The Voice Weekly Journal in Myanmar/Burmese

1Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICE

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TheVOICEWeeklyVol.8 / No.18 Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012

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TheVOICEVol.8 / No.18

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Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012


Vol.8 / No.18 - April 23 - 29, 2012 3THE VOICE WEEKLY

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VOICE OF THE WEEK

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14 TheVOICE

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Save the Children

tvkyf -Programme Advisorae&m -&efukefOD;a& -1 OD;aemufqHk;avQmuf&uf - 30 &uf {NyDv 2012vdyfpm -Save the Children? 0dZ,yvmZm?

trSwf-226? OD;0dZm&vrf;?A[ef;NrdKUe,f? &efukef/zkef;- 375791? 375801? 375739

RELIEFtvkyf - Information Technology Officerae&m -&efukefOD;a& -1 OD;aemufqHk;avQmuf&uf - 30 &uf {NyDv 2012vdyfpm -RELIEF? trSwf-(4)'D? urÇmat;bk&m;vrf;?

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Email- [email protected]

Save the Children

tvkyf -Education Programme ManagerOD;a& -1 OD;ae&m -&efukefaemufqHk;avQmuf&uf - 30 &uf {NyDv 2012vdyfpm -Save the Children? 0dZ,yvmZm?

trSwf-226? OD;0dZm&vrf;?A[ef;NrdKUe,f? &efukef/zkef;- 375791? 375801? 375796

UNFPAtvkyf -National Humanitarian Coordinatorae&m -&efukefaemufqHk;avQmuf&uf - 25 {NyDv 2012vdyfpm -UNFPA? trSwf-6? ewfarmufvrf;? &efukef/

Email- [email protected]

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15Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICEHEALTH

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21Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICEBUYING GUIDE

TheVOICEVol.8 / No.18 April 23 - 29, 2012

New Books New Books New Books

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22 TheVOICE

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SELF- HELP

Ask questions of yourself constantly. Ask why you think you're right or wrong. Ask yourself whyyou are doing certain things, want other things, follow a particular course of action. Question yourselffirmly and rigorously because maybe there isn't anyone else doing it. And you need it. We all do. It keeps usfrom assuming we know what's best for ourselves.

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24 TheVOICE POLITICS

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28 TheVOICE NET N' TECH

TheVOICEVol.8 / No.18 April 23 - 29, 2012

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29Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICEOPINION

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LETTER TO THE EDITOR

OPEN LETTER

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

OPEN LETTER

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ulnDaqmif&Gufay;yg&ef t,f'DwmrSwpfqifhwifjytyfygonf/ xGef;xGef;xGef;xGef;


32 TheVOICE

32 THE VOICE WEEKLY Vol.8 / No.18 - April 23 - 29, 2012

PERSPECTIVE

rdkua&pDEkdifiHudk t"dyÜm,ftrsKd;rsKd; zGifhMuaomfvnf;aemufqkH; t&if;ppfvdkufvQif 'Drdkua&pDtavhtusihf

rsm; xGef;um;aomEkdifiH? 'Drdkua&pDtavhtusifhrsm;udkk vltrsm;u ae&mXmera&G; vdkufemusifhokH;aomEkdifiHyifjzpfonf/xdkYaMumifh 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH wnfaqmufvkdvQif 'Drdkua&pDtavhtusifhrsm; xGef;um;atmif ysKd;axmifusifhokH;&efvdkonf/

'Drd kua&pDtavhtusifhrsm;teufrS t"dutusqkH;wpfckrSm ]rdrdcH,lusifhokH;onfrsm;ESifh rwljcm;em;onfrsm; wnf&Sdjcif;udk em;vnfonf;cHEdkifjcif;} [lonfh Tolerance jzpfonf/

wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muftMum; rwljcm;em;Ekdifonfrsm;udk em;vnfonf;cHEkdif&rnf/ tom;ta&mifrwlol? tawG;tac:rwlol? ,HkMunfykHcsif;rwlolwdkYudk vufcHEdkif&rnf/ vufcH&rnfqkdonfrSm xdkolwdkYudk rjzpfrae aygif;oif;&rnf[k rqkdvkd/xdktawG;tac: t,ltqwdkYudk rdrdvdkufemusifhokH;&rnf[kr[kwf/ rdrdESifhrwlolrsm;&Sdjcif;? rdrdrvdkvm;aom tawG;tac:rsm;&Sdjcif;onf avmuobm0jzpfonfudk oabmaygufjcif;jzpfonf/

Tolerance xuf tqifhjrifhaom cEDqkdonfh pum;vkH;onfjrefrmEkdifiHwGif tokH;tvGefwGifus,faomfvnf; ]igESifhrwligh&efol}? ]ighbufur[kwfvQif igh&efol} [laom ]Us them

mentality} BuD;pdk;ojzifh vufawGUusifhokH;rItydkif;wGifrl tm;enf;ao;ykH&onf/ xdkkYaMumifh rwljcm;em;onfrsm;udkk em;vnfvufcHEkkdif&eftavhtusifhvkkyfMu&OD;rnf/

Tolerance \ t"duoabmw&m;wpfckkrSm Agree to dis-

agree ac: ]oabmxm;uGJjym;cGifh} jzpfonf/ udpö&yfwpf&yfay:wGif½IjrifykHcsif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wlrnfr[kkwf/ xdktcgwGif wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf tcsif;rsm;jcif;xuf rdrdwdkkYtMum; oabmxm;rwl[k odjrifvdkufjcif;u ydkkaumif;onf/ oabmxm;rwl½kHav;jzifh &efoljzpfoGm;&efrvdk/ udk,fydkiftawG;tac:t,ltqxm;ydkifcGifh&Sdjcif;onf tajccHtusqkH;aom vlYtcGifhta&;jzpf

onf/ wpfckkwnf;udk MunfhMuonfcsif;twlwl wpfa,mufux(xqifxl;)? wpfa,mufu 8 (eight)? wpfa,mufu 0d (0vkkH;MuD;wif 0d) [k jrifjcif;rSm ½IaxmifhuGmaomaMumifh jzpfonf/Agree to disagree tm;enf;vQif tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wnfaxmifvQifvnf; uGJMu jyJMu&ef eD;pyfonf/ xpfceJqdkkuGJMujcif;aMumifhjrefrmhordkif;onf ]tuGJtNyJordkif;} jzpfcJhjcif;rSm Agree to dis-

agree tm;enf;jcif;\ vu©Pmyif/Agree to disagree tm;aumif;&efrSm ]wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjyef

tvSefav;pm;a&;} (Respect for one another) jzpfonf/]vludkrav;pm;vQifaeyg? ynmudkav;pm;yg} [k qkdavhqdkx&Sdaomfvnf;“ynmudk rav;pm;vQifaeyg? vludk av;pm;&efuykdta&;BuD;onf/ vlom;jzpfaejcif;udku av;pm;avmufp&mjzpfaeNyD/ oluvnf; olYqEúdkazmfxkwfrnf? udk,fuvnf;udk,fhqEúdk azmfxkwfrnf/ ,if;onf Freedom of expression

(vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;xkwfazmfcGifh) jzpfjyD; tajccHusvSaomvlYtcGif hta&; (Fundamental human right) jzpfonf/olYoabmxm;udk vufrcHcsifae? em;awmhaxmif&OD;rnf/aumif;onfhoabmxm;? rSefonhfoabmxm;qdkvQif rdrd ,lvdku ,lrnf/ rrSefaom t,ltqqdkvQif rdrd,lcsifrS ,lrnf/,if;onfvnf; rdrd\ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fydkkifcGifhjzpfonf/

