The Water Nexus with Multiple Infrastructures

Usage Condition and Vulnerabilities

Interdependencies and Applications

Resilience Week 2017 Wilmington, DE

September 21, 2017

Professor Rae Zimmerman Wagner Graduate School of Public Service

New York University rae.zimmerman@nyu.edu

Acknowledgements: NSF funding (Grant Numbers 1444755, 1541164, 1441140, 1316335) and U.S. DHS funding (through U. of Illinois, CIRI)

Infrastructure Types and Subcategories - Examples Water • Reservoirs • Dams • Aqueducts • Water treatment plants • Water supply transmission and distribution pipelines • Storage facilities • Wastewater collection or conveyance systems (sanitary sewers, storm sewers,

combined sewers; pumping stations) • Wastewater treatment plants Energy • Off-shore oil rigs • Mines and mills • Refineries • Storage facilities • Tank cars • Power plants • Energy transmission and distribution facilities and lines Transportation • Roadways • Bridges • Rail lines • Airports • Mass transit • Pipelines • Marine transportation: harbors, ports, channels, terminals

I. Usage Trends: Water Consumption by Use & User

U.S. EPA (2013) Our Built and Natural Environments: A Technical Review of the Interactions among Land Use, Transportation, and Environmental Quality, Second edition. Washington, D.C.: EPA, p. 17, 19, 18. http://www.epa.gov/dced/pdf/b-and-n/b-and-n-EPA-231K13001.pdf

U.S. EPA (2013), p. 17. Original citation from: Kenny, Joan F., Nancy L. Barber, Susan S. Hutson, Kristin S.Linsey, John K. Lovelace, and Molly A. Maupin. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005. U.S. Geological Survey. 2009. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344.

II. Condition: Distribution, Availability, Access Water Distribution Imbalances Globally, water is plentiful, inputs worldwide are estimated to roughly equal outputs, but freshwater has more limited availability, and locally, imbalances exist in the availability and quality of supply • Examples of variability in water availability or supply locally*:

– Greenland has 10 million cubic meters per year – Kuwait has 10 cubic meters

How much water do people need? 25 liters per day for basic needs and another 25 liters per day for sanitation** Water Availability Water supply quantity and quality are being stressed in many places Water Access**: • 1.1 billion people (a sixth of the world’s population) do not have access to water supply within 1

km of where they live • 2.6 billion don’t have access to clean sanitation, and 80% of them live in rural areas Water Infrastructure • Leakages and frequent distribution line breakages occur in many urban areas • Land and water changes are contributing to intense runoff and often flooding events • Threats from climate change are anticipated redistributing water through precipitation*** • Increasing dependence upon energy makes water systems increasingly vulnerable to energy

disruptions****

Sources: *J. Joynt and M. Poe, “Waterworld,” in The World in Numbers, Atlantic Monthly, July/August 2003, pp. 42-43; **M. Palaniappan, E. Lee, A. Samulon (2006) “Environmental Justice and Water,” in P.H. Gleick, ed. The World’s Water 2006-2007, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 117-135; p. 124; ***National Climate Assessment; Chris Milly, Implications of Climate Change for Water in the United States, USGS, April 27, 2007 U.S. Congress briefing. http://www.usgs.gov/solutions/climate_change_27apr07.html; ****U.S. DOE (June 2014) The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities,

http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/07/f17/Water%20Energy%20Nexus%20Full%20Report%20July%202014.pdf

Note: Grades from left to right are for 2017 (bolded), 2013, 2009, and 2005 respectively

America’s Infrastructure GPA D+ (up from D in 2013, 2009 and 2005)

Total investment needs: $4.6 trillion to 2025 (2015 $s) up from $3.6

trillion by 2020, $2.2 trillion in 2009, and $1.6 trillion in 2005 (est. 5 yr. investment)

Aviation D D D D+ Bridges C+ C+C C Dams D D D D Drinking Water D D D- D- Energy D+ D+D+D Hazardous Waste D+ D D D Navigable/Inland Waterways D D- D- D- Levees D D- D- D- Parks/Recreation D+ C- C- C- Ports C+ C Rail B C+ C- C- Roads D D D- D Schools D+ D D D Solid Waste C+ B- C+C+ Transit D- D D D+ Wastewater D+ D D- D-

Sources: ASCE (2017) 2017 Infrastructure Report Card (p. 6)

ASCE (2013) 2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/

http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/a/#p/grade-sheet/previous-grades

ASCE (2009) “2009 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure.” www.asce.org/reportcard

ASCE (2005) “2005 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure,” Online. Available at: <http://www.asce.org/reportcard/2005/index.cfm> (accessed November 7, 2005).

