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The English in North America
Brooke SotoHistory 140
American Colonies - Chapter 7Chesapeake Colonies
• Commonwealths
• In both Chesapeake colonies, Virginia & Maryland, had to share power with the wealthiest & most ambitious colonists
• They refused to pay taxes unless authorized by their own elected representatives
• The wealthiest planters dominated the local government
• Since the Chesapeake had only two towns, Jamestown and St. Mary’s city, the colonists relied on the counties for their local governments
• Political Hierarchy: distant king, governor council, county court, parish vestry, family household “little commonwealth”
• Sex ratio was 74% male, 10% female, so men never found wives
American Colonies - Chapter 7Chesapeake Colonies
• Labor & Prosperity
• Chesapeake demanded too much labor from too few colonists
• English servants composted at least 3/4 if the emigrants to the Chesapeake, about 90,000 of the 120,000
• The servants were transported as unwanted orphans or criminals punished for vagrancy or theft
• 1648 Chesapeake became healthier & many servants lived longer due to new plantations expanding upstream with fresh water
• Frontier conditions enabled labor to create new income & assets, & the farms & farmers were prospering at a faster rate
• Instead of establishing a great land of opportunity, the Chesapeake’s age of social mobility led to a plantation society of wealth & poverty
American Colonies - Chapter 7Chesapeake Colonies
• In Virginia, 1676, the rebellion erupted with angry freedman wanting landowning independence
• The rebellion founded Nathaniel Bacon as the leader
• Attacks & violence on the Indians was is defiance against the governor
• Bacon promised common planters and servants freedom if they joined the rebellion to defeat Berkeley
• When the rebellion ended, the monarch agreed that the elite was unworthy of its power and was determined to create an alliance with common & great planters
American Colonies - Chapter 8New England
• English Puritans
• Law demanded that everyone support the official Church of England with taxes & attendance
• English monarch appointed & commanded a hierarchy of two archbishops, twenty-six bishops, & 8,600 parish clergy in England & Wales
• Puritans tried to convert & urge people to seek God & practice his values by reading the bible
• With the king Charles I growing power, many Puritans migrated to New England across the Atlantic
American Colonies - Chapter 8New England
• The Great Migration
• Puritan emigrants followed French & English mariners, fisherman, & fur traders
• The first Puritan emigration consisted of 102 Separatists known as the Pilgrims
• The great migration began under the leadership of John Winthrop
• In Boston, Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony
• With 20,000 of the region’s 33,000 inhabitants in 1660, Massachusetts remained the most populous, influential, and powerful of New England Colonies
• In 1691, four colonies remained: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, & New Hampshire
American Colonies - Chapter 8New England
• Religion & Profit
• Many Puritans sought a distant refuge, where they could live apart from sinners & from the supervision of persecuting bishops
• John Winthrop exhorted his fellow colonists to make Massachusetts a “City upon a Hill,” an inspirational set of reformed churches conspicuous to the mother country
• On voyages across the Atlantic, close quarters & proximity to death gave a new intensity to the daily prayers & religious exercise that kept up the passenger’s spirits
• With the rite of passage, shared hardships, fear, & services, it strengthened the religious purpose & common bonds of the emigrants
• Although New England wasn’t the wealthiest colony, it was the healthiest, most populous, & most egalitarian in the distribution of property
American Colonies - Chapter 9Puritans & Indians
• Natives
• Southern New England Indians possessed cultural, linguistic affinities, but lacked political unity
• Natives highly productive horticulture supplied most of their diet
• With fire, the Indians sustained & shaped a forest that suited their needs
• Indian women did most of the laboring, while men leisured
• Indians acquired few material possessions, & they shared what they had
• Compared with the colonists, the Indians demanded less from their nature, investing less labor in, and extracting less energy & matter from their environment
American Colonies - Chapter 9Puritans & Indians
• King Philip’s War
• New English called this the bloodiest Indian war in their history
• During summer & fall of 1675, Indian rebels assailed 52 of the region’s 92 towns, destroying 12
• Puritans sought to kill the Indians, each one manifesting the resurgent power of the Puritan God
• In 1676, desperate colonial leaders could not win without the assistance of their Indian allies
• the Indian resistance collapsed & they surrendered as they ran out of food & ammunition
American Colonies - Chapter 9Puritans & Indians
• Victory & Defeat
• Rather than treat their captives as prisoners of war, the Puritan victors defined the Indians as traitors, executing the chiefs & enslaving others for sale
• Puritans insisted the colonists needed to shed blood to alienate themselves from Indian ways, thoughts & bodies
• Natives labored for small wages on farms & sailing ships
• Puritans returned to rebuild their burned & ravaged homes