses of light alloy piston when cold. It is made hollow for tightness. Since it is a reciprocating part.

Connecting rod:The connecting rod transmits the piston load to crank housing. It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of crank shaft. Connecting rods are made of nickel chrome and chrome vanadium steels for small engines the material may be aluminium.Crank:To change the reciprocating motion into rotary motion crank and connecting rod are used. The connecting rod connects the piston to crank. The crank end of connecting rod is called big end and the other end is small end.Crank shaft:The crank is the part of crank shaft. The crank shaft of a IC engine receives via its cranks. The effort supplied by piston to the connecting rod. It is usually a steel forging, but some makes are use special types of cast irons such as Spheroid, Graphite (or) Nickel alloy castings.

Crank Case:The main body of engine is to which the cylinder are attached and which contains the shaft and crank shaft bearings is called as crank case.Flywheel:Flywheel secured on the crank shafts perform the following functions: Bring the mechanisms out of dead centres. Stores energy required to rotate the shaft during preparatory strokes. Makes the crank shaft rotation move uniform.Governor:It is defined as the device for regulating automatically output of a machine by regulating supply of working fluid. This function of a governor is to control the fluctuation of engine speed due to changes of load.Spark Plug:The main function of spark plug is to conduct a high potential from ignition system into the construction chamber. It provides the proper gas across the chamber.Carburetor:The function of carburetor is to atomise and meter the fluid and mixes it with air, as it enters the induction system of engine maintaining under all conditions of operations fuel air proportions appropriate to these conditions.Fuel Pump:It is a device which is used to pump the fuel from glass bowl to the carburetor through outside valves.LOADING DEVICES:Dynamometer:It is device used to measure the break horse power the engine dynamometer measures break horse power at flywheel where as in the chase is the dynamometer measures power output at drive wheels. There are two types.a) Absorption Type:They measure and absorb the power output of engine to which they coupled.b) Transmission Type:Other Types:1. Engine dynamometer2. Chassis dynamometer3. Prony brake4. Rope brake5. Hydraulic dynamometer6. Eddy current dynamometer7. Fan dynamometer

RESULT:Thus the study of IC engines and loading devices was studied.EX.NO:2(a)VALUE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINEAIM:To determine the opening and closing inlet and exhaust value in a four stroke diesel engine and draw the value timing diagram.APPARATUS REQUIRD:1. Four stroke diesel engine at suction model.2. Measuring Tape.3. Chart.4. String.FORMULA:Crank angle in degree, = 360 x CD / 2RWhere, CD = Circumferential distance.

Observation: 2R= Circumferential of flywheel.

PROCEDURE:1. The inlet and outlet valves are identified.2. Direction of rotation of flywheel has to be obtained by observing current opening and closing at valve.3. The fixed reference point is selected over the flywheel principle.4. The circumferential of flywheel is measured.5. The piston is moved to the top position by rotating the flywheel in the correct diagram and this marking on the flywheel against a reference pitch.6. Another mark is made on the flywheel of 180 from TDC and this is from BDC. The flywheel is rotated slowly and the operating and closing at inlet valve are marked as inlet valves and outlet valve closed.7. Similarly the exhaust valve opening and closing are marked as exhaust valve closed.8. Circumference distance are measured between various marking with respect to the nearest cuts and the valves are converted into a degree and are tabulated.9. The valve fiming diagram is drawn.10. The time for which the both valves are opened condition are calculated as degrees and corresponding readings are noted.

Tabulation:

EventDistance from their respective dead centers in cmValve opening period in degrees

Inlet valveopens

Inlet valvecloses

Exhaust valve opens

Exhaust valve closes

RESULT:Thus the valve timing diagram of the given four stroke engine is drawn. The angle of overlap is calculated and tabulated.

EX.NO:2(b)PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE HORIZONTALPETROL ENGINEAIM:To draw the port timing diagram from the given two stroke petrol engine.APPARATUS REQUIRD:1. Measuring tape.2. Two stroke petrol engine.3. Chalk.4. String.FORMULA:Crank angle in degree, = 360 x d / XWhere,X = 2Rd = distance travelled by flywheelR = Circumference of flywheelDESCRIPTION: Horizontal cut model (Bajaj 150 CC) It consist of one inlet, exhaust and transfer port.