Agree to disagree \ ab;xGufaumif;usKd;rSm ]wDxGifzefwD;EkdifpGrf;} Creativity yifjzpfonf/ ]acgif;ESpfvkH;aygif;vQif acgif;wpfvkH;xufomjr}J ]Two heads are better than one}/ vlrsm;avav tMuHÓPfrsm;avavjzpfonf/ xdkodkY vltrsm;tjym;xHrS tMuHtpnfaumif;rsm;&&ef xdkolrsm;u rdrdpdwfxJ&Sdonfudkwifjyvdkpdwf jzpfay:&efvdkonf/ rdrdpdwfxJ&Sdonfudk azmfxkwfrdvdkufaomaMumifh &efolyGm;rnfudkpdk;&drfjcif;? tkyfpkwGif;rS z,fxkwfcH&rnfudk pdk;&drfjcif; paom taMumufw&m;wdkY &SdaevQif tMuHwdkkY ay:ay:wifwif xGufvmrnfr[kwf? qdwfqdwfaejcif;?acgif;ndwfjcif;jzifhom jyD;oGm;rnf/ Agree to disagree oabmw&m;udk vufcHxm;vQif xdktaMumufw&m;wdkY avsmhyg;oGm;aomaMumifh rdrdpdwfxJ&Sdonfudk trsm;tusKd;twGuf azmfxkwf0Hhrnf/ xdktcg tMuHÓPfaumif;rsm; ydk&vmrnf/ tzGJUtpnf;twGif;? vlYtodkkif;t0dkif;twGif; wDxGifzefwD;EkdifpGrf; jr§ifhwifvkkdvQif Agree to disagree oabmw&m;udkk jr§ifhwif&rnf/

vltrsm;MuD;&SdaejyD; tm;vkkH;uxGufaom tMuHÓPfrSmwpfckkwnf;qdkkvQif wpfckkckkawmh vGJaejyD/ wpfa,mufwnf;\tMuHÓPfu tjcm;olrsm;xuf tjrJomaejcif;? wpfa,mufwnf;\ tMuHÓPfudkom tm;udk;ae&jcif;? xdkkwpfa,mufwnf;udkusefoltm;vkH;u aMumufaejcif;? &GHUaejcif;? usefoltm;vkH; tokH;rusjcif; wpfckr[kwfwpfckjzpfEkdifonf? tm;vHk;vnf; jzpfaeEdkifonf/xdktcg usefaomolrsm;rvkdawmh? wpfa,mufwnf;om vkdawmhonf/ rwlnDaom tMuHÓPfwifjy&ef wGefYaejcif;? wifjyjyD;tMuHÓPfudkoabmrwlaMumif; jyo&ef aemufwGefYaejcif;wkdYonf Agree to disagree tm;enf;aeaMumif; vu©Pmrsm;yif/tMuHÓPfwpfckudk ydkif;jcm;a0zef rSwfausmufrwifbJ taumif;qkH;aom tMuHÓPftjzpf twnfjzpfoGm;vQif xdkktMuHÓPfonf aumif;rGef&ef cJ,Of;onf/

]tMuHÓPf&SmMuHjcif;} (Idea Generation) wGif uGJjym;aomtMuHÓPfrsm; ay:xGufa&; tvGefta&;MuD;onf/ okkdYrSomtaoG;pkH tqifpkH tBuHÓPfrsm;teufrS taumif;qkH;? trGefjrwfqkH;? txl;jcm;qkH;tBuHÓPfudk acgif;acgufa&G;cs,fEkdifrnf/ odkYaomfuGJjym;jcif;? 0d0g'uGJjcif;udk em;vnfonf;cHEkdifjcif;r&SdvQifuGJjym;aom tBuHÓPfrsm; ay:xGuf&efr&Sdawmh/ tMuHxkwfonfhoabmobm0udk,fwdkifu rwlnDaomtMuHrsm; ay:xGufvm

'Drdkkua&pD tavUtusifUrsm;aZ,sol

&efjzpfonf/ xdktcgwGif a&G;cs,fp&m tMuHÓPfrsm; enf;oGm;jyD/ tMuHÓPfenf;enf;teufrS a&G;&ojzifh tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifhtMuHÓPfaumif; &Ekdifajcenf;oGm;onf/ atmifjrifaomEkkdifiHrsm;ü jynfolYa&;&mrl0g'rsm; csrSwf&ef tMuHÓPfxkkwf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjiif;ckHMu (Policy Debate) &mwGif pdwfwdkif;us aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHcGifh&atmif pDrHxm;jcif;rSm tMuHÓPfaumif;rsm; xGufay:atmif zefwD;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Policy Debate \ t&nftaoG;edrfhvQif xGufay:vmonfh rl0g'rsm;vnf; taumif;qkkH;rl0g'rsm; rjzpfEkkdiffawmh/

Tolerance ESifh qufET,faeonfrSm ]tavQmhtwif;}?]&SOfhvnf;avQmufom? ysm;vnf;pGJom} oabmw&m;jzpfonfhCompromise/ vljzpfvmjyDqdkvQif vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif; aexkkdif&jrJ/ vlonf wpfOD;wnf; wpfa,mufwnf; raewwf? tkkyfpkvkdufaewwfonfhowå0g (Social Animal) jzpfonf/ tkyfpkvdkufaejyDqdkvQif udk,hfoabmqEwpfckwnf; Munfhr&Ekdif? igwpfaumaumr&Ekdif/ Compromise jzpfvdkvQif bkH&nfrSef;csufudk OD;pm;ay;&onf/ bkkH&nfrSef;csufudkk OD;pm;ay;vdkkufonfESifh wlnDcsufrsm;jrifomvmjyD; nd§EdIif;&efvG,fuloGm;onf/

nd§EdIif;&onfrSm vlYtodkif;t0dkif;wGif; obm0jzpfonf/ESpfa,muf&SdjyD qdkkonfESifh pnd§&jyD/ rdrdwGif tcGifhta&; (Right)

&Sdovdk olYwGifvnf; tcGif hta&;&Sdonf/ rdrdwGif&S daomtcGifhta&;onf olYtcGifhta&;ESifh xdcsdefwGif &yfwefYoGm;onf/vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;wGif rdrdvdkcsifonfukd tm;vkH;r&Ekdif?wpfzufESifh wpfzuf tavQmhtwif;vkyfMu&onf/ tavQmhtwif;rvkyfEkdifvQif tpGef;a&mufoGm;jyD/ txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;udk Art

of Compromise ]tavQmhtwif;tEkynm} [k wifpm;Muonf/Compromise udk tm;enf;olwdkY\ vu©Pm[k tcsKdUu xifjrifwwfaomfvnf; trSefwGif tajzxGuf&eftwGuf Compromise

vkyfjcif;jzpf&m rdrdudk,fudk,f,kHMunfrIjrifhrm;olwdkYom vkyfEkdifpGrf;aomt&m? pdwfcGeftm;MuD;rm;olwkdYom vkkyfEkkdifpGrf;aomt&mjzpfonf/

