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8/15/2019 The Who Treatment Protocol for Malaria
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8/15/2019 The Who Treatment Protocol for Malaria
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 20062 |
The WHO Guidelines
for the treatment of malaria...
uncomplicated malaria
... provide recommendations for the treatment of :
in special groups (young children, pregnant women, HI !"IDS#
in tra$ellers (%rom non&malaria endemic regions#
in epidemics and comple' emergency situations
se$ere malaria
Not a clinical management manual for the treatment of malaria
Do not deal with preventive uses of antimalarials, such as intermittent preventive
treatment or chemoprophylaxis
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 2006 |
Malaria diagnosis
"...Prompt and accurate diagnosis
of malaria is the key
to effective disease managementand to the reduction of
unnecessary useof antimalarial medicines."
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 2006) |
Malaria diagnosis
*arasitological con%irmation (microscopy or +D# -e%oretreatment
Exceptions: – children under 5 years of age, from areas of high
transmission where treatment is based on clinical
diagnosis
– suspected severe malaria where parasitological
confirmation is not immediately possible
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 2006. |
Treatment
of uncomplicated falciparum malaria
"rtemisinin&-ased com-ination therapies ("/# are the treatmentsrecommended %or all cases o% uncomplicated %alciparum malariaincluding0
– in in%ants,
– in people li$ing with HI!"IDS – %or home&-ased management o% malaria
– pregnant women in the 2nd and rd trimesters
Exception:
• 1st trimester o% pregnancy
only use when there are no alternative effective antimalarials
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 2006 |
Treatment
of uncomplicated falciparum malaria
he %ollowing "/s are presently recommended0
–artemether&lume%antrine
–artesunate 3 amodia4uine
–artesunate 3 me%lo4uine
–artesunate 3 sul%ado'ine&pyrimethamine
e%%icacy o% "/s depend on the e%%icacy o% the partner medicine
he artemisinin derivatives !oral, rectal, or parenteralformulations and partner medicines of #$s are notrecommended as monotherapy for uncomplicated malaria.
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Dihydroartemisinin and *ipera4uine*hosphate is a later addition
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 20065 |
Changing antimalarial treatment policy
reatment failure of !10" #as assessed through monitoring
of therapeutic efficacy at 2$ days%
&ew treatment ' an average cure rate of ! (5" as
assessed in clinical trials
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 20066 |
Treatment
of severe falciparum malaria
)ny of the following antimalarial medicines are recommended
3
– "rtesunate (i7$7 or i7m#
– artemether (i7m7#
– artemotil (i7m#
– 4uinine (i7$7 or i7m#7
% &st choice ' areas of low transmission
%% use when other alternatives not
available
When patient can tolerate oral treatment, give a full
course of ACT or quinine + (clindamycin or
doxycycline)
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 200618 |
Treatment
of severe falciparum malaria
*re&re%erral treatment
Single dose treatment
"rtesunate or artemisinin -y rectaladministration
"rtesunate or artemether (i7m#
9uinine (i7m#
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Striking Back at Malaria, Dakar, Senegal 13 September 200611 |
Treatment of vivax malaria
*hloro+uine prima+uine
-here )* has been adopted for P. falciparum malaria, it may
also be used for P. vivax malaria in combination with
prima+uine
Exception:
– artesunate sulfado.ine/pyrimethamine should not beused
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Antimalarial drug combinations
before ACT
/om-inations o% chemotherapeutic agents can
accelerate therapeutic response, impro$e cure rates and
protect the component drugs against resistance
here are se$eral e'amples o% the success%ul use o%
antimalarial com-inations -e%ore the de$elopment o%
"/, speci%ically 4uinine:tetracycline (or 4uinine:
do'ycycline#, sul%ado'ine:pyrimethamine and, most
recently, ato$a4uone:proguanil
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Why these Combinations ere !nfavorable
-ith each of these combinations, issues have hampered
continued application
uinine'tetracycline is associated with fre+uent side
effects including the nausea, dysphoria, tinnitus and deafness of
cinchonism
has to be given over a long period #'10 days% which can
affect compliance
efficacy is failing in some tropical countries
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or sulfado.ine'pyrimethamine, high/grade
resistance is increasingly encountered
)tova+uone'proguanil is given as a short/course
#3/dose% regimen and is one of the most e.pensiveantimalarial therapies
espite its relatively recent introduction and limited
availability, highly resistant cases have already been
reported
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Candidate partner drugs in ACT In the case o% "/, the artemisinin component pro$ides
a well&tolerated drug with a uni4ue mode o% action that
clears ase'ual %orms 4uickly and has gametocidal
acti$ity
he partner drug should -e one that is also well
tolerated and non&to'ic Must -e present in the -lood at therapeutic
concentrations %or at least se$eral times the duration o%
the parasite li%ecycle ()5 hours in the case o% P.
falciparum#
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TH" #$%"A&' ACT
/omponents ha$e di%%erent modes o% action
;o interactions
Short&course regimens ( days at most#
"t least one drug which clears ase'ual %orms rapidly
"t least one drug with long hal%&li%e (< ) days# =ell tolerated, low to'icity
Broad spectrum o% action (including against
gametocytes# /o%ormulation possi-le
Ine'pensi$e
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"xclusion of partners in ACT
-ut "/ e%%ecti$eness is compromised -y using
%ailing drugs as partners
Despite this situation, =H> has prioritised
artesunate plus amo&dia4uine (a chloro4uine&like drug# and artesunate plus sul%ado'ine:
pyrimethamine as the second&line and third&line
"/ com-inations, respecti$ely
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