PROCEDURE:1. The Circumference of flywheel is measured.2. Inlet, exhaust and transfer port are noted.3. The direction of rotation of flywheel is noted.4. The IDC and outer diameter are marked on flywheel.5. The opening and closing of all points are marked.6. The port opening and closing marks are measured from the nearest dead centre.7. And one connected from the nearest dead centre and one into the angular units are tabulated.8. Thus the port timing diagram is drawn from the calculated angles.9. Hence the calculated angles are tabulated in the tabular column.

Tabulation:EventDistance(L) from their respective dead centers in cmValve opening period in degreesPosition w.t.to dead centre

Exhaust port opens

Exhaust port closes

Transfer port opens

Transfer port closes

RESULT:The port timing diagram of the given two stroke petrol engine is calculated and port timing diagram is drawn.

EX.NO:3DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY USING REDWOOD VISCOMETERAIM:To determine the kinematic viscosity and given sample oil of various temperature is to draw the graph connecting temperature and the kinematic viscosity. APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Red wood viscometer.2. Stop watch.3. Thermometer.4. Beaker 100cc capacity.

FORMULA USED:

1. Kinematic viscosity, = At B / tWhere, A = 0.26B = 172 (constant values)2. Density of oil, e = [1-(0.002) (T-RT)]Where, RT = Room temperature (30C)

3. Dynamic viscosity, = x Where, = Kinetic viscosity = density of oil

DESCRIPTION:The reduced viscometer in a cylindrical cap with a jet centre of it which can be closed by a value resisting in the cavity, the whole pointing serves as a guide maric for the level of oil in the cap. The cap is placed inside water which can be heated electrically. A stimer with rangs is provided to maintain uniform temperature.

PROCEDURE:1. The cap is cleaned and capillary force is removed from the dusk.2. Close the jet hole at the top.3. The Thermometer is inserted in the holder which should be sumped in oil and other in water.4. Now, clean the standard receives flask of 60cc of the jet is placed and it is adjusted such that the stream of oil of the jet stirrers the fiddled mouth.5. The heating process is cut off when both oil and water reaches same temperature.6. The power is switched on, so that the water is heated continuously.7. The stop watches are used to make ie, to take the time (+) in seconds for 50cc, use of oil in beaker. 8. The experiment is repeated of various temperature and observations are tabulated.

GRAPH:

The graph is drawn between,

1. Temperature Vs Read wood temperature2. Temperature Vs Kinematic Viscosity

RESULT:The viscosity of given sample found that by redwood viscometer and various temperature are determined.

EX.NO:4DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT USING CLEEVE LAND OPEN CUP APPARATUSAIM:

To find the flash and fire point of the given sample of oil by cleave land open apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Open cup tester.2. Thermometer.3. Sample of oil.4. Lighting source.

FLASH POINT:

The flash point is the lowest temperature at which decomposition of oil becomes demonstrate through the formation of combustible and slightly explosive gas mixture above the surface of the oil.

FIRE POINT:The fire point is the burning point, the lowest temperature at which the production of combustable air from the oil is enough to maintain a steady combustion after ignition.

DESCRIPTION:

This apparatus consist of cylindrical cup of standard size which is nead in the metallic moulded with the provision made on the top edge on the cup to hold the fuel moment. The cup to give sufficiently accurate result of the practices purpose.

PROCEDURE: Fill the cleave and open cup with the given sample of oil. Insert thermometer on the top surface. Heat the oil by means of electric heat at the ratio by 10C / min. When the oil gives out vapour start introducing the burning flame and water for any flash with bucking sound. Blow out (or) exploded the burnt vapour before introducing the next flame slowly sprined.

Tabulation:

RESULT :

Thus the flash and fire point of the given oil is found as,Flash Point: --------------Fire Point: --------------

EX.NO:5RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:

To conduct the retardation on an engine to determine the brake power.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Single cylinder diesel engine. Tachometer. Stopwatch.

