the View From Prague the Expectations of World Leaders at the Dawn of the 21st Century

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The View from Prague



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The View rom

PragueThe Expectations o World Leaders at the Dawn

o the 21st Century

Václv hvl t l.

Cntl epn unvsty PssBdpst N Yk

edtd by Jří msl nd Táš Vb



©2007 by Václv hvl t l.

enls tnsltn©2007 by gld Tn nd alsn Sddll

(xcpt txts by Václv hvl) Published in 2007 by

Central european university press

An imprint o theCntl epn unvsty S CpnyNád tc 11, h-1051 Bdpst, hny

Tel: +36-1-327-3138 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183

E-mail : cpss@c.

Website: .cpss.

400 wst 59t Stt, N Yk NY 10019, uSaTel: +1-212-547-6932

Fax: +1-646-557-2416E-mail : nld@ssny.

all ts svd. N pt ts pblctn y b pdcd,std n tvl syst, tnsttd,

n ny by ny ns, tt t pssn

t Pbls.

iSBN 978-963-7326-92-9 clt

Lby Cnss Ctln-n-Pblctn Dt

2000.

T v P : t xpcttns ld lds t t dn t21st cnty / Václv hvl t l. ; dtd by Jří msl nd Táš Vb.

p. c.inclds bblpcl ncs.

1. 2000. 2. glblztn—Cnsss. 3. intntnl cptn— Cnsss. 4. intntnl nztn—Cnsss. i. hvl, Václv. ii. msl, Jří, 1928- iii. Vb, Táš, 1947- iV. Ttl.

JZ1318.6665 2007

303.48’2--dc22 2007002301

Pntd n hny byakdé Nyd, mtnvásá



Cntnts

edtl Nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Lst Cntbts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

h t id 2000 ed Jří msl nd Tkk h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Pt i. o wld

Sptl Pcndtns o Cn glbl Svvl

Václv hvl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7T wld w hv intd, o wld Tdy, ndhps t tVáclv hvl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Pt ii. Cnntn intntnl Dscs n glblztn:

Pbls nd Vsns o wld Tdy s Sn by t

Ptcpnts t f 2000 Cnncs

T iptnc Cntxt Jří msl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

How to React to a Plurality o Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

glblztn, Scty nd Clt Jří msl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

T expls Sc-Cltl Dsnttn Csd

by glblztnTkk h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85



The Importance o Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

T Tnstns rln n t Pcss glblztnTáš hlík . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Awareness o the Relations Between Economics, Politics, Knowledgeand Ethics as a Starting Point or Global Governance . . . . . . . . . . 135

Pltcl glblztn Jří P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Economy in the Background o Many Discussions on Social and Ethical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

an ecnc V t wld Jn mkvá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

The Global Environmental Situation and Human Responsibility . . . 187

glbl envnntl PblsVáclv mzřcký . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

The View o an Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Bt t rtnlty Pcs anlyss nd t Nvty idls a NddVldí Kík . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

wy 2000?Václv hvl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

appndxs

P Dcltn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Ptcpnts t 2000 Cnncs (1997–2005) . . . . 254

illsttns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267



edtl Nt

Ts bk s t slt t 2000 cnncs nttd byVáclv hvl nd el wsl, nd c cld nt v bn lzdtt t ndstndn nd sppt Y Ssk, Cn t Nppn ndtn Jpn. Snc 1997 t cnncs vtkn plc lly vy y n P. o bk s bsd nlyn t st v cnncs c ld n t Spns hll tP Cstl. an ptnt pt t cnncs ls “Tmlt-ls rfctns” tt tk plc n St. Vts Ctdl t

t P Cstl. at Václv hvl’s psdntl t ndd, t 2000 cnncs cntnd—lbt n dst — nd snc 2002 ts lctn s vd t P Cstl t v-s lls t cty.

T 2000 cnncs v nt bn l-scl tns spclsts pltcns skn t ddss spcc lbl pbls,sc s ppltn t, bnztn, nvnntl d t stts n. Ty v nt bn cnsss n snl j

tpc, bt t ssbls ldn ld s—Nbl lts,pltcns lpd t cv pcl sltns t cnfcts nds, ldn ntllctls nd cdcs, s ll s tsts nd t-s— xcnd vs n spt dll. T cn s bn t dnty lnks n t j sss tdy nd t lk ys t vc stll t j tts cn nty.

in ts st pt, t bk psnts t ssys ttn by Václvhvl. T st n dls t sptl pcndtns t lb-

l svvl nknd, nd t scnd n s t qntssnc hvl’s vs n t ld c v ntd s ll s svs n ps t t. T bk clss t hvl’s p-



viii The View rom Prague

snl fctn n t dp nn nd t 2000tns.

T scnd pt t bk dls t pbls nd vsns

t ld tdy s sn by t ptcpnts 2000. T cp-ts n ts pt nlyz nd ntpt t ds tt xpssd byt spks nd ntlcts t st v cnncs n cty td t dnty nd ndstnd t py sss cn n-knd lblly. S t stds, spclly t ssy n t stt t ld cny, ls sd t nsts t cnncs ldt 2002, c nly cncnd t sc-cnc psbtn c-ns t plnt.

T cnstctn t ds nd vsns t 2000ptcpnts s d pssbl by t nnlly pblsd ConerenceReports. Ts pts, c cntnd vbt tnscpts ll ky-nt spcs, ctns t pnlsts nd ntlcts, d c dcnttn t pnns, ds nd vsns t nvtdntllctl nd pltcl ld lds. T tns ts c n-tn nt cndnsd synpss v cntctd p scl-

s nd skd t t fctns nd bsvtns n t nsss dscssd. Ty skd t sz t n tts t cnncs, nd t cp t ds xpssd n t 2000 t nst cntpy tnkn n lblztn pcsss.

Ts ppt fctns dl t t n dnsns lblztn nd t t syncncts s ll s syncnc-ts. T cpts nlyz nd ntpt t pct lblztnpcsss n scts nd clts, ty nlyz t tnstn

ln n lblzn ld, pltcl lblztn, t stt tld cny nd lst, bt nt lst, lbl nvnntl pbls.T lst cpt s ttn t pspctv n bsv ss t xpss t nclsv nd cplnty ppc tt stss n ndv: t tnlty nlyss nd cnzn tptnc dls.

all nscpts sbttd by t ts n lt s2005.

Editorial Board o Forum 2000 Foundation



Lst Cntbts

václav Havel s Psdnt Czcslvk nd t Czcrpblc (1990–2003). m. hvl s plyt, pltcl ctv-st, n t st Spkspsns Ct 77, nd ldn t 1989 Vlvt rvltn. h s ls t ndnt 2000, c nzs j nnl ntntn-l cnncs, ndtbl dbts, Stdnts’ s nd tctvts.

TomášHalík s cntly pss scly t Cls unvstyn P; s Czc Ctlc pst nd psdnt t Cs-tn acdy n P. h s pblsd svl bks n l-n n cntpy scts. an t st cnt What isnot Trembling is not Firm (2002, P), Addressing Zacheus (2005,P) nd Invoking and Non-invoking (2006, P). m. hlíks ls tt t oxd unvsty, Cbd unvsty nd nb t spctd cdc nstttns nd t ld.

h s ldn n ntt dl, nd nzd “Tmlt-ls rfctns” s pt 2000 cnncs.

TakeakiHori s n dvs t t Psdnt t Nppn ndtnnd clsly cptd t t 2000 ndtn n Pn nzn t 2000 cnncs. m. h s n cn-st nd ntplst nd t t svl bks bt tSt Pcc islnds nd ocn, t t lst bst knn blns

Tuna and the Japanese: In Search o a Sustainable Ecosystem (1996,Tky). m. h s vstn pss t Cls unvsty nP.





iList o Contributors

Jiří PeHe s bn t Dct N Yk unvsty n P sncmy 1999. Sptb 1997 ntl my 1999, s Dct t Pltcl Dptnt t oc t Psdnt. el

dctd t anlyss Dptnt t t opn md rscinsttt nd rd ep/rd Lbty n mnc. in tys 1985–1988 s cn t Dptnt est e-pn stds t d hs n N Yk. a ll knn c-ntt pltcl nd scl vnts, s pblsd ndds tcls nd nlytcl stds, nd vs lcts n pltclscnc t N Yk unvsty, P nd t Cls unvstyn P. h s ls t t bk The Tunnelled Democracy (2002, P).





How the Idea o Forum 2000 Emerged

The idea o organizing a meeting o the “wise” in various felds o humanendeavor and rom various parts o the planet to reect on the state o theworld emerged in the second hal o the 1990s. It was linked with two names:Václav Havel and Elie Wiesel.

As President o the Czech Republic and a well-known European intel-lectual, Václav Havel was oten invited in the second hal o the 1990s tovisit various countries on every continent. In 1995 and 1996, he visited Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Japan and Brazil. In speeches

delivered during these visits, Václav Havel more and more requently reect-ed on the new situation in the world ater the disintegration o its bi-polar confguration, which provided a certain stability, in spite o all the problemsit posed. Ater the collapse o Communism and the disintegration o power inthe Soviet bloc, a new confguration arose that brought with it new, as yet unknown, global problems. The new situation was also the result o major technological and economic changes occurring rom the 1970s onwards. Inthe early 1990’s many people, including politicians, had not, however, real-

ized their signifcance.In a speech entitled “The Future o Hope” delivered in Hiroshima,

Japan, in December 1995—fty years ater the dropping o the atomic bombon the city—Václav Havel very clearly stated his conviction that the world was once again under threat. This threat was derived rom the conict o civilizational or cultural or religious groups, not rom what is termed “theclash o civilizations.” He posed very clearly the question o how to ace thenew growing danger:

wt knd ld d, t syst lbl cptnsld bld t vt t dn tt ndcldn y



The View rom Prague

xpnc s ddl tn wld w ii, snd n ctn t ty ys? h cn vd t pssblty n hss?1

Without minimizing the signifcance o eorts to avert this threat withthe aid o political institutions, treaties and agreements, in Hiroshima heemphasized very clearly the need or a deeper oundation, which would allowhumanity to avoid major conicts and wars. This oundation is the awak-ening o a general responsibility built on the awareness that “…t ky tsld n cxstnc, nd t l tt ds nt bc ll nt t, ls n spct t nntly tnscnds s, ti cll t cl Bn.”2 He also reected on “…t ncssty tpcd c clly tn b, t vl nd dnty ttc nts s t tn tt c dvds s. it s n ts tt i st pncpl clln t cn cnty nd t cn lln-n.”3

It was signifcant that Elie Wiesel and Václav Havel met in Hiroshimain 1995. They were aware o the alarming signs o new conicts in the world

and recognized, in a very similar way, the responsibility o intellectuals and politicians or the ate o the world. Havel’s own words most clearly describethe birth o the whole concept:

T d ldn n vnt lk ts c bt t stt n cnvstn t el wsl, n hs, t l ttndn nt cnnc. Qt sn tt stblsd cntct t m. Y Ssk, tt s p-

tcptn t n ntllctl, nztnl s ll s tl lvl,ts Cnncs cld nt v xstd.”4

The idea o holding the Forum 2000 conerence in Prague was eshed out in the spring o 1996. In the summer o 1996, Václav Havel organized twomeetings o like-minded Czech intellectuals and politicians at his country

From the lecture “The Future of Hope” given on 5 December 995 in Hiroshima,in: Václav Havel (996) Václav Havel 1995, Prague and Litomyšl: Paseka, p. 79.

Ibid., p. 80.

Ibid., p. 8.

See Václav Havel’s “Why Forum 000?” at the end of this publication.



How the Idea o Forum 2000 Emerged

house at Hrádeček where he explained what Forum 2000 was intended tobe. Fairly quickly a planning committee, cooperating closely with the Ofceo the President o the Republic, was set up to organize the conerence. At

frst it was assumed that there would be only one conerence, but the suc-cess o the frst conerence in 1997 changed the original project. Forum 2000 became a series o continuing conerences.

Today, ten years ater the frst Forum 2000 conerence, when we canalready look at the frst annual reports with hindsight, it is evident that they represent important historical material, capturing the state o mind o an inuential group o people. The conerences took place at a pivotal time,when the optimism inspired by the collapse o the authoritarian systems inCentral and Eastern Europe was already ading, and ears or the uturewere not yet as strong as they are today. The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York occurred shortly beore the last o the introduc-tory series o fve major Forum 2000 conerences. This necessarily marked itscourse and also the declaration that marked the end o the frst series o theconerences. It must, however, be emphasized that the fnancial crisis in Asiain 1998, the bloody massacre carried out by the Taliban in Mazar-i-Shari

in Aghanistan, the war in Kosovo, the bombing o Belgrade, the democraticrevolution in Yugoslavia, and a series o other events throughout the whole period o the Forum 2000 conerences signaled that the world already ound itsel amid new tensions and conicts capable o provoking a new global catastrophe in the uture.

The present publication seeks to document how leading world intellectu-als, scientists, religious leaders and politicians, both rom Europe and North America, Australia, and rom Asia, Latin America and Arica, reacted to

this reality. A deeper level o our work consists in the eort to understand the diverse reactions to the present state o the world on the part o thinkersrepresenting the world’s main religions, which still orm the oundation o the major cultural regions o today’s world. In this respect we ollow MaxWeber’s tradition o understanding the role o religion in structuring thehuman values that shape the conduct o people in the political sphere as well as in the economy.

Despite the eorts o the majority o conerence participants to seek what

major cultural and civilizational groups on the planet have in common, wecould not overlook the act that even they saw the world we live in today as a place ull o serious social, economic, cultural and political tensions. This sit-uation, in our assessment, illustrates how justifed were the ears o conicts



The View rom Prague

between the various civilizational and cultural groups in the world whichVáclav Havel and other participants o Forum 2000 conerences expressed.

In brie, the publication wishes to be a contribution to the historiography

and sociology o ideas at the end o the 20th century/beginning o the 21st century and to add to the understanding o the political implications o theideational conicts that have been identifed. It wishes, also, to demonstrateanother phenomenon o our time, the speed o cultural and social changesthat accompany the globalizing societies o our planet as a result o one o the deepest transormations it has ever gone through. In a period character-ized by rapid change in almost all the numerous spheres o the lives o theoten unsettled and, moreover, manipulable masses o the population, it isespecially important to understand the ideas and suggestions or resolving thecontemporary problems o the world which guided two signifcant groups o persons in their reections and activities: on the one hand, those who reect systematically on these issues as intellectuals, and on the other hand, thosewho have had personal experience o acting as politicians in countries beset by dramatic and oten bloody conicts.

Time proceeds at a relentless pace, particularly nowadays. Nonetheless,

eorts to grasp the major outlines o contemporary history are justifed, albeit highly risky. This volume is just such an attempt. It seeks, in an analyti-cal ashion, to present a picture o how the world was perceived by a groupo people whose thinking helped change it, or whose activity has inuenced developments. Beore long this book will be evidence o their oresight or their misapprehension.

Jiří Musil and Takeaki Hori



Pt i.

o wld






Sptl Pcndtns o Cn glbl Svvl

Václav Havel

w lv n— t vy st t n n sty—n n n plnt s nvlpd by snl cvlztn. Vtlly t nt pp-ltn s cnnctd by t yd lnks cnctn nd cntct,sd dls bv, bts, tdn pttns, nd s t. Tts ts dn cvlztn l n ep; t s t tt ts sptlndtns bn t vlv t n ltn t clsscltdtn t Js nd Cstn sptlty. Ts cvlztn, d-

vlpd v t llnn, s bcd t cncpts stcty,pss, dvlpnt, scn nd dscvy. it s bt tt bl tt nty s t st ts ld, cpbl t-nlly dscbn nd cntlln t. t, t s dnsttd nndlyn cncpt xpnsn nd cnqst. Ts ptcl t t epn, nd lt e-acn, cvlztn s nstdtsl n vs ys v t cs t. Bt dlss pcsly xpnsn tk plc, n tn s cl: ts cvlztn dd nt

blnkt t ld by stcl ccdnt cncdnc. rt, x-pnsn s pt ts ssnc.

T psnt cvlztn s, s ll kn, tsnd dvnts.it s nbld nty t njy ns cvnts— t n-cdbl dvncnt scnc nd tcnly, ntn t n n knld t n zn pc nd nncn ctn spcts t y b clld t cts l, t t cltvtn cxs-tnc, s t s bn bdd n t dn cncpt n ts

nd dccy. at t s t, v, ctn spcts nd slts n ct pbltcl. hnty pps t b vcbly lsnt vs cvlztns pvsly v d— lnk t t tnl



The View rom Prague

nd t nnt, nd sltnt sns lty nd spnsblty, ltnsp t t ld s l, t ts tpyscl d, t tcl ctn, t t et, t t nvs, t n t nd

t t ysty nt c v bn tst.Dssts tcs dn cvlztn’s dcncs cn l-

dy b sn n vty dns— nvnntl, scl, d-pc nd cltl tts, t sc lls s ts, ds dp-snlztn n tdy’s ntc cts. Lbs b t ntnbt ts tts, n yn nlyss nd vn y-n pnss. Tsnds cnncs, ncldn untd Ntnssts, v bn cnvnd t dl t t. Ns tcncl systc ppsls sk t cnnt ts ncs. and yt, t sstll lttl p ndntl cn.

oddly n, dn nty ss t bdy n ssntl n-

cnsstncy: l cntv cpcty lls s t clly s t dn-

s cn t n c, blty dnss t cbt ts

dns n tly slt sn nd n lbl scl s vy ltd.

w v, tn, t pssbl css ctn.

w cn tk n stc-lk ppc, dsdn t ln-tlbl pbls n t p tt ty ll v n tl cts tn lt nd cncnn slvs nstd t jst tdy nd t-, —n ppn t b pltcns—t nty n tlvsn t cnc nnn t nxt lctns.w cn dsss t nn ppls qstns ts -d t spl ns: tt dn scnc ll ndbtdly p-dc n cvnts t slv ts pbls.

T t ltntv s t v t sttn tly ss cnsd-tn, skn t tc tt tts nns y n-dd.

y pt, i dvct t ltt cs. Ts s ctlly n tsns i v bn dln t ts sbjct, tyn t nd n—tt xtnt y ltd ps—t st t stnnt ts ptytt snd . and ts s t s dtnd t n t y dlbtn: wt cn b dn? wy s s lttl bn dn s ?

w sld stt?a vc tt nts t k ss pssn n t psnt c-

cstnc s st lkly t sccd n t s scntc bcknd.all t ppsd sltns t t ndntl pbls t psnt



Spiritual Preconditions or Our Common Global Survival

cvlztn v t bn lly tcncl systc nt,nd cnsdbl nnty s n nt dvsn spstctd pc-ds. Ts cld pps k— t nt t ct tt nbdy

pts t nt pctc. T pplctn s ndd by t dny l tsl. T s nt n dnss t ps sltns tt cnt t t t stblsd bts t dt ntsts ppl, ntns, cnts, cptns vs lbbs. wn-v nq nt ts pbls, tyn t dnty t pssblts spndn nd t sns y n n s tyn, lys ndp nst plss lck ll nd nn t ct, tt s, nstbs n t l n nss ntlty.

Ts s ncsnly cnvncd tt cn cs s -pssbl nlss stn bns t cn n n nds, n -nty’s tttd td t ld nd t vls l, n ys tnkn nd pcptn spnsblty. only ts knd cncn nt t ll t cn bv nd, vntlly, t nd-tk t systc cns s ll. hv, i bjctn tt knd systc cns tt n ppsd. i jst syn

tt ty cn b plntd nly s slt pnd p-nnn— cn n t y nty vs l. Tt, ntnt-ly, cnnt b dn t vn t bst tcncl tcks, dnsttvss systc s.

i sply l tt t n tn tt cn vt t vs pndndssts cn cvlztn t t bnnn t td llnna.D. s pnd cn, vn vltn n t l t -n nd. i sc cn s t b tly ctv tdy t st b lbl

nd nvsl.w cn nly spclt bt t nt sc cn nd t c-

cstncs tt y bn t nt bn. Nvtlss, lt pnt t i s n vn tt y pssbly k t ppn.

Tdy’s cvlztn nvlps ndd t l plnt, ts ll-n s t s t s pdcts, t s ds, t s TV ss, ndbncs t s tnsntnl bnks nt cptns nlyvy. intntnl pp sc s d v , nd t

yn ppl t s jns. all ts, v, s bt tn ndcnt vn. undnt t nd ltpl lys dvs cltl,scl nd pltcl tdtns d n dnt s n t tsnds ys n ts dnt lds d nl cntct.



10 The View rom Prague

o cntpy cvlztn cld ts b cpd t c-n n c dd t lv tt, bt c ds ntcn t ct tt c s s dnt bn. m tn tt: s

bc ns, nd t cnn pss cvlztnncss, s t b v ttd by ts’ dsslts,ln n v t t dnd ndvdlty nst ll tty tnd t dsslv t n s cspltn sc— vn nstnytn tt s sply dnt. Sc sntnts, cbnd t pdppltn t, ld ny t s n ns tt n t cnfctbtn dnt clts, ls lds sps cvlztn, l cscd cnfcts n ntns. in t ds: pl-ll t t pcss lbl nctn n tdy’s cvlztn, t sn ppst dvlpnt nldn sltnsly: ntns nd lns kn nd sstn n, tn qt ssvly, tn ys l, t nq dntty, t tdtns, t sty,t dts, t bts, t clts. w y sy tt t cls pxty, nd t vdnt t s tt ll n t s bt,t vxd bc t n nt. mv, t cn

cvlztn tt s dnsly psss s tt, pvkn t -tl nsts, s s t t s t t st cls dnpns nd ks t dly vlbl.

a y t st t cnsst n cn n t l n-tlty. Sc cn st nt ttpt t ps cbly n sptlty pn vyn ls, s t ppnd n t pst tcnqst ac nd t spd Cstnty. it st spct tndvdlty ll dnt sptl, ls nd cltl tdtns.

it s ct: dn vsbly nt ltcltl nd lt-pl ld. Ts d nt ndstnd tt ndstnd ntn.

Bt s ny ntn t n c, vltn n ntt nssnc nty’s sns spnsblty t ll tnk-bl n sc lts nd ltcltl ld?

in y t i njy dn bks bt t ns n-ty, bt t st ncnt ts nknd nd t lst ls-ty, c dts t bck tn s blvd ntl cntly, nd bt

t sty t dnt lns. Bt ts dn nd y vsts tt vs cntnnts v stntnd y ln tt t ts t pnts dpt t dnt lns n ct c clst n nt tn ty y pp t b tdy.



11Spiritual Preconditions or Our Common Global Survival

wtv t dnt ds lk nd ct lk, nd tv tls c ppl s t ppc t, lys nd n t dpstts ll bls nd lns n nd t s tn: ty nd s

tt nt t sp n t st pl ll ctsnd tt t ld s ysts d ts n c nntlytnscnds s nd c sld spct. wtn ts d, vy-tn s cdd n s ysts sn, s tt ntn nc dncn b ndn. S bynd zn vytn s tstd ts t t; sld t ct spnsbly vn n n nss s, nd ls t d t pstty.

all lns, t st ncnt ns spclly, cnd s t n- t t n c lv nd nt t tp btly t ts nd-lss nd nld cs. Ts cnsttt—s tdy’s clsts ldsy— snl ntcnnctd syst n c ntnc t ny ts pts, vn n tt y pp sltd, cld cs pbld t t l.

all lns v bcd t pncpl lt nd pnsnt,tt s, t d tt ns vlt t d-vn d ty ll

vntlly v t py t. Ts nss ll nd d, t ntn d nd vl cs, s ll s ny t d-spd ls cltl tts, tn nsnd n yts ytls, fct nty’s dpst ctypl xpnc t ld nd slvs. Lks, t l l d—t bss ny ps-sbl n cxstnc—ds t ny dnt lns tcl cds, ttn nttn, vy sl pnts dpt ndvy sl ptvs: tt sld spct t tty t

d t nvs, nd t cts bdy ts d, ndtt sld nt dy t ll; tt sld n t ly ndlv ll ns; tt sld nt kll, l stl; tt stcn t d ntntns sld b vn ndly cptn; ttsl-dnl s pbl t sl-ndlnc; tt ns d nt lv nbd ln, nd s n.

t sns i ntnd bv nd ny ts, pss stn plcd n t dncs btn ndvdl lns nd cl-

ts t tn n tt c ty s. Dnt ns ds,dnt lts, tls bts v spkd cntlss lcl cnfcts s, l ttpts t lt-ls dl lly cnndt t dn ntllctls.




But unknd’s nly y ut ts n pss s -c-

n sptul ntn, t ust n b unvsl ntn,

bsd n spct t dnt lus lds nd ntn

t s cn t t ll.

it just ss t tt t n ln sucs t sk pltcl c-

ncltn btn ppl dnt dnntns t ty t nd

kys t t utu n t nstunts t tcncl cvlztn

nd ts kys t t vus cultus. N cn sply cpy t

xpnsn t eupn, nd lt eu-acn spt, st vl-

us, lstyl nd v tt cctzd t bt ts cvlztn. i

dply cnvncd tt ust tk nt cus. w suld lk

t cn ts un sptulty nd lsty, undtk

n fctn t l d n t nd ty t tnslt t unv-

sl l ptvs tt d nt t jntly ccptd stndds

nd uls un cxstnc.

it s ncssy t st unty’s sns spnsblty ts

ld, nd ts spnsblty ust v tpyscl nc.

Nv n ll ts ndvs b succssul c d-

d s cul pstn n’s n d upn ts t ts.Ty cn succd nly n ppl v undstd—t put t vy

sply—tt ty ll v n gd, tu h y v tusnd

cs, nd tt t duty s nt t cnvt ts cll h d-

ntly, but t spct ts dnt ns s ll.

Yu undubtdly xpct t pjct ts nl tuts nt

s cnct pltcl sustns. Yu y b dsppntd, bcus

t i puttn dn but t pltcl cnsquncs s ls t

nl.1) i blv tt t ntntnl cunty suld nlly sy n

n unctn ts tt t ld s n ln, nd ll nv b n,

sp ntst n t t t ps but ult-

cultul nd ult-pl cunty n c ll ust b qul, k

tt n tts lbl cncn nd jntly cnnt t cn

tts.

2) T pncpls nd uls suc cptn suld b bsd n

“cn nu,” tt s, n unty’s tttud td uslvs,

u ll uns, t scty, t et nd t ld tt sd

by ll t tdtns cultu nd cvlztn tt k up t sptul

lt t un c tdy. Ts ns, n t tns, tt



13Spiritual Preconditions or Our Common Global Survival

t ntsts ll, nd t ntns, st nt v tk sc-nd plc t ptcl ntsts dt pccptns.

3) Ts tdtns v s t nl l d nd sns

spnsblty ts ld. Tt, n tn, bns t ny ttns: ctnt t nvnntl ptctn, t scl jstc, tcltl qlty s ll s t t d stndds n ts ndns dctc d.

4) T t d t ld sld systtclly st ssc-tn stts nd ntns n tn qlty n nl pnstt ld cnsttt ntl bd btn ntnl stts nd tld cnty. Sc nl llncs st b bsltly ql ndst v cnc t cpt s sc, ccdn t t ls cty v d t bsv.