t"duusvSonhf 'Drd kua&pD tavhtusifhjzpfaom t"duusvSonhf 'Drd kua&pD tavhtusifhjzpfaom t"duusvSonhf 'Drd kua&pD tavhtusifhjzpfaom t"duusvSonhf 'Drd kua&pD tavhtusifhjzpfaom t"duusvSonhf 'Drd kua&pD tavhtusifhjzpfaomTolerance ud ud ud ud udkk kkk trsm;olig usifhokkH;jyD; p½dkkuftjzpf t½dkk;pGJrSo trsm;olig usifhokkH;jyD; p½dkkuftjzpf t½dkk;pGJrSo trsm;olig usifhokkH;jyD; p½dkkuftjzpf t½dkk;pGJrSo trsm;olig usifhokkH;jyD; p½dkkuftjzpf t½dkk;pGJrSo trsm;olig usifhokkH;jyD; p½dkkuftjzpf t½dkk;pGJrSommmmm'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aomEkdifiHtqifhodkY a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aomEkdifiHtqifhodkY a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aomEkdifiHtqifhodkY a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aomEkdifiHtqifhodkY a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aomEkdifiHtqifhodkY a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/

aZ,solaZ,solaZ,solaZ,solaZ,sol

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vltrsm;MuD;&SdaejyD; tm;vkkH;uxGufaomtBuHÓ PfrSm wpfckkwnf;qdkkvQifwpfckkckkawmUvGJaejyD/ wpfa,mufwnf;\tBuHÓ Pfu tjcm;olrsm;xuf tNrJomaejcif;?wpfa,mufwnf;\ tBuHÓ Pfudkomtm;udk;ae&jcif;? xdkkwpfa,mufwnf;udkusefoltm;vkH;u aMumufaejcif;? &GHYaejcif;?usefoltm;vkH; tokH;rusjcif;wpfckr[kwfwpfckjzpfEkdifonf?tm;vHk;vnf; jzpfaeEdkifonf/xdktcg usefaomolrsm;rvkdawmU?wpfa,mufwnf;om vkdawmUonf/rwlnDaom tBuHÓ Pfwifjy&ef wGefhaejcif;?wifjyjyD; tBuHÓ PfudkoabmrwlaMumif;jyo&ef aemufwGefhaejcif;wkdhonfAgree to disagree tm;enf;aeaMumif;vu©Pmrsm;yif/ tBuHÓ Pfwpfckudkydkif;jcm;a0zef rSwfausmufrwifbJtaumif;qkH;aom tBuHÓ PftjzpftwnfjzpfoGm;vQif xdkktBuHÓ Pfonfaumif;rGef&efcJ,Of;onf/

33Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICEPERSPECTIVE

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vltenf;i,frQom armfawmfum;tp&SdonfwkdYudk ydkifqkdifcJh&NyD; tm&SxGufukefrsm;omtrsm;pka&mif;csonfh ukefpHkqkdifrsm;ESifh aps;0,fpifwmrsm;wGif vloluif;rJhoavmuf&SdcJhzl;onf/aiGaMu;qkdif&mESifh [dkw,fvkyfief;rSonf pm;aomufukefxkwfvkyfrItqHk; ae&mwumwGif tcGihftvrf;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaeonfudk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwkdYujrifaMumif; Hans Vriens uqdkonf/

jrefrmtpdk;&opfu taemufwdkif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udkaEG;axG;pGmBudKqdkavonf/ pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;,lydwfqkdYxm;onfhESpfrsm;twGif; t"duusonfh us,fus,fjyefYjyefY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHaomukrÜPDtrsm;pkrSm w½kwfjynfrSjzpfNyD; obm0"mwfaiGU?uRef;opfESifh tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;&,l&ef OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ vkyfief;tenf;i,fuom a'ocHrsm;udktvkyfay;cJhMuonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifudk tav;*½kjyKcJhMuonf/ ,cktcgwGifawmh jrefrmwkdYwGifa&G;cs,fp&mrsm;&SdvmaeNyDjzpfonf/

EkdifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;rS&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnfholrsm;udk ydkrdkqGJaqmifEkdif&eftvdkYiSm tpdk;&taejzihf Oya'ESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;udk wpfESpftwGif; tvsiftjrefjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGufBudK;pm;jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ajr,mOya'opf? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'opfrsm;udk a&;qGJaeonf/ txl;pD;yGm;a&;Zkefrsm;zefwD;onf/ u@tm;vHk;twGuf tBuHÓPfrsm;udk&SmazG&,lonf/ urÇmhpD;yGm;zGHUNzdK;rIEIef;tjrefqHk;aps;uGufoHk;cktwGuf tqifajyqHk;ae&mjzpfonfESifhtnD jrefrmwm0ef&SdolwkdYu jrefrmEdkifiHtm; w½kwf?tdEd,ESifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwkdYudkqufpyfay;Ekdifonfh r[mAsL[majrmufuGif;quftjzpfyHkazmf&ef BudK;yrf;aeMuonf/

odkYaomfjim;vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkif&efcufcJaomae&mwpfcktjzpf &Sdaeao;onf/ yxrtcsufuaiGvJEIef;jyKjyif&efjzpfonf/ w&m;0ifaiGvJEIef;u wpfa':vm6 usyfjzpfNyD; jyifyaps;u 800 usyf0ef;usifjzpfonf/ wkdif;jynfwGif oifhwifhaumif;rGefaom bPfpepfvnf;vdktyfaeao;onf/ yGifhvif;vmaom oabmxm;t& tpdk;&u vmbfay;vmbf,lrIrSm tavhtxjzpfaeaMumif; vufcHajymqkdvmonf/

xkdudpöu jyóemwpf&yfjzpfaeonfh EkdifiH 183EkdifiHwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf tqifh 180wGif&SdaeaMumif; Transparency Interna-

tional \avhvmrIuazmfjyonf/ tvkyfjzpfrnfh w&m;Oya'pepfaumif;wpfckudkwnfaqmuf&ef tcsdefrsm;pGm,lzdkY vkdtyfaeao;onf/

ydwfqkdYta&;,lrIrsm;&Sdaevifhupm; ESpfrsm;pGmuwnf;utcsKdUukrÜPDrsm;tvkyfjzpfaecJhMuonf/ jyifopfukrÜPDjzpfonfhTotal onf a&eHvkyfief;vkyfudkifaecJhonf/ pmwkdufvkyfief;vkdtyfaerIuGufvyfaMumifh *smreDpmydkYvkyfief;jzpfonfh DHL utusKd;tjrwfrsm;pGm&&SdaecJhonf/ odkYaomf >cif;csuftcsKdUu &Sdaeygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHu tm&Sa'ozGHUNzdK;rIwGif us,fjyefYpGmyg0ifvkdvQif vmrnfhESpfrsm;wpfavQmuf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udkqufvufvkyfaqmif&ef txl;yifvkdtyfaeavawmhonf/

ydkufwifydkufwifydkufwifydkufwifydkufwifThe Economist pmapmifrS pmapmifrS pmapmifrS pmapmifrS pmapmifrS Opening Soon (Big

Opportunities and Big Problems for Firms in Myanmar)

owif;aqmif;yg;udk oifhavsmfatmifjyefqkdygonf/owif;aqmif;yg;udk oifhavsmfatmifjyefqkdygonf/owif;aqmif;yg;udk oifhavsmfatmifjyefqkdygonf/owif;aqmif;yg;udk oifhavsmfatmifjyefqkdygonf/owif;aqmif;yg;udk oifhavsmfatmifjyefqkdygonf/

CARTOON OF THE WEEK


34 TheVOICE PERSPECTIVE

jrefrmUEkdifiHa&;avUvmqef;ppfcsuf (10) 1948-1988CASE STUDY OF MYANMAR POLITICS1948-1988ausmf0if;