FORMULA:

1 = 2 (N1 N2) / T1 x 60

Where,T1 = Time taken in sec.N1= Load speed.N2= half of rated speed.I2 = MR2.I1 = I2 2 / (1 - 2)2= 0.19mm

DESCRIPTION:

Check the following lubricating air and in crank case and also the diesel level in the fuel tank. Insert the supply cooling water to engine. See that engine is on at no load while starting. Use the decomposition lever while starting the engine by hard cranking. Note down the reading only achieving steady condition.

PROCEDURE:

Start the engine by hand cranking with DC compressor level processing the exhaust value. Take out head crank; recase the decompression lever pick up the speed. Allow the engine return at no load for about 2 to 3 minute up end action steady state condition at rotated speed. Adjust the rate of cooling water. By pulling the control lever cut off the diesel supply to engine simultaneously start the stopwatch. Record the time for crank shaft speed reduces of half the rated speed and note down time. Repeat the experiment for 40%, 60 % of loads tabulated the observations.

RESULT:

Thus the retardation test on engine is conducted and power are break power = BP = HP.

EX.NO:6MORSE TEST

AIM:

To conduct the mouse test on four stroke three-cylinder petrol engine.

INSTRUMENTATION:

Digital RPM indicator is to measure the speed of the engine. Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperature. Differential manometer to measure quantity of air sucked into cylinder. Burette with slop clock to measure the rate of fuel consumed during test.

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS:

Engine: Maruti 800 Engine.BHP: 15 HPRPM: 2500 RPMFuel: PetrolNo. of cylinders: ThreeBore: 68.5 mmStroke Length: 72 mmStarting: Self StartWorking cycle: Four StrokeMethod of Cooling: Water CooledMethod of Ignition: Spark Igniter

FUEL MEASUREMENT:

The fuel is supplied to the engine from the main fuel tank through a graduated measuring fuel gauge (burette) with 2- way cock. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine, fill the burette by opening the cock. By starting a stop clock. Measure the time taken to consume Xcc of fuel by the engine.

AIR INTAKE MEASUREMENT:The suction side of the engine is connected to an air tank. The atmospheric air is drawn into the engine cylinder through the air tank. The manometer is provided to measure the pressure drop avors on orifice provided in the intake pipe of the air tank. This pressure drop is us

calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder (orifice diameter is 20mm).

LUBRICATION:

The engine is lubricated by mechanical lubrication.Lubricating oil recommended- SAE 40 OR Equivalent.

WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT:A rotameter is provided at the inlet of engine jacket to measure the quantity of water allowed into the engine jacket. Valves are provided to regulate the flow rate of water flowing and that can be directly read on the rotameter in CC/Sec.

PROCEDURE:

i. Run the engine at 2500rpm & load it to 15kg. Morse test can be conducted by disconnecting the power of the individual cylinders one by one with the use of knife switched provided on the panel.ii. Cut off one cylinder, then the engine speed will drop. Bring back the speed of the engine to 2500rpm by reducing the load and measure the power developed.iii. Repeat the above procedure by cutting off cylinders283. (All time only one cylinder should be cut off).iv. Calculate the BP with 3 cylinders at 2500rpm.Calculate the BP at 2500rpm with one cylinder cut off (with remaining two cylinders on). The difference will give IP of one cylinder i.e., cut off cylinder. Similarly, calculate the IP of the remaining two cylinders. Then the total IP of the engine can be calculated by adding the IP of the individual cylinder.v. To find out FP of the engine, deduct the total BP from total IP.Calculation:(I) Brake Power, BP = WN/ C KW; Where W = Load on the Dynamometer Kg, N = rpm of the Engine,and C = Dynamometer Constant.

(II) Indicated Power ( IP ) of each Cylinders:IP1 = (BPT BP234) KWIP2= (BPT BP134) KWIP3 = (BPT BP124) KWIP4 = (BPT BP123) KW

(III) Total IP of the Engine,IP = (IP1 +IP2 + IP3 + IP4) KW

Tabulation:

RESULT:

Thus the mouse test on four stroke three-cylinder petrol engine conducted. Total indicated power = ----------- kw.

EX.NO:7 PERFORMANCE TEST OF SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKEDIESEL ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRENT YNAMOMETER LOADING

AIM:

Conduct a performance test on the engine.

