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The World of Plants
KINGDOM PLANTAE
THE DOMINANT ORGANISMS ON LAND.
PLANTS PROBABLY EVOLVED FROM MULTICELLULAR AQUATIC GREEN ALGAE THAT COULD NOT SURVIVE ON LAND.
WHAT ARE PLANTS?
PLANT CHARACTERISTICS:EUKARYOTIC – has a nucleus
MULTICELLULAR– more than one cell
AUTOTROPHIC – can make own food * have chlorophyll * carry out photosynthesis SESSILE - remains stationary
CELL WALLS OF CELLULOSE
PLANT STRUCTUREHAVE TRUE TISSUE
1. Dermal-“Skin” for protection(thick bark, spongy cork or tight sheath on stems) -Produces cuticle
2. Vascular – for transport -Xylem carries water
- Phloem carries sugars 3. Ground – storage, structure &
photosynthesis
HAVE ORGANS: 1. LEAVES to gather sunlight
2. STEMS to support leaves
and flowers
3. ROOTS for anchoring
4. FLOWERS for reproduction and to make seeds.
Plant Structure (cont.)
THREE WAYS TO CLASSIFY PLANTS
1. Vascular (all trees, vines, flowers)
Non-vascular (moss)
2. Seeds (formed in a cone or fruit)
No Seeds (spores in mosses or ferns)
3. Flowers (angiosperms) No Flowers (gymnosperms such
as pines, firs, spruces, etc.)
MOSSES areseedless, non-vascular plants.
They were the first land plants.
FERNS: LARGEST GROUP OF SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
Fern Facts:* Live in moist habitat
* Need water for reproduction
* Have true leaves, stems & roots
* Vary in size and shape
* Grow on vines and float on the surface of water
SEEDS: 2 TYPES OF SEED-BEARING PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS (means “naked seeds) cone-bearing trees such as firs, pines… produce seeds inside thin cones.
CONIFERS: OLDEST SURVIVING TYPE OF SEED PLANTS. PRODUCE MALE AND FEMALE CONES.FEMALE CONE IS WHERE POLLINATION BEGINS
MALE CONE PRODUCES POLLEN GRAINS
ANGIOSPERMS(means “seeds encased in fruit)
flower bearing plants
2 Major Groups of Flowering Plants
Monocots: Seeds that have only one cotyledon.(inc. bamboocorn, wheat)
Dicots: Seeds that have two cotyledons(inc. peas, tomatoes, roses, daisies, etc.)
Leaves
Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Mesophyll
Bundle sheath
Vascular tissue
Lower epidermis
Guardcells
chloroplaststoma
LEAF STRUCTURE
CUTICLE: waxy waterproof layer that coats the outer parts to help prevent evaporation of moisture.
MESOPHYLL: the middle part of the leaf where most of photosynthesis is carried out.STOMATA: pore-like openings that allow CO2 and O2 to diffuse in and out of the leaf.GUARD CELLS: specialized cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata by responding to changes in water pressure.
LEAF ADAPTATIONSCHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FORM THAT ALLOW FOR BETTER SURVIVAL IN SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTSPINE NEEDLES (REDUCES
WATER LOSS)
CACTUS NEEDLES TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM HERBIVORES
STEMS
1. Support leaves & flowers
2. Transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. 3. Some are adapted to store food
& remain dormant during inclement weather
STEMS: MAIN FUNCTIONS
STEM ADAPTATIONS:
TUBERS GROW UNDERGROUND AND STORE FOOD.
BULBS CAN REMAIN DORMANT FOR A LONG TIME YET STILL GROW INTO A PLANT
ROOTS: 2 TYPES
1. Anchor plants
2. Absorb water & minerals
TAP ROOTS - ABLE TO REACH WATER FAR BELOW THE SURFACE
FIBROUS ROOTS PREVENT THE EROSION (WASHING AWAY) OF TOP SOIL FROM HEAVY RAINS.
FLOWERSThe reproductive organ of a flowering plant
FUNCTION - produce male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes & provide a structure for fertilization.
Designed to attract specific pollinators.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
PetalsPistil:
StigmaStyleOvary
Stamen: Anther Filament
Sepals
Plant Adaptations: Brought about by Natural Selection to ensure survival of different circumstances.
1. Biomes2. Feeding Strategies3. Chemical Defenses
BIOMES:AQUATIC PLANTS ABLE TO TOLERATE MUD SATURATED WITH WATER AND LITTLE TO NO OXYGEN HAVE TISSUE WITH LARGE AIR-FILLED SPACES TO ALLOW THE DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN.
Ex.: LILY PADS
SALT-TOLERANT PLANTS – HAVE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT PUMP SALT OUT OF THE TISSUE AND ONTO THE LEAF SURFACE TO BE WASHED OFF BY THE RAIN.
Ex.: MANGROVE TREES
DESERT PLANTS: MUST ENDURE HOT TEMPERATURES IN THE DAY, DRY AIR, AND INFREQUENT RAIN.EXTENSIVE ROOTS, REDUCED LEAVES AND THICK STEMS ARE THE MAIN ADAPTATIONS OF DESERT PLANTS.
CACTUS HAVE LEAVES THAT ARE REDUCED TO THIN, SHARP SPINES TO REDUCE WATER LOSS AND THICK GREEN STEMS TO STORE WATER AND CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS
FEEDING STRATEGIES:
VENUS FLY TRAP
IF AN INSECT TRIGGERS THE HAIRS ON THE LEAF, THE LEAF FOLDS UP TRAPPING THE INSECT INSIDE.
PITCHER PLANTS DROWN THEIR PREY IN THEIR LEAVES THAT CONTAIN RAINWATER AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
MISTLETOE IS A PARASITIC PLANT , EXTRACTING WATER AND NUTRIENTS FROM ITS HOST PLANT.
CHEMICAL STRATEGIES – PRODUCE A CHEMICAL COMPOUND THAT HAS A POWERFUL EFFECT ON PREDATORY INSECTS.
DIGITALIS PLANT:
POISONOUS TO MOST INSECTS OR ANIMALS WHEN EATEN.
TOBACCO PLANTS CONTAINS NICOTINE WHICH DISRUPTS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PREDATORY INSECTS.
THE MILKWEED PLANT IS TOXIC TO MOST INSECTS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY.
Main Role in Environment• Plants are the producers
• First link in the food chain• Provide habitats for animals
Things Plants Produce
Constructionmaterials
food
fuel
medicines
oxygen