14/ vm;½dI; (1949 Mo*kwf 27)15/ erfhcrf; (1949 Mo*kwf 31 - pufwifbm 8)rSwfcsuf - armfcsD;? zmyGefESifh oxHkwdkYrSm 1949 rwdkifrD

uyif autif'DtdkwdkY vufatmufusa&mufNyD;jzpfonf/uGefjrLepfwkdYodrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;uGefjrLepfwkdYodrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;uGefjrLepfwkdYodrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;uGefjrLepfwkdYodrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;uGefjrLepfwkdYodrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;

16/ [oFmw (jynfolY&JabmfESifh yl;wGJ) (1949 rwf Mo*kwf 27)17/ om,m0wD (1949 {NyD 9 Mo*kwf 27)18/ ysOf;rem; (1949 azazmf0g&D 20 - 1950 rwf 29)19/ &rnf;oif; (1949 azazmf0g&D 20-ar)20/ jrif;NcH (1949 azazmf0g&D 23 - Zlvdkif 10)21/ yckuúL (1949 rwf - 1950 {NyD 29)

jynfolh&JabmfESifh awmcdkwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;jynfolh&JabmfESifh awmcdkwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;jynfolh&JabmfESifh awmcdkwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;jynfolh&JabmfESifh awmcdkwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;jynfolh&JabmfESifh awmcdkwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;22/ jynf (1948 Mo*kwf 9 - pufwifbm 9) yxrtBudrf(1949 azazmf0g&D 1 - 1950 ar 19) 'kwd,tBudrf23/ o&uf (1948 Mo*kwf 8 - 30) yxrtBudrf(1949 rwf 17 - 1950 atmufwdkbm 5) 'kwd,tBudrf24/ rauG; (1949 azazmf0g&D 25 - 1950 {NyD 8)25/ rif;bl; (1949 azazmf0g&D 25 - 1950 {NyD 15)26/ a&eHacsmif; (1949 azazmf0g&D 23 - ZGef 10)27/ acsmuf (1949 azazmf0g&D 23 - ZGef)28/ oHawmif (1949 ZGef 10 - 1950 atmufwdkbm 27)29/ ausmufjzL (1949 ZGef 10 - Zlvdkif 15)

rl*sm[pfwdkYodrf;ydkufxm;onfhNrdKUrsm;rl*sm[pfwdkYodrf;ydkufxm;onfhNrdKUrsm;rl*sm[pfwdkYodrf;ydkufxm;onfhNrdKUrsm;rl*sm[pfwdkYodrf;ydkufxm;onfhNrdKUrsm;rl*sm[pfwdkYodrf;ydkufxm;onfhNrdKUrsm;30/ &aohawmif (uGefjrLepfESifh yl;wGJodrf;ydkuf)(1950 Zefe0g&D 1 - azazmf0g&D 4)31/ bl;oD;awmif (1950 Zefe0g&D 1 - azazmf0g&D 4)

NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf(jynfwGif;ppf\ZmpfjrpfESif h tusKd;quf)(jynfwGif;ppf\ZmpfjrpfESif h tusKd;quf)(jynfwGif;ppf\ZmpfjrpfESif h tusKd;quf)(jynfwGif;ppf\ZmpfjrpfESif h tusKd;quf)(jynfwGif;ppf\ZmpfjrpfESif h tusKd;quf)

jzpfcJhysufcJhorQ jyóem&yfrsm;udk ]b,folYaMumifh}? ]b,ftzGJUtpnf;aMumifh} qdkaom tjypfzdkYenf;rsm;jzifh tajz&SmMuvQif tajzrawGU½HkrQru vufawGUqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifhyif &ifqdkif&zdkY&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ odkYwdkifatmif jyóem\Zmpfjrpfrsm;udk tjyKoabmaqmifaomtjrifjzifh azmfxkwfoHk;oyfMurSom tem*wftwGufordkif;oifcef;pmrsm; xkwf,lEdkifvdrfhrnfxifonf/ þtjrif þtawG;jzifh jyefvnfpdppfMunfhvdkufaomtcg jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfwGif;ppfwGif ZmpfjrpfESpf&yfudk oGm;awGU&ygonf/ yxrZmpfjrpfrSmtdkif'Dtdkvdk*sDjyóemjzpfNyD; 'kwd,ZmpfjrpfrSm vlrsKd;pkjyóemjzpfonf/

vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vdkYrS oHk;vrQ rjynfhwwfao;rD tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sDoabmxm;rwlMuonfudk 'Drdkua&pDabmiftwGif; at;at;anmif;anmif; rajz&Sif;Edkif&mrS nDtpfudkcsif; ppfcif; cJh&onfhtvGrf;ZmwfESifh zGifhcJh&onf/ wpfqufwnf;qdkovdkyif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;udk rdom;pkpdwf"mwfjzifh tajzr&SmEdkif&mrS ydkrdktjyefYus,faom ywfvnfppfyGJBuD;txd tajctaeqdk;cJh&onf/ þZmpfjrpfESpf&yfay:rS ay:xGufvmaom jynfwGif; ppfuyif aemufxyfjyóemBuD;wpf&yfudk arG;xkwfvdkufovdk jzpf&jyefonf/ ,aeY'Drdku&ufwdkifaZ;&Sif;\qkHcsufae&mwGif&Sd aeaom ]ppfbuft&yfbuf qufqHa&;jyóem} jzpfygonf/ tu,fíomZmpfjrpfjyóemrsm;udk z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;EdkifvQif tusKd;qufjzpfaom ]ppfbuf? t&yfbufqufqHa&;jyóem} (qdk&vQif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDjyóem)rSm uRJul;a&ygqdkovdk ajz&Sif;NyD; oavmufyifjzpfaumif; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ tedrfhqHk; 50 &mcdkifEIef;txufajz&Sif;NyD;om;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifh&ygonf/

qdkcJhNyD;aom ZmpfjrpfESpf&yfteuf yxrZmpfjrpf (tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sDjyóem) rSm 1989 bmvifwHwdkif;NydKusoGm;NyD;uwnf;uurÇmwGif yGJNyD;oGm;cJhNyD[k qdkEdkifp&m&Sdygonf/ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGifrl ppfat;\taiGUtouftcsKdU usefoavmufusefaeao;onfhwdkif wpfckvHk;taeESifh 'ku©ay;Edkifavmufonfhtwdkif;twmtxdum; a&mufawmhrnfrxifyg/ uHtm;avsmfpGm olYtvdkvdk ajz&Sif;NyD;om;jzpfoGm;Edkifp&m&Sdonf/ odkYwap 'kwd,Zmpfjrpf (vlrsKd;pkjyóem)um; þrQvG,fulvdrfhrnfr[kwfygacs/ ,cif wyfrawmftpdk;&vufxufrSma&m ,ckvuf&Sdtpdk;&vufxuf wGifygvufeufudkiftiftm;pkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh typftcwf &yfpJEdkifcJhonfhwdkif qufvufajz&Sif;p&mrsm; qufvuf&SdaeqJ[k oabm&ygonf/ odkYjzpfygí vlrsKd;pkjyóem (wpfenf; - wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;)udk pma&;olÓPfrDorQ qef;ppfMunfhygrnf/