DESCRIPTION:

The eddy current dynamometer is coupled to the engine flywheel and the engine is mounted on a 3 MS channel frame and further mounted on anti-vibromounts. Panel board is use to fix burette with 3 way clock, digital temperature indicator with selector switch, digital RPM indicator and U tube manometer.

INSTRUMENTATION:

1. Digital temperature indicator to measure different temperatures sensed by respective thermocouples.2. Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.3. Manometer to measure the quantity of air drawn into the engine cylinder.4. Burette to measure the rate of fuel consumed.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:

Make: kiroloskar.BHP: 5.Speed: 1500 rpm.No. of cylinder: One.Compression ratio: 16.5 : 1Bore: 80 mm.Stroke: 110 mm.Orifice dia: 17 mm.Type of ignition: Compression ignition.Method of loading: eddy current dynamometer.Method of starting: Crank start.Method of cooling: Water cooled.

LOADING SYSTEM:

The engine test rig is directly coupled to an eddy current dynamometer, which is loaded by torque controller meter. Operating the knob provided on torque controller meter dynamometer can vary the load by operating clockwise to load and anticlock wise to unload.

FUEL MEASUREMENT:The fuel is supplied from the main fuel tank through a measuring burette with 3 way manifold system. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine, fill the burette by opening the cock marked tank on the manifold block. When the burette is filled with fuel close the cock marked tank. By starting a stop clock measure the time taken to consume of fuel.Weight of fuel, Wf = 5 / time x Density of fuel / 1000 x 3600 kg/hr.

AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT:

An air drum is fitted on the panel frame and is connected to the engine through an air hose. The air drum facilities an orifice manifold with orifice and pressure pickup point at the up and down stream of the orifice. The pressure pickup points are connected to and u tube manometer limbs. The difference in manometer reading is taken at different loads and the air sucked by the engine calculated by,

Va = CdA 2ghm w/a x 3600 cu.mts/hr.

PROCEDURE:1. Connect the panel instrumentation input power line to a 230V 50kz single phase power source.2. Fill diesel fuel into the fuel tank mounted on the panel frame.3. Check the lubricating oil in the engine sump with the help of dip stick provided.4. Open the fuel cock provided under the fuel tank and ensures that no air is trapped in the fuel line connecting fuel tank engine.5. Ascertain proper flow of water to engine and colorimeter through rotameters.6. Decompress the engine by decompression lever provided on the top of the engine head (Light the lever of decompression)

7. Crank the engine slowly, with the help of handle provided and ascertain proper flow of fuel of fuel into the pump and intern through the nozzle into the engine cylinder. When maximum cranking speed is attained. Pull the decompression lever down, now the engine starts. Allow the engine to run and stabilize (Approximately 1500rpm. The engine is a constant speed engine fitted with centrifugal governor).

Now turn the torque controller knob in clockwise direction gradually to load the engine. The load is directly indicated on the spring balance in kg.

8. Record the following parameters indicated on the panel instruments on each load step.a) Speed of the engine from RPM indicator.b) Rate of fuel from burette.c) Quantity of air sucked into the engine cylinder from manometer.

