The World Solar Programme 1996-2005 (WSP): Building a Renewable Energy Highway

Into The 21st Century

T he WSP is an open-ended attempt through broad

partnerships and co-operation among governments and

organizations to promote the adoption and widest possible

utilization of renewable energy sources and energy conservation.

This will be achieved through the setting of agreed targets,

appropriate standards, cooperation mechanisms, incentives and

pooling of resources. The major benefits to be derived from the

WSP include the enhancement of the quality of life of large

numbers of people, particularly in rural areas, and the creation

of additional employment through the development of new

enterprises. The WSP is a practical, realistic response to the

world’s concern over its environment and associated economic

problems, that will set us off on the “solar highway” leading to

sustainable development.

The WSP: An Invitation

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-. he World Solar Commission invites all funding institutions, the private sector, academic and research institutions, governments, intergovernmental and non-

governmental organizations to join the World Solar Programme 19962005 and to participate in its implementation. Modes of participation are flexible, and inquiries, ideas, proposals and contributions are most welcome - simply contact the Secretary- General, whose coordinates are given below.

Support of renewable energy ensures environmental, societal, economic, and national security benefits. By pursuing sustainable development, WSP champions and respects the rights and wishes of indigenous people, ethnic minorities, women and children. It will allow for co-operation in areas of common interest and frank discussion where there is disagreement.

If, after reading more about the WSP in this brochure, you need additional information, please contact:

MI- Boris Berkovski Secretary-General

World Solar Commission

UNESCO House - SC/EST 1, rue Miollis

75732 Paris Cedex 15 - France

Tel: +33 (0) 1 45 68 39 01 Fax: t33 (0)l 45 68 58 21

e-mail: solar@unesco.org

World Wide Web: http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/programmes/science/wssp/programe.html

and http://www.worldsolar.org.

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The WSP: Its Origins

S ome 75 percent of ~~~i~lat~~t~ living in the ~~evef~pjrt~~ countries account for only 25 percent of global energy cia~trumption. M ore !hair! one bi!lion people in the developing

countries have no sourcc?s of energy ;~u;iif:ri,l~r 40 them other than the traditional ones (fuelwood and other fom:; of i:iormss), ‘:!c>ri? ?hr3~: 7 hillion people in these countries have no access to eleetticitv Responding to the combined challenges of meeting these people’s needs with basic energy services, and the Earth Summit’s call for countries to introduce clean technologies, UNESCO, in cooperation with relevant UN-system organizations and other partners, started a global initiative in 1993 for the promotion of renewable energy sources. This initiative led to the launching of the World Solar Programme 19962005 (WSP) at a meeting of Heads of State and Government known as the World Solar Summit, held in Harare, Zimbabwe, in September 1996. The Programme emerged as one of the most important actions of the Summit, and encompasses all forms of renewable eneqgy sources and energy conservation. Its initial focus is on providing clean energy to people living in rural and/or remote areas of developing countries. It was conceived as a major instrument at the service of international development, and is proud to present itself here as a truly cooperative global partnership.

A high-level World Solar Commission was established to provide guidance and leadership for the preparation and implementation of the WSP, aimed at encouraging the wider use of all forms of renewable energy - seen as essential to the reduction of harmful gas emissions in the atmosphere, the promotion of sustainable development, and the eradication of poverty through job creation and income enhancement. By embracing a broad range of environmental, scientific, technical, social and cultural aims, the WSP reflects the scope of the challenges the world now faces as we enter the 21st century.

Wwid 5oi;tr Programme 199&2005/A Globa: Partnershlo 3

The WSP: Its Aims And Objectives

The aims and objectives of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 are to:

l Enhance the understanding of the role that renewable energy sources can play in the preservation of the environment, provision of energy services-particularly for rural and /or remote areas-creation of employment and improvement in the socio-economic conditions of rural people, particularly of women in the developing countries and the fostering of increased energy independence, especially through energy conservation;

l Develop a favourable political, social and economic climate in favour of renewable energies by demonstrating their economic viability and social acceptability;

l Promote and harmonize co-operation in education, training and research as well as in the transfer of research disclosures to industry at the regional, inter-regional and international levels;

l Reinforce the involvement of the international community and, in particular, that of the multilateral and bilateral sponsors, as well as the national commitment towards large- scale use of renewable energy;

l Reinforce local technological and entrepreneurial capacity-building and encourage the creation of small-scale financing and delivery mechanisms.

4 World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Globa! F);?r;nrr-shop

The WSP: Its Need and Global Concern

T he world continues to hold great promise for new generations, although it must be recognized that the road leading to it is rocky and beset with many obstacles

that the WSP seeks to overcome. The decade covered by the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 coincides with the emergence of the global economy; the fact that the WSP is an instrument at the service of the world community is a global response to one of the many requirements of this global economy.

The WSP, as the energy conscience of the UN and other inter-governmental bodies, recognizes that renewable energies can only be truly sustainable if they are built on firm environmental, ecological, social, cultural and economic foundations. This is why coordination of action by its partners in industry and business, national and local governments, and international governmental as well as non-governmental organizations, is essential to moving from confrontation, duplication and inefficiency to global cooperation in applying renewables. Today the world holds about 5.8 billion people-about 800 million of these are so chronically malnourished that they are unable to participate in work or family life-the WSP can help here to rectify this disaster. During our children’s generation, the global population will climb to about 8-12 billion people-again WSP will help offer them the promise of a life of participation in a sustainable energy economy that works. The World Bank has projected a 3.4 percent annual income growth, which could mean a doubling of the world’s economy in 20 years and a growing demand for energy and food. Four out of five consumers will live in the developing world by the year 2000, which is a solid reason why the WSP must move quickly to encourage renewable energy applications and the demand for related products.

By providing high-level co-ordination among various UN renewable energy and development programmes, the WSP focuses on a wide range of disparate goals: from promoting long-term sustainability through the path it will chart, to the pursuit of economic growth, which most governments still pursue as an end in itself. The challenge of integrating new and renewable energy technologies into economic policy is being met head-on by the ambitious and well-formulated goals of the WSP.