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;trSefpifppf vlrsKd;pkjyóemrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwpfckwnf;\

xl;jcm;csufawmhvnf; r[kwfyg/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkjzifhpkzGJUxm;aom EdkifiHwdkif; *½k"r®jzifh udkifwG,fMu&onfh jyóemjzpfygonf/ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avmuwGifrl þudpöESifhywfoufygu[dk;a&S;rqG udkvdkeDacwfuwnf;uyif oabmw&m;a&; ½IyfaxG;rItcsKdU&SdcJhavovm; pOf;pm;p&mrsm;&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh]udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh} (Self - Determination) qdkaom a0g[m&ESifhtaumuft,ludkyifMunfh .../

Self-Determination rSm a0g[m&tm;jzifh wpfckwnf;jzpfonfhwdkif oDtdk&Doabmt& t,ltqESpf&yf&Sdaeonf/ ]0Dvqifrl} ESifh ]pwmvifrl} [k a,bk,s qdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ yxrurÇmppftNyD; xGufay:vmaom tar&duefor®w 0Dvqif\ rl0g'14 csufwGifygonfh Self Determination rSm ]EdkifiHrsm;\ udk,fhMur®mudk,fzefwD;cGifh} [k em;vnf&onf/ ]The right of nationsto shape their own destinies' [k zGifhqdkxm;onf/ udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;oabmyg0ifonfjzpfí trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJqifETJaeaom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf &yfwnfay;&ma&mufygonf/ odkYwaptpOftvmvuf0JMoZmBuD;aom jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avmuwGifrl0Dvqifrlxuf pwmvifrludkom ydkítm½HkñGwfcJhMu[ef&Sdonf/

1947 ckESpf arvwGif usif;ycJhaom z.q.y.v yPmrjyifqifrInDvmcHwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; udk;um;aqG;aEG;cJhonfrSm pwmvif\ ]rwfcf0g'ESifh trsKd;om;a&;jyóem}(Marxism and the National Question ) pmtkyfjzpfonf/þpmtkyfwGif pwmvifu Self - determination qkdonfudk ,ckvdkt"dyÜm,fzGifhcJhonf/ ]]The right of nations (or nationality) Freelyto secede or to enter federal relation with others.}} [líjzpfygonf/ ]vlrsKd;rsm;\ udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh} [k em;vnf&onf/]cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh}txd t"dyÜm,fa&mufonf/ qkdAD,uf,leD,HzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'wGifvnf; þtcsufudk xnhfay;xm;cJhonf/ (odkYwap-a*smf*sD,mu cGJxGufrnfjyKaomtcgwyfeDawmfESifh &Sif;cJhonfomjzpfygonf/)

qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHwpfckyifjzpfaom ]w½kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH} wGifrl ]udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh} qkdonfudk rajym/ ]udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;} (Autonomy) udkomajymonf/ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'wGifvnf; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;omay;NyD; ]wpfjynfaxmifpepf}(Unitary) jzifhom wkdif;jynfudkpkpnf;cJhonf/ þodkYqdkAD,uf-w½kwfrluGJjzpfaeonfrSm EkdifiHwpfckESifhwpfck orkdif;jzwfoef;yHkcsif;rwlaomaMumihfjzpfvdrhfrnf[k,lq&onf/ ½k&Sm;abmf&SDApfrsm;taeESifh ,cifoD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHrsm;udk qvyfAfvlrsKd;BuD;0g'jzifh qGJpkxm;aom Zmbk&if tifyg,mESifh&ifqkdif&onfjzpfí]cGJjzmyHkoP²mef} udk tm;jyKcJhjcif;jzpfygvdrhfrnf/ w½kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;taeESifhrl tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTmNydKuGJaeaom w½kwfjynfBuD;udkpkpnf;Mu&onfjzpfí ]pkqHkyHkoP²mef} udktav;uJcJh&jcif;jzpfwef&monf/ ajym&vQif olYtaMumif;ESifhol [líomqdk&ygvdrfhrnf/

odkYESifhwkdif jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ½k&Sm;ESifh rwlovdk w½kwfESifhwlonfvnf;r[kwfyg/ Zmbk&if\ ½k&Sm;tifyg,ma&m uGefjrLepfwdkY\ qdkAD,uf,leD,Hyg oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom acwfopftrsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm;ukd qGJpkxm;onfhoabm&Sdonf/ jrefrmh ya'o&mZforkdif;wGifrl ]acwfopftrsKd;om;EkdifiH} (Modern Nation State)tjzpfyDyDjyifjyif a&mufcJhonfrsKd;r&SdcJhyg/ jrefrmtygt0ifwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;taeESifh rsKd;wlpk (Tribe) ? bmomNrdKUjyEkdifiH (City State) tjzpfom pkpnf;aexkdifcJhMuonfu rsm;onf/wpfcgwpf&H wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wpfckcku tifyg,mtjzpf pkpnf;cJhMuaomfvnf; acwfopftrsKd;om;EkdifiHtqifhxdum; ra&mufcJhyg/ vGefa&muRHa&m ]acwfopfEkdifiHwpfydkif;} (Semi-Modern State)tqifhxdom&SdcJhonf/ þae&mwGifvnf; jrefrmwpfpkwnf;uom OD;aqmifcJhonfr[kwf/ &Srf;rsm;OD;aqmifpkpnf;aomumv(Oyrm-yk*HysuftNyD;) rsKd;&Sdovdk rGefrsm;OD;aqmifpkpnf;aomumv (Oyrm-[Hom0wDacwf) rsKd;vnf;tcgtm;avsmfpGm&SdcJhonfomjzpfonf/ rnfodkYaomtajctaersKd;rSmyifjzpfapwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;rSm (oD;jcm;,Ofaus;rIESifh udk,fykdifvGwfvyfrIrsm;&SdMuonfhwkdif) jrefrmEkdifiHqdkaom yx0Da'oBuD;wGif OruGJodkufrysuf twl,SOfwGJaexdkifcJhMuonfomjzpfonf/okdYtwGuf ½k&Sm;ESifh rwl/ pwmvifnTef;ovdk cGJxGufa&;txdrvkd/acwfopfjynfaxmifpk yHkoP²mefjzifh pkpnf;aexkdifMuonfutm;vHk;twGuf tusKd;rsm;zdkY&Sdygvdrhfrnf/

4/ &efukeftpdk;&u&ifta&;ay:vmonfESifh wyfrawmfwGif ppfOD;pD;csKyf

wm0ef,lxm;aom u&iftrsKd;om;AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;rSm EkwfxGufay;vkduf&onf/ ¤if;\ae&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u wm0ef,lcJhonf/ (1949 azazmf0g&D 1)qkdcJhygtwkdif; vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;awmfvSefykefuefaeMucsdefrSmyif &efukefNrdKUawmfwGiftrIxrf;aygif;pHkoydwfBuD;jzpffay:vmonf/ (1949 azazmf0g&D7) wpfqufwnf;qkdovdkyif ausmif;om;oydwf? rD;&xm;oydwfrsm;vnf;xGufay:vm&m vGwfvyfcgp jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuftcufcJqHk;umvrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifvm&awmhonf/ þtcuftcJrsm;udk&ifqkdifajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef 0efBuD;csKyfocifEkOD;aqmifNyD; qkd&S,fvpfESifh jynfolY&Jabmf(&Jabmf0g)wkdYrygaom Mum;jzwftpdk;&udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ (1949 {NyDv 1)tpkd;&opfwGif AkdvfcsKyfae0if;uumuG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpfa&m? 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyftjzpfyg wm0ef,lcJhonf/ wyfrawmfudkwkd;csJUcJhovdk ppf0efxrf;wyf? vJAD;wyfrsm;udkyg zGJUpnf;NyD; vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;udk ppfa&;t&jyefvnfxkd;ppfqifEkdif&ef BudK;yrf;vmcJhonf/

rnfodkYyifqkdap 1949 ckESpfum; EkdifiHwumowif;pmrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&udk ]&efukeftpkd;&}[kac:&avmufatmifyiftajctaetqdk;qHk; ESpfwpfESpfjzpfcJh&onf/ yl;wGJygajryHkrSm1949 ckESpf tajctaeudk vSpfjyovdk &Sdygvdrfhrnf/