9. Temperatures TC1 to TC3 from the temperature indicator by turning the selector switch to respective position.10. Exact load in Kg(W) on the spring (engine) by spring balance.11. To stop the engine after the experiment is over push/pull the governor lever towards the engine cranking side.12. With the above parameters recorded at each step load, the valves are calculated for obtaining the efficiency.Calculation:(I) Torque, T = 9.81 x W x Reffective N-m. ; Where Reffective= (D + d)/2 or (D + t)/2 m, and W (Load) = ( S1- S2) Kg, (II) Brake Power, B P = ( 2N T ) / 60, 000 KW ; Where N = rpm, T= Torque N-m, (III) Indicated Power, IP = n (Pm Lstroke A N ) / 60,000 KW ; Pm = Mean effective pressure N/m2 Lstroke = stroke m, A( cross section of the cylinder) = D2/4 m2 N = N/2 (four stroke) (IV) Fuel Consumption, mf = ( 50 ml x 10-6 x fuel) / ( t ) kg/s Here; 1 ml = 10-3 liters, and 1000 liters = 1 m3 (V) Brake Mean Effective Pressure, BMEP = ( BP x 60,000)/ Lstroke x A x N N/m2 Lstroke = stroke m, A( cross section of the cylinder) = D2/4 m2 N = N/2 (four stroke) (VI) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, BSFC = ( mf x 3600 ) / B P Kg/ KW . hr (VII) Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption, ISFC = ( mf x 3600 ) / I P Kg/ KW .hr (VIII) Indicated Thermal Efficiency, = ( I P x 100 ) / (mf x C.V. ) % (IX) Brake Thermal Efficiency, = ( B P x 100 ) / (mf x C.V. ) % (X) Mass of the air, mair = Cd x Ao g h air water kg/s Where Cd (coefficient of discharge) = , air = (pa x 102 )/ (R x Ta ) kg/m3, Ao (area of orifice) = ( do2)/4 m2, P1 = 1.10325 bar, R = 0.287 KJ/Kg.K, Ta = (Ta + 273) K, ta = Ambient temperature oC (XI) Air fuel ratio, A/F = (mair / mfuel ) Kg/Kg of fuel (XII) Volumetric efficiency, = (Vair x 100 )/ Vs % ; Where Vair (volume of air inhaled/sec) = ( mair/ air ) m3/sec. Vs (swept volume /sec) = n. (Lstroke A N) /60 m3/secTabulation:

RESULT:

Thus the performance test on single cylinder diesel engine by using eddy current dynamometer is done.

EX.NO:8 TWO STAGE TWIN CYLINDER AIR COMPRESSOR TEST.

AIM:

To determine i) the input power to the compressor, ii) Free air delivery, iii)Volumetric efficiency by using two stroke twin cylinder air compressor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

The compression of the suction vapour from the evaporator to the condenser passed can be achieved by mechanical compression (or) by a process combination of a absorption vapour pumping of absorbed. These are two types of machines. Positive displacement machine vixe, reciprocating, rotary, scroll and screw compressor and non positive displacement machine vixe centrifugal compressor.

PROCEDURE:

The power input to the compressor is calculated by using calibrated motor energy. The free air delivery by the compressor is calculated from the manometer. The dia. Of orifice plate and room lamp. The volumetric efficiency is the ratio between the air delivery by the compressor to the volume swept at the given speed of NTP condition.CALCULATION: h1- h2w 1. Hair = ------------ ------- m 100 air Where, Hair = Air head causing the flow, m h1,h2= Manometer reading, mm w = Density of water = 1000kg/m3 air = Density of air, kg/m3 Pa air = ---------------- kg/m3 RT Where, Pa = Atmospheric pressure R = Gas constant for air = 0.287 KJ/Kg.K T = Room temperature K 2. Va = Cd A (2gHair) m3/s

Where, Area of the Orifice = 3.14 (d2)

D = Diameter of the Orifice Va 3. V1 = ------------ TNTP m3/s TRTP Where, V1 = Actual volume of air compressed at NTP m3/s Va = Actual volume of air compressed m3/s TNTP = 273 K TRTP = 273 + Room temperature in K D2 L Nc 4. V2 = ---------------------------- m3/s 4 60 Where, V2 = Theoretical volume of air compressed m3/s D = Diameter of cylinder = m L = Stroke length = m V15. V.E. = ----------- 100 % V2 Where, V.E = Volumetric efficiency V1 = Actual volume of air compressed at NTP m3/s V2 = Theoretical volume of air compressed m3/s

RESULT :

Thus the actual volume of air compressor theoretical volume of air and volumetric efficiency was determined.

EX.NO:9 HEAT BALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH MECHANIAL LOADING

AIM:

Conducting a performance test on the engine and to draw the heat balance sheet.

DESCRIPTION:

The mechanical brake drum is fixed to the engine flywheel and the engine is mounted on a MS channel fame and further mounted on anti-vibromounts. Panel board is used to fix burette with 3-way cock, digital temperature indicator with selector switch, digital RPM indicator and U tube manometer.