The WSP promotes global partnerships to help strengthen institutional capacity and to reach the consensus required to achieve socially responsible entrepreneurship.

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World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Gich;~/ Par:,-~rship 5

Through networking among its partners, the WSP intends to provide the information and tools needed to integrate the renewable energy dimension in their worldwide activities. It will reach out to its partners in all organizations, including business and industry, to provide a basis for dialogue and to help translate all good intentions and pledges into concrete actions.

Increased utilization of renewable energy is important for several reasons:

l developing countries benefit by using domestic resources in place of imports of high- cost energy resources;

l catalyzing economic development in rural areas through the installation of cost-effective renewable energy systems;

l building a clean energy infrastructure that minimizes SOx, NOx, carbon, and other emissions-particularly in urban areas.

Among the resulting benefits are reductions in pressure on world oil supplies and reductions in global carbon emissions; increases in economic growth and stability, especially in developing countries, and opening of new markets for producers of renewable energy technology and associated creation of employment.

6 World Solar Programme 1996-2005iA Giohnj F’,;ti:‘t’~ci;!/i

International, markets are critical for renewable energy companies. Some 82% of the global photovoltaics market, 99% of the wind turbine market, and large shares of the markets for biomass power, geothermal, and other renewable technologies are currently widely scattered and are growing rapidly. In contrast, large national markets for many renewable energy technologies are stagnant because of stiff competition from low-cost natural gas-fired combined-cycle systems and looming electricity sector restructuring. For renewable energy companies to realize economies of scale in production and drive down costs, they must capture a fair share of international markets. Failure to do so would stunt their growth and could ultimately leave the industry non-competitive.

,_1 1 ost companies face significant challenges in pursuing international markets.

Renewable energy companies are usually small entrepreneurial firms with very limited resources. They face aggressive public-private export promotion efforts by competitors that are undercutting them. A number of activities are needed to address these opportunities and constraints, including aggressive proactive support of renewable companies by export agencies, concessionary finance and other supports; trade promotion activities; R&D help; and a range of technical assistance to developing countries as they begin to develop their renewable energy resources. The WSP focuses on all of these challenges, given support (financial and other) from its partner organizations.

The WSP can play a vital role in helping embryonic renewable energy companies survive, creating markets, laying the foundation for sustainable energy use (thus slowing carbon emissions) and leveraging economic development in developing countries- particularly rural areas -to reduce political instability.

For the WSP to be effective, trusting relationships with all partners are crucial. Such relationships can only be developed by directly and frankly evaluating the technologies on merit and by demonstrating that all participants are reliable partners. To be a reliable partner requires meeting funding commitments consistently and having a stable funding base for operations over the long term.

8 Wnrid Solar Programme 1996-2005/A 17/~)1:;1; i;.;r::,t’r,i~~,,

Among a number of proposals made to the WSP the following are noteworthy:

l provide tax incentives to promote renewable energy and simultaneously meet climate change goals;

l create investment tax credits for commercial and residential users of small wind energy equipment and a production tax credit for residential users of photovoltaics and solar water heating;

l encourage the use of anaerobic digesters, landfill gas, advanced gasification systems, biomass for steam and power, and the cellulosic portion of municipal wastes, while excluding coal.

uilding on the example of the Grameen Bank, which pioneered the idea of making small loans to the poor so that they could start businesses, the WSP will seek to

encourage micro-credit schemes for the creation of centers for renewable technology development (environment-friendly) through partnerships of this kind by first demonstrating and experimenting, and then, if successful, taking it to other countries.

The WSP recognizes the need to enact policies, especially by governments, to have a percentage of new purchases of either power or power generating equipment requirements met by renewable energy technology by the end of the WSP decade. Any firm commitment is progress over the lack of quantification in the past. Likewise, the generation of energy must be reformed as it constitutes a major point of origin for emissions.

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World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A G/oh/ Partnershi,p 9

The WSP in Action: National, Regional and Global

High-Priority Projects

I mplementation of the WSP is promoted jointly by several UN-system organizations in cooperation with governments, other intergovernmental organizations and, as

appropriate, the private sector. The Programme includes projects of varying degrees of geographical limits and accruing values. There are projects which have been identified by various national governments themselves as:

NATIONAL PROJECTS

These projects are not only of benefit to the concerned countries, but also provide valuable information to other countries. More than 400 national projects aimed at the development of renewable energy sources have been prepared and submitted for implementation within the WSP (see adjoining loose-leaf pages).

REGIONAL PRlORlTDES

At the various regional consultations that took place in different parts of the world, priority areas of activity were identified; they are being gradually translated into concrete high-priority regional projects, the benefits of which will accrue to the entire region.

GLOBAL PROJECTS

Projects having universal value were identified and endorsed during the regional ministerial-level and high-level expert meetings, as well as during the meetings of the Regional Solar Councils, organized since 1993 within the framework of the World Solar Summit Process. Among the highest priority ones are:

Global Renewable Energy Education and Training Progmmme

Objective: a programme based upon new technologies and teaching methods aimed generally at three separate but complementary groups: decisions-makers, (engineers, economists, civil servants, etc.), local technicians (for maintenance), the users and,

in particular, inclusion of the subject of renewable energies in the secondary school curricula.

Information and Communication

Objectives: to provide relevant information, both to the decision maker and the public at large, in order to sensitize them on the potential of renewable energies; to provide technology transfer, expertise sharing and the development of information banks and networks on renewable energy sources and applications and to link them together in regional and interregional systems; apply modern communication technologies to improve knowledge transfer and information flow to different target audiences.

Industrial Policy, Market Penetration and Technology Transfer Objective: to set regulations for the integration of renewable energies in common planning procedures and project development; to establish new information channels to disseminate the appropriate technologies to target groups of professionals and marketers; to set up mechanisms to facilitate North-South and South-South technology- sharing initiatives at the regional and local levels; to support the market with strong R&D efforts in order to investigate innovative concepts and stimulate the take-up of new technologies in a market based on feedback from its end users.