ASCE Condition Ratings for Water Systems (underlined)

relative to other infrastructures, U.S., 2005-2017

Source:

Congressional

Budget Office

(December 2013)

Federal Investment,

p. 24

http://www.cbo.gov/

sites/default/files/44

974-

FederalInvestment.

pdf

Initial Conditions: Vulnerabilities in Infrastructure Distribution Systems - Water Pipeline Material and Connections Over Time, U.S.

Asia Pacific New York Times, 3/11/11

uake about 80 miles offshore.

U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA 2007 Distribution System Inventory, Integrity and Water Quality, p. 6 available at:

http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/disinfection/tcr/pdfs/issuepaper_tcr_ds-inventory.pdf.

Infrastructure Vulnerabilities Location: e.g., Coasts for Electric Power (Production) and

Water Drainage Infrastructure

Source: R. Zimmerman and C. Faris, “Infrastructure Impacts and Adaptation Challenges,”

Chapter 4 in Climate Change Adaptation in New York City: Building a Risk Management

Response, New York City Panel on Climate Change 2010 Report, edited by C. Rosenzweig

and W. Solecki. Prepared for use by the New York City Climate Change Adaptation Task

Force. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1196. New York, NY, NY Academy

of Sciences, 2010, pp. 63-85. Pp. 68, 69, 73. CSO figures drawn from NYCPlaNYC April 2007,

p. 55.

NYC Power Plants

NYC Combined Sewer Outfalls

NYS Water Supply Plants in Flood Plains

Source: R. Zimmerman et al. research under NYS RISE project

III. Interdependencies: Infrastructure Interconnectivity Centered on Water

Source: U.S. DHS (2010) Water and Wastewater Systems Sector-Specific Plan An Annex to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2010, Washington, DC: U.S. DHS, p. 10. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/nipp-ssp-water-2010.pdf

Functional Connections Spatial Connections

Source: New York City, Photos by Rae Zimmerman.

Drainage Line and Roadway Overpass

Water tank and cell sites

Evidence for impacts of interdependencies and critical links

• After the 2003 blackout, it took the Cleveland water system 2 times as long to be restored than it took electric power to be restored, and it took the Detroit water system 3 times as long.*

• Many urban water systems have few nodes where controls are concentrated, potentially leading to vulnerabilities, e.g., NYC water supply is concentrated in two reservoirs to the north of the City though a considerable diversification is occurring within the City as a result of the Third Water Tunnel. Similarly, the electric power upon which water is dependent is also concentrated.

Source: City of New York (April 2007) plaNYC. A Greener, Greater,

NY, p. 69

.

Source:*R. Zimmerman and C. Restrepo, “The Next Step: Quantifying Infrastructure Interdependencies to Improve Security,” International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, Vol. 2, Nos. 2/3, 2006, pp. 215-230. Summarized from Table 3.

Interconnections between Water and Energy

• Energy Usage for Water Reduction

– Water recycling in energy systems

– Fluids other than water for energy cooling systems

• Water Usage for Energy Reduction

– Energy recovery

– Alternative (renewable) energy sources

– Less energy and/or water intensive products or methods of production, including other infrastructure sectors, e.g., transportation

Source: Summarized from U.S. Department of Energy (June 2014) The Water-

Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington, D.C.: U.S. DOE, p.

109, 97.

Source: U.S. DHS (2015) Sector Specific Plan for Energy, p. 19 https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-energy-2015-508.pdf

Date

Inci

dents

by

seaso

n

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

05

10

15

20

Electric power outages

Source: Simonoff, J.S., Restrepo, C.E., and Zimmerman, R. (2007) “Risk Management and Risk Analysis-Based Decision Tools for Attacks on Electric Power,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 547-570. Copyrighted©Blackwell Publishers. Not to be used without permission.