INSTRUMENTATION:1. Digital temperature indicator to measure different temperatures sensed by respective thermocouples.2. Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.3. Manometer to measure the quantity of air drawn into the engine cylinder.4. Burette to measure the rate of fuel consumed.

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS:

Make: KirloskarBHP: 5Speed: 1500 rpmNo. of. Cylinder: OneCompression ratio: 16.5 : 1Bore: 80 mmStroke: 110 mmOrifice dia: 17 mmType of ignition: Compression ignitionMethod of loading: Rope brakeMethod of starting: Crank shaftMethod of cooling: Water cooled.FORMULAE:1. Total Fuel consumption:TFC = (/ tf) x fx (3600/1000)kg / hrWhere,tf= Time taken to consumecc of fuel in seconds f= Density of fuel in Grams per cc

2. Total heat input:i=Tfc x CV / 60kJ / minWhere,CV = Calorific value of fuel3. Heat equivalent of brake output:Q= P x 60kJ/minWhere,P= Brake power in kilo watts= 2NT / 60000kW

Where,N= Speed in rpm T= Torque in Nm4. Heat carried by cooling water:CW =x Cpw(T2 T1)kJ / minWhere,= cooling water flow rate in kg/min= (Vw/tw) x wx 60Where,Vw= volume of cooling water measured in litres tw = time for volume of water measured in secondsCpw= Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg Kw= Density of water= 1 kg/litreT1& T2= temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet5. Heat carried by exhaust gaskJ/minEX=x Cpg(TEx TR)kJ / minWhere,TRTemperature of air inletTExTemperature of Exhaust gasCpgSpecificheat ofExhaust gas in kJ/kg K= Mass of exhaust gas=+ TFC / 60kg / min= mass flow rate of air= Cdx A ( 2g ha)0.5ax 60kg / min

Where,Cd- Coefficient of discharge of orificeA- Orifice area in m2g- Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2ha- head difference inmof air = () x (m/a)hm- manometric difference in centimeters of manometric fluidm- Density of manometric fluid in kg / m3a-Density of air in kg / m3Observation:Temperature of air inlet = TRs.noTorque (Nm)Speed (rpm)ManometerDifferencecmTime forcc of fuel consumptiontfsecTime for Vwlitres of watertwsecCooling water to engine

hm=(h1-h2)InletT1OutletT2

1

2

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect engine jacket inlet and calorimeter inlet to a water source with a constant head of 5 meters through respective rotameter.2. Open the respective gate value (control values) and set any desired flow rate on the rotameter.3. Connect the panel instrumentation input power line to a 230v 50 Hz single phase power source.4. Fill diesel fuel into the fuel tank mounted on the panel frame.5. Check the lubricating oil in the engine sump with the help of dipstick provided.6. Open the fuel cock provided under the fuel tank and ensures that no air is trapped in the fuel line connecting fuel tank and engine.7. Compress the engine by decompression lever provided on the top of the engine head (lift the lever for decompression).8. Crank the engine slowly with the help of handle provided, and ascertain proper flow of fuel into the pump and in turn through the nozzle into the engine cylinder.9. New load the engine by placing the necessary deadweights on the weighing hanger, to load the engine in steps of , , and full loads. Allow the engine to stabilize on every load change.10. Record the parameters as shown in tabular column.11. To stop the engine after the experiment is over push (pull the governor lever towards the engine cranking side).12. With the above parameters, recorded at each step load the values are calculated for obtaining the efficiency.

RESULT: Thus the heat balance test on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine was conducted and various charts are drawn.

S.noBrake PowerkW(P)Air - fuel ratioHeat equivalent of brake outputHeat carried by cooling waterHeat carried by Exhaust gasUn-accounted losses

okJ/min%cwkJ/min%ExkJ/min%UnkJ/min%

1

2

EX.NO:10STUDIES OF BOILER AND TURBINE

AIM:To study the boiler and mounting accessories used in boilers and steam turbine.

INTRODUCTION OF BOILER:

Boiler is also known as steam generator is a closed vessel in which water is converted into steam above the atom pressure by the application of heat.The steam generator by the at which is defined as the combination of application for producing recovering heat to the apparatus for transforming the heat. The steam is used for driving prime mover like steam engine (or) steam turbine for power generator.