5) all ts sld spk spdy ndntl t untdNtns tt ld pvd dqtly pptnd psnttn t dnt cntnnts nd sps cvlztn n uN bds, dt nztn xcssv bccy nd nnc ts p. TuN sld bc tly n nztn t ppl ts plnt

t tn dn vnnts. it sld b bl t dpt n-vslly bndn ns ntd by sns lbl spnsblty ndv ctv nstnts t nc ts ns n t pblc ntst.






T wld w hv intd, o wldTdy, nd hps t t

(opening speeCh of the forum 2000 ConferenCe in 17)

Václav Havel

o cnnc lls ss sl vnts nzd v tys by t ndtn stblsd by mn nd el wsl, s c i d t n ttndn; t ls, v, s nq nd n-dvdl ts dstnsn t st t ntnd ss.i ntn nt nly t t ts n ts nd, nt nly t t xtnlk t cnnc nd ccpnyn vnts, nt nly t tsbtn t stbls ctn tdtn, bt nly t t ccl ts

sts. invttns t ts cnnc v bn snt t t bt 100pnnt psnlts pblc l: plsps, pltcl scn-tsts, pltcns, scntsts, ls tts nd ntllctls ll cltl ns s cvlztn n t cntpy ld.o cs, nt ll t nvtd v bn bl t ttnd. Nvtlss, itnk tt ts y dd nd t t tvl t P tlybllnt spl t ppl , n ts plnt, nd n tst ndntl qstns ts dstny.

B i ss t pt kn lstn t y dbt, i sllty t tln n b, nd ndd t spld, nn y p-snl xpcttns ts cnnc. hnknd tdy s ll t vd spct tts ln v ts d. w kn ttt nb ppl lvn n plnt s n t sn tnd tt tn ltvly st t cn xpct t t nb tns bllns. w kn tt t ll b lst pssbl t d s nyppl. w kn tt t ldy dp byss sptn t plnt’s

p nd c cld dpn t, nd dnsly, bcs tspd ppltn t. w kn dclt t ll b ppl vs ntnlts nd clts t cxst cdd s dtclly




tt, nd kn ny dnt knds cnfcts sc sttn cn ppt.

it s ls cnly knn ct tt dn nknd s bn

dstyn t nvnnt n c ts xstnc dpnds, tt t sv st xstn nn-nbl scs ny nd t cs ts plnt, tt ts ctvts cntbtn t lbl n, tt bld-p t ns ct, t t nlnt t ls nt zn ly, nd tt t s dstbn t blnc ll c-systs.w ll kn, t, bt t dn nt c nknd s lntsl by dvlpn, pdcn nd pltn ncl pns ndpns ss dstctn n nl. and nlly, ll kn btt cnt, nd t xpctd t s scl pbls, c, dbs, nd vs s n lntn nd sttn, n tvnt t t cncnttn ppl n l ltns,dstyn ntl n cnts nd bnds. any n s cldctnly n lstn sl tts ln t, dscbn t n dtl nd n c cls, xplnn dply ty ntnd.hndds bks v bn ttn bt ts tts; s v

vn bc tpcs xpnsv lbl sts.i s l, yt typcl, pdx n t ct tt ltcntpy nty s bn ts dns, t ds lstntn t cnnt vt t. it s scntn pccpdppl tdy t ll knds ctstpc pnss. h c-n t s ttls cntnn pssv vdnc t dssts ntc tbln dln t bc bst-slls? Yt ppltk vy lttl ccnt ts dssts n t vydy ctvts.

s ny ys n ts nn dt s bn tt n scls nd ytt ct ts knld n n bv s s sll!

Ds nt vy scl-cld tdy kn tt t scs tsplnt ltd nd tt ty xstd st tn ty cvd, ts ld n cld nt bt b dd? and stll cntn n ys nd, v, d nt vn s ptbd.Qt t cnty. rsn pdctn, nd t ls cnsptn,s snsd s t n sn t sccss stt, nd nt nly p

stts sc lns cld b jstd, bt ls t ltyns, cttn t bnc n c ty sttn by t dly stpdly ndnt nd snslss t.



17The World We Have Inherited, Our World Today

it ss t tt t s ctcl n s nt t pnt t n ndn sc s tt y b lyn n t nlss lbl cvlz-tn cns ts ssntl dctn. Tdy t st ptnt tn, n

y v, s t stdy t sns y nknd ds ntn t vtt tts bt c t kns s c, nd y t lls tsl t bcd nd by s knd pptl tn—bsclly nctdby sl-nss sns t ptns nd, s t ss, vtllyncpbl bn ctd.

i blv nd p tt cnnc ll tc n ts tpc.indd, t pqst ny cn t btt s st t cctlydnty t sttn tt nds t b cnd nd tn t nlyz tscss.

it ld b n, cs, t dny t xstnc nspjcts dsnd t vt ts dn t lt t, s ll s t ct tt lt s bn dn t plnttn sc pjcts. hv,ll ttpts ts knd v n tn n cn—ty d nt tct ll t bsc tnds dvlpnt c spt t ttsi spkn , bt ly lt t pct sn tcncl

dnsttv nstnts. a typcl xpl sc nstnts ll cts, dnncs ntntnl tts stpltn ctxc tt ts tt pdct y cntn, c txc stts tt plnt y dsc nt t nvnnt. i nt ctcz-n ts typs stndds sds nst ny typ tt.Qt t ppst, i ld tt stn lk ts s bn dn tll. i cl nly tt ts tcncl tcks dcn t nvblpct t tcnqs—tt, v, sc lty ctvty

vn ny ct n t sbstnc t tt.wt tn s t sbstnc t tt? wt ndd cld

cn t tndncs tdy’s cvlztn? wt cld lly stp tpptl tn tt v nt bn bl t cntl s ?

it s y dp cnvctn tt t nly ptn s stn tcn n t sp t spt, n t sp n cnscnc,n t ctl tttd n tds t ld nd s ndstnd-n sl nd s plc n t vll d xstnc. it cnnt

sc t nvnt n cns, n ltns, n nstttns. it sncssy t ndstnd dntly nd pctly t t pps xstnc n ts t, nd dds. only sc n n-




dstndn ll ll t dvlpnt n dls bv, nscls vls nd bjctvs n l, nd t ts ns nllybnd n spt nd n nn ls t t spcc ltns, t-

ts nd nstttns.in st, t pps t tt t ld b btt t stt t

d t tn t tl.it ld b lc, cs, t t y s ts cn-

vctn n pps, lyn n y l xpnc, y knl-d nd y bls t, t t nd spcc pnts yld lk t dd t ts tpc.

on t sns i blv tt t nd ssntl tn tbtt cn dv nly cns n t sp t spt ss n bsvtn n. wnv i ncnt ny knd dppbl cvlztn ny n t ld—b t t ln nsts, tnc ls ntlnc t btl dstctn cl-tl lndscp c d tkn cnts t dvlp—s tt nd t ln cn css tt v s t t pbl t ssi lys nd n nd t s sn: lck ccntblty t t

ld nd spnsblty t.T cntlss typs spnsblty, pcvd s t lss pssn, ny c vy ntlly n ndvdls. wl spnsbl t slvs slvs, lt, p-nc, l; l spnsbl ls, cpns, cnts, pssns, pltcl pts, ccs, ns,ntns cnts; nd s n t bcknd ll tslns spnsblty t s, n vy n s, sll ln

spnsblty t ld s l nd ts t. Dn’t lll tt t ld ds nt nd t t nt dt nd ttt s n t ct s d nt c t fds c t n? Nvtlss, t ss t tt ts lst nd dpst spns-blty, tt s spnsblty t ld, s vy l nb sns nd s ctlly dnsly l nst t bcknd tct tt t ld tdy s ntlnkd plc tn v bn sty—nd tt d ct lvn n lbl dstny nd tt

lst nytn tt ppns ny n t ld y, n n y nt, ct t lvs s ll.

and yt lv n ld tt ss t ltz vy stnly llknds pssbl nd pssbl ptcl ntsts yt ss nbl




t pply ltz nvsl ntsts, ts c c bynd tk t ly, cpny, pty, stt cnt ntn,nly ts ntsts tt cld b xpctd t dnt n tdy’s

lblly ntkd ld, n ttnd by ltplcty cvlz-tns. Ts ps sc ntsts—nt spclly nd nly v-blly, bt tly sncly— tdy bn psd bvsly tt ns scty s dlsts stndn pt t l stt s.

T cnt ld s dntd by svl t ls systss dncs s t b cn ncsnly t t , nt bcknd t ny l ptntl pltcl nd d cnfctsn t psnt nd t. in y pnn ts ct, c s ndstnd-bly ttctn t cncnd ttntn ll bsvs, st cn-cls cnsdbly sbstntl ccstnc—t cntpylbl cvlztn nsd c t tnsn tn t s ndvdlln s tkn plc s, n ssnc, dply tstc n. indd, t st dt t st tstc cvlztn n t sty nknd. Sl-tnsly, t s t st cvlztn tt bcs t l plnt.

T sn i stssn ts ct t ts nt s, i p, bv-s: t tstc nt ts cvlztn cncds dply, i blv,t t yptpc pst ndvdl ntsts nd ndvdl -spnsblts tt t t css lbl spnsblts. Cldt ct tt nty tnks nly tn t lts t ls n tsld vsn nd s ncpbl bn ls t ls bynd,t n t tpl sptl sns, nt b t slt lss tpyscl cttd, vnsn pnts nd zns?

Cld nt t l nt t cnt cvlztn—t tsst-stdnss, t ts pd pss n t n ndvdl st cn ll ctn nd ts st, nd t ts bndlss tst nnty’s blty t bc t nvs by tnl cntn, cldt nt ll b bt t ntl nsttn pnnn c, nspl ts, nts t t lss gd? o, spcclly, tlss spct tds t d xstnc c nt tcts bt cpnnts, t t ysts nnt nn

spt ts d, t ts y cpbl nt nly cdn tt pt dds cncld ts bt cdn t tnty, tts vltn dds t pnt v tnty?




Cld t nt b tt t ss s css spct t ld xtndd t s bv, sply css spct nyknd tty tn n tly bn, t ts tl

nd tly pl tly ntsts? Sccnctly, cld nt tcss spnsblty nd ccntblty t ld s l, nd ts t, b bt t lcl cnsqnc t dn cncptn t ld s cplx pnn cntlld by ctn scnt-clly dntbl ls, ltd gd kns t pps—tts, cncptn tt ds nt qstn t nn xstnc ndnncs ny knd tpyscs ny knd tpyscl ts ts n?

i v bn tnkn bt t bsc qstns nd pdxs cntpy cvlztn ny ys nd n cnt ts i vvn d t pptnty ncntn dnt spcts ts s-ss n vs cnts n ll cntnnts. and tt y v bnbdnd p by ny knd pd, i v bc ptdlynd ncsnly cnvncd t vldty tt c i v jst t-lnd. it s ts sn tt i sll b spclly ntstd n t vs

ts ssbly s ppl, t s ty t t, n tt nd spplnt, y cnvctns.T pt t sply, nst t tns, i xpct ts cnnc t

v nd ny ts n ns t t qstn s t t i t stkn n tnkn tt t css c ndd lbl -spnsblty s n pncpl d t t ct tt v lst t ctntytt t nvs, nt, xstnc nd lvs t k c-tn dd by dnt ntntn, tt t s dnt nn nd

lls dnt pps, nd, tt t ts ctnty, ls lst llnd vy lty tds t cs bynd s nd snds s.Ts lss s, cs, ccpnd by t lss t ln tt t-v d st b sbjctd t d d, c pt, nd t spct n tty n s ld vsn vyn s s pnntly psnt.

i v ntnd tt t tdy’s ld fcts t p-dnnc svl t ls systs c plyn n n-

csnly ptnt l—, t, s tl “tnss” sst b bcn ncsnly ptnt, nd tt ny ppl ctllypcv cnfct btn ts dnt ls lds s n ttts nknd ll ncnt n t t.




Ys, t t ll t clnl syst nd t nd t bpl

dvsn t ld, nd du t t ppultn b, nd t -

n sl-cndnc nd nfunc vus cunts nd cntnnts

lyn utsd t lts t tt dnnt eu-acn sp

cvlztn, unknd s ctully ntn ld s cct-

stc tus ult-plty nd ultcultuls. S t uld

s tt t td t vus cvlztns nd cultul nd l-

us ups by t bnds snl lbl cvlztn—unvd-

bly xtn unyn nfunc—t ty ty t cnnt suc

p by pszn t svnty, nlnbl dntty, spcc-

ty, sply tns by c ty d t ccl t t

ups, s n lvd n n pc ccntutd sptul, lus

nd cultul “tnss.” Ts n ccnt s ndd nt l

tt t ts ld.

Bt cn st n t n nd sd tttd tt s bv, ppl vy v dnt tt cs bv nd vy l t nd t stss “tnss”? is t nysns n tyn t tn t n nd t t vns n sc tn

ld nly vt t cnfct n vs dts?o cs, i nt n xpt n t vs lns, bt ll i kn bt t n ns, lnn bt t v t nd dct cntct t t, i v nd t ndlbl pssntt ty v c n cn tn ty dt lln tdt. t bsc pnt dpt—tt s, tt ts ld nd xstnc nt k cnc lttl nn bt pt ysts, yt ntl, ct s scs, dctn nd pps

dclt s t pcv n t ntty—t t l cplx l ptvs t ct ppls n ddssn s, t s spsn ttll ts ss t nt t vs ls systs. wl t spccspcts t tdtns, ccnts, lts nd ntpttns n,n y v, nsly ptnt, ty nt dnnt ct. wt,n t t nd, ds dnt s t slty n t t vslns sk s, s n bns, ty pcv s.

T lst bt pps st ptnt qstn i ld lk t sk

s t y t t cnt blk sttn cld nt b ndn t ctl sc t nts t vs lns nd clts,n t sc cn scs, pncpls, cttd, sptns ndptvs, ppsl sc; nd tn, pplyn ns dqt t




t nds t, t cltvt ll tts n c-xstnc ndndv s ll s t ttnt t plnt n c t s dstnyt lv, nd t ss t ll t t spt t i s t cll, t

y pssn, t cn sptl nd l n.D y spps ts t b y t stp tt blnd pptl

tn dn s nt ll, ld t s t y t b nlstcnd nv? Cn y cncv tt sc nl nd nvsl cvy t n spt nd n spnsblty t ld, sc n—si nc clld t—“xstntl vltn,” cld b pvkd nly bys npcdntd sck dsst, s t tn t p sppl t bn t bt by t n ll nd by jnn t cstt t nd ny pplln pls t tsd? Cn yn tt t cnvncn ds s ppl ld b n tcv t s bn dscbd, ld nd, lk n t pst,cstc ppts dn sss, vn s knd st-cl cl?

Dstnsd nds, i ld b vy spsd ny t y t v n dntcl ns t t svl, vy nl qstns i

v psd . it s nt, v, pps t c n ntn stn ntl cntnt, n cps, nd tn t s-s tt s jnt nst nbdy ld bt t d bcs t st v. w cn bvly lv tt pcd t cl cnncsnd sts. T nd ts ssbly s dnt: n pptnty ts ptcpnts—nd ty tly vd p—t xpss, nt st nl nd ntstn y pssbl, t n vs tsss tt ndbtdly cncn t s ll, nd t tn t tl

xcn nd cnnttn ts vs nt t , s spc ppl fct n tts cncnn vybdy, nddscss t.

Tnk y lstnn, nd i s s ll sccssl tn.i ls s y plsnt sty n P nd p y ll bsb s ts spcl tsp—lt t b n ncnt y, t lst t ts xtnt tt y psnc nd t ds y vc nc yll ctzns.



Pt ii.Cnntn intntnl Dscs n

glblztn: Pbls nd Vsns o wldTdy s Sn by t Ptcpnts t 2000 Cnncs






T iptnc Cntxt

Jiří Musil

introduCtion

it s Psdnt Václv hvl’s ntntn tt t st 2000cnnc n 1997 sld bn tt ntntnlly nnt p-pl t P Cstl t fct n t ld v ntd nd nnbt, nd ls n ts t ps. it s t b n ttpt t tkstck t pst, t v t psnt stt t ld nd sktct ps ts t. T vy st cnnc s ttndd byld pltcns d lpd t slv cnfcts n vs pts t ld, lnsd nnt scls nd ts—ny t

lds Nbl Pzs—s ll s psnttvs t ld’s l-ns. it s cl t tst tt t pss ld b plcdn t sptl, cltl, tcl, scl, nvnntl nd pltcldnsns t lbl sttn. T jty ptcpnts sdn nss t sk n tnsn nd dstctv cnfcts tcnc nd tcnlcl lnk dnt pts t ld ddnt nd n nd t t spn cn lbl l vlsnd ls tl ltns.

By n ns, v, dd t cnnc sk t vd dscs-sn t sp cnc, tcnlcl nd pltcl cnfcts ndt ld n n t t. Nvtlss, t s bvs tt tP cnncs nt t b spclzd scntc tns tslv dclt cnc qstns lbl dnsns. on t tnd, t ls d tt cnc nd tcnlcl cns, tn-sns nd cnfcts cld nt b ntly nlctd n dscssns btt sptl nd cltl stt t ld. T psnt t s ls

cnvncd tt ny t ld’s ky scl pbls, ptcllyt n dscpncs btn t c nd p cnts tld, t slt ctn cnc plcs.




at t s t ld lk t psz tt cnc ndscl ltns ncsnly ssn sntc cct. Tcnsqncs cptn nd cnfcts nd

dpndnt n t xpssn t sncnc nd nn, ndls n tt sncnc nd nn ntptd. Ts nt-ntnl nts, dsnts nd cnfcts ncsnly nxpssn ts t st t ln nd sss tt s tndstnd t ld nd ntvn n t. in ts spct “clt t-ts” nd ts dys s sstd n t ttl cnt bkby Lnc e. hsn nd Sl P. hntntn.1

t st cnnc n 1997 t s qlly cl tt stdl nt nly t ny n ld bt ls tnsn nd cnfcts.and ls ppcd t t t ld s n pn ss, ll t cntdctns nd dls n t ld, bt ls tspnsblts nd pssblts. and n tt spct t 2000cnncs bsd n t cnvctn—lbt nt lys xplct-ly sttd—tt t nt t t ll lly dpnd n tlndstndn n t j ld clts nd cvlztns, t

tl ltnsp t ld’s lns nd cntn tcn s ll s t cnfctn nd dstnct l bss t tclts nd lns. w lzd tt n t cplx sttn tdy’s ld, n c t s lbl dt t pltcns tnks, n cdc pcptn t sttn s nt n. its tnks t Václv hvl nd s pnn ddss t t 1997 cn-nc tt 2000 nd ts ptcpnts stv tn jst dnss t stt t ld. mny t pt d c-

tv ppsls slvn t ty dd s ky pbls. hvl’sppl dnss t sk, xpss nd plnt vtl tns-tns n t lds ds, ls nd pltcs s sypttcl-ly cvd by ny t ptcpnts tslvs dly cd t ppsls spcc ss tt cld b tkn byt nfntl nd pl t ld. Yt dspt tt ctv ndpctcl ppc, t ly qstn ns t b tckld tt lblly nfntlly ppl n p, 2000 ndct-

ly ddssd, lzd t ctl ss sld b dvctd nd

1 C. Lnc e. hsn nd Sl P. hntntn (d.) (2000) Culture Mat-ters: How Values Shape Human Progress, N Yk: Bsc Bks.



27The Importance o Context

ty t b cvd, nd, lst bt nt lst, t cnt t ts d dnt pnns bt t dctn cn.

the importanCe of Context

Tdy, lst tn ys snc t st cnnc, lly cn-scs t ct tt t cntnt t cnncs, s ll s tspcs t ndvdl ptcpnts nd t dscssns tt tkplc t t s, nfncd nt nly by t ln-t cv-lztnl nd cltl cntxt—t nnd Bdl clld tlongue durée— nd by t pnd stctl tnstns tt d-nt pts t ld nd t ld s l ndn,bt ls by spcc vnts ccn t t t t cnncs.2 w ls tt n n t cnnc tn scl ndvnt t—n Bdl’s sns— v nt vdd ctn tn-cnts. Spcclly spkn, n spt t ts d, t css ssntlly stn. Ts s bsltly cl t s s lk bck

n t cnncs t d ndst. T vy ct tt dd “stn” y 2000 s lndk tt vkd t nd dp cnsdtn t psnt nd stt t entire ld, s dscbd by n t cnnc ptcpnts s vdnc n nd ssntlly epn tlk.

Nvtlss, n spt tt vld ctcs, n cnnt dl tsss t d t t ltnsp btn clt nd lblztntt n dscssns bt tn t dnsns t

tntt cnty as a whole nd tn t cntxt t last twenty years t lst cnty, nd t j scl pcsss nd tnds.mv, t st 2000 cnnc n 1997—c snlly ntndd t b n- vnt—st t tk stck “st cnty”—n hbsb’s sns.3 w n tt t 2000 cnncs tk plc t t xtly sncntsts n t pltcl, cnc nd cltl k-p t ld.

2 nnd Bdl (1949) st dvdd stcl t nt t cts n sbk La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l´époque de Philippe II . Ps: a-nd Cln.

3 C. ec hbsb (1995) Age o Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914– 1991. Lndn: abcs.








t Chicago Tribune’s dt n 1901. it s ss bnnqstns vcd t ppl’s ncblty:

T tn 20t cnty, c hnn andt td tst vlnt n cdd sty, s tnsssd cvlztn’s l-

ts bt n d nd vl. Ys, t t ttltn dls c,

t dnt n tlk nd td, tn v b

psd nknd t t pn byss, v bn vnqsd.

Bt n t ld dcn, npcdntd tps v bn

cdd. in t dn scnc nd tcnly, scty s

ccplsd stnsn cls, bt n t lvl scl cn-

scsnss nd l plspy nd snstvty t vnts, t s

sdly ln bnd. gntd, n s cnqd vsbl spc

nd dscvd ddn scts tt. Bt t s n lnd

t s tkn plc n t n sl? wt ds t n

bn kn t s tn s s tcs n

tlvsn t vcts stvtn n ac, t cpss n

cps t pns n dvsttd vlls?

(el wsl, 2000 Cnnc 1997. opnn Sssn)

alt st t 2000 ptcpnts stv t dscn tdp cnts psnt vnts nd, by ntptn t, lp tn nst nt t ctn t ns lbl tcnlcl, c-nc, scl nd cltl cns, t cnncs ls ct-d by t “cnct vnts” Bdl’s t tt tk plc n tys b ty sttd nd dn t v ys ty tk plc. it s

t tl clln s t:

– 1978 T Cp Dvd tlks v p pc n t mddlest

– 1979 otbk t inn vltn; ts ld, aytllKn, tns t Tn xl

– 1982 T pd xpnsn t zn l pvds vdnc t ctcl sttn t lbl nvnnt

– 1983 hiV vs dntd – 1986 Dsst t t Cnbyl ncl p sttn – 1986 gbcv psnts p dcl t Sv-

t syst




– 1989 mssc stdnts dnsttn n Tnnn Sqn Bjn

– 1989 Cllps Cnst s n Cntl nd estn

ep – 1990 rnctn gny – 1990 T ld t St acn aNC, Nlsn mndl,

lsd psn – 1991 Kt nvdd by iq; tbk st gl w – 1991 Cllps nd ds t Svt unn; ctn ls-

Cnlt indpndnt Stts – 1991 w bks t n Yslv; Vkv dstyd – 1992 T dssltn Czcslvk; t n, ndpndnt

stts ctd n 1 Jny 1993: t Czc rpblcnd t Slvk rpblc

– 1993 T mstct Tty n epn nctn cs ntc

– 1993 Pnt st cp nvntd PCs – 1994 gncd n rnd; lst n lln Ttss dd

by hts – 1994 hndds tsnds ppl d n n Sdn – 1995 168 ppl klld n tst ttck n pblc bldn n

okl Cty, uSa – 1997 hn Kn ncptd n t Cns stt t 154

ys – 1997 Pncss Dn gt Btn ds n c cs n Ps,

nc

– 1998 Psdnt Clntn’s pvt cks t untd Stts – 1998 T nncl css svl asn cnts dstblzs

ld kts; t t “csn cptls” s cnd – 1998 Bldsd t mz--S n anstn ntd by

bs t Tlbn – 1999 w n Ksv; bbn Bld nd t tts n

Sb – 2000 upsn by dctc cs n p Yslv nd t

vt Psdnt mlsvc, s bt b tntntnl Ct n t h n 2001

– 2001 Tst ttck n t wld Td Cnt n N YkCty




– 2001 Cn jns t wld Td onztn (wTo) nd cn-tns t s pd cnc t

– 2002 T untd Ntns nnncs tt v l t ld’s

nbtnts lv n bn s: t lst cts n t ld lctd cfy n as, Ltn ac nd ac

perCeptible proCesses and trends

T td vnts—tt v nly sktcd—c pcdd 2000 nd cntnd tt t ss cnncsndcd sns nctnty nd cs nd ln tt lds t cntl. T ntntn ts cpt s t ndct nd v sns t lst t n scl nd cltl pcsss nd tnds p-cptbl n t ld tdy. mny t vnts ntnd cn-ct nsttns j sts n pltcl nd cnc ltnsn t n cts tdy’s ld, s ll s st n tscl stts dnt ns t ld, st n clt nd vl-s, nd cns n t nvnnt. Clly sc n ttpt cnnt

b sccssl tt ctn nt nlztn nd tt-cl bstctn. T cpt ll lly sk t cnnt t tt-cl sclcl nd ntplcl dls scl nd cltlcns tn t j ld cvlztns nd t dls tntctn, t ts cn s pcvd by t ptc-pnts. i tnk n y d t sst tt ts s nt n tncntcv t stt t ld n t pt ts lvn n t stnpt t ld. wt ppnd s qt clly lbl sn-

cnc nd ctd ll cntnnts nd pts t ld. Sltn-sly t sctl, tcnlcl nd cltl cns ccntt nt sply t slt t plsn t Svt syst.T d ly cplx cnt cns, tnstnsnd vltns tt ccd n plll, nd ty nfncd, ntsct-d nd cplntd c t, s tt t s xtly dclt tvl t vll pttn.

T 2000 cnncs tk plc t t n t s

cl tt t n lbl pcsss nd tnds ncldd:1. T nd pltcl nd lty bltls, s n

cts d bn t dstnct scl systs, psntd n t nnd by t untd Stts nd ts NaTo lls, nd n t t by




t Svt blc, t c t nn-epn sclst stts lsly ttcd. at 1989 t d pnncd tnd tdt ny t untd Stts, c s pvkd ll sts

ctns nd c s n pnnt cpttn t t cncpt ltltls.

2. Snc t 1960s pltcl cnfcts btn stts nd tncps v ncsnly ssd t cct tst cts nstcvln ppltns nd cts.

3. T n scl dspts btn t s-clld Nt ndSt c lnkd t t l l dvlpnt stt-s. Ts tnd n cnt ys s bn dd by bst cnct Cn, ind nd s t asn cnts.

4. T n pctcl plnttn n-lbl cncplcs c nd n nd t vs ds bt n lss p-tnt scl nd cltl cns, sc s bl n t nptnc t kt t nz t l scty, nd nt nly n t cncsp.

