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The Story Begins: 1900 BC
• Jewish history began between 1900 and 1750 BC
• Were originally part of a tribe called the Hebrews
• Abram to Abraham—”Father of Faith”
• Covenant with Abraham
Isaac and Jacob
• Isaac was the son of Abraham and Sarah
• Abraham tried to sacrifice Isaac on Mount Moriah
• Isaac and his wife Rebekah gave birth to Jacob who fathered 12 sons or the 12 Tribes of Israel
• Story of Joseph
End of the Patriarch’s Period
• Jewish settlement in Egypt ends the Patriarchs period
• Patriarch: means father or leader of the family
• Patriarchs of the Jewish faith are Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
• The Israelites will leave Egypt to return to the Promised Land
Moses (c. 1290 BC)
• Moses is called by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt
• Lord translates into meaning Yahweh
• Since Yahweh is the name of God, Jews would use Lord
• Adonai: means “my great Lord
The First Passover
• Moses was sent by God to free the Israelites from bondage
• The 10th plague• “This day ‘Passover’ shall be
a day of remembrance for you. You shall celebrate it as a festival to the Lord; throughout your generations you shall observe it as a perpetual ordinance” (Exodus 12:14)
The Covenant of Sinai
• God’s Covenant with Moses was to follow the Ten Commandments
• With the Ten Commandments God no longer preached only to a few leaders but to the entire community
Life in the Promised Land
• C. 1250 BC the Israelites crossed the Jordan River and entered the Promised Land (led by Joshua)
• This began years of warfare and were led by judges
• C. 1020 BC they appointed their first king to defeat the Philistines--Saul
The Kingdom of Israel (1000 BC)
• Saul (A Warrior-King): divided kingdom into two parts
• North Kingdom was called Israel and comprised of 10 Tribes
• South Kingdom was Judah
• Disagreed over Saul’s successor
King David
• Conquered the Philistines and expanded empire
• Jerusalem became the capital of this new kingdom
• Recognized as the greatest king of all Jewish kings
King Solomon
• Solomon was the son of King David
• Built the “great” temple in Jerusalem envisioned by his father
• Israel became corrupt and the people began to worship “false” gods
The Divided Kingdom
• Kingdom is split because Israel in the north refused to accept King Solomon’s son
• Thus begins the period of the prophets
• Prophets attempted to bring the Hebrew people back to God
• Age of pre-Exilic Prophets
The Babylonian Exile
• Babylonians conquer the Hebrew people
• They were led by Nebuchadnezzar
• During the Babylonian Exile, the Jews who were not captured went further north around the Mediterranean Sea
• Diaspora: those who have been dispersed
• Age of Exilic Prophets
Post-Exilic Prophesy
• Hebrew people were released from exile by the Persians
• We get a second wave of prophesy
• Begin to call the entire Jewish kingdom Judaism
Greek Domination of Palestine
• Alexander the Great: expanded the Greek Empire throughout the Mediterranean Sea region and the Middle East
• Was Macedonian but educated in Greek culture
• He died in 323 BC
After Alexander’s Death
• Empire was divided up—Palestine was caught in the middle of two general (one from Syria and one from Egypt)
• Greek culture influenced every aspect of Jewish life
• Greek Syrians defeat the Greek Egyptians
• Rome defeats the Greek Syrians and demands money—Jews are forced to pay high taxes
Reactions to the Greek Influence
• Jewish leaders, the wealthy landowners, and the priestly class tried to get along with the Greeks
• The Hasidim felt that compromising meant rejecting their Jewish faith
• Sporadic eruptions of violence towards their Greek oppressors (Maccabean War)
• Jews revolt against Greece and gain independence in 142 BC
Problems with New Independence
• Before giving leadership to the Jews, a prominent Jewish family accepted a gift from the Greek leaders
• The gift was the title “high priesthood”
• Family was a descendant of the 12 Tribes
• This “bribe” divided Jews based on loyalty
Factions within Judaism
• The Sadducees: the priestly class who were aligned with the new Jewish political leaders
• The Essenes: they were so upset over what took place that they withdrew from society and observed strict religious traditions
• The Pharisees: not looked favorably upon by the Jewish political leaders, but they were well respected by the “average Joe” Jew and followed Jewish law closely
Geographical Factions Following Independence
• Judea: religious/geographic center of Judaism
• Jerusalem was located in Judea• Idumea: region south of Judea
and was forced under Israel rule; thus, the people were not held in high regard
• Samaria: Samarians were very much “enemies” of the Jews from Judea
• Galilee: were considered second-class citizens and not looked at in high esteem
Appeal to Rome
• Political/geographic regions in Israel put the new country on the point of civil war
• Pharisees and Sadducees appeal to Rome for help
• Rome occupies Israel in 63 BC
Herod “the Great”
• Chosen by the Romans to control region
• He was a Idumean Jew• Rule from 37 BC to 4 AD
—his son takes over after his death
• A brutal yet effective leader of the region
Herod Antipas
• Son of King Herod• Married his half
brothers wife—reason for John the Baptist being put to death
• Jesus referred to Herod Antipas as “that fox”
• He ruled Galilee and Perea
The Roman Procurator
• A son of King Herod the Great
• Ruled Judea, Samaria and Idumea
• Was replaced by the Roman Procurator because he was not a very good leader
• Pontius Pilot was the Roman Procurator during the time of Jesus