Rural Electrification Objective: to bring electricity to the rural and/or remote areas of the world; more than 400 million households do not have access to electricity.

Water Desalination and Purification Objective: to initiate the implementation of a world water desalination and purification . programme designed to establish new ways of supplying drinkable water to rural areas, using renewable energies.

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Global Partnership 11

The WSP: Financial Aspects and Strategies

he WSP was launched because all nations realize that sustainable energy development can only be achieved by ensuring that the economic, social, cultural and environment

dimensions of development be addressed in an integrated and balanced manner. The institutional framework, i.e. the WSP, created to accomplish this, obviously requires substantial financing.

Primary financial support for the Programme is to be provided by continued cooperation and commitment of governments, international organizations, bilateral and multilateral funding institutions (especially the World Bank, UNDP, the Global Environmental Facility), and regional development banks, non-governmental sources such as foundations, the private sector, research organizations and academia.

Considering the great need for capital, innovative solutions must be found. Among suggestions made during the many consultations preceding the preparation of the WSP, was the proposal that, in the same way the Third World debt has sometimes been forgiven under the condition that the debtor country will establish nature preserves (the “Debt for Nature” swaps), debt be forgiven in exchange for the debtor country pursuing renewable energy alternatives. At present, the developing countries have few technology choices in view of their limited resources, and thus go the cheapest way-coal or oil!! Others suggested viewing energy supply as a security matter and to apply to it resources and manpower presently going to military expenditure.

One saving grace is the fact that in a number of countries today, budgetary provision already exists in the areas of research, education and training, and development on renewable energies.

The World Solar Commission will strive to ensure that a high degree of flexibility is maintained in the funding process for the WSP, by allowing the contributors to direct their financing where they consider it most appropriate. Nevertheless, the need for a fund to support core activities is evident. Suggestions for raising such a fund will obviously require international agreements.

It is further suggested that the WSP benefits also from a large mobilization of all local resources-both human and financial-available in target regions; in particular, efforts should be required from regional financial institutions and local commercial banks, as well as from governments and local community organizations. Many of the

12 World Solar Programme 1996.2005!A G/oE~I/ P,~r~~‘t~~\h/u

WSP’s activities are collaborative, based on personal contact and understanding among specialists in developing countries and their counterparts in the developed countries. Such collaboration helps projects to evolve from the perceptions of people in developing countries of their own needs. Collaboration and cooperation within the WSP helps strengthen self-reliance and the ability of those countries to respond to important national energy needs. These activities also help countries improve their capacity to select technologies for transfer or adaptation.

On 16 October 1998, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/53/7 entitled World Solar Programme 1996-2005. This resolution, which begins “Aware that one of the priority tasks of the UN for the benefit of present and future generations is the elimination of poverty and the improvement of the quality of life of the millions living in misery”, goes on to invite all UN Member States to contribute to the successful implementation of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005, and invites the UN Secretary-General, in consultation with UNESCO, to sensitize ” . ..international. regional and national institutions, both public and private to the strategic importance of the WSP for ensuring sustainable development”.

The European Union, with its sights set on a 20 percent non-fossil energy utilization by 2020, is expected to cooperate and support the WSP in the pursuit of mutual benefits. The United Nation’s Development Programme (UNDP), the International Energy Agency (IEA) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), philanthropic organizations, industrial consortia such as the E-S Group (8 major power companies), are all considered as major collaborators and potential contributors.

The LWSP is bent on breaking down traditional barriers to interaction between its partners and major stakeholders.

It should be given the opportwnity to show, the way to help protect our environment by the global use of &zart 3rd ~~~~9~~abie energy technologies.

_____l_.-__-_..l.-.“__^“_ . _I ̂ ._. ..__.. . .._” _ .-.- --I- --.-.---- --

For further information, please contact:

Mr Boris Berkovski Secretary-General

World Solar Commission

UNESCO House - SC/EST 1, rue Miollis

75732 Paris Cedex 15 - France

Tel: +33 (0)l 45 68 39 01 Fax: +33 (0) 1 45 68 58 21

e-mail: solar@unesco.org

World Wide Web: http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/programmes/science/wssp/programe.html

and http://www.worldsolar.org.

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AclmowIedgmmts

Cover and header art are reproductions of original drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, taken from the catalogue of the exhibition “Mechanical Marvels: Invention in the Age of Leonardo” organised by the Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence, Italy and F’INMECCANICA. The WSP gratefully acknowledges this contribution.

UNESCO, April 1999

World Solar Commission

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Chairman: His Excellency Mr. Robert Gabriel Mugabe

President of the Republic of Zimbabwe

His Majesty Juan Carlos I His Excellency Mr. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie King of Spain President of the Republic of Indonesia

His Excellency Mr. Abdou Diouf President of the Republic of Senegal

His Excellency Dato’ Seri Dr. Mahathir bii Mohamad Prime Minister of Malaysia

His Excellency Mr. Ziue El Ahidine Ben Ali President of the Republic of Tunisia

His Excellency Mr. Eduard Shevardnadze President of Georgia

His Excellency Mr. Jiang Zemin President of the People’s Republic of China

The Bight Honourable Percival James Patterson Prime Minister and Minister of Defence of J amaica

His Excellency Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister of the State of Israel

His Excellency Mr. Nelson Mandela President of the Republic of South Africa

His Excellency Mr. Viktor Klima Federal Chancellor of the Republic of Austria

His Excellency Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

His Excellency Mr. Yasser Arafat President of the Palestinian Authority

Members:

Secretary-General: Mr. B. Berkovski

Director Engineering and Technology Division

UNESCO, Paris - France

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Global Partnership

World Solar Commission (continued)

Former Members of the World Solar Commission:

His Excellency Mr. Ibrabirn Makassara Bark President of the Republic of the Niger

His Excellency Mr. Atal Bibari Vajpayee Prime Minister of the Republic of India

His Excellency Mr. Roman0 Prodi President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic

His Excellency Mr. Soeharto President of the Republic of Indonesia

His Excellency Mr. Jo& Maria Figueres Olsen President of the Republic of Costa Rica