5. T dcln t scl stt s tl t ncptn

t bd scl stt nd s b t t plztn scty.6. an ntnsctn t tnd y nvsl nd-stndn dnty tds s-clld ltpl dnty, spct-n, bv ll, dncs n clt nd vls n dnt pts t ld.

7. T cntnn pd bnztn t td ld, ldnt t ctn ny -tplss ncldn t pbltclscl nd nvnntl sss lnkd t t.

8. a sl lbl ppltn t t, c nvtlssds nt lnt t pbls t d t t ltnsp btnppltn sz nd t stsctn ppl’s bsc nds. on tn nd, t sz ppltns n as, ac nd Ltn ac sn ly pdly, l n t t, ppltn t n st t epn cnts s dclnd sply nd t s tlk t“xtnctn ep.” ep s n t ddl ppltn css.

9. a cnsdbl nb ts t v tt t

qlty t nvnnt s cnstntly dclnn ldd nd tld’s nvnntl blnc s ncsnly t tt. T ,v, nvnntl dssdnts ds t ts ssssnt.




10. Pstv tnds, sc s t ctn j cnc ndpltcl pns— c t eu s t st sccssl xpl.T lty, nd t ctn xtnt t pltcl, stblty tn t

epn unn, ccpnd by dstblzn pcsss n tpts t ld. S pssstc ts cp ts lbl st-tn t t sttn n ep p t wld w i.

11. T ncsn tl nfnc clts n dnt pts t ld, s ll s clss btn t n ll s l. itppls t ln, pp sc, t, clts nd ls d. in cntstt ts tnd, c y b dscbd s cltl ybdztn, s tdnnc enls s n lingua ranca nd n nstnt cl-tl nztn, n t sns tt t lnstc dnnc enls s tn lnkd t t knn t lnstc clts.

T p-1914 ld, .. t ld t “ln” 19t cnty, s xt ps, nctnts nd bdns. mc t 20tcnty s tkn p by s pptns s. o pc s ll bts vn ply-vlncs—lst vytn s t lst tspcts n ppl’s nds. rsks pptnts nd tts t n nd

t s t. wl n ctn sps l fxblty y npptnts t dstys ld ctnts t t s t. glblztn,c, t t t 2000 sttd t dl t t, s lly -dd s cntntn t pcss dnztn, s dd nt nn-stn pts t ld s n nstnt “stnztn”.T pnncd dncs btn t vs ptcpnts ep, t uSa, Cn, ind, t mddl est, Ltn acnd ac t ncsnly ntcnnctd ld. it s dclt n

nss pnts cspndnc t cntnd t t sctnls ptcpnts psntn ndvdl cltl s t ld.

Cncn t t ncsnly s t bcknd t llt dscssns. T t ps tt pvld t 1989, ptcl-ly n t stn ld v dlly dd y nd vsd-d by t mx wb dscbd s dsncntnt. adttdlyt pcsss lblztn nd ts vs spcts dscbd ndnlyzd n ndds spclzd nd ppl pblctns, bt ty

n nsctbl nd tn nntllbl t nl pblc. annss t xt cplxty t ld, ld c tt s t s snk tnks t tnspt nd tlcnc-tns tcnly, tt t n nss cnn dntts




ndvdls s ll s ntnl nd t n cnts, ndn nss t ncnc t cns xpncd by ntppltns ll ndc t ln n nctn nd ttnd

t. Tt s t k—sts ppnt, s-ts lss—tn c t P tns ldn ntntnls tk plc btn 1997 nd 2001.

it st b ddd tt snc 11 Sptb 2001, tt nss t cplxty nd ncnc t ld s bn jnd bys n knd ldd cnfct, c s nt d sllybtn s, bt ss t stty t nst cvln ppl-tns. mdy t t 2000 cnnc ss, s slt t n nb tst ttcks nd ptclly n v t ttck 11 Sptb 2001, t ld lzd tt lnsdt pcsss cnc, pltcl nd cltl nttn l t ld, ptclly ep, ntn n ps ntntnl . T ntttcl pcsss ccn n pl-ll nd t t s t t pvd t bcknd t t 2000 cnncs: t sltns dscnnctn nd cnnctn

spt pts t ld. T cnncs ts tkn plcbt t stcl tnn pnt nd t t t n pcptns t stt t ld bn tnsd. at t st t cn-ncs t stll pvld tspctv ssssnt t “cnty vlnc” s indn ptcpnt ass Nndy dbbd t n 1998, ndxpssns p tt t 21st cnty ld b n pc ndcptn.6

ws n Yslv, t sscs t Tlbn, n

ntntnl ts, nd t nncl css n as nd s stts Ltn ac, s ll s cl nss t sks td bn td “csn cptls,” sttd t lt t tsp t cnncs. T s ncsn cncn nd, lt, s n cnfcts, t tst ttcks nd n nblty t cnntn nd stll nknn cllns. as slt, 2000 bc— s s ptclly vdnt n ndst— t cnn tnk-n nd tttds ptnt ps ntllctls n tdy’s ld.

6 C. ass Nndy’s spc t t scnd 2000 Cnnc n 1998, Forum2000 Conerence Report , 1998, P, 2000 ndtn, pp. 31–34.






How to React to a Plurality o Cultures

In the West we have a tendency to emphasize the cultural diversity o Europeas one o the actors underlying its intellectual dynamism and we pride our-selves on the gradual establishment o tolerance. We orget, however, that inother parts o the world also, where diverse cultures have come into contact and competed, even in the distant past enlightened people sought ways toachieve what we now denote as multiculturalism. Amartya Sen reminded uso this recently in his book T anttv indn: wtns n indnhsty, Clt nd idntty.1 At the end o the 16th century the Mughal

Emperor Akbar organized in his palace a gathering o holy men and think-ers representing the major religions and skeptical philosophers who denied theexistence o a transcendental deity.

wll Dlypl, who reviewed the book, recalled that:

in ts y akb st p t lst knn lt-ls dscs-sn p, psnttvs msls (Snn nd S sll s S), hnds (bt Svt nd Vsnvt), Cstns,

Jns, Js, nd Zstn Pss c tt t dscss nd y ty dd, nd ty cld lv tt. T sls pty tsts psntd n t dscssn.2

In the discussions, representatives o the individual religions and intellectual schools presented their worldview and sought a path towards a common lie.Their search was the natural ruit o the considerable ethnic, cultural and

1 aty Sn (2005) The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Cultureand Identity, N Yk: , Sts nd gx.

2 wll Dlypl (2006) “T Cs ind,” The New York Review o Books, Vl. Liii, N. 3, pp. 28–30.




religious heterogeneity o the Indian subcontinent. The diversity o opinions,belies and competing ideas in India created what Amartya Sen terms the“argumentative tradition” o South Asia. For this reason, according to Sen,

Emperor Akbar could also state: “n n sld b ntd t nccnt ln, nd nyn s t b lld t v t lntt plss .” Giordano Bruno made a similar statement at approxi-mately the same time, when he was burnt at the stake on the Campo dei Fiori in Rome or his views.

The Forum 2000 conerences aimed at a remarkably similar goal to that o the enlightened Mughal emperor fve centuries beore. The human mind, i it uses its capacities properly, evidently reaches similar conclusions in dier-ent parts o the world and at dierent times, especially on occasions when it is responding to essentially analogous social and anthropological conditions.The ollowing chapter tries to show how those deemed “wise” at the end o thetwentieth century balance, on the one hand, the heterodoxy o our world and,on the other, the immensely deep changes implicit in the term globalization.The similarity with the eorts o thinking people in a quite dierent part o theworld fve hundred years ago is surprisingly auspicious.



glblztn, Scty nd Clt

Jiří Musil

T tpcs dscssd t t 2000 cnncs ndbtdlydtnd cfy by t pnd stctl cns ccn n tcntpy ld. T cc tpcs s nfncd t lss x-plct bt sncnt d by t dn ctns t ts stctlcns n t pt t n cltl ns t ld. at ts t t s cl tt t cpstn t cnnc ptcpntsls d n ct n t s dscssd t.

evn spl nlyss t lst ptcpnts t ll v cn-

ncs sys t dl bt t tttds nd vpnts tt pvldt 2000. T lln s dt bt t cts -d s cdnl: t ptcpnts’ pssns nd t ns tld ty psntd.

anlyss t cpstn t cnnc ptcpnts ndctstt pltcns t lst p. Ty d p lst t t ptcpnts (19.2 pcnt). mny t Nbl PcPz nns—ppl d psnlly lpd nd cnfcts n d-

vs pts t ld. T scnd j p cnsstd scl-sts, ntplsts nd stns cnstttd 18.5 pcnt t ttl. T td p cpsd psnttvs t j ldlns (11.9 pcnt) nd t n ql nb stdntpsnttvs. T ts nd tsts p s ls qt szbl,cpsn 7.3 pcnt t ttl, qln t psnttn p-ltcl scntsts nd cnsts. T lld ntl scntsts nddcts, cnstttd 6.6 pcnt, jnlsts (5.2 pcnt) nd p-

lsps (4.6 pcnt). T nd s d p ts ts dclt t clssy n ptcl pssnl scl p.

as t bkdn ptcpnts ccdn t pcl -n, t s vdnt tt epns n t jty. Ptcpnts




21 epn cnts d p lst l t ptcpnts (47.7pcnt). T scnd bst p cnsstd sts 15 asncnts, psntd 23.2 pcnt. Nt ac pvdd 19.2

pcnt ptcpnts, l ts Ltn ac nd ac btpsntd 4.6 pcnt t ttl. on spk c astl.in ttl 49 cnts psntd t 2000.

T cc ptcpnts n ts pssn s nt t-ts. it cspndd t t ntntns t ’s p vs,nd Václv hvl n ptcl. it s s cnvctn tt t - sld nt b tn spclsts dln t spcc—lbtptnt—tpcl ld sss, sc s ppltn t, cltcn, ncsn pvty, tc. instd t s t b n pptnty n xcn vs n nnt s v xclld n lt-t, t ntl nd scl scncs, pltcs; ppl ntd tnss sptl spnsblty; ppl v ssstd n t s-ltn ln-nnn cnfcts nd ntd by t cncn t t t plnt. T s ntndd t dl t cplxsss tt pltcns n ldn psts vd tckln bcs t c-

plxty nvlvs pltcl sk. T s t pvd n tsp tl ndstndn nd tlnc n c t ld b pssbl t n-vstt t ntllctl, cntv nd cltl ts dnt plt-cl plsps nd ps tt sk t llvt t lbl tbds tnsn nd nl cnfcts. it s nv t ntntn t lss vt dls, vls nd nts tt bnd n tdy’s ld. Nv-tlss t s ttbl n nd n tt t dscssns n lblsptl, cltl nd scl sss nscntly ttndd by p-

snttvs t j cnc cptns, pctcn cnsts,nd ppl ssctd t n cnc nd scl plcs.

T nl psnttn cnnc ptcpnts dd nt c-spnd lly t t ’s dcld bjctvs. mst t p-sntd epn cnts nd t untd Stts. T psnttn nn-stn s s ndqt vll nd bv ll lckdpsnlts t ld’s st ppls cnts, Cn nd in-d, nd ac. only ltvly btt s t psnttn t

N nd mddl est, nd Jpn.



41Globalization, Society and Culture

most frequently disCussed themes

T pl t ptcpnts ls nfncd t tpcs st

qntly dscssd. n nlyss t cntnt ll cntb-tns, ptclly ts dln t plspcl, cltl nd sclsss, t d v n ps tpcs tckld by t cn-ncs.

st nd st t s t pnnn t ld’s in-coherence and inconsistency, dsplyd n chaos o ideas and values. its lst spsn c ttntn t ptcpnts dvtd tqstns dln t vls nd t tnstn nd cnfcts.T crisis o values s st tn ssctd t t t sbjc-tvs, ndvdls nd dns. and ts ctq ndvdlss nt ssctd slly t t wst; t s kbl nytnks, pltcns nd scntsts t s-clld Td wld x-pssd svns bt n sbjctvs nd dns n tpt t ld. S t ssctd ts cnn vls tt tnstn tdtnl scts nt dn scts, nd t

v s vn xpssd tt t s ppnn n ny nn-stnscts t t psnt t s ssntlly st Gemeinschat tGesellschat, t s t ln dnnd Tönns.

in scnd plc n t st dscssd tpcs s cncn growing social inequality, bt btn cntnnts nd cnts, ndtn ndvdl cnts. mst t ptcpnts sd t vtt t p btn t c nd p s t ld s dnn.uns t n scl nqlts s tn lnkd t ctcs

t xcssv l t kt nd s bt t dl nd d-lbt dsntln t scl stt. it s xpssd st qntlyn spcs by ptcpnts ep nd t uSa, bt ls dn spcs by sts Ltn ac nd as.

in td plc s t dscssn the relationship between religiousand non-religious interpretations o the world and society. T s bvll ptd nc t t ltnsp btn scnc nd lnnd btn t tnlstc lcy t enltnnt nd n p-

lsps tt ctcl tnls. a t t n ts pt t dscssns fctns n t ltnsp btn tcs




nd pltcs. Ts xcn vs s clly ltd t sss tcss vls, t ctn ybd clts nd t vll ntl-lctl tpss cntpy scts s ntd n t st

p. h t ts cntstn plsps nd ntpttns t ld dd, ptclly n t cntbtns sclstsnd stns, s pt t pnd scl cns nd tns-tns scl systs tkn plc n wstn nd nn-wstn sct-s lk.

T t st ppl dscssn cncnd the defnitiono globalization. it cntd ptclly n t qstn vs c-ptn cncpts lblztn (t t s n pnnn cntntn stn tt ldy xstd), ctns t lbl-ztn nd t pct lblztn n t td ld. in sknsltns t pbls ndcd by lblztn, 2000 ld jpss n t nd t ct lbl cvl scty nd lbl tcs.

Spsnly, nly n t plc s dscssn sss ltd tthe role o nation states in a globalizing world . in t cs t s vcd bt t t dccy, s bsd n t dcln

ntn stts c cnsdd s t nly s ndtn d-n dccy. T s ls ntlly n xcn vs n tcntpy n dntty, t plll xstnc svldntts nd t pssblty lnkn nd nzn t.

apt ts v n s dbt, 2000 dlt tns t qstns, nb c sld b ntnd,sc s: t l dctn nd t nvsty n lblzn ld,ss d nd lblztn, nd ntntnl nztns nd

ty pt. T n ds n t dscssns ll bncldd nd t v n ttc dns.

alt, tntly, nt c t s spnt dscssn tcnsttts lblztn nd t t s n stcl pcss n xstn ntctn btn dnt ns t ld, ll nntlss cnc v t n ts tcnnc t t dntn t concept o globalization. Ts s pctcl sns: st ppl dd lblztn s t tt, n

ts bdst sns, xpsss t pnd tps tt ll cn-tpy scts nd clts plnt ndn t v-s ds. Ty t Dvd hld nd antny mcg, sttd tt “t dscs lblztn ss t cnvncn




nlyss t cntpy n pdcnt…t ntn l-blztn s bc t ltt .”1

mv, n t 2000 ptcpnts, Kn Sn, x-

pssd ts d vn stnly: t ctn t lbl sctytt n tnssn s t st dclt tnstn n n s-ty t dt. and sld b ts.

S t s n nd tt t t ’s p vs s tpt ndstndn ts ltt. Tt s nt sn y itnk t t t stt fctns n t slts t P cn-ncs by psntn t ptcpnts ndstd t cn-cpt lblztn. Ts ll pvd k n nly-ss t n sclcl nd ntplcl ts t ntss cnncs.

the perCeption of globalization at the forum 2000 ConferenCes

T P cnnc dnsttd tt t s n nvslly c-

cptd dntn lblztn. hlly Clntn ndctd ts t tbnnn ddss n 1998 n s sd “t s d stsvn t dn t n ns by t.” indd s t ptcpntsdnd tt t cncpt lblztn s ccl t ndstndnt s ppnn n tdy’s ld. Nvtlss, st t spksdd lblztn s cncpt tt cld lp xpln t bss t cns ccn n lst ll sps n xstnc t tpsnt t.

T t s nt yt sd t st cnnc n 1997, btn ppn t nxt t cnncs tt “t l t nxt t cnncs sld b ndn nss t t cntlqstn: t nxt t t ld nd t lbl n cnty.”2 T 1998 cnnc s cncvd n sc y s t lcdt tn spcts nd cnsqncs lblztn.

1 Dvd hld nd antny mcg (2001) “T gt glblztn Dbt: anintdctn” n The Global Transormations Reader: An Introduction to the Global-ization Debate, Dvd hld nd antny mcg (d.), Cbd, uK: Pl-ty.

2 C. pc by Jří msl n Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 11–15 octb, 1998,P: 2000 ndtn, p. 5.




w pcvd lblztn st s cplx nd ltctdpcss nvlvn cnt political systems nd pttns vnncn dnt pts t ld nd n t ld s l; scndly, s

pcss tt s economic aspects ncldn t ltnsp btnn ld kts nd lcl dntts; nd tdly, s pcsst cultural dimensions, ptclly t ltnsp btn lblcvlztn nd cltl dntts, nd ltd t qstns nvsl-ty nd t pllty n ts. evntlly t tnspd tt tqstn bt t nt lblztn nd ts pct cld nt bnsd t ny t cnncs.

Dn t st ss cnncs (1997–2001) spcc cn-cpt lblztn cystllzd t “dttv” tns. at tnd s kynt spc, ad mcnk dscbd t pnnn clld “P lbls.”3 it d t cpnnts. T st cldb dnd s nlytcl. it s bsd n t cnvctn tt ll knds n scts— sll cnts p t l stts nd nns cnts— nttd nt nly by nctnl, cfy cnc,ltnsps, bt ls by ltnsps btn ndvdls, ps nd

t stt, .. scl cntct btn ctzns nd t stt, nd ql-ly by ctn sd ds, t edd a. Sls s clld c vls vn scty.4 t, tn ts t dnsns n-ttn vy cnty t st xst ctn d cn-sstncy. T cnncs ls ndctd tt t b t cntyt ptnt s t l n t nttn xcsd by stc syblc lnts, .. ld v, nd bsc l vls nd ls.

T scnd cpnnt tt “P lbls” tt dlly

d n t cs t cnncs s ntv. it st tspnd, n t spt Václv hvl, nt nly t t s, bt lst what ought to be, and what should be done in the given global situa-tion. Ts ntv ppc v s t t cncpt lbl lns, tt s ltd t t st 2000 cnnc byhlt Scdt: “a cn n tcl stndds s bssn c t lv tt n ts lb ds bc n ptv nt

3 Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 11–15 octb, 1998, P: 2000 n-dtn, p. 191.

4 S edd a. Sls (1982) The Constitution o Society, Cc: unvsty Cc Pss.




nly ndvdl bv, bt ls ls bds, plt-cl tts, ntns, nd s ll cptns c cndctnctn tdn nncn ntntnlly s ll s nt-

ntnlly.”5 T j pss n t ntv nd tcl cncpt l-

blztn dd nt stct nlytcl cnsdtns bt the nature o globalization and its attributes. as n t cs st dscssns n tst, t t 2000 cnncs ts bld dn t t bscppcs.

on t n nd vs xpssd tt lblztn s bvll cntpy td cnnctn ntntnl kts, ndts t s sd t b t n ntntnl dvsn lb, tcnc spclztn dnt cnts nd ns, nd tns-ctns n ntntnl kts. Ts s ssntlly vtn n tn-clsscl cnc ty tt s sts dscbd s t trans-actional model . in t sns tt n-clsscl ty, lblztn sssntlly pstv scty-d pcss sltn n t tld cny, nd n t nl nlyss ncsn pspty ll

nd ll-nd scl dvlpnt. it st b pntd t tt n nt t P cnncs xplctly psntd t tnsctnl dln sc n ndlttd . Svl spks lbl pssntndd t stss t pstv cnsqncs sc dl. Ty n-tnd tt n cnc nd tcnlcl ts, t ld s ldylblzd, s t s ncssy t ccpt ts ct nd dpt t s vnnc nd ls t scl plcs ndvdl cnts t t.

on t t nd, s spks sstd tt t cncpt dd nt

d cnc cts s t sl t lblztn pcsss,bt s t ls s t slt vs tcnlcl, pltcl ndsc-cltl sts. S ptcpnts vn dd cnc lbl-ztn s t tc cltl cns.

Lk st scl pcsss, lblztn s nt pdtnd nny d nd st y nd cn ss dstnct s. Ts s d p-csly t t pllst nt lblztn, nd ls t t ct tt

5 hlt Scdt t t 2000 Cnnc n 1997, t c clld t dptn unvsl Dcltn hn rspnsblts. C. Forum2000 Conerence Report , 3–6 Sptb, 1997, P: 2000 ndtn,p. 30.




ll scl nd cnc pcsss, ncldn ts tt slt n lnk-n lbl kts, bddd n spcc stcl nd sclcndtns. Ts ssntlly nstttnl nd pllst ndstndn

lblztn pvds scp t nt pcss t b nfncd byscl nd cltl cnsdtns.

a n cnc ntpttn lblztn s xplctlyjctd by antny gddns:

in y v ... t’s n bsltly ndntl stk t qt l-blztn t t spd t lbl kt plc, v tti tnk bt sds tnd t ld. T lblztn s c,c pnd pcss tn sply n cnc n. it sdvn bv ll by t cnctns vltn ... Y cldsy tt t cnt lbl bns t pnt t c tst ctv stllt syst s snt p bv t et. T tt c y d nstntns cnctn css t etsply cns ny tns t t psnl lvst t lbl systs.

in gddns’ v, t “glblztn...s ll bt cnc-tn, nt ply bt kts t cny.”6

a nb spks, ncldn hlly Clntn, Lszk Kl-ksk nd osvld Snkl cnsdd globalization to be a stream o parallel social, technological, economic and political changes. it s nt cn-sstnt st, v. its sbstnc vs nd t fs t vblpc, ts nndn ny dns dsqlb nd ncnsstn-

cs. an t st ptnt ts s t pd spd lblkts tt t ctn ll nd pltcl ls t ns cnc pcsss. mny ncnsstncs nd tnsns lsslt ps btn cnc lblztn, nd tcl nd p-ltcl ls ctd dn t cnts ntn stts.

an ndbtd cntbtn 2000 s n ntns -nss t dscpncs, ncnsstncs nd dsqlb btn t

6 Kynt spc by antny gddns t t cnnc n 2000, c s d-vtd t t l dctn nd knld n t cntpy ld. Forum2000 Conerence Report , 15–18 octb 2000, P: 2000 ndtn,p. 14.




n cnts cn ctn t ld. all ptcpnts tt lv n ld tt antny gddns n n s bks sclld “ny ld.” at t 2000 cnnc n 1998 t

Cln cnst osvld Snkl st t dscb, nlytclly, tcntdcty nt t lblztn pcsss. h xpssd t nt tss:

T st tss s tt lblztn s dlstc cct: ts pt t tt s t, bjctv lty, bt t s pt ttt s yt nd dly. my scnd tss s tt lblztns vy ln-t cyclcl stcl pcss; t s nt stntt s nvntd lst y. my td tss s tt lblztn snql, ptl, tns, nblncd nd ltst. and yt tss s tt lblztn s dlctcl pcss. it s ps-tv nd ntv spcts.7

as t cnclsns t cnncs v pvd, v, n -nss t cplxty nd ncnsstncy t lblztn pcsss

s d pstv ct n t nd. st ll, sc stt nc-tnty nd dn nnds sns spnsblty nd lztn t nt nd t fct n l st ls tt sld vn p-vt nd pblc l n t. T lblzd ld ntly nds nls, n ll k. T ptc tcd “bsnss ssl” s nscnt n ts sttn. T nss dsptnss,cbnd ls t n nss t sks ntld n t sttn,pvdd t sttn pnt fctn n n s lbl tcs,

lbl vnnc nd lbl nstttns. in y pnn t bt tt ccl nd ntv ppc, nd t ltcy sk-n vsns nd vn tps. in plc t hny Kssn, tBts indn sclst Ksn K sstd t nd tps:“i tnk utp s d, nt bd d; nd, i tnk t s lty,t tn nlty nstnct n wstn tt. w d nd t tnkn utpn ts nt t t ny.”8

7 osvld Snkl t t 1998 cnnc, Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 11–15octb 1998, P: 2000 ndtn, pp. 101–102.

8 Ksn K, dscssn cntbtn t t 1998 Cnnc. ibd., p. 71.




on t st ptnt slts t 2000 cnncss t sstn tt t xst ltpl dnts s ll s ltpllblztns. Ts ppc s stssd ptclly by t p-

snttvs asn nd Ltn acn cnts. it s lttctn t sts vsplstc nd nzn ntns tcnc, pltcl nd scl dl t wst s nvsl dl t t nztn t ld. inttv pcsss nspdcfy by t ctn cnctns tcnls, t n-clsscltnsctnl dl t ld cny, nd nvlvn t xpt stn cltl pdcts sstd by bd sctns t pblc nas, ac nd Ltn ac.

unlss ccpt t cncpt ltpl, pllstc lblztn, ll b cnntd by t dlstc dl xpssd by t a-cn pltcl scntst Bnjn r. Bb, cntpsd mcwldnd Jd. Ksn K ptly sd p tt dl n dcld:

mcwld ss t ntly pppt t cs l-

blztn, tkn mcDnlds s knd bl t tstlsslbl pdct, Jd s sltly lss t t d, bt t s ntt ply tt t s ctn t ts nzn, lblznmcDnldztn t ld c pszs ptcl lcl,tnc, ntnl, pps t ssv nt-dn p-dn cs.9

Ts dls cts t dn tt t psnt cvlztn pcss

cld b dctzd, t ccptnc t v tt t s n l-tntv t ld: mcDnldztn Jd. Nt nly s ts ls dscptn t s ctlly ppnn, t s ls nccptbl nntv ts s pscptn t sld ppn n t ld.in ts spct, i blv Ksn K xpssd t v t p-vln jty cnnc ptcpnts. glblztn sld tk td pt— ptnsp bsd n t cntbtns ll t tld clts, lns nd tncts.

9 ibd., pp. 69–70.




a world of ContradiCtion and the Crisis of values

on t st ptnt sss vcd by ptcpnts ll

cntnnts, t st cnnc t t lst, s t ps-sbl cllps scl systs— nn-systs ccdn t s—nt ld. it st b ddd tt n t v ctn ptcpnts n 2000, ts s nt s c s p, pvdn n p-ptnty n dvlpnt.