1949 ckESpf jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;1949 ckESpf jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;1949 ckESpf jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;1949 ckESpf jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;1949 ckESpf jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;

Source - The Union of Burma (by - Hugh Tinker)yHkwGifazmfjyxm;aom eHygwfrsm;rSm 1949 ckESpftwGif;

vufeufudkiftiftm;pktoD;oD; odrf;ydkufxm;aom NrdKUrsm;udkñTef;ygonf/ vufeufudkiftiftm;pkwpfckcsif; odrf;ydkufxm;aom NrdKUrsm;ESifh odrf;ydkufxm;onfhumvudk atmufwGifyl;wGJazmfjyvdkufygonf/autif'Dtdk odrf;yd kufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;autif'Dtdk odrf;yd kufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;autif'Dtdk odrf;yd kufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;autif'Dtdk odrf;yd kufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;autif'Dtdk odrf;yd kufxm;aomNrdKUrsm;

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35Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICEPERSPECTIVE

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36 TheVOICE

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taejzih f vrf;jzwful;&ef&S dvQif

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vrf;jzwful;&efvdkygonf/

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ul;olrsm;r&Sdapa&;udpöudk avhvm

qef;ppfrdygonf/ vrf;jzwful;vdkol

rsm;onf rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfh

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vrf;jzwful;vkdolrsm;onf vlul;

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ydGKifhrD;0gESpfaMumif;tMum;wkdYrS vrf;

ul;&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vrf;

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vrf;jzwful;jcif;rjzpfap&eftwGuf

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ckH;ausmfwHwm;&SdvQif vlul;ckH;ausmf

wHwm;rSm vlul;&eftwGuf wnf

aqmufay;xm;jcif;jzpfí ,if;vlul;

ckH;ausmfwHwm;rSul;&rnf jzpfygonf/

vlul;cHk;ausmfwHwm;r&SdvQif

vlul;rsOf;usm;udk&Sm&rnfjzpfygonf/

vlul;rsOf;usm;odkYoGm;í vlul;rsOf;

usm;rS vrf;ul;&rnfjzpfygonf/ vl

ul;rsOf;usm;rS vrf;ul;&eftwGuf

oD;oefYowfrSwfay;xm;aomae&m

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vlul;rsOf;usm;rSm ae&mwkdif;

wGifr&Sdojzifh vlul;rsOf;usm;r&Sdaom

ae&mrsm;wGif vrf;ul;vdkolrsm;onf

rD;yGdKifhodkYoGm;í a&mufvQif&yfum

rD;ydGKifhodkY armif;0ifvmaom,mOfrsm;

rD;yGdKifhrS rD;eDjyonfhtcsdefwGif &yfrsOf;

ü &yfcsdefwGif vrf;ul;vdkolonf rD;

ydGKifhrS rD;pdrf;jyefrjyrDtwGif; rD;ydGKifh&Sd

rsOf;0gESpfaMumif;tMum;rS jrefjref

ul;&rnfjzpfygonf/

txufyguJhodkY vlul;ckH;ausmf

wHwm;^vlul;rsOf;usm;^rD;ydGKifh rsOf;0g

ESpfaMumif;tMum;wkdYrS vrf;ul;jcif;

jzifh rnfolrQpnf;urf;rJhvrf;jzwf

ul;rIjzifh ta&;,lcH&&eftaMumif;r&Sd

awmhyg/

þwGif vrf;jzwful;olrsm;\

tcuftcJrsm;udk wifjyvdkygonf/

a&S;OD;pGm vlul;rsOf;usm;ESifhywfouf

í wifjyvdkygonf/ vlul;rsOf;usm;

onf vrf;ul;&eftwGuf oD;oefYowf

rSwfay;xm;aomae&mjzpfojzifh vl

ul;rsOf;usm;wGif vlul;aeygu ,if;

vlul;rsOf;usm;odkYarmif;ESifvmaom

,mOfonf vlul;rsOf;usm;rS tenf;

qHk; ig;rDwmtuGmwGif&yfay;í vrf;

jzwful;olrsm;ukefrS qufarmif;&rnf

jzpfaomfvnf; vufawGUwGif xdkodkY

r[kwfjcif;rsm; rMumcPawGU&vsuf

&Sdygonf/

vufawGUwGif vlul;rsOf;usm;

onf ,mOfrsm;jzwfoef;&eftwGuf

OD;pm;ay;ae&mjzpfygonf/ vlul;

rsOf;usm;wGif vrf;jzwful;olrsm;udk

,mOfrsm;u OD;pm;ay;jcif;r&Sdyg/ vl

ul;rsOf;usm;udk rdrd,mOfoGm;NyD;rS

ul;apygonf/ vrf;jzwful;olrsm;udk

OD;pm;ay;ul;ap&ef vlul;rsOf;usm;

jyKvkyfay;xm;jcif;rSm t"dyÜm,fr&Sd

jzpfaeygonf/ vlul;rsOf;usm;wGif

vrf;ul;olrsm;ukefrS ,mOfrsm;u

armif;ESif&rnfhtpm; vufawGUwGif

vrf;ul;rnfholrsm;u armif;aeaom

,mOfrsm;ukefrS vlul;rsOf;usm;rSul;

Mu&onf/ ,mOfrsm;rukefrcsif;apmifh

í ul;Mu&onf/ vlul;rsOf;usm;\

&nf&G,fcsufrSm ajymif;jyefjzpfaeyg

onf/

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rsm;onf vlul;rsOf;usm;xdyf&Sd vrf;

ul;rnfholrsm; rul;&Jap&ef? rdrd,mOf

jzwfNyD;rS vlul;ap&eftwGuf ,mOfudk

vlul;rsOf;usm;odkYt&Sdefjzifh armif;0if

jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;,mOfarmif;rsm;

udk xda&mufpGmta&;,lay;&efvkdyg

onf/ xkdYtjyif vlul;rsOf;usm;ay:wGif

&yfxm;aom,mOfrsm;vnf; &S dyg

onf/ ,if;,mOfrsm;onf vlul;rsOf;

usm;rS vrf;ul;olwdkYudk vrf;ydwfxm;

ouJhodkY jzpfygonf/ vlul;rsOf;usm;

ay:wGif ,mOfpufysufvQifrS vlul;

rsOf;usm;ESifhvGwfonftxd a&TUxm;

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,mOfudk&yfxm;jcif;rSm qkd;0g;aom

vkyf&yfjzpfygonf/

vlul;rsOf;usm;onf ajcvsif

avQmufolrsm; tEÅ&m,fuif;pGm

vrf; jzwful;Ekdif&eftwGufjzpfí vlESifh

,mOfrsm; toGm;tvmrsm;aomae&m

wkdif; (Oyrm-aps;a&SU? ausmif;a&SU?