His Excellency Mr. Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari His Excellency Mr. Inder Kumar Gujral President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Prime Minister of India

The Honourable Mr. Paul Keating Prime Minister of Australia

Hi Excellency Mr. Franz Vranitzky Federal Chancellor of Austria

The Honourable Mr. V.P. Narasimha Rao Prime Minister of India

His Excellency Mr. H.D. Deve Gowda Prime Minister of India

His Excellency Mr. Wasim Sajad President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

The Honourable Mr. Shimon Peres Prime Minister of Israel,

April 1999

Harare Declaration On Solar Energy And Sustainable

Development

We, the Heads of State and Government, gathered or officially represented in Harare on the occasion of the World Solar Summit, following the invitation by the Government of Zimbabwe and at the initiative, of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, in collaboration with international organizations and institutions, in order to launch a programme for global solar activities to be known as the World Solar Programme 1996-2005,

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7.

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recognise the significance of the role that solar and other sources of renewable energy such as wind, geothermal, hydro, biomass and ocean, as well as energy efficiency, should play in the provision of energy services and in the sustainable use of environmental resources for the well-being of humanity; r~%terute our support for the principles and actions for the promotion of energy systems for sustainable development recommended by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held on 3 - 14 J une 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in particular the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, as well as the commitments made in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; recog~~ize that the provision of sufficient energy services at affordable prices and the adoption of energy conservation measures are essential for the progress of all countries, developed and developing alike, to meet current and expanding needs in ways which minimize environmental degradation and risks, as well as to realize the full potential of renewable energy sources; recopize that there is a need to increase substantially access to energy in developing countries, and that the provision of adequate energy services can improve living conditions, alleviate poverty, improve health and education, promote small-scale enterprises and create other income-generating activities especially in rural and isolated areas, thereby reducing rural to urban migration; recognize that the role of solar energy in each country needs to be integrated and specified in its national energy policy; recognise that the development, deployment and widespread utilization of solar energy face difficulties, particularly with regard to their management, maintenance and financing as well as to the availability and accessibility of relevant data, information, education, training and technology; recognise that increased use of solar energy can reduce environmental degradation caused by adverse human activities such as industrial pollution and deforestation, and that it is the responsibility of governments and all sectors of civil society to work together to find lasting solutions to problems threatening the sustainable development of humanity; empha.size that the management of atmospheric emissions of greenhouse and other gases and substances will increasingly require efficient and environmentally sound energy systems, including solar energy ones;

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Globai Partnersh/p

Harare Declaration On Solar Energy And Sustainable Development (continued)

9. recognize the important role that relevant non-governmental organizations play in the devel- opment and deployment of solar energy;

10. recognize that women have an important role to play in the promotion of solar energy, and that they would benefit significantly from its use;

11. nor convinced that sustainable development and utilization of solar energy would be enhanced by local and national capacity building, policy reform and technology sharing among nations, with emphasis on coherent efforts towards technology acquisition and development in the developing countries.

We therefore,

12. commit ourselves to work towards the wider use of solar energy to enhance the economic and social development of all people; support and promotion of these efforts should be very important goals of our governments, the international community and all sectors of society, especially with respect to people living in isolated and underdeveloped rural and island communities;

13. commit ourselves to work towards policies and effective mechanisms that will speed up and facilitate the use of solar energy avoiding duplication and administrative delays, and the encouragement of international co-operation, including participation in regional and inter- national bodies, scientific and technical organizations;

14. commit ourselves to work towards the greater use of solar energy through the provision of adequate technical assistance and funding, the full utilization of existing international funds, and the facilitation of increased participation by both public and private sectors.

In pursuit of these objectives we:

15. cnll on all nations to join in the development and implementation of the World Solar Programme 19962005;

16. in&e the World Solar Commission to continue to provide high-level leadership and guidance to achieve the objectives of the Summit, and UNESCO to continue to play a leading role in the development of the World Solar Programme 19962005, in close co- operation with relevant international organizations;

17. invite the Secretary-General and Heads of Specialized Agencies and Programmes of the United Nations, as well as national governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, academic and research institutions and the private sector, to join in the implementation of the World Solar Programme 19962005.

HARARE, 17 Srptember 1996

Sample Projects Initiated Under WSP Auspices

PROGRESS REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORLD SOLAR PROGRAMME 1996-2005’

23 March 1999

In parallel with the preparation, negotiation and approval of the World Solar Programme 1996 2005, the Secretariat of the World Solar Commission and major partners of the World Solar Summit Process have initiated the implementation of some High Priority National Projects (HPNP) and also WSP global projects. For example:

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An awareness and fundraising campaign has been launched jointly by the UNESCO Assistant Director-General for Science and the UNDP Assistant Administrator for a High Priority National Project from Ecuador, “Solar Energy for the Galapagos Islands”. The feasi- bility study has been financed by GEF, UNDP and UNESCO (US$350,000);

one of the Zimbabwe HPNP, “Solar Electrification of Rural Institutions”, has received a US$lO.S million funding in the form of a grant from the Italian Government;

a US$20 million soft loan from the World Bank and a grant of US$20 million from GEF were obtained for implementation of one of the nine Indonesian HPNP, “Home Photovoltaic Rural Electrification in Indonesia”;

a US$97.5 million soft loan has been negotiated with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for one of the five HPNP of the Russian Federation, “Geothermal Electrical Station for Kamchatka”;

the Onamunhama Demonstration Solar Village has been built in Namibia and inaugurated by the UNESCO Director-General;

the Umbuji village in Zanzibar, Tanzania has been equipped with solar energy equipment;

within the framework of the World Solar Programme 19962005, the French public utility EDF (Electriciti de France) and the African Solar Council have agreed to implement a programme for the electrification of 500 to 1,000 rural villages in Africa (US$ 2 million);

a human settlement in Niger in the National Park “W” has been provided with solar power supply; a solar school in a mountainous area of the People’s Republic of China has been equipped with a solar power system;

a nine-volume UNESCO/WSP learning package on renewable energy for English-speaking practising engineers has been printed and largely disseminated;