S ptcpnts xpssd ts s xplctly nd vy clly,sc s Cls lp Xns Bl, Bsp est T nd NblPc Pz lt:

Ndys cn j css. o ntn s nt nlyppcn t nd ts llnn, bt t snls s cs n t ld nd s. o cnt ntn s nct lsn t vy ndtns vls pn c v blt.it s nt jst n vl nt s s t cs n j stclvnts. Tdy t s t ss vls p s, nd vy tn t

xstnc, .. t xstnc ts vls s nt ndsd t ll.10

ots tndd t psz nblty t ndstnd t ld nddstns btn ptnt nd lss ptnt sss. it s xpssdst ptly by n , tn st, s t dls pctcl pltcs: hny Kssn. at t scnd 2000 cnncn 1998 sd p s v ts dl t cncs sntnc:“wt nd s s d t stct t ld.” unlss

n t dstns btn t s ptnt nd t s nt, llnt cp t t cllns tt t s. Kssn pt t n ntsll:

10 Spc Bsp Bl t t 1997 cnnc, 2000 Cnnc 1997,Cnnc rpt, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 93. it sld b -clld, ptclly ts s t wst, tt est T s P-ts clny 420 ys. at 1975 t s ptdly dvsttd by ind-ns, c ccpd t. T bk by Jsp Nvns (2005) A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor, itc: Cnll unvsty Pss, stts ttt ssc t ppltn est T n t k t indnsnnvsn s n t bldst n dn sty. T ndd tsndppl klld, td t nt ppltn. ts lvd ttt pd, t ltns btn t n cnts st v sdlk vyn nst vyn ls, tt ny cn vls.




...ll t sss tt i v bfy sktcd vlv nd tqstn sncnc. all t t pltcl dcsns vycls dcsns, nd y dn’t v d p t t,

t t pltcs, pltcl sltn, t ndstnd t s lttlpbl nd t s b pbl, nd nt t dl t lttl pb-ls s ty b pbls— dn’t st t, tn’ nt n t st t lblztn.11

and kbly n, n n ntly dnt bcknd,abdn wd, n indnsn ntllctl nd ld t l-st msl nztn, vcd sl d: “ y ntctnt llns ppl i c t t cnclsn tt s n bns n vld by n pbls. w vldby nblty t nd t t nss t ts pbls.”12

ot ptcpnts td t xpln ts sttn. accdn t tt s t slt t nnbl nd -cn nt ttcnlcl, cltl nd scl cns ccn n t ld. it spt st ptly by t indn tnk, pt nd pltcn Kn Sn.

evn t, n s v, t nt sty nknd cn b cncp-tlzd ss tnstns, Kn Sn sttd: “it s n cl tt nvlvd n t s, pps, t st ndntl ll tn-stns, t tnstn t lbl scty.” 13antj Vl ntndnt ct, nly, t ncntllbl pc cn n c nd slvs. Ppl nly cpbl bsbn ctn nb cns t tl, scl nd cltl nvnnt tn vn pd t.

in t v ctn ptcpnts, sc s Cnls Cstds,t psnt cns n t ld pv t s n ln l pltclnd sptl pss. w st sply ccpt tt t pds stntn nd ssn n sty. it s sncnt tt l n-b ptcpnts nclnd t t v tt t ld s cntly

11 C. kynt spc by hny Kssn t t 1998 cnnc. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 11-15 octb, 1998, P: 2000 ndtn, pp.24 nd 25.

12 s spc t t 1997 cnnc, Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 3-6Sptb, 1997, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 159.

13 Kn Sn dvncd ts tss n s kynt spc t t 1998 cnnc.C. 2000 Cnnc 1998, Cnnc rpt, 11-15 octb, 1998,P: 2000 ndtn, p. 60.




n st stntn nd n dn ssn. on spk—ndntstnly n, t s t ldn acn cntt, wl-l P—cpd t sttn n t wst tdy t t stt

t rn ep b ts cllps. a st lss pssstcv s vcd by inl wllstn. accdn t s ty t dvlpnt t ld scl syst, cntly t lst tt bnnn t nd n j pc stn cvlztn, tpd lbls; nd n s v t st l t 21st cnty llb c dclt nd c nstbl, bt ls c pn tn nytn v xpncd n t tntt cnty. w ntn n pd tnstn nd “t t tnstn llb tbl t tbls, snc t stks t tnstn s, t tc s nctn nd t blty sll npts t ctt tc s t.”14

T jty t ptcpnts vdd sc nqvcl ndcnlclly spcc csts. T pvlnt v s xpssdby t Bts sclst mcl mnn, ks t t unvsty Cln. mnn cnsds tt psnt-dy n-lbls tnds t

sppss t ts cqd by l scl clsss dn t pltclstls t 19t nd 20t cnts. i t sccds t ts, t llcs t nc n dcttsps nd dsptss—nd t c-tstps t 20t cnty ll b ptd. “T ld’s scsnd cns pbbly dd, bt vnts t lt nd tt sbln t ll pbbly s, cln t nt t -nc ppl nst ts lcl nd n ns.”15

in mnn’s v, n cnts nt dtnst systs

n wllstn’s sns. Ty ly (nd sts ncnss-tntly) nzd stcts p, t cny, knld nd vl-s. T ltnsps ts stcts v cnd n t cs

14 Dscssn cntbtn by inl wllstn t t 1997 cnnc. C. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 3–6 Sptb, 1997, P: 2000ndtn, p. 110.

15 mnn sd t t “nc ppl” bcs n s tns ks ds-

tnctn btn lbl nd nc dccy. onc dccy p-szs t ppl’s snl ll—n bvs nc t rss’s cncpt la volonté générale nd pplst ds “t ppl” tn ssctd tntnls. C. s xpstn t t 1997 cnnc, c t qt-tn bt t n typs lt-n nd t-n tctc s s tk-n. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 3–6 Sptb, 1997, P: 2000ndtn, pp. 123, 126.




sty nd ll cntn t d s n t t. D t ts lck syst n cnts sscptbl t cn nd t t skstt wllstn spk bt. in tt spct, t t nnt scl-

sts ttndd t st t cnncs, Cstds, mnn ndwllstn, d c n cn. in t v sty s nd lllys b ll spss, vsls, stntn nd css, nd t s ntdvsbl t ly n t pts tdtnl lbls, c s tdn enltnnt plspy. it s nt bn t by stcl xp-nc.

Ts stndpnt cvd t sppt l nb cnt-btns, ptclly n t pt t wstn ptcpnts. Ty t d cs n t ld ds nd vls, c ty ttld b n t n css pbls n t t. Tt vs sd by psnttvs nn-wstn scts. Kn Snnt s s t sk t plnt s nt s knd ntcTtnc, nd ny ts d t cllps psnt-dy cvlztnpcsly bcs dns cns n vls. rptdly, n d-nt ts nd stly n ctcl vn—sts ncnscsly y-

b—ty ctlly tlkn bt t sks nvlvd n t tns scl d tt dnnd Tönns dscbd s Gemeinschat tt scl d dscbd s Gesellschat . it s ls plctly ds-cssn bt t lss cnty vls nd t mx wb d-scbd s “dsncntnt t ld,” nd t dt gd. Tsd t plct bcknd ny t cntbtns, pvn ccl nd vtl dscssn bt t ltnsp btn td-tn nd dnty stll s, vn t s nt xplctly ntnd.

accdn t ny t 2000 ptcpnts, stn ndnn-stn scty s xpncn lss vls, ptclly lss nlly ccptd vls. Ts s t tc n sbjctv-s, ltvs nd ndvdls n ll s l, s s stssd byBsp Bl, qtd t gn plsp hns Jns: “rl-tvs s bn vy nd s, t n ll-ndd vl-s, n vl ss t b stn n t b pnnt n ndts n ct s ssn t vy nn nd pps l.”16

16 untntly t s nt bn pssbl t dscv c Jns’ ksBsp Bl qtd. S Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 3–6 Sptb, 1997,P: 2000 ndtn.




T Cns tnk Jsp Cn hn Kn, ln-stnd-n scl Cncns nd Lbls, lnkd xcssv ndvd-ls t cns nd cptls lk:

i nt t psz ls tt t dn xcssv ndvdls,t bs ts nd tls, y c s ll s cp-tls ... ts pbls cld b csd by t tt stt cntlv ppl’s lvs ... wn ts pst-cnst cnts b-c lbtd nd dctzd, ppl’s ln sppssd dss nsp nd lt nlsd. 17

ant t ptcpnts, t Cln Psdnt Ptc ay-ln azóc snld t “ndvdls nd cnss, c s stn n tdy’s clt,” s t t t n dns ts. acn-acn hvd pss Cnl wst cncdt ts, pntn t t dcln n t nn pblc l nyn ppl, nd cntn tt tdy’s yn ntn ddscvd “n ys bn n t ld, ncssstc, dnstc,

ndvdlstc.”18

osc as Sncz, t Psdnt Cst rc nd ld- t Nbl Pc Pz, lkd ys cntn t cyncl,sls, nvs nd ypctcl tc c ccsd pvln nt 20t cnty, t vls sldty nd sypty tt sldstv n t 21st cnty.

alnsd ts ssntlly cntn nd sts sclstnts, vcd lly by ptcpnts Ltn ac, ind nd

Cn—lbl vs tndd t b n t nty. S lbls st td y btn ndvdls nd cntns. T Plspltcn hn Sccká, nstnc, stv t cbn tdtnlcntn vls t lbl pncpls. S d scl tz-tn nd cndd stntnn t ly’s l t stllt. at t st cnnc rlp Dnd ls fctd n t dn-s nvlvd t t ncssy t l stt: “aspcts t l stt d vy ptnt l n ctn scl csn,

s tt t ncssty , c xsts n ny cnts, st

17 ibd., p. 46.18 ibd., p. 144.




nt b sd t dsty t sldty … c s bn nstttnlzd.Ts s b sbjct...”19

eqlly ptnt n ts cnnctn s s cnt n cptl-

s. it s cl t cntbtns ny t ptcpnts Ltn ac nd as tt ty bsclly bld stn s cptls t sn cn vls nd t dcln c-nty. Dnd bv ll stssd tt t xstd vs s cptls, c c ctd dnt cndtns t n-tnnc scl csn. in n ndct ctcs n-lbls sd t ld b stpd t tnk tt t txt-bks pblsd by tcncs dptnt Cc unvsty t nly pssbl x-pssn cptls. and t s ppld t dccy, c lss vs s tt t nc ndn scl csn.Nvtlss, tk cl stnc nst t dcl cntnpnns t t cnnc, sn t dn stn nd t-tn pltcl syst t n xcssv pss n cn vls.altntvly, stssd t cncpt n pn scty.

indd, t cnnttn btn t lbl v t psnt

ld sttn nd t cntn nd sclly-ntd v cldb lt n lst ll s dscssn. it s ptclly vdnt n tdscssns bt t scnd p tpcs, nly, sss nql-ty, t l t kt nd t l stt.

soCial and other inequalities, the role of the free market and the welfare state

on t tpcs tt ppd n nd n n t dscssns st qstn scl nqlty. Ptcpnts xpssd cncn ntnly t t n ps btn c nd p ns t ld,bt ls t nqlts tn ndvdl cnts. a nb spk-s dctly ndctly lnkd t psnt ntntnl cnfcts tt n plztn btn t lvn stndds ld nsnd btn ndvdl cnts. Scl tnsns nd cnfcts n nd-vdl cnts csd by nql ccss t jbs, dctn, lt c

nd t cpnnts t scl nstct btt scl sttscld b dscbd s snc “t l ss” (lt t s dnt cct tn n t tdtnl ndstl scts). T

19 ibd., p. 58.




ndctd tt t s ts n dnsns, bt dd ntndtk dtld nlyss.

Vs bt t n p btn t c nd p pts

t ld xpssd by psnttvs bt c nd p cn-

ts. Ty d n t dscptn t sttn, bt dd n t

vs nd pnns bt t cs t p. T n dspty

btn t c nd t p s nt slly cnc n cct, st

qntly xpssd n p cpt nc n dlls. it ls cncns

lt, sd n ts l xpctncy t bt nnt tlty

lvls, clt, sd n t nt lltcy n ppltn

t pcnt ts t dctn. Bt pvty cn ls tk

t l lvl cnctn t t tsd ld.

S ptcpnts vcd t s bt t plztn tld nt c nd p t t vy st cnnc n 1997. as JckLn pt t lcnclly n tt ccsn: “inqlty s n btncnts nd tn ndvdl cnts. on blln ppl lv n bdt n dll dy.”20 ots, sc s Jy D. Scs, dvtd lnty spc t t ss pvty nd lt n ld tdy. Lk

Ln, Jy Scs stssd t ccl ct t ld’s dvsn ntc nd p: “... 6 blln ppl lvn n cndtns tlnqlty tt t tst n n sty.”21 T ndd ys, nty’s tl cndtns c ql, bcst nt ld s p by tdy’s stndds. hv, v t pstt cnts sll pt t ld d bc c, l c t st t ld nd dpssnly p. in s spc, Scsstssd tt t s ptnt nt nly t b t p b-

tn t c nd p t ld, bt ls t ndstnd t dpcss ts lty t psnt-dy ld.

Scs sstd tt t ld sld b vd n ts tn dvsns. T st s lctd lst ntly n t tptzns t ld nd s ppltn s 900 lln ppl. itcnssts Nt ac, wstn ep, Nt-st as nd oc-n. it s dstnsd tsl t st t ld by ts cnts scnc nd tcnly. in ts pt t ld, t sxt

20 Jck Ln’s dscssn cntbtn t t 1997 cnnc. ibd., p. 81.21 Jy D. Scs’ kynt spc t t td cnnc n 13 oct-

b 1999. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 10–13 octb, 1999, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 162.




t ld’s ppltn, v p cpt nc s bt 30 000 uSdlls. and Scs xpssd t v tt ts pt t ld skn dynclly tn v b.

Scs cctzd t scnd pt s bn n t n ppy t dvncd c. gpy s ct n ts t ctn d.it nclds xpl sc cnts s Plnd, t Czc rpblcnd mxc. in ts n ppy ncs cnsdbly l tnn t st sctn—vyn 3,000 t 10,000 uS dll p cpt,bt t cns ts cnts lnkd t t cns t -tcnly nd knld-bsd scts.

T td dvsn Scs clld t “dstnt ppy.” it s lctdlly n t tpcl zn ppl xpsd t dclt c-lcl cndtns nd l cltl pdctvty, s ll s tpcldsss. T jty t ppltn s p by wstn stndds.it cnssts n td, nt 40 pcnt t ld’s ppltn. itcntly lcks t cnc cnss dvlpnt, bn ssn-tlly dpndnt n t xpt tls.

in Sc’s v, t t t ld ld dpnd n t t

ld b pssbl t cls t j ps n lvn stndds btnt st nd scnd pts t ld nd btn t scnd ndtd pts. abv ll, dvlpnt n t dstnt ppy s ll nctnts, nd t dvlpnt stts psd t dt by nt-ntnl nztns sc s t intntnl mnty nd, twld Bnk nd t wld Td onztn v nt pvd sc-cssl. and t t ntntnl nztns stvn t ct sclly lss plzd ld, ncldn t untd Ntns, lck t

stnt nd scs t cn t sttn.dk wll d Klk dntd t cntst btn pvty

nd lt n tdy’s ld s n t cts tt ld nfnct ld n t 21st cnty. ot cts lblztn nd tpsstnc dvsttn tnc nd ls cnfcts.

in t n llnn, t ll b lss nd lss pssbl t n tstk lty tt l pt t n ppltn stll lvs n

nccptbl pvty, sy nd pssn.22

22 dk wll d Klk’s kynt spc t t 1999 cnnc. Fo-rum 2000 Conerence Report , 10–13 octb, 1999, P: 2000 n-dtn, p. 48.




D Klk cknldd tt t pptn ppl lvn n bsltpvty v t pst ty ys d lln t tds t n td.Ts psntd s pss, bt t s ncssy t lz tt

t ttl nb ppl lvn nd t pvty ln s ndlst t s l t sz t ld ppltn dbld snc1960. evn ss n D Klk’s v s t ct tt t ds-pty p cpt btn t pst n-t nd t cst n-t t ld’s ntns s dnd 30:1 n 1960 t 78:1 n 1994.as psnttv t acn cntnnt pszd tt st t pst t t ld’s ppltn lv n ac nd tt nyacn cnts n cnt ys v sttd t ll bnd nt nlyt c cnts t ld bt vn bnd ny t dvlp-n cns. m tn ny t cntnnt ac s py t aiDS,n nd pvty, cvl s nd tnc clnsn. T sttn stnt b nd bcs sn lt t acn ctstps stpct t st t ld. Cnsd tt t ppltns epnd ac lss t s sz, .. s 750 lln, tnty ys t epn ppltn cld ll t 640 lln, l t

sz t acn ppltn cld s t t blln. i tt tppn t ld nvlv ns sks, c s y t s ncssy tcnsd pppt ss t cnnt t. Bt, s d Klk dcld,tv ppns, t ll nt b pssbl “t nls n nt cn-tnnt. ep nd t ld cnnt ccpt n d ct ptdbtn c nd t nt nd n pvsd nd nstbl blckst n t cntnnt ac.”23

T t n ps btn t c nd p pts t

ld cppd p n vs cntxts n t spcs ny tcnnc ptcpnts nd t sttn s tly dd s n t n ptntl dstblzn cts n t ld t 21st cnty.untntly t s nt n t xpts t pvd lblndctns s t t ts ps ld dn nt. anss tt dcncy pvdd sp t t nztn s cnncsn sll scl t dl t sss ltd t t ps btn tld’s c nd p. w ll tn t ts lt n cp t

slts cnncs t ts nlyss cd t by spcl-zd nstttns.

23 d Klk, bd.




hv, t spcts scl nqlty n tdy’s ld dscssd t t nl v j cnncs. Ts dscssnscfy cntd n t sss: nqlts tn ndvdl cnts,

nqlts btn n nd n n t ld tdy nd t sclpct t dcln t l stt.

Social inequalities within individual countries clly ltd td scl cndtns nd t lvl dvlpnt scl plcs.in ts plcs l stt s xstd ny ys nd ts nvlvd nc dstbtn, plltv ss xst t ptctctzns nsttns bslt pvty. Ts pbbly xplnsy t epn ptcpnts n t dscssns n t scl nd cl-tl spcts lblztn dd nt ntn t nqlts n tcnts. and yt t s vdnt tt plztn pcsss ccnn ep btn ns vs cnts, nd t ps btnt c nd p s ctn cnts, sc s itly, Plnd ndSpn n cnsdbl; nd n ll epn cnts pt tppltn lvs n pvty.

it s bvs, nntlss, tt j scl nqlts

qntly t sbjct pltcl nd sclcl dscs n cn-ts dsntd s dvlpn, ccdn t t cnt ntl t-nly “n kts.” Cptv stds pvty vsn tt Ltn ac s t lst c-nd-p p. Ts scnd t t 1997 2000 cnnc by t ClnPsdnt Ptc ayln azóc, stssd t spcc spcts Ltn ac nd t ctcl tttd c ts ppltn t tsttn t cs. accdn t ayln ts s lly t slt t

“dp cntst btn t stndd l t c nd t p”n t cnts Ltn ac.24 in ayln’s v nl scl n-qlty sltn t xstn cnc dl s n t tn cncns t psnt t.

Ctcs s ls vcd dn other aspects o inequality ncntpy scts. T indn plsp nd pltcn KnSn, dctd s ctcs t ctn ls vnts n dcld:

24 S s cntbtn t t 1997 cnnc. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 3-6Sptb, 1997, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 61.




wn cn n ln b ltd t scndy pstn n t

n lbls. indd t sppssn t nn, s svl

ctv tnks v pntd t, s bn t t t c

t nd vlnc tt v tnssd n n cnty.

rn esl, n acn cltl stn lnkd n’s nqlstts n tdy’s ld t t s dscbd s “t dnt d-l y l,” nd c s plcd nst vsn “ ptn-sp dl y l.” T stts n n scty s snstvndct t d ptnsp n scty.

Ltn ac t s d pn ctcs t scllyntv pct lblztn nd n-lbl cnc cncpts.T Cln cnst osvld Snkl d t pnt tt ncs cfy d t t pstv spcts cptlst xpnsn, -n pdctvty nd cpttvnss s, l pcss clld“t dsptn t scl bc” s nd:

i n t k lst t s dclnn, dsppn, k-

nn, n ts pblc ds nd svcs, t ld ncld pb-lc dctn, pblc lt, pvntv dcn, lt nsnc,scl scty, pblc tnspttn, l cst sn, pblcbdcstn, nvnntl ptctn, psnl ptctn, lp t ndcppd, nd lnd-s plnnn.25

Snkl’s cnvctn s tt t l stt, c dd s ttst cvnt t 20t cnty, s t sk, nd ts dstc-

tn ld n tn t “sv, nbdld cptls.”rfctns n t scl pct lblztn nly cn-

cvd s t cnsstnt implementation o ree-market principles on a global scale cnstttd cnsdbl pt lst ll t P cn-ncs. Ty d n sc dnt ccsns s hny Kssn’stnkn ld bt t pltcl syst’s n tdy’s ld, gt ev-ns’ tts n t nsn cts t kt, rcd

25 Dscssn cntbtn by osvld Snkl t t 1999 cnnc. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 10–13 octb, 1999, P: 2000 ndtn, pp.30–31.




vn wzsäck’s fctns n t cncl t cts t kt nd scl csn. mny t ptcpnts d t tpbl dctly ndctly.

Bsd n s xpnc s ld pltcn cnsvtv p-ssn nd nvsty pss, hny Kssn cnnt b ccsd lt-n bs n spct t kt. all t ntstn,t, s fctns n t ltnsp btn t ktnd pltcl pcsss:

ys n, i v bn nsy bt ts v lbl cn-y n c t l ld pts s n kt, nd n cppl skd t ccpt sn t ccy n bstctkt—tt t ct ... i v pdctd tt ts ll ldt s st dbcl bcs scts ll nt ccpt nltddpvtns. N v t lbl cnc css. in y v,t lbl cnc css s bc s sv bcs tcnclcnsts v lkd pn t tt d t pltcl ndl cpcts t ppl nvlvd.26

a sl nn s ssd by t n nst ast-l, gt evns:

Ts sp t t lt t cpltly kt, s ny ls, sppn vy ls d ndd. kts nv pctly cnt... kts nv q-tbl n dlvn bnts, vn bsc sbsstnc, t ll ts

nd t ... ccpt t pptnty lblztn; bt klk ll t ll lvls t dt nd st nd cnnl nd cv-lz t pct tt pnnn.27

T vpnt ts ld lk t dstct t lblzn

kt s ls xpssd by Kt Bdnkp, P mnst Sx-

ny, ccps t--cnt pstn n gny’s pltcl spc-

26 Kynt spc by hny Kssn t t 1998 cnnc. Forum 2000 Coner-ence Report , 11–15 octb, 1998, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 24.

27 gt evns’ dscssn cntbtn t t 1998 cnnc. Forum 2000 Con- erence Report , 11–15 octb, 1998, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 66.




t: “uncntlld cnc cs, c y cnnt bl t

kt bt lck cntl nd d, ndn d, n ts

nd t stblty scts ... t s nccptbl tt nz s-

cty n c y n pt by dstyn t stblty ns.” 28 T gn plsp Nkls Lbkcz spk n sl vn t

t st cnnc n 1997, nd nst lyn n t

kt cny t slv ll t pbls t. in Lbkcz’s

v ts typ cny s t sccss dn ts, bt t s nt

nvsl pnc. on t cnty, t cn ct n pbls.

T vs v qtd s psnt dt pstn, c

sks stbl ys cbnn t kt t pltclly ltd c-

nc pcsss. alnsd t t t cnncs t spks

t dcl pnns, vn t ty, t, skn ctv

ys lnkn pblc plcs t t kt; v, ty n t

nty. Ty ncldd osvld Snkl, ctc n-lbl cn-

cs. in s pnn t kt s ntndd t ply n bsltly dcsv

l n t “n-lbl pck” nd v pcdnc v t stt nd

scty. it s s bl, v, tt st ppl ntd scty nd

dccy t b nd stt cntl nd t stt t ntct t tkt ccdn t d ls. wt cntly xsts t t ntntnl

lvl s dscbd by s “pvt lblztn” nd “pblc vd.”

in t ys t st dcl ctcs lblztn dd s t

ctn n nttd ld kt (, t t 2000 cn-

ncs, ncldd ass Nndy, nstnc) t nt pcss s c-

ns tt dstys clt nd t y l t k ld plys.

sCienCe, religion and ethiCs in a globalizing world

T td clst tpcs tt sd t tst ntst t t cn-

ncs, ptclly t nl n, plspcl nd ts tt

csd n ndstndn nd dnn t cncptl bss fc-

tns n t t. T n stls ts dscssns s Psdnt

Václv hvl’s pnn ddss. in y t dscssns cn-

tn tt t nt ld s tn by pnd cntv nd l

dvncs bt ls tnss t t sc n vls t t bss

t lbl clt nd lbl plcs. T ct tt lt-ls

28 ibd., pp. 119–120.




fctns bc l t t 2000 cnncs nd

tt ty ttndd by psnttvs ll t t ld lns

s n xplct sttnt by t ts ntntn t sk jntly

t ts l vls tt ld lnk tlly tnnt nd tlly

cnctn pts t ld. evn b t ntn t

cnvncd tt tt cn lbl vls, nd t-

t n d nttn lbl vls, t lvl lbl

cnc nttn ldy cvd ld nt lst. abv ll, t-

t ts nl nttn vls n lbl vnnc,

c s s ndd, cld nt c nt xstnc.

Tnks t Václv hvl’s pnn ddss (c s pdcdn ll t t bnnn ts pblctn), nd t psnc ld-n psnttvs ld lns, plspcl nd ls sss n t n ts t dscssns t 2000 cn-ncs. T qstn t c t cnnc ptcpnts pd t t-st ttntn s t ltnsp ln nd sptl plspst dn scnc, tnls nd scls. ot tpcs tsplspclly ntd dscssns ncldd t ltnsp btn

stn nd stn tnkn nd t sc lbl tcl n,s ll s t ltnsp btn t vls tdtnl scts ndt vls scts dscbd s dn.

T dscssn n t ltnsp btn ln nd scncnd t ssntlly plspcl dscssn n t nt psnt-dy cvlztn nd n t ccl sss pt t t nt ssblyby Václv hvl n s ddss t t pnn t st 2000cnnc. attntn sbsqntly csd n t t. T st

ltd t psnt cntdcty stt lbl cvlztn t tsnd t lss gd:

T cntpy lbl cvlztn … s, n ssnc, dply

tstc n. indd, t s t dt t st tstc cvlztn n t

sty nknd. Sltnsly, t s t st cvlztn tt

bcs t l plnt … t tstc nt ts cvlztn

cncds dply, i blv, t t yptpc pst ndvd-

l ntsts nd ndvdl spnsblts tt t t css

lbl spnsblts. Cld t ct tt nty tnks nly

tn t lts t ls n ts ld vsn nd s ncpbl

bn ls t ls bynd, t n t tpl

sptl sns, nt b t slt lss tpyscl cttd,




vnsn pnts nd zns? Cld nt t l nt

t cnt cvlztn—t ts pd pss n t n n-

dvdl s t cn ll ctn nd ts st, nd t ts

bndlss tst n nty’s blty t bc t nvs by -tnl cntn, cld t nt ll b bt t ntl nsttn

pnnn c n spl ts, nts t t lss gd?29

Václv hvl’s scnd qstn skd t t psnt css lbl spnsblty s nt t tc lss t n tsns nd pps pvt lvs nd t lvs cnts;t t s nt t slt lss t n pvdnc:

i xpct ts cnnc t v nd ny ts n ns tt qstn s t t i t stkn n tnkn ttt css c ndd lbl spnsblty s n pncpl dt t ct tt v lst t ctnty tt t nvs, nt,xstnc nd lvs t k ctn dd by dntntntn, tt t s dnt nn nd lls dnt p-

ps, nd, tt t ts ctnty, ls lst ll nd vy l-ty tds t cs bynd s nd snds s. Ts lss s, cs, ccpnd by t lss t ln tt tv d st b sbjctd t d d, c pt, nd t spct n tty n s ld vsn vyn s s pnntly psnt.30

T td n qstn Václv hvl plcd b t cnnc p-

tcpnts s t t d n sttn n c svl dnt ntp-ttns t sns nd pps t nvs nd n xstnc

xst tt sd by sd: “Bt cn st n t n nd

sd tttd t t s bv, ppl vy v dnt

tt c s bv nd vy l t nd t stss ‘tnss’?

is t ny sns n tyn t tn t n nd t t vns n

sc tn ld nly vt t cnfct n vs dts?”31

29 Václv hvl t t pnn sssn t st 2000 cnnc n 1997. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 3–6 Sptb, 1997, P: 2000ndtn, p. 12.