aq;½Hka&SU? bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifteD;)

wGif jyKvkyfay;xm;oifhygonf/

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enf;aeygonf/ vlul;rsOf;usm;

jyKvkyfay;oifhaomae&mrsm;wGif vl

ul;rsOf;usm; jyKvkyfray;ygu ajc

vsifoGm;olrsm;udk pnf;urf;rJh vrf;

jzwful;olrsm;tjzpf a&mufapyg

onf/ xkdYaMumifh vkdtyfaomae&m

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jyKvkyfay;oifhygonf/ xkdYjyif vlul;

rsOf;usm;&SdaMumif; vrf;jzwful;ol

rsm;uvnf;aumif;? ,mOfarmif;rsm;rS

vnf;aumif; od&Sdap&eftwGuf vl

ul;rsOf;usm;\xdyfwGif rD;0g rSdwfwkwf

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vlul;rsOf;usm;wkdif;wGif wyfqifay;

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vlul;rsOf;usm;udkvnf; aq;rsm;

xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jyefqGJay;oifhyg

onf/

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ESpfaMumif;udpöudkvnf; wifjyvkdyg

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ESpfaMumif;wkdYrSm aq;r&SdMuawmhyg/

aq;rsm;ysufaeNyDjzpfygonf/ vrf;

jzwful;rnfholrsm;onf rsOf;0gESpf

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onf/ odkYrSom vrf;trSwftom;wkdY

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tm; pnf;urf;wusjzwful;ap&ef

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onf/ aq;a&mifrsm;ysufaeaom

vlul;rsOf;usm;? rsOf;0gESpfaMumif;wkdY

tMum;rS vrf;ul;apjcif;rSm rjzpf

oifhyg/

txufygtcsufrsm;udk ouf

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&GufMujcif;jzifh pnf;urf;jzifhvrf;

jzwful;jcif;rsm; atmifjrifxda&mufí

,mOfrawmfwqwkdufrdrIrsm;rS uif;

a0;NyD; ,mOfpnf;urf;vrf;pnf;urf;

vdkufemaom pD;yGm;a&;NrdKUawmfBuD;

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atmifEkdif(vufyHwef;)atmifEkdif(vufyHwef;)

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tzsm;usaq; (Oyrm-yg&mpDwarm)

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txufqdk&if 500 rDvD*&rf wpfjym;

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t&nf rsm;rsm;aomufEdkiforQaomuf

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Immunoglobulin ac: udk,fcHtm;aq;

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qufykdifvif;cefY (aq;-2)qufykdifvif;cefY (aq;-2)

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40 TheVOICE

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azmfjyvkdufonf/azmfjyvkdufonf/

Voice / / or®wrdefYcGef;awGxJ / / or®wrdefYcGef;awGxJ

rSmvnf; t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; rSmvnf; t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;

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pyg;toif; oHk;ESpfc&D;udk Ouú| pyg;toif; oHk;ESpfc&D;udk Ouú|

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rvkyfEkdifbl;vJqkdwmrsKd;aygh/rvkyfEkdifbl;vJqkdwmrsKd;aygh/

UCK / // / jrefrmEkdifiHqefpyg;

toif;udk v,f,mu@ zGHUNzdK;a&;

twGuf pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf? BudwfcGJ

wifykdYqkdwJh (Supply Chain) wpfpHkvHk;

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cJhw,f/

Voice / / [kwfuJh/ 'gawGuawmh / / [kwfuJh/ 'gawGuawmh

vkyfEkdifwmawGaygh/ rvkyfEkdifwmawG vkyfEkdifwmawGaygh/ rvkyfEkdifwmawG

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a&m toif;xJb,favmufyg0ifae a&m toif;xJb,favmufyg0ifae

NyDvJ/NyDvJ/

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vkyfief;toif;udk qefukefonfrsm;

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vdktyfaeao;w,f/ v,form;awG

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atmifjrifatmifvkyfzkdYu tvSrf;a0;

aeao;w,fvkdY Ouú|wpfa,muf

taeeJY ½dk;½dk;om;om;oHk;oyfrdw,f/

Voice / / 'gqkd v,form;awG / / 'gqkd v,form;awG

yg0ifzkdYtwGuf vufawGUb,fvkdrsKd; yg0ifzkdYtwGuf vufawGUb,fvkdrsKd;

vkyfoGm;zdkY&SdvJ/vkyfoGm;zdkY&SdvJ/

UCK / // / tckvuf&Sdawmh ouf

qkdif&mNrdKUe,fawGrSm&SdwJh awmifol

v,form;awGeJY uGef&uftaeeJYjzpfap?

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Vol.8 / No.18 - April 23 - 29, 2012 41THE VOICE WEEKLY

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42 TheVOICEFOREIGN AFFAIRS

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43Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICEFOREIGN AFFAIRS

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xdkYtjyif vuf&Sdyg0gudk &,lxm;olrsm;xJwGif jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udkvkdvm;olrsm;rSm or®wwpfOD;wnf;omrubJ tcsKdUaom,HkMunfpdwfcsavmufonfholrsm;&SdaeonfudkawGU&onf/ jrefrm\tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHtcsKdUrSm 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;ESifhtvGrf;oifhonf[krqkdEkdifaomfvnf; tar&du? Oa&myESifh rsm;pGmaomtm&S'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;yg0ifaom ta&;ygonhfEkdifiHwumZmwfaqmifrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHudkulnD&ef tqifoifh&Sdaejcif;uyif jrefrmhtem*wftwGuftm;wufzG,f&myifjzpfygawmhonf/

wifat;ausmfwifat;ausmfwifat;ausmfwifat;ausmfwifat;ausmf

Ref: Is Burma Democatizing?

jrefrmU'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; (2)wifat;ausmf

urÇmausmfolaX;BuD;0g&if;bwfzwf qD;usdwfuifqmjzpfyGm;e,l;a,muf? {NyD 19e,l;a,muf? {NyD 19e,l;a,muf? {NyD 19e,l;a,muf? {NyD 19e,l;a,muf? {NyD 19

atmifjrifa&;tqdktrdefYrsm;aMumifhemrnfBuD;aom urÇmausmf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIbDvsHemBuD; 0g&if;bwfzwfu ¤if;onfqD;usdwfuifqm yxrtqifh cHpm;&vsuf&SdaMumif; xkwfazmfajymMum;vdkufonf[k tar&duefowif;pmrsm;ua&;om;azmfjyMuonf/

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;pkBuD;jzpfaomBerkshire Hathaway \olaX;jzpfolrpöwmbwfzwfu ¤if;taejzifh yHkrSefusef;rma&;ppfaq;&mrS uifqm&SdaeaMumif; od&S dcJ h jcif;jzpfum touftEÅ&m,f pd k;& dr f&onfhtaetxm;r[kwfaMumif; xkwfjyefxm;onf/

touf 81 ESpf&SdNyD;jzpfonhf 0g&if;bwfzwfu aeYpOf"mwfa&mifjcnfjzifh ukorIudkcH,lvsuf&Sdonf[kvnf;¤if;u &S,f,mudkifaqmifolrsm;ukd ay;ydkYaompmwGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;onf/ qD;usdwfuifqmonftrsKd;om;rsm;jzpfwwfaom uifqmtrsKd;tpm;jzpfum ,ckESpftwGif; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif vlESpfodef;av;aomif;ausmf cHpm;&vsuf&Sdonf/