Sample Projects Initiated Under WSP Auspices (p. 2)

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a CD Rom “UNESCO/ISEEK Energy Database” has been prepared and widely distributed;

a prestigious annual summer school “Solar electricity for Rural and Remote Areas” is being held at UNESCO Headquarters since 1990 with technical visits to the best European solar centres; the last one was held in July 1998;

the first annual summer school on solar electricity for English-speaking African countries was held in Harare, Zimbabwe from 2-13 March 1998;

a Pan-African Seminar on Business and Investment in Renewable Energies was held in Bamako, Mali, from 23 to 28 March 1998, with financial assistance from the Government of the Netherlands and Electriciti de France;

feasibility studies are under way for solar energy projects in Angola (US$105,000), Benin (US$160,000) and Niger (US$SS,OOO);

the pilot solar cookers project in Zimbabwe will be extended to cover other suitable SADC countries in 1998 (US$280,000);

UNDP is financing a feasibility study on photovoltaic energy in Tanzania, which will be the basis for a proposal to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) ;

creation of a UNESCO chair on energy conservation and renewable energy at the Belarussian State Polytechnic Academy in Minsk (US$23,000);

completion of the pre-feasibility study for a pilot project on the socio-economic develop- ment of solar settlements in the region of Aspindza, Republic of Georgia, that will serve as model for the development of rural and/or remote areas (US$lOO,OOO) ;

the E-7 Group (composed of eight major power companies from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the USA) is raising some US$2 million to modernize a hydroelectric plan in Zimbabwe;

in cooperation with national and international institutions, solar village demonstration projects were initiated in Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland;

a solar village was set up in Togo (Kpedji village) with national funds;

in order to develop the local capacity for the manufacture/assembly of solar energy systems, UNESCO and the African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN) are financing feasibility studies in ten African countries;

Sample Projects Initiated Under WSP Auspices (p. 3)

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studies on the environmental benefits of renewable energies have been completed in Benin, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal; they will be used to develop projects in these countries;

a demonstration plant for biogas technology has been set up in the Chikwawa district of Malawi;

in September 1998 a sub-regional workshop on recent developments and strategies for the promotion of renewable energy was organized in Nairobi, Kenya, jointly by UNESCO and AFREPREN. Preparation of two other training workshops in Ghana and Niger is under way;

a book on “Small Solar Electric Systems for Africa” initially produced by a grant from the Commonwealth Science Council, was reprinted and widely disseminated in the English- speaking African countries;

with the assistance of UNESCO, the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Science and Technology of Kumasi, Ghana, is preparing a technician training manual for solar energy systems;

the establishment of the African Solar Council, under the chairmanship of H.E. Abdou Diouf, President of the Republic of Senegal, is under way;

following completion of the feasibility study, the electrification by solar energy of two schools in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, has begun;

the feasibility study for the larger project “Solar Energy for the Galapagos Islands”, is under way, with financing from UNDP/GEF and the Ecuadorian National Utility INECEL;

in agreement with the Rigoberta Menchti Foundation, UNESCO has initiated the prepara- tion of a solar village project for a rural community of refugees returning to Guatemala;

within the framework of the assistance provided for the reconstruction of the damage caused by hurricane Mitch in Central America, the WSP foresees the installation of three solar villages in each of the countries concerned, i.e. Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua;

out of the 19 projects from Spain included in the W70rld Solar Programme 1996-2005, five have been fully implemented and five others are under way. They range from hybrid photo- voltaic/wind systems to production of biodiesel fuel, to seawater desalination systems. Special mention should be made of the demonstration power plant in the Canary Islands based on the EUCLIDES (European Concentrated Light Intensity Development of Energy Sources) prototype. This project is implemented with the assistance of the European Commission;

Sample Projects Initiated Under WSP Auspices (p. 4)

the five High Priority National Projects of the Republic of Cyprus concerning individual and collective solar water heaters, water desalination, solar cooling and solar water pumping are being financed by the European Commission through the programme FEMOPET-CYPRUS at the level of 50%; the remaining 50% are financed by the Government of Cyprus;

following a preliminary expert study, agreement has been reached with the Government of Albania to initiate the feasibility study for a pilot mini-hydro plant offering an exemplary integrated solution for the installation or renovation of similar plants;

the Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO in Tokyo, Japan, published a book for children and young people entitled “The Sun”, as part of its ecology series; this book is largely devoted to solar energy and its positive impact on the environment.

1. (The term “solar” is generic and includes all renewable energies (solar thermal, solar photovdtaic, wind, bioma.s, tidal, ocean, microhydro, etc. ; geothermal energy is also included).

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WSP Calendar: Events 1998-l 999

UNITED NATIONS

53rd Session of the United General Assembly Adoption of Resolution 53/7 entitled “World Solar Programme 19962005” (presented by Zimbabwe on behalf of Austria, People’s Republic of China, Costa Rica, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Malaysia, Niger, Palestinian Authority, Pakistan, Senegal, South Africa, Spain and Tunisia). United Nations, New York, 16 October 1998

AFRICA

Summer School on Solar Electricity for English- speaking African countries Organizer: UNESCO, WSSP/Zimbabwe Organizing Committee, SIRDC. Harare, Zimbabwe, 2-13 March 1998

World Solar Programme 19962005 - African Solar Forum Organizer: Ministere des Mines, de 1’Energie et de 1’Hydraulique. Bamako, Mali, 25-28 March 1998

Business and Investment Forum for Renewable Energy in Africa Organizers : DG XVII (European Commission), UNESCO, World Solar Commission Secretariat, Zimbabwe Organizing Committee, ADEME (France), ICAEN (Spain), with the collaboration of CRES (Greece) and ETSU (UK). Harare, Zimbabwe, 29-31 March 1999

Meeting of the Personal Representatives of the Members of the World Solar Commission Organizers : Zimbabwe Organizing Committee, World Solar Commission Secretariat. Harare Zimbabwe, 1st April 1999