30 ibd., pp. 12–13.31 ibd., p. 13.




mst t dscssns n P bt dlcl sss tpsnt-dy ld nd dctly ndctly n t t qstnspt by Václv hvl. Ts spplntd, v, by svl

t, n lss ptnt, sss. tpcs llsttd t cnt pllty ndntl pl-

spcl nd ls bss t cntpy ld s pllys t dscssn bt hvl’s t qstns. Nvtlss, 2000 dd nt d ttntn slly t t ll knn dncs b-tn t plsps nd lns wst nd est nd btn tn dlts t ntstc lns, bt ls t dncsnd vn cnfcts pnn btn psnttvs t s jcltl sps, sc s ind ep.

Ts, nstnc n t dscssn bt t ltnsp btnscnc nd ln t n pstns d. T st lt-d the danger o conventional rationality, t dn t enltn-nt tdtn, nd t sks scnc tt dvlpd stnclt. Tt pstn s xpssd by vy tns p ppl—t indn psyclst ass Nndy, t Czc plyt

Václv hvl nd t acn t Jn Slb. mv, Thydl’s v tt t splt btn scnc nd ln n t 20tcnty s tl pbl nknd tt st vc splctly sv ctcs enltnnt tnls nd dnscnc. mstst tnls nd scnc s st xplctly vcd,v, by ass Nndy:

... st tt tnlty s nt plsp’s stn. it

ds nt v s sltn t nytn. in ct lvn nts n tnlty, ptclly cnvntnl tnlty nd“cckpt ls” (c s by t n tnlty), stsl bc nc t n svvl … c t snn cnt dcds s c nt csds t Jd,bt vy clcltd, tnlly clcltd, vlnc,lst s by-pdct t enltnnt vsn.32

32 ass Nndy’s spns t wn T’s ntvntn t t 1998 cnnc. Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 11–15 octb, 1998, P: 2000ndtn, pp. 133–134.




Jst s qnt, v, cntbtns in deense o rationalism and science nd ty nt nly psnttvs t ntl sc-ncs sc s t Nbl csty lt Jn Plny, dndd

scnc s pdct t lbtd ntllct, s n ntllctl, s nntllctl ctvty vln sps tt xst n lty, nd s n ctv-ty vnd by t sc tt. T ls pltcns sc sSn Ps t cnst Jy Scs pszd t ps-tv l scnc. in Ps’ v, l scnc t nt slv ll pbls, t ndbtdly s n scp; scnc nd t tcnlyltd t t n t n sc lt nd p. Jy Scsdnd t l scnc ln vy c t s lns.

a vs cs s psntd by ts s n cntdctnbtn sptlty—lt Václv hvl d s ts xstncn tdy’s ld—nd tnls, t scls scntc knl-d. Ts spks cnstttd st td p. intstnly,t clst xpstn ts pstn s d by t ptcpnts dd nt bln t wstn cltl ccls. rn t t cltlcndtns cvn tl ndstndn t indn plsp

Kn Sn dcld: “wt s ndd, n ct, s ctv sybssbtn scnc nd sptlty, nd t s by ts ln tt cncv cllctv ls.”33

Tt sybss scnc nd ln s dlt t n ntst-n nd spcc ts by n t scntsts psnt, t ll-knnnclst Cld Jsn. in s v scnc nd ln v stnlnk, nly, cncn ts, t c ppld t nlsalterity. Scnc nd ln bt bt dn stn ts,

s n sld vd pszn n t t xpns t t. Ty bt stvn tcl pss.

wl Synk N, t st acn t b dd t N-bl Pz ltt, d vy nl dns scls, ndt t b td nslcl nd tcl ns. in s v,nty s t nly lty tn cn b pcvd bt sbjctvly ndbjctvly. only scl ppc t tl nttns nd -nts s p sccss, bcs t s pn t ll. only nstc

ppc t l cn pn t y t scl lbtn ts , lk

33 Kn Sn’s kynt spc t t 1998 cnnc. Forum 2000 ConerenceReport , 11–15 octb, 1998, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 63.




sl, “k n ptnc bn n st-n ltnsp tt Dvn mnd.” h xpssd s v ln n t llnds: “inttns nd vltns, c bc stctd nt ts

nd lns, cn n nly s pvt cnvctn …”34

T s sl pss n ns s t bss n tcl

cncpt pltcs n cntbtn by Pls stn Bnsl g-

k, sttd: “T dnty t n bn cn b, nstnc,

cnnctd t t ct tt n s ctd by gd. Bt t cn ls b n-

dstd n t nstc dnsn, s stn nq cnnctd

t t n bn, nd sc psnl ppc s n tt jns

ll lns nd ls nstcs.” hns sld b cnsdd n -

n ts. Ts nstc ppc, sts lnkd t ctcs

tdy’s ccs, s vcd by nb spks ncldn t

Jpns pltcl scntst Szb St nd t gn Ps-

dnt rcd vn wzsäck. St ppld t ll ccptnc

nn-ls ppl nd nd t dns n ls v-

nts, nd wzsäck ctczd psnt-dy ccs, syn tt t

dlcl dspts tt t pc tn tn nt.

on t st ntstn xcns pnn t 2000s t dscssn btn Václv hvl nd t pyscst tj Cp

t t st cnnc n 1997. Cp d t hvl’s pss n

t sptl nt t d xstnc c nty s pt.

h jctd, v, hvl’s v tt ts d xstnc s v-

nd by dnt ntntn, dnt pps. in Cp’s v “...t

ntn pps nd ntntn s n pjctn, t s fctn

ln n tnkn nd s n sbtl y t s cnsqnc

n ntpcntc v tt y ysl ctczd. and i tnk dslvs dssvc by nn v ctn by ssn

pps nd ntntn.”35 h cntd hvl’s pvdntls t s

n systs ty t nvs. instd vn t nvs s

cn cpsd lnty bldn blcks, t tl ld

cnsdd t b ntk nspbl pttns ltnsps, nd

t plnt s l t b lvn, sl-ltn syst. accdn t

ts cncpt vltn s nt sn s cpttv stl xstnc

34 Forum 2000 Conerence Report , 3–6 Sptb, 1997, P: 2000ndtn, p. 36.

35 ibd., p. 22.




bt t s cptv dnc n c ctvty nd t cnstnt

nc nvlty t dvn cs. Cp sl s td

ts tttd t t nvs t “clztn t ld.”

T cntvsy bt t pvdntls t nvs nd -n sty dvdd t ptcpnts nt t ps, t st,lsly tvtd, stssn t nn xstnc nd t t,skptclly ndd, jctn t sc nn cnsdnt n nd ncpbl v slvn sc pbl. T sn bvs tc tt xcn vs, v: t qst dp ds nt nd n xstnc ns n ndspnsblpt l, vn n pd tt s ll t scntd t ts cn-tv nd tcncl lvl. and t bcknd t stvn t cpndtt d, s s vdnt ny cntbtns t t dscssn, st sc ny btn nknd nd nt, nd n-knd nd t css.

wtn tt ltnt cntxt t sc d, t s nly nt-l tt 2000 sld ls dl t tcl sss nd spccllythe need or a global ethic. i tcs s ndstd s st ls vn-

n n bv n d t cv stblty nd ny, t snvtbl tt t ’s fctns n t stt t ld ldls dl t t ss lbl tcs.

T tc t ’s dscssns n lbl tcs tcnsttt n ts st ptnt sss. T t xtnt tss tnks t hns Kün. in s v, n ld d cld nt tt n ld tc. as xplnd:

glblztn clls “lbl tc” … glblztn t-cs ds nt n n tcl syst. as tt cti p, n enls, t d “tc” t t d “tcs”, c s t dctn nd t syst, i blv n “tc”, n t sns t nn cnvctn n bn bt, cs, t ndsspcl nl cn stndds, nt n tcl systbt ncssy n sd tcl vls, bsc tttdsnd stndds, t c ll ns, ntns nd ntst ps cn

ct tslvs.

Lk ny t spks pldd n v lbl tc, sc shlt Scdt Pnc l hssn Bn Tll, hns Kün s




t cltl nd ls dncs btn dnt ns tplnt, nd ls t dclts nvlvd n bnn sc n tcnt xstnc. T n bstcl, n Kün’s v, s nt t lck

pppt pltcl stcts, bt cfy dct tcl nd p-ltcl ll. Pnc hssn xpssd t pnn tt t st dcltpt lblztn s, nd ll b, t ctn nd nd ccptnc ltcltl nvsls. h nvtlss xpssd s bl tts cn nst cd cld b dvlpd.

nation states in a globalizing world

it s n ppnt tn sclcl, pltcl nd vn lty ds-cs tt pdl pnn, nd nt jst tncty, bt lsnd, ns, lclts nd t xs dntty spsdn dnnt nd tdtnl sclcl ts sc s nql-ty, stts t l t stt. and ts ccd t t n tpnnn lblztn s dscvd nd pply ttzd.T t ltnsp btn vs s nvsls nd

ptcls s bcn cntl t dscssn n spclzdnd pltcl sss.a vtn n ts cntl ts s t ltnsp b-

tn lblztn nd t l t ntn stt n cntpyscts. Tt s ls ppnt t cnncs ts qstns dlt t st qntly. all t t n stndpnts xpssd n t 2000 dscssns 1997 t 2001.

T st stndpnt, pt d n nd tn, s tt n t

21st cnty t ntn stt ld pbbly dcln nd dspp st pltcl nztn cntpy scts. T scnd stnd-pnt, dndd by t spks, s tt ltpl dnttsld , nbln nl nd ntnl dntts t b cbndt sp-ntnl dntts. T td stndpnt, c d ttst sppt, s tt t pc dcln t ntn stt dt lblztn s bn v-sttd; ntn stts ld nn t pltcl scn t sbl t bt ld sply b

tnsd. alst nbdy xplctly bcd tdtnl ntnlstvs. t t t, v, ptclly n dscssns btt t s-clld td-ld clts, spks ld cll tptctn pdl clts nd lstyls t b ptzd. at t




cnncs t cll s stly st td y, ptclly nt spcs ptcpnts as, ac nd Ltn ac.

an ts vntd t cnsd t dcln t ntn

stt n t nt t dstnt t s Kn Sn. as t enstglln, Sn’s ps s tt ntn stts stcl pn-n.36 in ep ty v xstd bt 400 ys s pt twstpln dl, nd jst lk ll stcl pnn ty t yb xpctd t dspp. at t 1998 cnnc Sn cnsdd ttts t ldy ppn n t 21st cnty: “...tdy, t ntn sttss t b s ll ntncd tt ny tt tt t ntn sttt t y ld b sck t ny ppl, bt i l, byt nd t nxt cnty, t ntn stt y ll v tdy—nd pps t tn y t ntn-stt s t y bsltn nd slvtn t n c.”37

a sl-cnssd dlst nd vsny, Kn Sn pcvd tt s n pptnty t nc pllstc, ltplnd ltcltl scty. Yt s t dn tt t pp-st t ppn nd t t ld t b dntd by snl

ntn nd snl clt.a st ddl pstn s dptd by ptcpnts , lkdk wll d Klk, blvd n n qlb btn sp-ntnl pltcl stcts nd ntn stts. on t stdnt p-tcpnts, J b gny, dndd ts ddl pstnn t nds tt t ntn stts lsn t nfnc tsns. on t n nd, n ncsn nb t ls b-n tkn v by sp-ntnl nztns nd nstttns; nd

n t t, t s t ncsn t n nfnc ntsnd ps tt ctv n t sb-stt lvl. ant ntn sppt ts td y s dvncd by t ld t ncepn mvnt Jn-Ls Blns: “N... cncnn tsdscssn btn t nl ntst nknd nd t ntnlntst. it ss t tt t tnssn tdy s dlsn ts ppstn, ts cntdctn... w sn

36 C. enst glln (1983) Nations and Nationalism, oxd: Bsl Blckll;nd enst glln (1997) Nationalism, Lndn: wdnld nd Nclsn.

37 Kn Sn’s dscssn cntbtn t t 1998 cnnc. Forum 2000 Con- erence Report , 11–15 octb, 1998, P: 2000 ndtn, p. 85.




nd dpndnc nt-dpndnc. o ntnl ntsts, ptcl ntsts, n ct, vlppn t t nl ntsts, nct, t dnc btn t tlnd nd t mtlnd.”38

mst t cnnc ptcpnts spk n t ss tntn stt nd ts t n v t td pstn, ct b dscbd s t “lstc” n. Ty xpssd, n v-ty ys, t d tt ntn stts, sc s n ep, d lsts t sncnc, yt stll nd n ptnt cpnnt t psnt ld n nztnl, cnc nd cltl ts.evn t nb spks psnlly clld t ctn pst-ntnl, cspltn ctznsp, t sclcl ls ddnt pt t t n t stnt t cnt ntn stts. N-tn stts c vbl tn t t lbls sclsts t 19t cnty sppsd. Ksn K td t nd n xplntn ts:

...t sn y ntnls nd tncty cntns t b s stns bcs t ntn stt s t nly ltt ct cntly n

t ld st, n t ds t nly dl tt ps cnsp t cvn s knd sl-nnn t lvs ...w dn’t ccpt t dls nn-ntnl ctznsp scntlyll, t cncpts nt ll dnd, t nstttns dn’t xstvy c, nd s ntnls nd t ctn t ntn sttbcs t nly l ts knd, ttbly.”39

a sl stndpnt s dptd by nt sclst, mcl

mnn.accdn t mnn, s knn s stclly-ntd scl-

st, t ty tt lblztn kns t ntn stt s x-td. and epn dvlpnts n t 20t cnty dvncds p t dclnn l t ntn stt, t qstn st bsd t ts dvlpnt s nt nstd ctn t t sbtn epn ntn stts n c 100 lln ppl dd. Ttt s ptclly t n ln s cnnctd t t ntn nd

n t t ntn stt s cnsdd t v “nc pty.”

38 Jn-Ls Blns t t 1998 cnnc, bd., p. 43.39 Cnt Ksn K t t 1998 cnnc, bd., p. 84.




glblztn ndbtdly kns t stndn t ntn stt,bt t cs tt t stll vy stn. as ntllctls cnjct t nd cn stv tnsntnl tns, bt vn tn

t t ntn stt tns ts stnt.it s t Pls plsp Lszk Klksk xpssd

st lqntly—nd t ctn bttnss—t tttd sn-tn t t pssblty cns n ts spct:

Dspt t ps ss t 19t-cnty sclsts nd lb-ls xpctd tt ntnl pbls ld sn y tlblztn cvlztn, t ppst s ppnd … in spt ts ps, ntnl tnc nss stn, dcl nd ltnt tn t sd t b. w t dpl llts, cs, bt cnnt sply cs ts cts t yby ps ncnttns n v tlnc, nd s n. wv t c ts nplsnt lty.40

it ld s tt, n ts dscssns bt t ntn stt,

2000 tcd n n t snstv sss tdy’s ld. evntsn ep n cnt ys ndct tt t skptcl lsts snsd td t ts btt tn t st. mv t s stll ncl—nspt t ssncs s psnttvs nn-epn pts t ld tt ntnls ds nt psnt tt n t cn-ts—t ndstlztn nd dnztn n ts cntst nt ld t tc pttn t vnts l 20t-cnty ep.

speCifiC attitudes to the soCial and Cultural aspeCts of globalization expressed at forum 2000.

Dzns cnncs ld n t 1990s dln t lblztn.glblztn bc n lst dnsly snbl tpc nd cncpts nndd by t scl scncs tkn p s dly byjnls, pltcs nd vn n dly l, n ctn s. wt s

spcc bt t 2000 cnncs, nd cnvsly, t txtnt dd t stndpnts t P cnncs cnc t t

40 S t cnts Lszk Klksk n bd., p. 81.




vs xpssd t t cnncs nd by t ts? at v-s pnts, ts ntdcty svy s tcd n t s spccbt 2000, sc s ad mcnk’s cnt bt “P

lblztn” Václv hvl’s dsdt t dscssns.T nd ts cpt n t sclcl nd ntplclspcts lblztn ll cp t ds 2000 sys-ttclly t t n cnts pnn tt v d ls- n t ld. Ts ll lp t ptnc t Ptns t ld’s ntllctl, pltcl nd ls lt.

The concept o globalization in international discourse and at Forum 2000 Scls stdyn lblztn st tn xpss t v tt nnlly ccptd ty lblztn xsts. in t v, svltlly cptn sts tt cn b dstnsd n ts -spct: “n snl ccnt lblztn s cqd t stts tdxy.”41 all t v pltcl plctns, .. ty d ntv nly nlytcl nd ntpttv nctns. T n sts :

(1) ts lblztn bsd n n-clsscl cny, (2) n-mxst ts, spclly ld syst ty nd ts dctns,(3) lt-dnsnl nd pllstc ts.

T st p ts ppcs t t “lblztn”t skptcl pspctv. T ts blnn t ts p, scs g. Tpsn, P. hst nd a. rn, xpss t v tt tt lblztn sply dscbs t pcss ntntnlztn,.. t n ntctns btn ntnl cns nd sct-

s.42 accdn t ts v, lblztn s nt n pnnn,t t s cntntn nd xpnsn xstn ntntnl tdlnks. intnsv lblztn n ts pspctv ldy xstd t tnd 19t cnty.

T scnd p ts cncvs lblztn n n-mx-st ts, .. s pjct svn t cnsldtn t cptlstld syst nd wstn pls. Dvd hld nd antny mc-

41 S Dvd hld nd antny mcg, “T gt glblztn Dbt,” p. 2.

42 S Pl hst nd g Tpsn (1999) Globalization in Question, 2nd dn, Cbd: Plty; aln rn (2001) The End o Globalization, NYk: rnd hs.




g dscb ts st tt n t lln y: “instd pvdn n nst nt t cs spn t cntpy ldd, t d lblztn ... ps t dnt nctn.

in ssnc, t dscs lblztn lps jsty nd ltz tn-lbl lbl pjct.”43

T td ttcl st—bn pllstc—s ppld by d-nt pltcl nttns, ncldn scl lbls nd scl dcts,s ll s by s cnsvtvly-ntd ps. in t v tpsnttvs ts td st, lblztn s nt n nst-nt wstnztn n cncpt svn s n ntllctl bck-nd ntntnl n-lbl plcs. ppl spptn tstd pspctv, sc s Dvd hld, lblztn s n xpssn dp stctl cns n t scl dn scl nztn:

glblztn... dnts t xpndn scl, n ntd,spdn p nd dpnn pct tnscntnntl fs ndpttns scl ntctn. it s t st tnstnn t scl n nztn tt lnks dstnt cnts

nd xpnds t c p ltns css t ld’s nsnd cntnnts.44

T 2000 pcdns t spct vsdscbd bv. mst t ptcpnts spsd t td—plls-tc—cncpt lblztn nd pszd ts cvlztnl nd cl-tl dnsns. Nly cnc nly pltcl cncpts lblztn . Nvtlss t ts lbl-

ztn s ntn ntndd t nd ccptbl t spd t wstn y l t t l t ld. tntly, t sn ttpt t cdc dssctn lblztn s cncpt. instddscssn csd n t l, scl, cltl nd pltcl stt pdly snkn ld, n c dnt ld vs nd vls n cnfct tn v b.

43 Dvd hld nd antny mcg, 2002, Globalization–Anti-Globalization, Cbd, uK: Plty, p. 4.

44 Dvd hld nd antn mcg, p. ct., p. 1.




Contradictory views o the world and the crisis o values

wtt dbt, s cntv nd l cs, n ns-

lcl nd tcl ltvs, dclts t d t ltcltlsnd vs typs ndntls cnstttd t c t stcllnn pts t dscssns t 2000. T xcn vs t t P cnncs dcntd ll t psnt ldsttn s dscbd by t Czc scl Jslv Kjčí t t nd s bk n “ndstndn t cnts sty.” accdn tKjčí, ptntl cnfcts btn cvlztns n stn zntl pstn, .. clss btn cvlztns, t vtcl n,.. cnfcts tn ts cvlztns. P-wstns, cnsttt sbstntl pt t cltl lts ny nn-wstn cnts, clsn t t dnds lcl tdtns njy t sp-pt t bd ss t ppltn n ts cnts. Cnvsly,wstn ntns xpncn pbls t ssltn -nts cnts s cvlztnl vls nd lstyls tnt dds t t lstyls wstn cnts.45

2000 ls d ttntn t t pnnn t ybd-ztn clts nd dlcl pds. alt t s ns-cnt t t dcnt t tl ntpnttn ld clts t dscb dtld dscptn t vs typs d-sn nd xcns dnt clts, t cnncs dntly sp t t fctn n ts sss. mv t sty ttn t j ls systs, ncldn Cstnty, ll xpls syncts nd t xn plspcl nd cltl

nttns n t cnt nd t pst. hv t vs ldclts nt sply ntd n ps ltn nss btt nt t n cndtn n cntpy cntxt?

Cltl ybdztn ds nt nly cncn t stn pt t ld. acn Cstnty s ctn spcc cctstcs ttepns nd spsn. in t untd Stts n synctc lsvnts sn. Stds t dnztn pcssn Bdds, s fctd n t bk Rebuilding Buddhism by S

LVn nd Dvd glln (p. 50), dl t kbl cns tt

45 Jslv Kjčí (2005) The Paths o Civilization: Understanding the Currents o History, Bsnstk: Plv mclln.




ctn t ld lns ls.46 Tnks t t nn stntts lns bsbn plss tsd nd ssltnt l psvn t bsc dntty.

untntly, t s nly n spcs by ctn ptcpnts scs ass Nndy tt 2000 tcd n sttn n csll—nd nc k—clts c nt cntct t t -bst nfncs wstn cvlztn. Ts nfncs cpbl dsptn t nl clts, ncldn t l cds nd -s t ld nd plcn t t t st spcl c-cl vsns t s dscbd s “stn cvlztn.” Sncts pcsss ccn t ny plcs tt t plnt, ppndn t ts cpt n tcl by t Jpns ntplstTkk h, n t nzs nd ptcpnts t t 2000 cnncs, c dcnts t pcss xtnctn jstsc sll clt.

2000 ntntly dd nt dl n t dpt t lbld plcs nd t t ny bnl lns. Ts s ptyt t n dzns vn ndds lns pdly dsp-

pn. as slt t ccl ss t ld’s dclnn lnstcdvsty nd ts cnsqncs, t ts ttcl nd pctcl s-pcts, s nt dlt t. ant ss nt dlt t s t qstn lt-lnl dntts, c s bnnn t ct t epnunn n ptcl.

2000 csd n t pct t n ntctn l ns t ld, t sc n s lbl vnncnd ncntvs nztn cnc ltns btn t

c nd p pts t ld. epss s plcd n t JslvKjčí dscbd s “zntl pstn” pbls.

N n, v, clld t ct tt t cntdcty nt tdy’s ld s ptly t slt tt t tpss ttep ndnt t ly 16t cnty, c ld t t -nc scnc nd cptls, nd sbsqntly t t ndstl v-ltn nd dccy, nd s d t by t t v t “dnty.”

46 S LVn nd Dvd glln (2005) Rebuilding Buddhism. The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal, Cbd, mss.: hvd unvstyPss.




P t tt tpss t n t sc-cncdspts btn t epn cvlztn nd t msl, Cns,indn nd t cvlztns; t stds tt ntn tt C-

ns scty, nstnc, s lt tn epn scty t c-tn pds sty. T nc nd stblsnt epndnty, pnnn tt s nt yt bn lbly xplnd, ldt t “scssn” ep, nd ptclly ts stn pt, tst t ld, c t sttd t t-dstnc n tcnlcl ndcnc ts, nd n ts cvlztn n nl. Ts v s t pl wst tt qntly spd pltcl nd cnc p nt pts t ld by xtly btl ns. Pltclly spkn,tt ndd t wld w ii, bt n cnc ts t stll cntn-s n ny ns t plnt. T sc-cnc p btn tlty cnts ep, Nt ac nd ocn, nd tpts t ld s cntnd t dn v cnt dcds—s sstssd nt nly by ptcpnts as, Ltn ac nd acbt ls by spks ep nd ac. T scl plztn t ld s cntnd n spt ll t ps d t lt-

n t. Tt lty ndscd t dscssns nd s fctd n tdbts n t sclcl nd ntplcl spcts lblztn.in plzd ld sss cltl dntty l l nd n ctnccstncs cbntn ntnl nd ls dntts cnld t dns cnnttns nd vn lty cnfcts.

2000 dd nt s t scnt nss t ss t t dync wstn scts, c vs s t cnstntvl sts nd pllty lstyls, s nt nnt n vy scty

t cpttv nd nnvtv t-ld kt cny. in tds, s t psnt stt s nt pnnt cctstc cptlst ndstl scts? o s t sn j tnstn—cs bn n pss cnts ldy— n stt ltvstblty t nt stt qlb nd stblty? and t tly s stclly dntbl tnstn, ll t nt c t n nd t ctnstcl nt? o, n t cnty, s ts nt t cs nd nstd n lvn d n “ny ld”? Cn t dync

cvlztn s n xpnc t, ptclly n tcnlclts, b pnnt pnnn? a t, t nt ltst t? o ds tcnlcl nd cnc dvlpnt cc nlnty cycls?




it lks s t cn b n sltn t pbls ssctd tt n cntdctnss t ld, t dcl ltvztn vls, nd t vll “dsncntnt” t ld nlss n-

knd fcts dply n t sptl, tcl nd cltl cns-qncs t st pc sty nd t pct t j sctlcns t s ndn. Ts ds nt n sld bndn nnlytcl ppc t t spt spcts ts cns. on tcnty, st b spcc, v t sk t t spcc -cts n tcnls, n knds k, n knds tdnss,n lt sks, n dctnl nds, n cnc nstttns ndls, nd t n lstyls ssctd t t. and st ls skt ts cns ccn dntly n dnt pts tld. wll t tcnlcl cns tt ndbtdly n tdvn cs t pd cns n cntpy scty ld t tcltl nd scl nztn t ld? 2000 c tn v ltpl dnts nd ltpl lblztns, bt t t cndtns sc n vltn?