]]uRefawmfuawmh usef;rma&; yHkrSefvdkYcHpm;&ygw,f/ pGrf;tiftjynhfayghAsm}} [k 0g&if;bwfzwfuqkdonf/ ¤if;uG,fvGefoGm;ygu ¤if;\ae&mudkqufcH&ef vla&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfNyD; ESpfOD;udk tMurf;tm;jzifh a&G;cs,fxm;aMumif;vnf; azazmf0g&DvtwGif;u [moma0;\ &S,f,m&Sifrsm;udkajymMum;cJhzl;onf/

Forbes r*¾Zif;u 0g&if;bwfzwf\ <u,f0rIrSm tar&duefa':vm 44 bDvD,H&SdNyD; urÇmhwwd,tcsrf;omqHk;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onf/ ¤if;\ usef;rma&;tajctaeowif;onf 0g&SifwefwGif xdyfwef;owif;wpfyk'fjzpfaeonf/ tar&duefor®wbm;&ufcftdkbm;rm;u bwfzwfOya'o[k emrnfBuD;aom<u,f0olrsm;udk tcGefydkaumufrnfhtpDtpOftm; vTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;xm;onf/ <


46 TheVOICE

Soccer Weekly Fixtures21-4-2012 (paeaeY) y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)21-4-2012 (paeaeY) y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)21-4-2012 (paeaeY) y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)21-4-2012 (paeaeY) y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)21-4-2012 (paeaeY) y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)

tmqife,fESifh cs,fqD; n 6;05 em&D TV

tufpwefADvmESifh qef;'g;vef; n 8;30 em&D TV

bvufbef;ESifh aem0pfcsf n 8;30 em&DabmfvfwefESifh qGrfqD; n 8;30 em&Dzlvf[rfESifh 0D*ef n 8;30 em&D TV

e,l;umq,fESifh pwkwfpD;wD; n 8;30 em&D TV

usLyDtmESifh pyg;pf n 11;00 em&D TV

*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)rdefYZfESifh 0kAfbwf eHeuf 1;00 em&D TV

Ek&ifbwfESifh [rf;bwf n 8;00 em&D[mombmvifESifh udkifZmqavmhwef n 8;00 em&DudkvHk;ESifh pwk*wf n 8;00 em&D[kdzif[drf;ESifh avAmulqif n 8;00 em&D0g'gb&DrifESifh bdkif,efjrL;epf n 8;00 em&Da'ghrefESifh *vufbwf n 11;00 em&D TV

tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)csDa,AdkESifh tl'D;eD;pf nae 10;30 em&D TV

pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)rma,mhumESifh Zm&m*dkZm n 10;30 em&D TV

*D*RefESifh A,fvufumEkd n 10;30 em&D TV

22-4-2012 (we*FaEGaeY) y&D;rD,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)22-4-2012 (we*FaEGaeY) y&D;rD,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)22-4-2012 (we*FaEGaeY) y&D;rD,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)22-4-2012 (we*FaEGaeY) y&D;rD,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)22-4-2012 (we*FaEGaeY) y&D;rD,m;vd*f yGJpOf (35)ref,lESifh tJAmwef n 6;00 em&D TV

vDAmyl;ESifh 0ufpfb&Grf; n 9;30 em&D TV

0kAfESifh refpD;wD; n 9;30 em&D TV

*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)*smrefbGef'ufpfvD*g yGJpOf (32)atmhpfbwfESifh a&SmfuD n 8;00 em&D TV

[efEkdAmESifh z½dkif;bwf n 10;00 em&D TV

tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)emydkvDESifh EkdAm&m eHeuf 1;05 em&D TV

zDtdk&ifwD;em;ESifh tifwmrDvef nae 5;30 em&D TV

umwm;eD;,m;ESifh twåvEÅm n 7;30 em&DqDqifemESifh ygvmrdk n 7;30 em&D*sDEkdtmESifh qDem n 7;30 em&DvmZD,dkESifh vufcsD n 7;30 em&DatpDrDvefESifh bkdavmhnm n 7;30 em&Dyg;rm;ESifh uuf*vD,m&D n 7;30 em&D

pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)bmpDvkdemESifh &D;&Jruf'&pf eHeuf 00;30 em&D TV

qDADvmESifh vDAefaw; eHeuf 3;00 em&D TV

*&efem'gESifh *Dwmaz; nae 4;30 em&DqdkpD'ufESifh ADvm&D;&Jvf nae 4;30 em&D TV

a&;qif;ESifh bDvfbmtkd n 8;30 em&D TV

tufovufwDudkESifh tufpfyefñkd n 10;30 em&D TV

23-4-2012 (wevFmaeY) tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)23-4-2012 (wevFmaeY) tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)23-4-2012 (wevFmaeY) tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)23-4-2012 (wevFmaeY) tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)23-4-2012 (wevFmaeY) tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (34)*sLAifwyfpfESifh ½dk;rm; eHeuf 1;15 em&D TV

pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)AvifpD,mESifh bufwpf eHeuf 2;00 em&D TV

24-4-2012 (t*FgaeY)24-4-2012 (t*FgaeY)24-4-2012 (t*FgaeY)24-4-2012 (t*FgaeY)24-4-2012 (t*FgaeY) pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)pydefvmvD*g yGJpOf (35)tkdqmqlemESifh rmvm*g eHeuf 1;30 em&D TV

tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)twåvEÅmESifh csDa,Adk n 11;00 em&Duuf*vD,m&DESifh umwm;eD;,m; n 11;00 em&D TV

25-4-2012 (Ak'¨[l;aeY)25-4-2012 (Ak'¨[l;aeY)25-4-2012 (Ak'¨[l;aeY)25-4-2012 (Ak'¨[l;aeY)25-4-2012 (Ak'¨[l;aeY) csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zd kife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zd kife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zd kife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zd kife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zd kife,f ('k-ausmh)bmpDvkdemESifh cs,fqD; eHeuf 1;15 em&D TV

y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (29) (yGJusef)y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (29) (yGJusef)y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (29) (yGJusef)y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (29) (yGJusef)y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf (29) (yGJusef)tufpwefADvmESifh abmfvfwef eHeuf 1;15 em&D TV

tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)tDwvDpD;&D;at yGJpOf (33) (yGJa&TU)EdkAm&mESifh vmZD,dk nae 5;00 em&D TV

vufcsDESifh emydkvD n 7;30 em&DygvmrdkESifh yg;rm; n 7;30 em&D TV

½dk;rm;ESifh zDtdk&ifwD;em; n 7;30 em&D TV

qDemESifh bkdavmhnm n 7;30 em&Dtl'D;eD;pfESifh tifwmrDvef n 7;30 em&D TV

qDqifemESifh *sLAifwyf n 10;30 em&DatpDrDvefESifh *sDEkdtm n 10;30 em&D TV

26-4-2012 (Mumoyaw;aeY)26-4-2012 (Mumoyaw;aeY)26-4-2012 (Mumoyaw;aeY)26-4-2012 (Mumoyaw;aeY)26-4-2012 (Mumoyaw;aeY) csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zdkife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zdkife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zdkife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zdkife,f ('k-ausmh)csefyD,Hvd*f qD;rD;zdkife,f ('k-ausmh)&D;&Jruf'&pfESifh bdkif,efjrL;epf eHeuf 1;15 em&D TV

SPORT

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EnglishPremierLeaguePredictionMatch (35)

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48 TheVOICE

49Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012 TheVOICESUPPLEMENT

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TheVOICEVol.8 / No.18 Monday, April 23 - 29, 2012

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The Voice Weekly Journal in Myanmar/Burmese