Constitutive Meeting of the African Solar Council Reunion Cbtutie du Conseil Sol&e Aji-icain Organizers: Government of Senegal, UNESCO, World Solar Commission, SENELEC and European Commission. Dakar, Senegal, 69 July 1999 e-mail: scstp@unesco.org

ARAB STATES

Sixth Meeting of the Arab Committee for Renewable Energies Organizer: Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization and University of Bahrein. Manama, Bahrein, 15-18 February 1998

Sixth Arab International Solar Energy Conference (AISEC-6) Organizer: Sultan Qaboos University, UNESCO. Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, 29 March-l April 1998

EUROPE

10th Anniversary of the Summer School on Solar Electricity for Rural and Remote Areas (for French-speaking participants) Organizer: UNESCO with the support of the European Commission (DG XVII), UNESCO Headquarters. Paris, France, 624 July 1998

Solar forum “ Business and Investment for the World Solar Programme 19962005 ” organize~s : Government of Georg& in c~peration with UNESCO, World Solar Commission and European Commission. Tbilisi, Georgia, 23-24 July 1998

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Global Partnership

WSP Calendar: Events 1998-l 999 (continued)

Island Solar Summit Organizer: Cabildo de Tenerife, ITER, INSULA, UNESCO, World Solar Programme 19962005. Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain, 6-8 May 1999

PanEuropean Solar Forum : Business and Investment Organizers : Ministry of Energy and Fuel, World Solar Commission Secretariat. Sofia, Bulgaria, 25-27 May 1999

Business and Investment for Renewable Energy in Russia Organizers: Ministry of Energy and Fuel, Ministry of Science and Technology, Intersolarcenter, World Solar Commission Secretariat, European Commission, Moscow, Russian Federation, 31 May-6June 1999

Meeting of the Personal Representatives of the Members of the World Solar Commission Organizers: World Solar Academy, Province of Varese (Milan), World Solar Commission and UNESCO. Varese (Milan), Italy, 3 October 1999

World Solar Cooking and Food Processing Programme, Strategies and Financing Organizers: World Solar Academy, UNESCO, FAO, Province of Varese and World Solar Commission. Varese (Milan), Italy, 3-6 October 1999

MEDITERRANEAN REGION

Business and Investment for Renewable Energy in the Mediterranean region Organizers : ENEA, Ministry of Foreign AIfairs, World Solar Commission Secretariat and Mediterranean Solar Council. Rome, Italy, exact dates to be announced

LATIN AMERICA

Business and Investment Seminar for Renewable Energy in Latin America Organizers: DG XVII (European Commission), UNESCO, ADEME (France), ICAEN (Spain), with the collaboration of CRES (Greece), ETSL! (UK), OLADE, Ministry of Energy of Ecuador and INECEL. Quito, Ecuador, 1416 September 1998

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

The World Renewable Energy Congress 1999 Organizers : Ministry of Energy, Telecommunications and Posts Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-11 June 1999

Business and Investment Forum for Renewable Energy in Asia and tbe Pacific Organizers and exact dates to be announced.

Business and Investment Forum for Renewable Energy in China Organizer: State Science and Technology Commission and World Solar Commission Secretariat. Beijing, People’s Republic of China, exact dates to be announced.

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Global Par-lne&ip

The Wiley-UNESCO Energy Engineering learning Package

Biomass Conversion and Technology Charles Y. WerekoBrobby and Essel B. Hagan, (Both of Biomass Centre for Energy and Environmental Development, Accra, Ghana) The aim of this book is to provide an integrated framework for the teaching, research, and appli- cation of science and engineering to the sustained production, transformation, utilisation, and impact of biomass energy. Coverage focuses on four main areas: biomass and bioenergy; bioen- erg-y production and accounting; biomass conver- sion and end-use technologies; and an appraisal of the costs and benefits of biomass energy. ISBN: O-471-962465, Paperback, Price: GBg34.95, Pages: 224, Published: Jui 1996, Copyright: 1996

Energy Planning and Policy Maxime Kleinpeter (Electricite de France, Paris) The book includes the consideration of energy technologies of the future and how they will influ- ence energy planning methods. Case studies illus- trate the advantages and constraints of particular planning methods. ISBN: o-471-955361, Paperback, Price: GBf50.00 Pages: 546, Published: Jun 1996, Copyright: 1996

lndustrial Energy Conservation Charles M. Gottschalk (CMG International Energy Consultancy, Paris, France) This text introduces a new kind of management cost accounting designed to increase productivi- ty through the conservation of energy. The key objective of the text is to pinpoint the opportu- nities for improved performance within a specif- ic industrial context. Features three main sections: energy conservation management, economics and financial evaluation of energy projects, and plan- ning and implementing energy conservation pro-

jects. Toward the end of the text, the reader is provided with a comprehensive question and answer section. ISBN: 0471-96008-X, Paperback, Price: GBg27.50, Pages: 144, Published: Jun 1996, Copyright: 1996

Magnetohydrodynamic Electrical Power Generation Hugo K. Messerle (Univ. of Sydney, Australia) Renewable and alternative energy sources are gen- erating a great deal of interest for the future of power engineering. This book explains how the magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) generation process (which involves the direct conversion of kinetic energy of a flowing fluid into electricity) can improve power system efficiency. Covers a broad range of topics including fluid mechanics, electromagnetism and generator design. ISBN: O-471-94252-9, Paperback, Price: GBg32.50 Pages: 210, Published: Jul 1995, Copyright: 1995

Mini-Hydropower Tong Jiandong, Zheng Naibo, Wang Xianhuan, Hai Jing, Ding Huishen, (All of Hangzhou Regional Centre for Small Hydro Power,China) Mini hydropower (MHP) is an increasingly impor- tant means of generating primary electricity using the water resources of small rivers, particularly in areas remote from the national grid. In accor- dance with the UN’s definition MHP is classified as being where the installed capacity of the sta- tion is between 0.5MW and 2MW. MHP is a well- developed technology, sided by new design tech- niques, and is appropriate for both developed and developing countries. Part of the UNESCO Energy Engineering Learning Package, this text illustrates how MHP resources can be exploited to provide a clean, cost-effective and renewable energy source. Comprehensive coverage of the design and construction of an MHP station is given, including the financial feasibility of hydrol- ogy and hydroenergy design, as well as the geo- logical problems encountered during mini hydro construction. ISBN: 0471-962643, Paperback,,Price: GBf34.95 Pages: 322, Published: Feb 1997, Copyright: 1996