Psdnt hvl stssd tt ssntlly kn t n sks

tdy’s ld, bt lck t ll t cnnt t ctvly. Bt sn’ttt cntdctn clln t s t ndstnd t sns tstt ndnc tds pbbly tc cllctv t?

Social and other disparities in today’s world

2000 ntd tt, n bslt ts, t dspts btn tc nd p pts t ld d ttnd pptns npcdnt-

d n t sty nknd. and t pnt s d nt by p-snttv t dvlpn cnts, bt by t acn cnst

Jy Scs. in ctn s t ld t “scl qstn” dnc scd n ts tdtnl , .. t t sk ndscl cnfcts, pltcl dstblztn nd tnd tds tt-n s. in t v 2000 t s ptclly dnsn lbl ts s t n p btn t pst cnts—st c n ac—nd t c ntns.

in ts spct t P cnncs cncd t st ldpvty nlysts. in stdy pblsd n 2001, Ts w. P d-scbd t cntst btn ld pvty nd ld lt n tlln ts:




T 900 lln ppl lcky n t sd n t wstn zn fnc spnsbl 86 pcnt ld cnsptnxpndts, 79 pcnt ld nc, 58 pcnt ld n-

y cnsptn, 47 pcnt ll cbn ssns, nd 74 p-cnt ll tlpn lns. By cpsn, t pst 1.2 blln t ld’s ppltn v t s nly 1.3 pcnt ldcnsptn, 4 pcnt ld ny cnsptn, 5 pcnt ld s nd t cnsptn nd 1.5 pcnt ll tlpnlns. glbl nqlty, t ll ts ctns, ndbtdlynks by s t tst sc n sy tdy.47

t ltt dln t ntntnl cpsns pvtyt s tt st ts n t ptnc nd xtnt t pbl, bt ty d v t ld pvty nd ntn-tnl dspts n nt, s ll s v t lblz-tn s t n cs t n dspts. hv, t nsst ts t qstns dtn t ctn d t nt tss qd t dc lbl cnc dspty.

opnns bt t lbl pvty lvls, bt t xtnt ds-pts nd bt t t ps btn t c nd p cn-ts n nt, spcc llsttn t dsptnssnd ncnsstncy fctns n t psnt stt t ld, cs ls bn t by t xpnc 2000. at t sk sltv-splctn, t n scls tt cn b dntdtn ts fctns: (1) n-lbl nd p-lblst, (2) ctclnd n-mxst, nd (3) scl-lbl.

alt st nlysts tt t bslt dspts n n-c btn t cst nd t pst cnts n ndssn npcdntd dnsns, t n-lbls stss tt tssys lttl bt t tnds lbl ps. Ty ntn tt t stptnt ndct s t ltv nc p.48

Stds by t wld Bnk nd svl t ntntnl nstt-tns ndct tt t ltv nc p n lbl scl nd

47 Ts w. P (2001) “Pts n glbl Jstc,” n Ts w. P(d.), Global Justice, Blckll, oxd; S Dvd hld nd antny mcg,Globalization–Anti-Globalization, pp. 77–78.

48 rltv nc p ss t dnc btn t nc t typclndvdl nd ld v nc, clcltd s t pcnt t ltt.




btn 1970 nd 1985. Ts stds ls d ttntn t jnl dspts. in st nd st as t ltv nc p n-d pdly l n t sb-Sn cnts ac t dnd.

T n-lbls ls stss tt t xtnt bslt pvty n tld s n t dcs nd pnt t tt ny ld sttstcl std-s, n clcltn t xtnt ld pvty, cttd t ln t tk nt ccnt t ppltn sz Cn nd indnd t ns sncnc pvty dctn n ts, t stppltd, cnts t ld. N-lbls cncld ts ttcnc lblztn s pstv tnd n scl ts, nd s n ctt nly ctv ns dcn ld pvty. in t v, tj scl dspts btn dnt pts t ld d tt ct tt ctn cnts l t ntt pdly n nt tld cny. in sl vn, t ctn lbl -kts dd s t bst y t dct pvty nd t j lbldspts.

T ctcl cnt, s n xpnnts n-mxst -ts, ssts tt t n-lbl nlyss vs s t n ncct

pct t scl stt t ld. Pvty nd nqlts n tld v n n cnt dcds bcs t pts cnclblztn nqlly dstbtd bt nsd cnts nd b-tn cnts. Ts ts ntn tt t l btn t c-st nd pst cnts s dnd ccdn t ny ndcts.in 1960 t nc 20 pcnt t cst cnts s nly 30ts t tn t nc 20 pcnt t pst. in 1997 ttt d sn t 74. T n p btn t c nd p s

t ld sltd n pltcl dstblztn, nndn ll sts tcl pbls nd ldn t n dvsn btn ts bnt t pcsss cnc lblztn nd ts ls. Ts s n sttn n c t ld dvsn nt t c ntnd p st s ldy csn t pply. accdn t t st d-cl n-mxst pstns tn ts ptcl cnt, szd byDvd hld nd antny mcg, “nlss n-lbl cnc l-blztn s td (…) ‘n bbs’ ll s cnfcts spll

v nt t lbl ‘zns pc’ lld by n lbl pvty,xclsn, dspnt nd nqlty.”49

49 Dvd hld nd antny mcg, p. ct., p. 83.




T td p, c v dbbd t scl-lbl, s lssdctn tn t pvs t. it ls pts t p-cl nd stcl dt. on t tss t ts n ts p s

t bsvtn tt scl nd t dspts btn dnt pts t ld v lys xstd nd pbbly pnnt c-pnnt t ld d. Ty cknld, v, tt dnsty s ld t dnn p btn t c nd p cnts.S ts ls ccpt t n-mxst tss bt t dvsn t ld nt c nd ppy—lt ts s vn ccptd bylbl cnsts s Jy Scs dnsttd t 2000. Tn pss ts cnt ds s t stss t l t stt,ntnl dvlpnt stts nd ctv cnc vnnc.Ts s bsd n cpsn cnc nd scl dvlpnt nvs dvlpn cnts. T nt nly t ncsnly -pvsd cnts sb-Sn ac bt ls sccssl sttssc s Snp, Tlnd nd mlys. Ts s vdnc tt tdvsn t ld nt t ncsnly p nd ncsnly cs nt tlly dtnd by t cnss t psnt-dy lbl

kt cny bt ls by t cts. in t ds, pltcl -nztn, cltl pttns nd ys tnkn ls cnt. Pt t tnkn s t cnvctn tt t nstnts t l sttll cntn t b dcsv n dcn pvty nd nqlty, nd d-tnn ntnl plcs t t pvty n ndvdl cnts. Tppnnts ts pstn stss tt t scl plcs ndvdlntn stts ll cntn t ply dcsv l n ltn pvty ndscl nqlts.50

mst t cnnc ptcpnts ld vs sl kn tts scl-lbl cnt, c bss tsl n ptl nlyss cnt lbl cns nd nsts nt sty. S, n ct t pstnn t n t lbl scl qstn dd jstc t t dpplspcl stndpnt—t ad mcnk dbbd t Pcncpt lblztn.

50 Ts v s xpssd by rbt glpn (2001) Global Political Economy, Pnc-tn: Pnctn unvsty Pss; nd ls P. hst nd g. Tpsn, Global-ization in Question.




Global ethic

T j dscssn bt t ntntnlty t ld, n n-

tpps nd t ltnsp ln nd scnc tt n-td t st cnnc 2000, tnscndd t bnds t plspcl ts tt slly sst tslvs n ltn tt pcsss lblztn. hv, t P cnncs lsdlt t plspcl qstn tt s pt dp fctnbt lblztn, nly t ss lbl tcs, s cntntnd t v ldy bn t sbjct svl pblctns. Tsntlly cs n t bsc dntn t cncpt lbl tcs, shns Kün dd t t P cnncs, nd ls n t bjct ndsbjct ts n tcl sp.

mst t ts ctn t psnt spn lbl tcpsz tt t s td t t dntn “pltcl d.” in ttspct t spn t pncpls lbl tc ds n t t-dtn pltcl plspy tt ld t t nc t ty dccy, c, cs, s bnd p t t n n-

tn stt. Pltcl d n tt ty dccy ly n t pcss ctzn’s ptcptn n pltcs, c t t ntdy lctd psnttvs xpsss t cllctv ll. wt s t sn-cnc ts t sbjct ts ll nt ctzns “ld” stt?and t t b t bjct sc n tc? in t dctn s tdn? hld nd mcg v t lln ns:

...t pltcl d tdy cn nly b dsclsd by fctn n

t dvsty t “cnts t” t c ndvdls ndps bln ... pltcl d s ntncd n vlppn c-nts, nd n n nt tnsntnl cvl scty nd lblplty. Dspts bt t pltcl d sld b dspts btt nt nd pp t dvlpn lbl d.51

T pssblts sc lbl tc cn nt xstnc , c-cdn t hld nd mcg, cntnnt n t xstnc t l-

ln ccstncs: st ll, t lty tt sd dntty nt pst s lys t tc n ntnsvly xpssd pltcl

51 Dvd hld nd antny mcg, p. ct., pp. 90–91.




cnstctn (nt vn t ntn s ntl, blclly td c-nty); scndly, t ct tt n t ld tdy’s ndvdls p-tcpt n ssctns tt ttlly vy dvs nd n ps

tt tnscnd t bds ntn stts; tdly, tt t spn lbl tc s clttd by t ct t lblztn dplts ntnstts nd nns n t svnty nd tny; tly, -nss tt t ts ntnl cnts n ln n t nnds ln; tly nd lstly, ntnl cnts n ncp-td nt ntk nl nd lbl stcts vnnc,c cns nd stcts t blty ntn stts t pvd tctzns t t s stct ts nd dts.

as slt ll t cplx cnc, scl, cltl nd n-vnntl cns t s ncssy t cn t dctn xstnpltcl plsps nd tcs tt cnstctd ln “sltn-st” lns. Tdy’s ld “...s nt ld clsd cnts ttlly pntbl ys tt, sl-scnt cns nddlly svn stts.”52

T psnt dscs n tcs s n ln cncnd slly t

t ls l n ntnl cnts, bt ls ss qstns cn-cnn t ntsctns nd cntcts tlly vlppn sct-s, tdtns nd lns. T cntnt st t b dtdbtn vs clts, sps l nd lns. i lzts tn ll nt pcv t psnt ld s n ll nc-ncy, cntdctns nd cnfcts, s t s pcvd by st tptcpnts t t P cnncs. Ts ncncy s st lklypcsly t “tl,” t bjct, c qs t spn n

lbl tc. it s ndbtdly t t cdt 2000 tt tsnd s xpssd n n xplct y.

the future of the nation states

in t pvs sctn, dln t t nc lbl tc, stssd tt t ky lnt ny bts ssctd t l-blztn s t bs dntn l cllctv sbjcts, c

cnsttt t nztnl, ll nd cnc xs tdy’s ld.

52 on o’Nll (1991) “Tnsntnl jstc” n Dvd hld (d.) Political The-ory Today, Cbd, uK: Plty, p. 282.




in t dn t st ptnt ts sbjcts s t ntnstt. 2000, ssntlly n ln t t n cnt pnnn lbl dscs, dnsttd tt lt t l t ntn

stts s dclnn, ntn stts s ll, cnc nd cltl sbjctsls v stn pstn n lblzn ld. Ty nt b-cn xtnct, n ty bn “plcd” by tnsntnl pltclsbjcts. rt, n cn sy tt ty bn cplntd by ncnc, ll, cltl, scntc nd t nstttns, nztnsnd ssctns. wt cn b bsvd s t nc n typ ntk nt nly tlly lnkd ndvdls, bt ls tscllctv sbjcts.

in t psnt ntntnl dscs bt t t t ntnstt ts pstn psnts n ny “cntl” st. T pt tsply, n y sst tt ntn stts ll cntn t xst, nd tyll cntn t b qt ptnt, bt ts ptnc ll nt bbsd n ll, pltcl nd cnc s svnty, bt n cltl dntty. Ntn stts ll ncsnly b “t cn-ts,” bsd n pcl, lnstc, stcl nd cltl dnt-

ts. in sns t ll b tn t t pd pcdn t tn t ntn stts, c t pdct nl dnztnnd dlbtly ctd. in tt spct, tt dscssn t n sny ds, 2000 ccptd t dnst ty t ntnltd by sc ts s enst glln Bndct andsn.53 in t lt ts, t s cl t dscssns tt v bn nn svl ys ldy tt t ky pbl n t t ll ntb t t t ntn stt s ll ntty, bt t t ntnl

clts nd lns. hnc t cnt cs n t qstn tlblztn t d, cltl pls, t dnnc tenls ln nd t ctn s knd v lblzdstyl, bt vn ctclly ndd ts pnt t t ct tt ts n z-s , bt t tn n nd cplxcltl pttn. wtn t s “ld” cltl lys cnnctd tntnl clts ll cntn t xst, bt lnsd t t ll n, lbl nd t lys, c ll v t cct

53 S enst glln (1997) Nationalism, Lndn: wdnld nd Nclsn; sll s Bndct andsn (1991), Imagined Communities, Lndn, N Yk:Vs.




cltl ybds, s t s st vdnt, xpl, n t dvlpnt pp sc. T fdty cltl pttns, t fxblty nd bl-ty t sslt n nd dspt lnts s bn dnsttd n

ny ccsns by cltl ntplsts. on t t nd, t ds-cssn cltl nd ntplcl pcsss snds nn btt pssbl xtnctn nt clts, ptclly sll ns.



T expls Sc-CltlDsnttn Csd by glblztn

Takeaki Hori

primitive stage of hegemonies emerging in papua new guinea

as t s n y spclzd stds, i stv t d y ld std-

s nly n t St Pcc islnds n t ly 70s. wl stdyn

cnc ntply t t unvsty Sydny, Pp N gn

c t y ttntn s y n ld. at tt t, Pp N gn

(PNg) s stll pt astln tty. Bt, n 1972, sn t y

st vst, PNg cvd ll ndpndnc. hv, scty nd

ncnd. Tbl s cntnd n t nt. und sc c-

cstncs, n Jpns pp ll cpny dcdd t st p cp

cty n mdn , n t pp nt PNg mn islnd, ty cld v sy ccss t t ns tpcl n sts.

Ty btnd lbn ts cvn ssv tp-cl n sts nd n d t sc t l-scl lbn, tyctd t nb yn ppl lcl vlls n t v-cnty.

all sddn, dn lb-nnt s ll s pdctnsyst s tnsplntd t t slnd, tdtnl, yt tbl

tns syst s stll dnnt n t cnty.i s vy c ntstd n t scl tnstn nd cs-

cp cny ld pct t vll plys bn ndsd.

at t bnnn, t cpny dptd cs pynt syst.Ty pd s n cs t plys n kly bss, nd t ddn’ttk ln t b t tdtnl scl syst s bn cllnd.Ptclly, yn ppl d t ttn t stblsd p

stct t vll. T pct cs cny s ns.in d t sc pdctvty ssv ldn cpcty s

tp pty. Ty pnd t jnl nd blt d ds dp n tst vy tcks, nd nn-stp tnspttn svc nd




t clck s stblsd btn t ln st nd t lln c-ty n tn. it s bst yn tck dvs tk t ldnl n cnn t tdtnl vll syst, t ty cnzd

ts nt. T tdtnl scl syst s qckly cllnd ndvll tty bsd pn snty s n dcln.

B t pp ll cpny s stblsd, t st ptntcnty k n t vll s t lly cl t nd ccnt plnttns vll s. evy vll, ncldn cldnnd n, s blzd t s n t cnl lb cttnds. Sn, yn ppl lnd t vd t bltn.

S xcsd tslvs by syn tt t n t st k t cpny s t tp pty bcs cs d bc t nsc t sppt t sld cny. S ts td t bbcldn by vn t s cn nd skn t t tk vt n kld. a sll sps sn pnd n t vllbcs t xpctd cs. S dvnts yt qck tln bt t “dn pynt syst” nd bt tcycls. Tntdctn t tcycl bt l vltn t t vll.

Tvln by tcycl tly xpndd t n t dly ctv-ts t n stk. Ty cld sly k ln dstnc xcsn n dy, ts vntlly, pvn t y t xpl cpltly n ld;t s sy t nd l nds lvd n t vlls. a wstntyp dtn bc pssbl y t ys pnts.

in ddtn t ts spctcl, tdtnl tty tn t ly vll s dd nd cllnd. S ndsts yts kdd t sv t nns, ts ccltn t sttctn clss

syst nd dvdn vlls btn p nd c. wstn typs sc, sn, spt ss vn T-sts sttd t bc pp-l n yn ppl. evn sll pb s pnd n t vll,t c yn bys fckd v knd. indvdls nd cnv-nnc svc c t b cnzd s n t ptnt qlts t dly l.

T vl syst s n tnstn nd t ctn btn n-tns bc vdnt. at t vy bnnn, t cpny pd t

s kly n dy. on cvn t cs, st t yn -plys sd t t b nd styd ntl ty spnt t lst pnny.

gdlly, t cs nc syst bc dvn c stnndvdls, nd sn t, wstn sc, sns sc s tndy



7Two Examples o Socio-Cultural Disintegration Caused by Globalization

spt ss, nd T-sts cqd pplty. in t vll, sll pbsnd cnvnnc sts sccssvly pnd. Sn t cs cn-y s dply td n t vll.

nlly cs sttd ptn t st t scty Pp Ngn, c d ln nd sptd t n-st t dn ld. in t ds, t cs cny bc n bjct sp. it s n ps t s-clld “C Clt.”

Lkn t ts tnstns, s t pssbl tt cn s, tt pcss scl cns tkn plc n Pp N gn, tntn t ptv st ny?

i v n ntntn kn sc n pts cnclsn .Bt, i cn sly ntn sl tnstn bt n t pst nd tpsnt sc s t mj rsttn n Jpn cntpy Cn,c s bn njyn t n cnc dvncs. T cttt i ld lk t psz s t scl ccnc tns-tn c tk t n t scty t t t ntdctn t kt cny. an ny cns, t cts, “sstnc tt n syst” nd “sd dptblty” t st pp-

nt pnn, c qckly pvld t yn ntn s sclcnscsnss s i v sn n PNg.an ny yn ntllctls, t s n snstv, yt st

psn, snsd t tnstn nd cnsn n cp-tls n s. hs n s mcl S, tn jnlst knt lcl d sttn n mdn. h ntcptd t t PpN gn nd d pltcl pty clld “Pn Pt” tst t t t ndpndnc PNg. at t st nl lctn,

n vlnly. Ts, d t n lln t st p t sty t ndpndnt PNg nd s ppntd s t stP mnst t ndpndnt PNg.

h s ldly n t pdct tt ntntnl cnltstt t nc cnts ld st t dy ys n tbndnt ntl scs Pp N gn. unlss syst sqckly stblsd t ptct t ntl scs n nt-sts s lnd ld b clnzd by cptls n.

h ppsd s-clld “sc ntnls,” c s t x-z t lcl pcssn ntl scs. hv, s ntcndnt n t lnc sc dpltc plcy by sl. PNgstll s vlnbl s nbn stt nd n d t cnsldt t



The View rom Prague

sc t pstn ndpndnc, tt tt ltntnl,cllctv ppc s ncssy.

h dtly ppsd s-clld “spd dplcy” t

nbn mlnsn cnts nd ppld cn dctn plcy tds astl nd wstn ndstlzd cnts. hpdctd tt ts ndstlzd cnts ld ncs t ps-s t pn p t kt t sk cptls.

evn t ts mlnsn cnts blssd t l-tvly c ntl scs, ty stll plss n ntntnlbsnss nd nnc. Ts, nvtd j, Vnt nd t Slnrpblcs t jn t bdy. T n ts bdy s t k t clt t tsd ld tt ty pps ny cptlstc ntvntn by bps sc s enlnd, nc, ac astl ptclly nt dvlpnt ntl scs. als, t mlnsn Spdcd t t nt plct ss ddssd t t t StPcc islnds cnts.

P.m. mcl S s st n t st t d -ny by stssn t nlty nd t ldn l PNg n t

Spd llnc vs-à-vs t St Pcc islnds Cnts. PNgqckly nd t ldn pltcl pstn n t St Pcc n,nd bc n nl nc p.

T cnsctv f wstn clt nn cns-s t vss nvstnt nt PNg, t ndns scl sys-t s stll psvd nd dnnt, s l y-pnn pcss.and, i ntptd ts vnt s t dl tnstn, ccld vy tt t s n ssv spct t lblztn nly n

t cny.Tt s t i td t sst n d t sk t t cncptl

cnvsn ns n ntplcl stndpnt. as -

slt, t bc vsbl tt ns s nt dly. Ts

vntlly ld t t lln nnc tt t “nsttn (

xctn) pnnn dly bns ncssnt lblztn.”

globalization hits the south paCifiC islands

in t t nvtn , Cptn Ck xtnsvly xpld tSt Pcc islnds v t ts. rdlss s tvtn, i



Two Examples o Socio-Cultural Disintegration Caused by Globalization

s ls tptd t xpl t St Pcc islnds, bt t d-nt csty. s sn, i s cnvncd tt t ld b ps-sbl t tc sns n ndvlpd lblztn tt t t

cnvsn pcss clnztn. S, i s bsssd t dn vty sty bks bt t St Pcc islnds.

in t dtc ncnt t wstn cvlztn, t St P-cc islnds xpsd t t tst t mskt nd Cstnty,c n sns, syblzd t n clt nd t Bbl csd s-sn. untntly, ts sl-sstnn, yt sltd slnd clt splss n t c n ssv wstn cvlztn bckd p bylty p, vn t t St Pcc islnds nq clts fsd v svl tsnd ys.

unq clts tt t ntv slnds psd t td xtnctn. on qstn ss: wt s t dvn c wstn ps t xpl nd t clnz t n ld n sc cpttv, yt s y? a scl sty txtbk vs s nns sly.

Dn clnls, epn nc stts sc s Spn,

nc nd enlnd tn ldsp nd d td t x-z t ntsts nd nfnc t svnty n ep. evn-tlly, t epn kt s sttd. T t ppltnnd dstbtn ts scs d cd t lt. T s nt y bt t c tsd ep n d t sk t n -kts. ac bc t st vct t xpnsn clnl ps.it s lld by ind, as, t Cbbn, Ltn ac nd tSt Pcc. T pct t wstn nvsn s dvsttn n

vy spct. Sp xs d n cl t ndnsslnds. Ty cld dly blv t pct t n, c cldnstntly knck dn ppl stndn t dstnc t n bn.

Ty ntptd cnt s t dtcd t n.Ty cld pck p t t nd t snd t btn.

at t s t, t tcnlcl nnvtn n ep btt lps n t ld cnc nvtn s ll s sp bldntcnly, c ccltd t clnztn t N wld.

as slt, n ntn nd knld s bt bck t e-p. it bc n-sdd nply . T xstd nly tlds: lss nd nns.




wstn epn cvlztn bc dnnt, scnd t nn.T pct, c t N wld ld cll “gt Tnstn nn sty,” s tdy tcd by t “Dtl rvltn.”

i ld d t sy tt t “Dtl rvltn” ll b n ttvtn cs cnt lblztn. T C Tt llycncnttd n tn n nls stn nvts nd b-lzd yn lcl ls ts pps. it ddn’t tk ln t TtC t cn s tt nls t skts. in Tn, t kn t slnds s t st-tpd nd cldn’t b btd t t nl tdn tnsctns n d t btn n nls. httckd t bt t nt nd st t n . h plndd ll vlblnls, c pndd n t bt.

wy ty s cd by n? i lk t ld ctls xbtns tdtnl pns, c d bn sd n t StPcc n, y cld ndstnd. Bs, sps, clbs nd slds d nl bn, stn d. T cctstcs n,dblty, sldty, spnd d, nt tt t s vlnnd dstctv. By n nls n t cnvntnl clb t

tnd nt pl pn. T s n nd t dscb t d-stctv p t skt. actlly, st t cs, nt nly nTt, bt ls n h qckly cnqd l slnds t nsnd stblsd nd knd. Bt t vll p t wst-n epn cnts s pdnnt nd st t tc dstny,vntlly ldn t clnztn.

Sltnsly, t clyn d ccpnd t cn-qstds qck t stpd scl tdtns, clts nd p-

n csts. wn lk t ts dstctv, csd vnt n ntplcl stndpnt, t cld b sd tt slnds t-tlly nslvd bcs ty lst t pyscl cntct t t sl,t nd spc zns ltd t t n lclty.

hv, t tdtns nd cst nv dd. wn v cls lk t t sttn n t St Pcc, t s ny wst-n tsts n nd n t n nd skn t “Pds” “acd.” Ctnly, pds s lst nd tsts sply cs-

n t lst pds. Bt, s ndns tdtns ntd sptlly ntn t ntn nd n pnlybn vvd.



1Two Examples o Socio-Cultural Disintegration Caused by Globalization

Tk t xpl t m n N Zlnd. Ty nt ttcty, cd ll knds sppssn, stn nd ltnv t. Bt, nlk t bns n astl, ty s sc-

cdd n ntnn t tncty nd tdtns. wn tlkbt N Zlnd clt ndys, stll cnsd t stn nf-nc t m clt. Tdtn nd csts dply td n tlclty st b tl lk t pnx. it n’t cn t t nlvl.






The Importance o Religion

When Max Weber sought the reasons and actors underlying that deep processo change which led not only to the rise o capitalism but also to what is termed modernity, he judged that they included an alteration in the theological con-tent o European religion. In very simple terms, according to him, Europeancapitalism would not have arisen without Calvinism. In his opinion it wasone o the actors underlying the change which led to Europe abandoning the ramework o eudal agricultural societies and beginning to change, at frst into a mercantile, and then into an industrial capitalist society. There were

doubtless more actors underlying this change—as we know thanks to decadeso historical and sociological research—but the changes in religion certainly played an important role in it. In contemporary Western and some Asiansocieties religion certainly does have a very dierent status than it did 100 or 200 years ago. The churches have lost their ormer signifcance and inu-ence. On the other hand, however, as Ernest Gellner pointed out in his work:Ln nd Sltd. wttnstn, mlnsk nd t hbsbDl1 it is evident that the basic orientation o values, what sociologists

call “core values,” o individual societies and oten, also, their ways o think-ing, are embedded in the religious tradition o given societies. For example,when one looks at European societies today it is possible to distinguish societieswith a majority Catholic, Protestant or Orthodox orientation. It is thereoreeven more necessary—i we want to understand today’s world—to know thecore values and the basic cognitive styles o individual major cultural regionso the world, whose axis was and remains (perhaps in a hidden orm) themajor world religions. In this sense it is not possible to ully understand the

social, political or economic development o individual parts o Europe—such

1 enst glln (1998) Language and Solitude: Wittgenstein, Malinowski and theHabsburg Dilemma, Cbd: Cbd unvsty Pss.




as Scandinavia or the Iberian Peninsula—i account is not taken o the long term religious orientation o these regions, which is reected in all felds o hu-man activity. For this reason, but also because an element o the Forum 2000

conerence was a multi-religious gathering o representatives o the Christianreligion, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism, we devote a special chapter to the question o religion in a globalizing world. The act that somerecent conicts in the world have assumed, once again and perhaps somewhat surprisingly, the orm o religious clashes, is another reason or us to deal withthis subject in more detail.