USE OF BOILER:

a) Power generation in turbine.b) Heating application in water air condition system.c) Used in process induction like paper durgras and chemical induction. d) For producting hot water.e) In the textile industries for sizing.

TYPES AND CALCULATION OF BOILER:

a) According to the flow of water and hot gas.1. File tube boiler.2. Water tube boiler.b) According to method of filling.1. Internally final boiler.2. Externally final boiler.c) According to the method of pressure developed.1. Low pressure boiler.2. High pressure boiler.d) According to the method of water circulation.1. Natural circulation.2. Forced circulation.

Water tube Boiler

SELECTION OF BOILER:

Following factors to be considered which selecting boiler.

1. Boiler pressure and pressure requirement.2. Quality of steam required.3. Availability of floom area.4. Initial cost.5. Lead factor.

BOILER MOUNTING:

1. The boilers are required with same at the components which are primary produced for the safety of the boiler of steam generation. Process of the safety component known as boiler mountings.

a) Water gauge.b) Pressure gauge.c) Valves.d) Risible plug.

a) Water gauge:To check the water level in the boiler and steam locks and opened and the drain lock is closed water enters from lower metal tube and steam enters. In any case glass tube is broken.

b) Pressure gauge:It is used to indicate the steam pressure and mounted in the top of the steam drawn the commonly used pressure gauge is fourtain type. It may be consists of,

1. Elastic metallic burdon spring tube.2. Block lock pointer and links.

c) Safety Valves:It is mainly used to prevent the expansion of the boiler due to expansive integral pressure of the steam a inside the boiler is increased the excess steam will be expected through the atim through automatically.

BOILER ACCESSORIES:Boiler accessories are there device which are used to improve the efficiency of the boiler is known as boiler accessories. Mainly used boiler accessories were,

i) Feed Pump.ii) Super Feeded.iii) Economizer.iv) Air Preheated.

i. Feed Pump :It is used to deliver the food into the boiler. There are two types of pump. Reciprocating pump and Rotary pump. Mostly double acting reciprocating pump is commonly used as the feed pump is used as. There are again classified into as, Simplex, duplex, Triplex. ii. Super heater:It is used to increase the pump of saturated steam without raising its pressure and its placed on the hot gased path in the furnace the super heated steam has advantages.

iii. Economizer:It is used to heat the feed using the waste exhaust gases leaving the chimes. It consists of large no of vertical pipes the economizer is fill up of transits. Sector each section carrys a six or eight vertical tube which are connected with two horizontal pipes.

AIR PREHEATED:

It is the function in the boiler into increase the temperature of the air before it enters into the furnace. It is placed after the economizes in the boiler. So the gases pase into the economises all the air free heated economizer all the air free heated.

a) Tublur typeb) Storage typec) Plate type

The gases produce of the tubular air gaseous product of the travel through the inside of the atter that the gases reverses direction the bottom of the air preheated.

STEAM TURBINE INTRODUCTION:

Steam turbine is a device which is used to convert the kinematic which energy of steam impinges on the curved blades and its direction of the flows in moment and thus for be developed drives the turbine shaft.

Classification:Steam turbine are classified as,a) On the basis of method of steam expansion.i) Impulses turbineii) Reaction turbineiii) Combination of impulse turbine

b) On the basis of no. of stagesi) Single storage turbineii) Multistage turbine

c) On the basis of steam flow directioni) Axial turbineii) Radial turbineiii) Tangential turbine

d) On the basis of pressure of the steami) High pressure turbineii) Low pressure turbineiii) Medium pressure turbine

Impulse turbine:The impulse turbine steam at high pressure and the temperature with low velocity expands through nozzle. Where steam which is obtain from the nozzle the blades changes the direction of the steam. This type of case the changes in moments and the force developed drives the rotor.

Reaction turbine:In reaction turbine steam expands both finished and moving blades continuous as the increase in steam velocity. Resulting the reaction force the pressure moving and final blades. The working principle of a reaction turbine is shown the example of such turbine is persons turbine.

RESULT :Thus the functions of steam generator and the steam turbine and the various accessories and their mountings are also studied.