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A G/o~J/ Partner-ship

The Wiley-UNESCO Energy Engineering learning Package (continued)

Ocean. Thermal Energy Conversion Patrick Takahashi (Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, Univ. of Hawaii)Andrew Trenka (Pacific International Center for High Technology Research, Hawaii) This text presents the scientific principles and developmental potential of ocean energy resources. It discusses the key factors of OTEC systems, as well as co-products, plus the possible mitigation of global warming with the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Concludes with an overview of the economic viability, market potential and capital cost estimates. Specific ques- tions and answers are set at the end of each sec- tion. ISBN: O-471-96009-8, Paperback, Price: GBg19.99 Pages: 96, Published: Apr 1996, Copyright: 1996

Solar Electricity Edited by: Tomas Markvart (Univ. of Southampton, UK), (with Klaus Bogus, Luis Castaiier, Andres Cuevas, Philip Davies, Juan Carlos Miiiano, Miguel Angel Egido, Robert Hill, Ben Hill, Oliver Paish, Bernard NcNelis, Anthony Derrick, Eduardo Lorenzo, Sean McCarthy, Martin Hill, Aleksei Sorokin, Michael Specht) Deals with photovoltaics, an increasingly impor- tant renewable energy source, Demonstrates how to determine the supply of solar energy for a given

location. Explains how solar cells work and how they are manufactured. Discusses the photovolta- ic power system including sizing and design. Reviews solar electricity applications along with the economics of PV installations. Considers envi- ronmental and social impacts of energy produc- tion. Features a treatment of major specialized topics such as large photovoltaic systems, photo- voltaics under concentrated sunlight and hydro- gen economy. ISBN: O-471-94161-1, Paperback,Price: GBf29.95 Pages: 248, Published: Jul 1994, Copyright: 1994

Wind Energy Technology John F. Walker (Wood Gen, Waltham Chase) Nicholas Jenkins (UMIST, Manchester, UK) Wind Energy Technology is a detailed study of our understanding of the wind and its conversion into useful energy. The book goes beyond this to exam- ine the planning of an entire wind prqject. In keeping with the aims of the series, it considers economic and environmental issues and how a wind farm connects machines, although brief ref- erence is made to vertical-axis machines. The book is divided into two parts. Part A deals with wind turbine theory and its application; Part B is con- cerned with project assessment and engineering. ISBN: o-471-960446, Paperback, Price: GBf26.95 Pages: 178, Published: Jun 1997, Copyright: 1997

John Wiley & Sons Ltd Europe Ltd. - Main Office Baffins Lane Chichester West Sussex PO19 IUD United Kigdom http://www.wiley.co.uk

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Giobzl Pdrtnersh~p

Selected World Wide Web Sites Pertaining to Renewable Energy

Alternative Crops www.actin.co.uk

American Refrigeration Institute www.aeecenter.com

American Wind Energy Association www.www.igc.apc.org/awea

Association of Energy Engineers www.aeecenter.com

American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers www.ashrae.org

BP1 Group Electricity Deregulation Links www.freeyellow.com/members2/bpgroup/links.html

British Wind Energy Association www.bwea.com

CES/Way, A Sempra Energy Solutions Company www.cesway.com

Design for Environment (DfE) for DOE www.epa.gov/dfe

DOE Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Network www.eren.doe.gov/

Edison Electric Institute www.eei.org

Electric Power Research Institute www.epri.com

Electric Library www.elibrary.com

ENDS www.ends.co.uk

Energy User News www.energyusernews.com

Energyworld www.energyworld.com

European Renewable Energy Exchange wwweurorexcom

FacilitiesNet www.facilitiesnet.com

GridwiseTM Power Guide www.gridwatch.com/

International Energy Agency Energy Technology Information Centres www.greentie.org/greentie/gt-03-OO.html

National Renewable Energy Laboratory nrelinfo.nrel.gov/

NW EnerNet’s DISPATCH www.newsdate.com/enernet/dispatch.html

DOE Office of Industrial Technologies www.oit.doe.gov/

Environmental Assistance Division www.deq.state.mi.us/ead/

Enviro$en$e-Assisting Pollution Prevention Implementation es.inel.gov/

DOE Pollution Prevention Information (EPIC) epic.er.doc.gov/epic

Global Network of Environment and Technology www.gnet.org/GNET/

Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center www.inhs.uiuc.edu/hwric/hmlhome.html

National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/

Pollution Prevention www.wa.gov/ecology/p2.html

BP site www.bp.com/bpstats

World Wide Web Virtual Library Environment www.earthsystems.org/Environment.shtml

Soum: Ener~ User News, July I998

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Giobal Partnership

Themes covered by the UNESCOllSEEK Energy Database

BIOMASS

Ci BIOMASS Cl FUELWOOD AND CHARCOAL z ~UE+WOOD PLANTATIONS

Ll OTHER

0 BIOCONVERSION 0 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION U BIOGAS DIGESTER Cl DIRECT COMBUSTION 0 FERMENTATION Y GASIFICATION U HYDROLYSIS a PYROLYSIS

0 ALCOHOL FUELS 0 ETHANOL 0 METHANOL Ll CHARCOAL Cl HYDROGEN 0 METHANE Cl SYNTHETIC OILS

0 BIOMASS APPLICATIONS cl COOKING 0 ELECTRICITY 0 SPACE HEATING 0 TRANSPORTATION Cl WATER HEATING

SOLAR

;1 SOLAR 0 ACTIVE SYSTEMS 0 BUILDING DESIGN Cl CENTRAL RECEIVER SYSTEMS 0 COLLECTORS/CONCENTRATORS 0 DISTRIBUTOR/COLLECTOR