T Tnstns rln n tPcss glblztn

Tomáš Halík

glblztn ts vy n t pss n vs spcts tpcss. Ts cn dstns sc-cnc, sc-pltcl nd s-c-cltl ts. it ld pp tt s ly nlyzs cnc cts nd pltcl cnsqncs lblztn pvld,n t cnt pd spclzd ntst s ls ncsnly csn nt cltl nd sptl plctns ts cvlztnl cns.Ts s bcs t lblztn pcss ls cts t sp vl- nttn, lstyl nd ys pcvn t ld—nd ts

cns n t sptl sp pjctd bck nt t bv ppl n t cnc nd pltcl sps.a l nb ts v dn ttntn t t ct tt

lblztn ds nt sply ply t lbl xpnsn n typ cvlztn (“dn,” wstn) ln t ts vls nd lstyl.rt t s t nc qlttvly n cvlztn c -cts nd tnss scty t tl ntlnkn dnt“lds.” wstn cvlztn lsd cs tt v dnt ct

n t cltl cntxts tn t wst ntcptd s ccstdt. “T vnt dnztn” ls vks dtc dnsvctns s ll s vs cnsqncs tt cn nly b tckld n lbl scl. T dptn sc dcsns qs cnsnss, v bd pspctv nd t blty t tnscnd ys tnkntt t wst sd t tk ntd.

a ntbl pn sc-cultul nlyss lblztn s t

sclst rlnd rbtsn. in rbtsn’s v lblztn s p-

dxcl, n tt t bns but bt bsluts nd ltvs. it s

pcss nvlvn “unvslztn ptculs”—t lbl

spd wstn cultu tt ut Cstn undtns, nd

ls “ptculztn unvsls”—by wstn cultu




cs nt cls cntct t t cultus, nd ts cl unv-

sl vldty cllds t t ct plulty nd s tby ltvzd.

Ts pdx ls cts t t lns: t nd scl l

tnsd; ctn tus dndl dn l ts suddnly

blss.

rbtsn s n t st t dl t t ss “ln ndlblztn.” ws tty ys ny sclsts cntnd tccpt t pvln tss bt sclztn nd tt tt tl ln ld pdly dns ldd, rbtsn pdctds ly s t 1970s tt ln nt nly ld tn ts scl p-tnc n pst-ndstl scty, t ld ctlly ply sncnt ln t pcss lblztn. rbtsn jctd t v tt td bn bsvd n dn wstn scty n ts t sp-tn ln s dtcd sp scty nd ts sptn pltcs—t “pvtztn ln”—s nvsl pnnn.mny ssd tt t ep d xpncd st sn ltpply t t nt ld. i bndn t pcncvd ntns t e-cntc ntpttn sty v, dscv tt n

lbl scl, epn dvlpnts—nd ts ppls ptcllyt t ls sttn—tnd t b n sltd xcptn t tn nvsl pnnn. alt nn-wstn clts dptd twstn cncpt “ln” ctd by t enltnnt, ty lntt n ntly dnt nn. rln bc n t st -ptnt vcls p dntty. Ptclly n ts plcs vs ps lt jpdzd by t nyn pss lblztnln xpncd vtlztn nd pltcztn—nd ts tly

bc nvsl pnnn.Lt s ty t sz n ppstns t nlyss scl-

sts, pltlsts nd lnsts nd tn bfy cnt n t.

deprivatization and repolitiCization of religion

at t nd t 20t cnty, t gn sclst Ts Lck-nn vsd s pnn tt t sclztn dn scty

ns t dcln nd pssbl dsppnc ls t: pvd tt t ds nt dspp bt sply “sts” pblcl nd xtnl s, .. nstttnl cc-ntd s, t t



7The Transormations o Religion in the Process o Globalization

sp ndvdls’ pvt lvs.1 rln ds nt d t bt b-cs “nvsbl”— it is privatized .

at t vy lst, n nb epn cnts t s cn-

tnn tndncy tds t “ndvdlztn t”— dclnnllnnss blvs t dnty lly t tdtnl cclsstclnstttns nd cnsqnt knn t pvs nctns ts nstttns n pblc l. hv, dn t lst qt ttntt cnty ts pnn v bn vsdd by ntnd, c s vn kd, nd, nlk t sclztn c-tn epn cnts, s lbl cct: t ssv ccssn ln t pblc l nd pltcs n ptcl.

in s bst-sll The Revenge o God: The Resurgence o Islam, Chris-tianity and Judaism in the Modern World, nc sclst glls Kpldcnts t pltcl nsv t ntstc lns nstt lbl d.2 h cts s xpls t “islc vltn,” t n-fnc vnlcl ps n pltcl l n t uSa nd cns-vtv Jds n isl pltcs. h ls ntns t Ctlc v-nt Communione e Liberatione nd (nly n y v) Jn Pl ii’s

vsn t “-vnlztn ep.” T acn sclst Jsé Csnv cns, sl pnn ( nlyzs t l -ln n Spn, Plnd, Bzl nd t uSa), t t “deprivatizationo religion.”

…t t dpvtztn s nt t sny t nc nstcl dvlpnts, c t lst qlttvly, nt t ctn vsl t ppd t b scl tnds. rlns

tt t ld ntn t pblc sp nd t n pltcl cntsttn nt nly t dnd t tdtnl t,s ty v dn n t pst, bt ls t ptcpt n t vystls t dn t dn bnds btn t pvt ndpblc sps, btn syst nd l-ld, btn lltynd lty, btn ndvdl nd scty, btn ly, cvl

1 Ts Lcknn (1967) The Invisible Religion: The Problem o Religion in Mod-ern Society, N Yk: mclln.2 glls Kpl, (1994) The Revenge o God: The Resurgence o Islam, Christianity and

Judaism in the Modern World , Cbd: Plty.



The View rom Prague

scty nd t stt, btn ntns, stts, cvlztns, nd tld syst.3

Snc t 1980s, n Csnv’s v, lns v d pl s t ct tt ccdn t t ls dn scty ty cn ntt pblc sp ns s ty spct t pncpls d ln nd t t pvcy.

ant acn sclst, mk Jnsy, s dscbdt ttpts ld lns t ntvn ctvly n pblc l nd s-st lty n pltcs. h nts t lnk btn tdtnl lnsnd dn pltcs.4 glblztn nd t nd t bpl lddd nt bn t nd sty, bt t sctn lcl cn-ts n ls nd tnc bss. T tnc lnts nd ln bn lnkd tt t ld s “ls ntnls.” invs pts t lb, n t acn cnts, n in, eypt, is-l, Plstn, mnl, ind, S Lnk nd t l Cntlas, ls nd tnc vnts cnsttt t ppstn t sc-l ntnls. Jnsy s n t st ts p t 11

Sptb 2001 t py ttntn t “ls ts,” ptcllyn St as nd t mddl est.at t nd t 20t cnty, t s d t nd j cnfct

n c ln ds nt ply sncnt l, vn t t s ps-sbl t y b dn vs bt t nd t t xtntls sybls nd ds sply sd nd ssd s cvnd tl ntsts nt knd nd n. rls dclsnd ndntls sld nt, v, vsd t ptnt

pltcl l plyd by lns nd ls nstttns n t p-css pcl cnfct sltn nd n t tnstn t- ndlt-n dcttsps t dccy nd cvl scty—t ll sct cll t l t Ctlc cc n Plnd, Spn, Cl, tPlppns, nd Nc, tc., t pt plyd by t ctvty ndtty Pp Jn Pl ii n t ll Cns nd t p-css epn nttn.

3 Js Csnv (1994) Public Religions in the Modern World , Cc–Lndn:unvsty Cc Pss.

4 Jnsy, mk (1993) The New Cold War , Bkly: unvsty Cl-n Pss.



The Transormations o Religion in the Process o Globalization

neCessity to reinterpret the “seCularization paradigm”

T pltcl l ln nd t pd t s-clld “n

ls vnts”—bt tn tdtnl lns nd lsnstttns nd tn tsd t— ctd st qntlys sns bndnn t lst dclly vsn t ty sclztn. ny dcds ts ty s vtlly n ncl-lnd pd n t scly ln. Ts dys, v,spclzd tn n t stts ln n t cntpy ldstly dstncs tsl t t tst t v tt n t stcllysbl t y xpctd s knd nvsl bdctn ln nd ts plcnt by s t pnnn, sc sscnc— v tt s ld by ctn dvcts enltnntnd Pstvst ts. Ts dys t sclztn ty s tn -dd s scntc stk tt std n nvld nlz-tn t css spcc nctns ctn lns n ctn sp-cc pcl s, c, tly lbl pspctv, y bdd s nl nd xcptnl. Ndys, n ss ts

s t t sclztn s t t cntpy ld ( spcclly spcc pt ep) ty t pns t dnt pcsly nd dstns t “scls”—n dlclpln pptn nd ccltn n nt-ls p. Dvdmtn, n s bk A General Theory o Secularization, pvds pssblyt st dtld ttnt t vs cncpts sclztn; ss p s nlyss by dcln tt t s n ln scntcllytnbl t d sclztn s nl, nd nd vsbl

pcss.5 Lks nn ntns t ld b n t pty sc-lztn s s knd stcl pttn sc s ntl vnts—t sn nn cntst btn ndvdl cts, s tc s nc-tn.6 Stk nd Bnbd, nstnc, td t pply t ty tnl cc t ln nd cd t xtnsv pcl -sc nt lsty, c t t pnn tt sclztn s splyn ps nl cyclcl dvlpnt ln (scts tn nt

5 Dvd mtn (1979) A General Theory o Secularization, N Yk: hp &r.

6 rcd nn (1978) Toward a Theory o Secularization, Cnnctct: Scty Scntc Stdy rln, Sts.




ccs, ccs n, ppnc nnvtns—n clts).7 Tsclztn ps n t ep dn ts dd nt lv b-nd scty tt lns, t sply sltd n t dcln n

ln. Bl ns nd s sply n sc n xps-sn. T ccs v lst t nfnc n scty t tn l-n nd t tst css s cd by t “sclzd ccs,” ..ts tt d t tst ts t ccdt t “ts ld.”Nt nly s ln svvn, bt t s njyn b pcsly n tstnscndntl nd spntl s. w ccs k y xpct t nc nd “n clts” (nnc-bd by ld tdtns nd nc fxbl n spct t t nsttn), ccs stn t tnd ll b tds “scts”(nnvtns tn xstn lns).8

the relationship between religion and politiCs is not solely the relationship of ChurCh and state

i stdy t ltnsp ln nd pltcs n lbl scl,

tn lkly t c t t cnclsn: the Enlightenment paradigm o the “separation o Church and State” is now outdated as a keyto understanding these issues. Ts cncpt s stclly dtndnstnt ptctn t Stt (nd cvl scty) t sk dntn by pl cc nd ls ptctn t d ln ntnc by t Stt. it t t dvlp stls btn Pp nd ep nd ls s spns tt ls s t svntnt cnty nd ttpts by bsltst

ncs t dctt t sbjcts’ t. i s cn stll ppc-t nd sst ll sts ll nd pltcl pncpls tt pvnt -tl ntnc nd ntpnttn stt nd cc nstttns.hv, s t ndstnd t ltnsp btn lnnd pltcs tdy, cncpt csn n t ltnsp Stt ndCc s n ln dqt: because the term “Church” has ceased toconvey the complexity o today’s religious lie, in the same way that “theState” is no longer an exhaustive or accurate designation o the political re-

7 rdny Stk nd wll Bnbd (1987) The Theory o Religion, N Yk – Bn: Pt Ln.

8 ibd.






Lt s n cnsd t vs cnsqncs lblztn nt ls sp.

globalization and religious plurality

on t st nnt psnt-dy sclsts, Pt L. B, sstdd n dpt t pcss sclztn. h ntlly dd ts pnnn tt ld spd ep t t cntnntss cnsqnc “wstnztn,” lt lt jctd tsyptss. in B’s v sclztn lds t t de-monopoliza-tion ln: t st sncnt cctstc tdy’s ld sn ln sclztn bt ls pllty. rls nttn sn tt psnl cc. rlns v ndd p n -kt sttn ty n tl cpttn bt ls, nny css, ndvdl dnntns v t tl ndstnd-n nd sts vn ct pcts nd “ctls.” rls nstt-tns ncsnly ss bctc ts nd blvs n lnv sc stn lnks t t; ls l s bcn lcsd.

hv, ts sttn, n c n ls p s bl t sst tscls t nvsls, lds nt nly t tlnc—tn ccpndby ltvs—bt ls t ntcs. rltvs, t nd t csnd t dclty ndn n’s y n lt-cld ld cntn cs nxty n ny ppl nd ts n tn ss ndn-tlst tndncs. Ts ln s cnntd t t dclt tsk ndn ddl pt btn ntcs nd ltvs.9

Js Csnv dnstts tt n pllst scts, nd ptc-

lly t uSa, t cct ctn ld lns cns, p-tclly Jds Ctlcs.10 acn Jds s, n ts tn,nfncd Jds n t pts t ld, ncldn isl. it sls pssbl t s t nfnc acn Ctlcs n t 2ndVtcn Cncl—c cnzd t pncpls ls dnd tlnc—nd t t ntdy t Vtcn Cncl,n ld Ctlcs s l.

9 Pt B (1993) A Far Glory, N Yk: Dbldy.10 Js Csnv (1994) Public Religions in the Modern World , Cc: unvsty

Cc Pss.




“acn Bdds” s cntly n pcss vltn. wllts tnstn Bdds (sc s ts cls ts t psyc-tpy) v n nfnc n Bdds, nt nly n t wstn ld

bt ls n t tdtnl Bddst cnts? my vn ntcptt vntl dvlpnt “wstn isl” tt ll nf-nc t tdtnl islc cnts n tn?

alternative forms of religion

T yn ntn sclsts ln ctcz t “clsscs”

t ld vn pdxclly lln vct t “tlcl” cn-

cpt ln n ty tlk bt t dcln ds ln.

Ty d csd n t tdtnl cclsstcl s ln nd

bcs tt dctnst ppc t scly tt d ld t py

n ttntn t t s lsty, c, nlk t tdtn-

l s, v fsd nd xpndd snc bt t d-20t cn-

ty. in bsvn t v ts n ls tns t yn

ntn sclsts v c t t cnclsn tt ln s nt

dsppn t psnt-dy ld, bt sply cnn.T n tns v dlly cqd t dsntn “n ls vnts.” ws n cn plnc (stnlynfncd by t d) ts n tns st qntly -d t s “scts,” ts dsntn s nlly jctd s pjtv ncdc ccls. S ts d s t, bt n stctly dnd sns.wtn t cty “n ls vnts” dstnctn s dbtn t n typs: “sects,” c nlly ctd tn t

k xstn lns nd ls nstttns nd lnsdt “cults,” c nlly c nt bn nd n sppt tsdt bnds tdtnl lns nd “cl stcts.” Ldns sc clts tn k n t t n “bs” bd“bsc bsp,” bt nstd nfnc scty t t dppncs t tpst-clnt ltnsp.

Sclsts sbscb t t nctnl cncpt ln(ts sk t dn ln nt n ts ts “sbjct” bt ts

scl l), tn d ln s n ntplcl cltl cn-stnt, sstn tt t s nv xstd “lnlss scty”— v t l tdtnl lns dclns t l ( t lstctn spcts t “ls l”) s tkn v by t nstttns




nd scl cpnnts, sc s t d, spt, ppl sc, tc.Pltlsts v stdd “pltcl lns” (ptclly t ts ttltn s t t n “t,” cns nd “ys-

tq” t ltz t scl d nd dnd t tst pssbllylty t t ). T sclst rbt Bll, ln t nyt ts, s ntdcd t cncpt civil religion, nllycnd by rss t dscb ts t xpss t “scd bss” ntn nd stt.11 a qnt tpc stdy s t nc vsn “cvl ln” tt t Jcbns td t ntdc s sbsttt Ctlc cns, t acn vsn, st ds ndsybls ntndd t stntn n acns n nss t sp-cl ssn t untd Stts nd t v lylty t t lndt cct scd ctnt. S ts v nddt, t t psnt v n ls vnts s nd,t d lblztn, t cncpt t nctn nty nd “n ld d,” t nt bc s knd “n ln.”S t v ldy pntd t t pdx tt t stnndstndn ntntnl d, c ds nt v ls l-

tcy nd ts t n “nkd pblc plc” ( pblc spcptctd t nfnc ny ln), qs sc d dvtn tt ts scl ntty bcs “scsnct” nd tbypsnts pvctv clln t tdtnl lns, pcvts ndstndn pltcs s dlty.

the Causes of fundamentalism

Ndys t t “ndntls” s nlly tkn t n n t-tpt t vd cplx ccs nd dclt pstnn n ltc-td lty: “tn t bscs,” spl pncpls, qntly blck-nd-t vsn t ld nd t dnztn “lns.” it s n dspd ctns ndvdls nd ps t t dscnctncplxty l n lblzn ld nd t t lld l ttt ndvdl p dntts t “nzn” pss “lbl clt.” T “ndntlst” ntlty cn ls b ncn-

td tsd t ls sp—t cn ls pply t ntnls

11 rbt Bll (1992) The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time o Trial , Cc: unvsty Cc Pss.




ctn dcl clcl ps tt cndn dn cvlztn ndcll tn t “ spl l ccdn t nt.” (it s dbtbl,v, t n y ply t “ndntls” tt sd

t dnt spcc ps n Ptstnts n sc bd sns; sscls ntn tt ts t—lk t t “sct”—s n pj-tv nd nc ndssbl cdc dscs.)

in t ls sp t ld pp tt s t “n l-s vnts,” n ptcl, dsply dcls vn n nd-ntls, s t tdtnl ls nstttns, tnks t ttsnds ys’ xpnc tnd t b cpbl dptnt dn cltl cndtns nd sts vn dspsdt dl t ts, s ll s t snsbl cpss. i ctnsclsts cct n ntnn tt ln nd “ls n-nvtns” lys stt s “scts” nd bc “ccs” nly n tcs t, tn t cs s n sps tt t bync pstnds t b ttndd by ncpsn ndntls tnlt nstttnlztn. Nvtlss n ts css tdtnlln s vtlzd s “cnt-clt” n ctn t “dnz-

tn” nd sclztn psd tsd (sc s t “mslvltn” nst t p-wstn S rz Plv nin), ndntls sss ts st ltnt ts. rdcl l-s ndntls tnds t b dssntd by yn ppl v stdd kd n t wst bt l nccptd by t wstnd ls (tn ncnscsly) l tslvs ptd t ncvlztn. ndntls s tn dspt pnc ctn t tsxpnnts’ n dbts t n xpssn t nss bl.

o cs nt vy “ndntls” nds p s ntcs, nd vnn t cs ntcs dstnctn st b d btn “qtntcs” nd ts ntcs cpbl stn t vlnc, s ll sbtn “py ntcs” nd ts ll tslvs t b n-dcd by t ntcs.

globalization helps inCrease the influenCe of “global religious leaders”

a stkn ts s t ns ntntnl nfnc sc ss Pp Jn Pl ii t Tbtn Dl L d, nt nly t tpsnl cs (nd psnl sty) ts ls lds, bt




ls t t dnss nd blty t k pl s dn ns cnctn, nd t cbn dct cnctn t ndvd-ls nd t l ps ppl n vs pts t lb. P-

snlts tt clb cs t b dd slly s psnttvs t ls cnty nd spctd nstd s psnttvs t “sptl dnsn l.”

mutual ContaCt between religions sometimes reinforCes synCretism and a “multiple religious identity”

Snc t l qnt ctn t t “ntsn lds” nd tl cntcts btn ld lns s bn tn-dncy t b ndvdl lnts vn ct knd syntss “sp-ln” cntnn ll t pvs tdtns, dspsn tn st sp, ccssbl t t spcc ntts t “nknds l.” gnstc nd n-gnstc qsts “ cnscs”t ptclly n t lt-d N a vnt nd n c-nts “pst-dn sptlty,” s ll s n ttpts t lnk yst-

cl lnts t ld’s lns t ts psyctpy,“n ptntl dvlpnt,” tc. Ts xpnts n “lsespnt” nlly nd p s bscntst scts.

ant ntstn pdct t cnvnc dnt l-ns s t “lt-ls dntty” tt s bc sbjct -lnst nd psyclcl stdy ptclly n t cnt pd. Tss ly cn pnnn n as, ptclly Jpn, snl ndvdl cn llnc t svl ls tdtns, t-

t t bn dd s “cptn systs.” wt s n t-tpts t ct sl syntss t svl ntstc lnstt tdtnlly sstd cl t xclsvty (nlk asn sptl-ts). Ts dys nt nly n t asn cnts, bt ls n t wst,n cn c css ppl d tslvs s Cstns

Js nd t t s t Bddsts hnds.

eCumeniCal strivings and inter -religious dialogue

Qt dnt n cct ttpts t d y t ntl -ls pllty cncl ndvs (ppcnt btnCstn ccs) nd nt-ls dl. unlk t l




“nnst vnt” (ttpts t ncpt tdxy nd tccs estn Cstnty nt t rn Ctlc cc)cncl stvns—n nsttn c, n t Ctlc

sd, s t Scnd Vtcn Cncl 1963–65—sk nty ttld spct t dntty t ndvdl tdtns; t s “btly ndstndn” nd cls c-ptn tn nstttnlnty (lbt btn nd tn t dnt ccs t dnt vs t nl cns). int-ls dl(sts ls d t s “t cns”) tnscnds tbnds Cstnty nd cncns t ltnsp btn lns,ptclly t ltnsp btn t t ntstc lns:

Jds, Cstnty nd isl (dbbd “abc cns”).Cntcts ls nn btn ntstc lns (ssntllyCstnty, pt xcptns n t pt t t “ab-c ts”) nd t “-estn lns”; v, t qstn st t xtnt t t “ln”—c s ply wstn nd n tsbdst sns d tn Cstnty dn t enltnntpd—ppls t t sptl pts tt ntd n ind.

S Cstn tlns v bn tyn t dscd tt en-ltnnt cncpt “ln” s n tdtd e-cntc pj-dc, s tt ty t ntpt t ncnt Cstn t t“Bdds” nd “hnds” nt s t cls cptn l-s systs n sspct syncts, bt nstd s n pptnty “nclttn” t gspl nt t lstyl nd ndst nn-epn clts (nls t t “nclttn” t gspl ntgk, rn, Cltc Slv clts ep, c, n ny cs s

nt t lnd Cstnty). Nvtlss, t nctnty s-ndn t ntn ln cn ls ld n t sk, s v vstlns nd lnsts ldy, t t xtnt Cstnty tsl sncssy lnkd t “ln” nd t t cnt Cs-tnty n “pst-Cstn” ep cn stll b dscbd s ls.

Ts ls bs t qstn, sd ptdly n cnt ys by tt ts lns, t t spcc stts Cstnty—cdsplys bt ls nd nn-ls ts—ds nt qly

Cstnty t ply t l knd ntpt nd dt b-tn t ld tdtnl lns nd t scl ld twst, snc t ss sncnt ts t bt t.




emerging efforts at dialogue between politiCal and religious elites

intntnl pltcl nd dpltc nztns v bn snt ntst n dl t psnttvs t ld’s lns,ptclly n t cnt pd. ebltc tt tnd s t s-t ls lds t t untd Ntns n 2000. Ts s lst nsptn 2000’s nttv n ctn plt tns btn psnttvs t lds scnc, pltcs, p-lspy, t nd ln. Ptclly bltc ts spt s Vá-clv hvl’s ppl (n octb 2001) t psnttvs t ld’slns t sk dl nd tl xcn xpnc nt nlyn tslvs, bt ls t pltcns, sttsn, scntsts ndbsnss ppl. T tcs ttck n N Yk by ab “lststs” n Sptb 2001, v s t pstv pst: lds ld lns nd pltcl lds clly l nd t ptst nstt ss ls sybls nd tns n p stls, ndlks nst t ptn ny t by vlnt ns.

T nn-cnst Ctlc tln hns Kün, n ptcl,s stssd tt t pqst ld pc s pc nd nd-n dl between religions. “The Global Ethic Project ”—sd s ttl n s bks—nd t ndtn stblsd—cncnttscfy n vcn ts l pncpls tt dntcl nlsn t dnt lns.12 Ts sld cnsttt “tcl n” s cnsnsl bss lbl nl pltcs, clt nd t cn-y n ld scl. mv, svl ls lds—ptclly

Pp Jn Pl ii nd t psnt Dl L—v lys stssdtt blvs “xpts n nty” nd lns ny bnks p nd l nl. Qt tn ppls nt t lv tspn pltcl nd cnc l p t “nvsbl kt cs,”bt nstd t ctvly cllbt n t ctn n ld d.w “lbl vll” nt t stnd n ctn sd sptl nd-tns t ld b s stndn n snd, vn n nld. ints d y cll nc k n t st lds

nd “ppts” lblztn, t Jst tnk nd ntl scn-

12 hns Kün (1997) A Global Ethic or Politics and Economics, Lndn: SCmPss.




tst Tld d Cdn. hs vsn t ctn “nsp”s cctv djnct t t ply tcnctc c-cncpspctv n cvlztnl tnstns. T Czc plsp

Jn Ptčk dd Tld (ln t enst Jün) s n ttnks , dst t s cndtns wld w i xpncdt ysts ln llsp ss n bt sds t tnt nd bc “l’s lnn t nt t nt nn-b-n” nd ts std t “sldty t skn.”

the risk of the “Clash of Civilizations”

T sk t “cls cvlztns” nnt n t npcdntdcntct btn cvlztns dn ptclly n t lsts s dlt t n bk by t acn pltcl scntst S-l hntntn. Ts ntntnl bstsll s bn t sbjct ny cnts, ptclly n cnnctn t t vnts 11Sptb 2001.13 wl hntntn sktcs t pssbl pclyp-tc scn ld cnfct, ls stsss tt s nt “ppt

d,” bt sply ssn nn nd n pvntv ss,ncldn t ncnt nt-ls dl.

globalization and religion in the light of disCussion at forum 2000 ConferenCes

Meditative gatherings in Prague Cathedral

at t xpss s Václv hvl, t n ntt t 2000 cnncs, dstnsd psnttvs t ld lnsnd ls tnks nvtd t ts dscssns. in t pp-ty dscssns p t t st Cnnc, t d s td nt stctn t ptcptn t t dscssns n t dscssncb, bt t snd n ptnt snl t t pblc t ndbd n t jnt py tn psnttvs tv st dspd ld lns n t lst lctn n t Czc

lnds, t P Ctdl Snts Vts, adlbt nd wncsls.rpsnttvs Cstnty (vs Cstn ccs), isl,

13 Sl hntntn (1997) The Clash o Civilizations, N Yk: Tcstn.




Bdds, hnds nd Jds sbsqntly t t c ybv t tbs t Czc snts nd d xcpts scdtxts t tdtn, ddssd ss nd jnd tt n s-

lnt dttn, b nlly ltn cndl s sybl p ttndstndn n t blvs vs sptl tdtns tpvl v ttpts t s ln t nls td nd vlnc. Tst tn s nzd t t ssstnc psnttvs tSn ed cnty, c ldy d cnsdbl xpnc nt sp nt-ls dl; ll t tns cd byTáš hlík. T dttv vnns t t Ctdl t nlyvnt n t k t 2000 cnncs c bs t nl pblc t ttnd nd t s qt lspns n t pt t ppl P nd t d. Cn-nc ptcpnts—ncldn xpncd pltcns—tstd t tct tt ts pt 2000’s tdtn d t st pltnl pct n t.