Significance of Interdependencies for affects of extreme weather on Water Supply: Hurricane Irene

The Cadmus Group, Inc. (September 2012) Report on the Operational and Economic Impacts of Hurricane Irene on Drinking Water Systems, Denver, CO: Water Research Foundation, p. 8. Based on a survey of 65 water purveyors. A given respondent can indicate more than one category. Copyrighted by the Cadmus Group, not for distribution without permission. https://www.cadmusgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Water_Research_Foundation_Hurricane_Irene_Survey_Report.pdf

Importance of factors during and following Hurricane Irene reported by surveyed water purveyors (in order of cited importance): • “Loss of power [greater than 20 respondents] • Difficulty reaching water system due to road damage • Loss of electrical components • Physical damage to well house or treatment plant • Flooded well fields (s) • Loss of water • Other • Loss of radios/cell phones • Damage to distribution system pipes • Contamination of drinking water sources • Flooded treatment plant(s) • Contamination of distribution system • Loss of well house or treatment plant • Need to evacuate treatment plant(s)” [Other factors cited had about one respondent]

Effect of water distribution lines on other infrastructure: “Effect Ratios”

Source: R. Zimmerman, “Decision-making and the Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC 2004, Volume 5, edited by W. Thissen, P. Wieringa, M. Pantic, and M. Ludema. The Hague, The Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, 2004, pp. 4059-4063. Table 1.

NYC Environmental Protection

IV. Applications Interconnection Model Adapted to the Effect o Energy

and Water Use Practices in the Food Sector

Source: This scenario is suggested by the work of P. Canning , et al. (2010) Energy use in the U.S. food system. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. © Copyrighted by Rae Zimmerman; not to be used without the author’s permission. Presented by R. Zimmerman at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Colorado State University International Workshop on Modeling of Physical, Economic, and Social Systems for Resilience Assessment, October 19, 2016. For more details on these relationships see R. Zimmerman, Q. Zhu and C. Dimitri, “Promoting Resilience for Food, Energy and Water Interdependencies,” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 50-61.

E F

Household Consumption Shifted to Processed Foods

Equipment Substitution for Labor

Household Practices Shift to Increased Water Use for Food Waste Disposal (sink units)

E

Initial Energy Use for Food Production

E Initial Energy Use for Food Consumption

W

W

Dysfunctional Interconnected Infrastructure in Extreme Weather

TRANSPORTATION WATER MANAGEMENT

Roads • Signals • Lighting

Rail track) • Signals • Switches • Lighting

Water Conveyance • Drainage Structures • Catch Basins • Culverts • Sewers

Extreme Weather • Flooding • Debris

Power Outages

ENERGY

Transportation blockages impede water controls

Water structure blockages and failures due to clogging, over-capacity, and damage affect transportation

Choke points at the intersection of different interconnected infrastructure systems

Transportation supports distribution and storage structures for water infrastructure via co-location (geographic dependence)

Water management infrastructure provides water reduction services for transportation to prevent flooding (functional dependence)

Source: Developed by Professor Rae Zimmerman

Some Solutions: Water Management Infrastructure Re-design with Green and Modified Gray Infrastructure for

Protection in Extreme Conditions

TRANSPORTATION WATER MANAGEMENT

Roads Rail (track)

Water Conveyance/ Reduction: GREEN* • Vegetative Nourishment • Bioswales, green edges, etc. • Islands, reefs

Transportation provides physical support for green infrastructure

Water management (green, gray) infrastructure is decentralized

porous track beds

porous pavement vegetation

vegetation

*Suggested by Georgetown Climate Center (2017) Rebuilding with Resilience, p. 9 Note: Extreme events can impair green infrastructure where floodwaters and debris overwhelm them. Green infrastructure is meant to support water management under normal conditions so that flood volumes can be reduced when extreme events do happen.

Energy Use

Water Protection: GRAY* • Barriers, levees, structures

parallel/perpendicular to shorelines