SYSTEMS 0 HYBRID SYSTEMS Cl MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 0 MATERIALS RESEARCH 0 PASSIVE SYSTEMS 0 PHOTOVOLTAICS Cl SITE EVALU.4TION 0 SOLAR CELL DESIGN ;I SOIAR ENERGY STORAGE a SOLARTHERMAL

D SOLAR APPLICATIONS ;3 COMMUNICATIONS 3 COOKING 3 CROP DRYING 3 ELECTRICITY 3 FOOD DRYING 3 GREENHOUSES 3 IRRIGATION 2 REFRIGERATION ;I SALT PRODUCTION 3 SPACE COOLING 2 SPACE HEATING 3 WATER COOLING 2 WATER DISTILLATION 2 WATER HEATING

WIND ENERGY

0 WIND ENERGY 0 DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS 3 LOAD-MATCHING 3 MATERIALS RESEARCH 3 WIND BEHAVIOR MEASUREMENT 3 WIND ENERGY STORAGE 3 WIND GENERATORS Q WINDMILLS 3 WINDMILLS, SAIL

D WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS 3 AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING 3 COMMUNICATIONS 3 ELECTRICITY 3 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING 3 IRRIGATION ;I LAND DRAINAGE 2 WATER DISTILLATION 3 WATER PUMPING

HYDROPOWER

D HYDROPOWER 0 DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS P HYDRAULIC RAM, PUMPS Cl MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 0 MATERIALS RESEARCH D MINI/MICRO HYDROPOWER 0 TURBINES D WATER WHEELS

0 HYDROPOWER APPLICATIONS Cl AGRICULTURAL HARVESTING

U AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING 0 ELECTRICITY 0 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING LI TRANSPORTATION

GEOTHERMAL

D GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 3 HOT ROCKS 3 HOT SPRINGS

0 GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS 3 CROP DRYING J ELECIRICI’IY 3 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING 3 REFRIGERATION 3 SPACE HEATING 3 WATER HEATING

OTHER ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Cl DRAUGHT ANIMALS

Cl ENERGY CONSERVATION 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION,

DOMESTIC 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION,

INDUSTRIAL 3 ENERGY CONSERV4TION,

INSTITUTIONAL

D INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS

0 OCEAN ENERGY 3 OCEAN ENERGY THERMAL 3 OCEAN ENERCI: TIDAL 0 OCEAN ENERGY, WAVE

0 OIL SHALE/T~ SANDS

GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTORS

0 ARID/SEMI-ARID LANDS D COASTAL ZONES 0 ISLANDS 0 MOUNTAINS 0 TEMPERATE ZONES D TROPICS/SUBTROPICS 0 URBANAREAS

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly

of the United Nations

UNITED NATIONS

General Assembly Distr. GENERAL

A/RES/53/7 26 October 1998

Fifty-third session, Agenda item 158

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

[without reference to a Main Committee (A/53/L.8 and Add.l)]

53/7. World Solar Programme 1996-2005

The General Assembly,

Aware that one of the priority tasks of the United Nations for the benefit of present and future genera- tions is the elimination of poverty and the improvement of the quality of life of the millions living in misery,

Recalling, in the context of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,1 that sustainable development is one of the main goals of the United Nations system and that one of the key elements for attaining it is the application of sustainable energy systems, which includes the wider use of environ- mentally friendly, renewable energies,

Recalling also that the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, adopted by the General Assembly at its nineteenth special session,2 recognized the need to promote efforts in research on and development and use of renewable energies at the international and national levels,

Recallingfurther that energy will be one of the main topics of the ninth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development in 2001,

Recalling that the World Solar Summit, held at Harare on 16 and 17 September 1996, adopted the Harare Declaration on Solar Energy and Sustainable Developments and approved the preparation of the

1. Report of the United Nations Conference on Envimnmmt and Deuelqbmmt, Rio de Jan&v, J-14 June 1992 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.1.8 and corrigenda), vol. I: Resolutions adopted by the Conference, resolution 1, annex I.

2. Resolution S-19/2, annex.

3. A/53/395, annex, sect. II.

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A Global Partnership

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations (continued)

World Solar Programme 1996-2005” aimed at improving the quality of life in both industrialized and developing countries through the wider use of renewable energies, notably in the rural areas of devel- oping countries, and that the Programme was approved by the World Solar Commission in June 1997,

Reralling also resolution 29 C/14 concerning the World Solar Programme 1996-2005, adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in November 199’7,s

Considering the need to make all necessary efforts to achieve the goals set out in the Harare Declaration,

Noting with appreciation the support shown and commitments made so far by a number of donor Member States,

1. Expresses its appreciation to the heads of State and Government who have agreed to serve on the World Solar Commission, and especially to the Chairman of the Commission;

2. Endorses the World Solar Programme 1996-2005” as a contribution to the overall sustainable devel- opment agenda;

3. Invites all States Members of the United Nations to contribute to the successful implementation of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005;

4. Invites the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in consultation with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and in close cooperation with the United Nations Environment Programme and other relevant organizations:

(a) To undertake concrete action in order to ensure that the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 is fully integrated into and brought into the mainstream of the efforts of the United Nations system to attain the objective of sustainable development;

(b) To bring the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 to the attention of relevant funding and technical assistance sources and to encourage them to consider contributing to its effective implementation;

(c) To continue to sensitize and generate a greater degree of awareness in all Member States and international, regional and national institutions, both public and private, to the strategic importance of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 for ensuring sustainable development;

(d) To submit to the General Assembly at its fifty-fourth session, under the item entitled “Environment and sustainable development”, a report entitled “World Solar Programme 1996-2005” concerning measures taken by the different entities of the United Nations system in accordance with the provisions of the present resolution.

39th plenary meeting 16 October I998

4 Ibid., annex.

5 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Records ofthe General Conjknce, Twentyninth Session, Pm-i., 21 October-12 November 1997, vol. 1: Resolutions.

World Solar Programme 1996-2005/A G/oh/ Partner-ship