D. hld Kb, psnttv t Sn ed cnty,dcld t lln n ntn t st ts tns

n t Ctdl: “rln nd pltcs n ln spt ns.Ty cld cpt. Bt tn dclts s. etnc nd ntn-lst cnfcts xpldd s nv b. expls pcl cxs-tnc btn dnt clts bk dn n dssts y. … alt t psnt cnfcts d v ls ts cnnttns. w ppl ntt lns bt t sns. a ty ct cnsn nd dvsn n scty? wt cn lns lly n nknd? in t c n v cplctd scty knd

pssstc sntn tn plyss t ts blvs. in n scty s tn ps nd ds ty cn yld, cnntpsn t ts ln n scd c by ln n-lzd plssnss nd ndnc. Pc s t n gd. andlns v t nd scty ts. in vy ls tdtn tvl pc s ttn n ts ndntls. rlns clld pnt cllbt tn v t ll cnstctv ptns n scty nt n pc.”

“T vs lns d nt v p n t n. Cnsd-n t n knss, lns cn lnt t sttn nd d ttn t t ns ts ld. w vn s ls psnsbc psns cnfctl lc, vn, n t st xtst x-




pssns, s dsppvl l. Bt d ty nt bc n t ndsptlly p nd dcls cpy cvl nd pltcl tts?w cnvncd tt lns d v n ny t n, t

n knd p c ds tt ts ld’s. w vclld t t k stnt lns. ov t pst ys, sttn nasss, v lzd tt nly t ncnt s vnss nddl cn py n nvnnt c s bn plltd by p-snl nd cllctv lns vlnc. it s ncssy t t nstts plltn by dsn t ts ppl.”

“rlns d nt nt nd ty cnnt b sd t. T sn sc tn s ly . only pc s ly. in ts sns stns stll nnsd. Ts s n ncplt vltn tt y ccsn-lly tn nt ndnc bbty. T pltcl cns st blld by cns t t lvl ppl’s cnscncs. Ty sttn t cncltn nd t bldn bds. rls dty s tcncltn ts. Ts nn bt ssntl d s n cn dnt ts nd lns nd t s ls nd. Tdy ty tc t dpt ts pc ns by lstnn t t vs l-

s tdtns. and d blv tt t k stnt ncntnd dl cn cn sty nd bld, n t n llnn, n pc.” (hld Kb, 1997)14

on t s ccsn y lt, Táš hlík d t lln tsy: “i t pcss lblztn cnsstd slly vcn p-ltcl nd cnc bnds, t ld ld t cld nd dnsld. T pcss lblztn st b ccpnd by ts t

vc t bnds n t l clt nd ntlty, dsnd tns. h st cnt n t psnc t bs pjdc nd ny dsbln xpncs t dstnt nd nt-s-dstnt pst. T, t pcss t ld n tt nts sbtl l s c cplctd tn cnctn n ncnc pltcl-dpltc lvl. hv, nlctn ts lvl

14 NB: t qttns tt t lln sctn v bn tkn spcs nd dscssn cntbtns dn t vs cnncs 2000 n t pd 1997–2002, nd ls spcs d dn dttvtns psnttvs t ld’s ldn lns n t P C-tdl Snts Vts, wncsls nd adlbt, c l pt llt cnncs ld t t P Cstl.




cld ld t sttn t cnstctn t nt ‘lblscty’ ld b blt n snd, nt n-ld.”

“T stblsnt cltl ndstndn nd t sn

vls ncssly ncpts dl n t lns tld. it s qd tt ‘ltcltls’ b cnd nt pcss cnctn. it s pssbl t b stsd t cp tlnc n t sns ‘nn-ssn pct’ slly kt ds, vn t ts vtns btt tn ls ttpts t ttltn dntn. it s ncssy t pcd -t: t lstn t c t, t sk tt c bnds s nd tt cspts s, t ty t ndstnd ts s stn tt cn nc st tn stn tt ttns s.” (Táš hlík, 1998)

A spiritual diagnosis o the times and the role o religion

mny ntstn vs ls xpssd dn t vs tnscncnn t l ln n ld. in s nl ddss tt st cnnc, Václv hvl dcld: “T cntpy lbl

cvlztn nsd c t tnsn tn t s ndvdl l-n s tkn plc s, n ssnc, dply tstc n. indd, t s tdt t st tstc cvlztn n t sty nknd. Slt-nsly, t s t st cvlztn tt bcs t l plnt. Tsn i stssn ts ct t ts nt s, i p, bvs: ttstc nt ts cvlztn cncds dply, i blv, t typtpc pst ndvdl ntsts nd ndvdl spnsbl-ts tt t t css lbl spnsblts. Cld t ct tt

nty tnks nly tn t lts t ls n ts ld vsnnd s ncpbl bn ls t ls bynd, t n ttpl sptl sns, nt b t slt lss tpyscl c-ttd, vnsn pnts nd zns? Cld nt t l nt t cnt cvlztn—t ts st-stdnss, t ts pdpss n t n ndvdl s t cn ll ctn nd tsst, nd t ts bndlss tst n nty’s blty t bct nvs by tnl cntn, cld t nt ll b bt t ntl

nsttn pnnn c, n spl ts, nts t tlss gd? o, spcclly, t lss spct tds t d xstnc c nt t cts bt cpnnts, t




t ysts nnt nn spt ts d, t ts ycpbl nt nly cdn tt pt dds cncld t-s bt cdn t tnty, tt s vltn dds

t pnt v tnty?” (Václv hvl , 1997)15

a psnttv t asn cntnnt ls spk bt t l ln n lblzn ld: “rln plys vy ptnt l nt pcss stblsn t vl scl plls nd cltvtnt ndvdl’s sptl stnt. Ts s t sn tt t s ttnd n t ld td ls vvl nd sptl knn st ctn lls n t 20t cnty. in t td lblztn, lnll sld t vy bdn blncn t dvlpnts btntlstc nd sptl cvlztns. Nvtlss, s c t n, ln sld v n ssnc nd xpssn.”

“rln sld tn t ts nl ssnc, bnnn t tscncn n cct nd scl nds. it sld nt nly csn ndvdl pctc, bt sld psnt scl vsn tt s nt-td nt t tnds n t dvlpnt cvlztn. it sld bld

n zn lld t sptl blnc nd scl ny.”“rlns t t dvlp tlnc. T n ntpt-tns ls tnts t t b td t ccssblty. Ttnts blvd nd ds sppd by c ln y d; -v, t pst t tt nd spct nt t s.T, t dvlpnt ln sld nt b td x-clsvnss, bt td bsvn pncpls tl spct ndpcl cxstnc.”

“rln sld b vn clsly lnkd t scty. rlns t sptl pll sppt scty, l scty s ln’s p-tn. T, ln s nt sptl ctvty dvcd scty,bt t sld b cnct lztn ts sn t t sclpls. only by bcn t dls t ly ld cn ln c cnvts t k jntly t lztn btl vst.”(L Tn-, 2000)

5 S ll txt bv, pp. 15–22.




Tolerance alone is not enough

mny spks stssd t nd dl nd tlnc n t

lns nd t cntn pllty s pstv pnnn.Nvtlss s spks nd nst spcl syncts ndpd t t “spct” t t cncpt “ tlnc.” “hsld dct t yn t tlnc tt sdcn t tdbt tv dp tt, t ltvz ll bls nd cnvc-tns, t cndct t lvs tt sld dlns nd l sss?”skd Nkls Lbkcz, plsp Czc n. “Ts pb-l s ptclly ct, cs, lns. Bt t s pcsly -lns, t ss t , tt v y, cld k vsbl y,n c t ndl t pbl. Ty, t lns, st sk tnt n tcn, t ss t , pstv ntpttn vllns. at vn vltd t ts cnts, Cstnsv cntly cvd ts t spct t Js. Ty ld bt-s. Bt v stll nt cvd ts n ltn t isl, xpl,lt t ltt s knn pstv ntpttn Cstnty

snc ts vy bnnn. as llns msls lv ll v eptdy, ts ss s bc nt. in t ds, bls, t-t s xstnc tlnc sks tnn nt ndnc, v tlk pstv, t lst bnvlnt, ntpttns cnvctnscntdctn t. in ts y, ty cn dct dvctn tlnctt pttn tslvs nt qstn by sccbn t ltvs.”

(Nkls Lbkcz, 1997)rspct, t tn “tlnc”—tt s n t s p

t tnkn n 2000’s nds, t t el wsl:“i dn’t lk d tt s bn sd tdy, t vy d ntntns.i dn’t lk t d tlnc. Tlnc s n y, i dn’t kn, t’sddn. w i t tlt y? Y psn. i ldt plc t t spct. w sld t spct. i st spctt lns, i st spct t pltcl ts, nlss ty b-c ds. Bt n nl t s t ky d, t lst, tt sldvn ts dscssns nd pps lvs.” (el wsl, 2001)

Bsp Bll spk t ncy bt ln’s ssn pc: “alllns sld s t t tt v sldty blt n tld tt ld ld t scn pc t ld tdy. rl-ns t ts t sld b bsd n s t ndntl pn-




cpls tlkn bt. T tn tsks tn sss tt cldb sd p lk ts: t st s lv gd, c s nt tntcty nd stblty lv nbs. it s ptnt

tt ls nts bc ct nty nd pc bldn nt ld. all t s, ll t stks t pst sld nt b sns stn cttd by ls lds, ppl blvd, d s ln, bt ts stks d by ppl dd nt ndstnd t vy ndntls ln. rln cn n-c s bt t cn ls b ssd. wt s ptnt s tt n s pps, s n ntntn, nd n scntc sc cn nt tspps. … Dnt lns tt ccpny ccs n t yt t td llnn cn ply vy ptnt l n t ld t-dy, c s cctzd by tls, by lt slsnss. ont bss dnt clts ll ncsss, ndvdls nd tcctstcs, ln st lp s pt t ln pnnss,t t s t ntn sl-lnc c s, bt sldlys ndstnd t tnscndntls gd. is gd tn tk ab’s t—b t n Jds, Cstnty, isl—

t nly ct, t nly ct t nq nknd? o tnt ts tnscndntls sld lys spct t dnty ll tppl. … rcncltn, c-ptn nd t vy ptnt bldn cnsttncy by dl s bsltly ssntl. w nd t blzvybdy, nd t cn nknd t b bl t cp t sctts s ncl pns, bt nt nly t bd, ls ptns vy ndntl n vls. w t cssds s-ty: t b nt t b? T s stll vy dns pssblty:

ld b n nd yt nd t b . and bn llls n ttn d ll ppssn. T qstn s t slln t b ts ‘’ s i cll t, t sll nt b t ll. int ds, nd t t t ts pl dt, nd t ks t ptv cpcty tt s vlbl t s t dvlp-nt. T b tn nt t b t ll.” (Bsp Bl, 1997)

Respect or religious plurality

T indn tnk nd pltcn Kn Sn ds spct tpllty sptl pts t b cndtn tly pcl cxstnc:“Ts ncssly nvlvs ctv nd cntnn dl btnt t lns t ld. … T ssntl pnt, c nds t




b ccptd, s tt t ltpl pts t t dvn. tdn cdd sty, t qst t dvn s bn j d-nsn n ll ld’s t cvlztns. T dvn s bn ccssd

n dnt ys, dscbd n dnt ds nd ptyd n dnts. Ts pllty pts t t dvn s n t st stknts n sty, ll xpssd n t s Vdc dct— Ekam sad vipraha bahudha vadanti —t Tt s n, t ws cll t byny ns. it pvds t dlcl ndtns t inttvnt. w cn ll ld ly t t bl tt n lns t bst pt t t dvn, bt t s nccptbl t s t ndppssn t c ts v pn ppl t ts. w ,dnzns tny spck dst n t css, t sk t lt t -sbl lnc t dvn t n ptcl ntty, n ptclpnt n t, n ptcl txt? T bllns sns lk sn n lxy, bllns lxs n t bndlss nvs nds. is t nt t t bs s t cl nply dvnsd n xclsvty cntct t t dvn? … mvn byndt tbl ts t tntt cnty, t, n nd t

ct n sns, n sybls, n yts, n dnsn -nss t sstn nd sppt t n lbl cnscsnss. Ts, ndd,s t t t t ttl ppl nd t ld, cnscsly ncnscsly ttptn, t n scnc plspy, l-n ny t ld n ctvty. it s st pppt tt - 2000 n t y 2000 s ltd t t sptl vls.Lv, cpssn, tl ndstndn, spct tcs nd l-ds, ql d nd ptctn n, spcl c nd cnsd-

tn cldn, ctnt t ln mt et t vsnfctd n , cnfct sltn nd ctn clt pc ll sptl vls tt nd t b ltd.” (Kn Sn, 2000)

T Ltn Bsp Jnsn lks ssts t pstv spcts -ls plls v plt tlnc: “rlns ll cntnt ply dcsv l, pvdn sc ltt p, nsybls nd t ln csn nd nvsl tcl vls. in

spt ll tt cll scls, n’s nnt lsty ll lysnd ld nd n xpssns. T pss nd t tls tdtnls ll s n lns s llk , bt t ls ln- dntty s tn tt lnlnss. and ts y b ptclly




t Cstnty. Ts ks xclsvs nd . Tclln s nt t nxt llnn s t nt t tt scls, bt t nd tntc plls. as t cy tnc,

ntnl, cl nd ls dntty s ld st ln t c-knld t lts n sptl xpnc nd ndstndt ts n t n ts. … Pllty nd dvsty nd nvy ls cnty. Bt t plls, c s cndtn pc nd sd t n t ld, t s c tn cntn pllty nd tl spct. Plls s t ctvlyk nt nly nsl bt ls n’s nb n tslt-ctd ld. it s t sp gd tnscndn ll ptcllns nd s. it s t tt gd s t tn n-dstndn. it s t tst t spt gd vn l nd tt ll. its dv t nd t ts v knn gd, t sk t dpt n’s n t by ncntn t scd tdtns. it s t nd-stnd t sn ts n t pst nd t psnt. it s t ntnn’s n ctnt nd n ts t ds ltvs—t sssnt nly pnnss bt ctnt. Plls s dstnct tl-

nc sss qlty nd ntlty. Dl c s l t-yln ncnt s t vy bss plls nd st bc tln t. as nt t td llnn Cstn-d t ld s ldy lbl lt-ls . T ptntlcnfcts spptd by cnssnl lnlnss nd nstttnl p ny. Bt t pptnts t d t ld sptl scs,t s nd n t l n cnty nd t dvlp nts cn dstny, ls s.” (Jns Jnsn, 1997)

in ddtn t spct plls, nt Ptstnt tnk, hnsuck, clls ls cnts t n n ctcl fctn s cndtn nn nt-ls dl nd cptn bsd nptnsp: “T tsk ln n tdy’s lblzd ld s t sttlkn pn t t s t sncnt t, nd t bn knt dctn. st ll, st ln t vt tlnc,nt tlnc n t sns tt ll ly nd t psnc

t t, bt n t sns tt bn kn tds ppctn t t. Ts s stclly nt bn t cs, lns v -csd n tslvs nd v lkd pn t t, t stn, n n. Tdy, i tnk, t s ptnt t ncld t t s pt




n ls sl-ndstndn, s s nt t v t t nly nt n bt s sn s lpn s ndstnd slvs. Bt ts nd sl-ctcs. and i tnk n t st ptnt

lssns s tdy, s c cls t c t, s t ll sl-ctcs t ply l n ls cnts nd n lsdctn. otn n nt-ls ntctns, sd t psnt-n dls, nd t slns ls tdtns. Tdy yb nd t ls tk lk, nd dp lk nt sty, s lscnts, nd v ts pln t ntct t c t. … Ts s,i tnk, stn tt clls cntnd dscs, cntnd -fctn tt s bynd t nd ntt tns, bt css nptcl sss, bnn tt ppl dnt lks l.it sld nt pps ly n dcltns, bt t n dvlpn dctn n dsss, n syns, n ccs, n tpls s tt bn t tk ls pllty s stn gd-vn nd s stn t ppct.” (hns uck, 2002)

T otdx Ptc Cnstntnpl, Btl, nd

nst tpn ttpts t ct s n nvsl ln: “w ldy stndn b t dn sncnt dvtn n tsty t ld, bcs—lt ll ccpt lbl scty,t ly ll nknd—s stn ty, n c vynll b bl t dvlp ly t n psnlty, s ppl ystll b tptd t ttpt t xplt ts. By ts, nly t dlcl pvlnc, bt cltl nd ttltn, c s stn pltcl svtd.”

“idlcl ttltns s xpssd tdy, t st pt, byln-bsd, ndntlst vnts, s lls cnsd tt dty t lblly ps t ls t c ty sllydv. o cs, t s t c tl ndvdl t pss tt s nds t llnss tt tn s t. Nntlss, t snt t t s ts t d t v dnt ndstndnnd t. in xpssn t t t otdx Cc, ccptt dnsn t nvslty t n c, nly t nty

nknd n gd, nd t ccptnc t dvsty ts s tndtn lv, c s t vy bn gd. glblztn—b-n n ctvty tds nty—sld nt cncl ny dlcl ls ttltns. … T nty nknd ll nt c




t t xn lns nd t ctn n n-dnvsl ln, c ld b n ltn tpysclts nd l pncpls vs ls ns. i ln

bs t ltn t gd, s t sld, nd s nt jst n-dctn, nd gd s psnl ntty, s blv nd kn byxpnc tt tly s, tn vy n d dn ln scncvd by t n ll s dstnd t cllps. evn ts n-d ln ns t svv, t ll b dlsn, c ts n ty sn t k. o pstv vsn s ls lds s,nd lys ll b, t cntn by ll ppl t ntn c lv.” (h. h. Ptc Btl, 1999)

Reection on own experience

S spks v nstncs tlnc t xpnc tn tdtns. “my cs s typcl yun Jpns ntns: ty

pn t t syst ln, ty bln t ny lns, nd

ty ty t pck up t cn lnts ts lns. … T

ntulnss nd s t bs t undstndn lus sys-ts, nd tus ny ppl sy tt t Jpns vy tlnt

lus dncs. But n t c t Jpns nd, ty nt

tul t ny n lus syst, but nstd ty t pck up t l-

us tcns ny lns. cdl t tb s cn

syn, but y Tbtn tc tld tt t st ptnt t

s b t cdl nd t t tb, s i tnk tt t s pssbl t

tnk b ln nd t ln. T dn Jpns tttud

t t 21st cntuy’s ln s t nclud n t study n undstnd-n ln b ln nd t t systs ln.” (Sn-

c Nkz, 1999)

rbb dlnd Lndn lys cnvyd t cnvctn txtly vlbl, bt pnl xpnc t Js: “i spk s psdnt t wld Cnnc rlns Pc. … w knt lc ssn, c nxbly lds t vlnc, nd

vs y t nl scs. i d tt t sl ssv pttns tn ln, t psnl pstns d t t pnt t lnts ny nss t l-ns nd t tntc ppc t gd. T s ntcs cn




t sncts nd dsty t tl. Ts, n t T, d t sns an, Ndv nd av, ‘Ty plcd stnsccs b t Ld, c gd d nt cndd, nd

c t nd dstyd t.’ T T ds nt tll s t tstn n t v bn. Tdtnlsts l ty ntd tk cns; lbl tnks cnz t ntc t, cs sl-dstctv nd lds ln nt dty nd stnnt t ld. in t lblztn, cnnt d t ct llsnd slvs. w nd n pn ln, nt n tt s clsd tll xcpt tl dvts. T lc xcldn ts s ls n ss sp. w v t nd slvs tt ts n nply t scd spc, c xsts btn gd nd -nty. T s ls lc lv nd tl ndstndn, Ts, tn nytn ls, s cntbtn c ln cn k tt ld t ts ccl t.” (albt h. dlnd, 2000)

Kn Sn, s pt, stssd hnds’s nsptnl cntb-tn tds sptlty n tn t t st ccl nd bnn

sss t: “Bn t ldst cntnn ln n t ld,hnds s s spcl ts, c nd t b bfy pntdt btt ndstndn t hnd vsn. … in sp cnt-dctn t t Stc lns, c bck t snl txts, pptsnd gds, hnds ncpts ltpl pts t dvn. it b-lvs tt t nt nvs, nt nly t tny spck dst tt cll plnt et, bt t bllns pn bllns lxs n t bnd-lss nvs nd s ll ptd by t dvn. it ls blvs

tt t dvn spk xsts n ll bns, ptclly n n bns v cd st n vltn ty cn k pstvly nn t t dvn. … T s cl lztn tt nts dstyd, nty tsl ll b n v dn— pssblty ttt tlss xplttn nt n ts cnty ttns t k lty. T ncnt hnd dct ‘t t s t nd ll cldn’ psnts t bss n c-ndly vsn tt. Scndly, hnds s stnly n v ntt dl,

ny nd ndstndn. Nt bn pslytzn ln nd ntcln ny nply n t ld sptl t, hnds sppy t cpt t t lns t ld n bldn -ns scty t t. T ntt vnt, c s n




bnnn t nd t ld, ts psnts n n chnds, t ts pllstc nd lt-ctd bcknd, cn ply vy pstv l. it s qt cl tt t ls ntcs, nd-

ntls nd vlnc tt v dsd sty dn t tln nd tts cds t stll ctv n ny pts tld nd cntn t ps j tt t pc nd tnqlty. anyvsn t t st t nvlv stn ntt vnttt cts css ls, tnc, lnstc nd pcl bs.”

“T td n c t hnd vsn t t cn b spcl sncnc s nd qlty. hnds, t cncpt ttgd s t ncssly b l s ptntly nccptbl. indd, n thnd tdtn t nn pncpl n t t gddss snvbly sppd ln t t dty nd ls ccps n nd-pndnt spc n t hnd pntn nd psyc. Ts v, n -ltd t n scty, cn lp s t t t cd sxs tpst tt lts n t n n pstn nd sst t cttt ll n bns, dlss t c ln, ntnlty nd, st njy ql ts nd spnsblts n t n

lbl scty.”“Ts nly t s t hnd vsn cn lp nstctn sn, ns nd qtbl lbl scty n t nxtllnn.” (Kn Sn, 1999)

on t Bddst ptcpnts nd nst t ntcs s t n ls vnts tt v spn p s ctn tsclztn: “on t j cctstcs dn ndstl

cvlztns s t stn dv sclztn. S, nc ny sc-ty s dnzd, ndstlzd, tnds td sclztn

nvtbl, bt t t s t t s d ct, t bt n

ls vnts, ny c n-ndd,

stl t t ls blvs. Ts t tnds , ccdn t

y ndstndn, tlly vy clsly cnnctd. … a n bn

cnnt lv n bd ln. Ts t t stn pps t v bn

pdcd by t dvlpnt ndstlztn. hn bns cn-

nt svv ln n pyscl stsctn t nds. hn bns

v sptl dss t b lld. on t pvs spks sd tt

ts s spdn. atsts ts ppl d nt blv n t

xstnc t snl Ct, gd t cptl g, bt t cncpt




t tst s nt ln n jctn t cncpt t snl Ct

t ld. in t Bddst tdtn, n c i s sd, t s n

cncpt snl Ct; nt ds t ncld t cncpt t

tst. w sld b sc knds bs. it s spd t-t t nn-ls ppl, l t xstnc ppl nd-

nt t ln s nly n spct dn cvlztn. w sld

py d ttntn t t dns n, tt s t vvl n-

-ndd ls vnts. wc s n t st ptnt

cllns , n bns, cn n.” (Szb St, 1997)

Religion and politicsT t “pltcs nd ln” cppd p ptdly dn tvs cnncs. T acn pltcl scntst ncs kyltd t ndntl lnk btn t scl cncpt nd ttdtns wstn Cstnty: “Ts s t ssntl qstn tt c tdy. a ts ts tt sst n t wst tly nv-sl nd t t pppt cls t clts nst t?

N, i tnk tt s stcl ct, t ltnsp btn wstnCstnty nd cntpy scl n ts s ncntstbl.it s nt n ccdnt tt dn lbl ntns ts p nt sl dn Cstnd, nd n ptcl t t Ptstntrtn. any nb plsps—Tcqvll, hl, vnt c-ntdct Ntzsc sl—d tt dn lbldccy, s n ct sclzd Cstnty. Bt dspt ttcltl n, v t sk slvs t t nvntn ts

cncpt ts, dspt tt ct tt t cs t wst, s nt ns sns nvsl cqstn.” (ncs ky, 2001)

T acn pltcl scntst nd tln mcl Nvk lsspk bt t ltnsp btn dccy nd t Jd-Cs-tn tdtn “Bblcl ls”: “ ny ys t t ndnty s nly ns d by lps. Yt n cnty n sty s bns dnk nd tpn, nd s dsntd lly by ptty pcts

t t. mds cttd n t n ds bt tbtt nztn scty, ds tt lnd t cll dly. its n t k spc bt btt t nty t cstsspcns. … i tnk t s ptnt t s tt ts stl bck




nls s kn t n tc; t’s ldy ll dvncd. N, J Cstn t’s nt spsn t t nd t Scnd wldw t v dscvd ptnt t s t cln t tt. T tt

s nt n gd, nd t dscv tt t ty d bnd s stn ptnt n t.”

“N, t lst pnt i nt t k s t d t nstttns.Ctn sts nstttns cptbl t Jds nd Cstn-ty nd ts nt. and i’d lk t spk Bblcl ls. Tsnstttns c dsnd t cltt dscvy, c sstt ns nv t t nl dstntn: ty lys t tpl, ty lys t t pstn tt t mss s ntc, t t s nt c. Yt ty nd nstttns c llt t ctcz nd sl-cct. Js nd Cstns cnddt pp t y gd b cs n, t bld p t kn-d gd bt t s nt yt. it s lys nt yt. and ts, i tnk, s tl dccy.”

“wy dccy? it tk ln t t t, by tl nd ,t t nstttns bcs dccy s nt l by t ppl. T

nds t untd Stts t lst qt sl-cnscs btt ct tt ty dd nt nt t nd dccy, ty ntd tnd dctc pblc, t cck t cpcty t xctv.and s ty nvntd psnttv vnnt nd t sptn ps nd ny t dvcs. i y nt t l l nd ynt t ptctn n ts y st ccnt n sn-lnss, n vc, n vl, n btn, d nd t st,nd y st tk ptctns nst t. T cncpt sn s p-

l pltcl cncpt.” (mcl Nvk, 1997)

St acn pltcn dk wll d Klk spk tnd t sk n dl t ltnsp btn stt nd l-n: “T t xtnt s ts n xplsn t tnsn btnsclzd scts nd ln? T s ts ncsd sspcn blvs tt t lbl scl scty s n-y d lvn l-n bnd. in y v, sld tk ts vy ssly, tt t

l qnts c s nd t st dqt xps-sn n t ln ln. Ty sld nt b psd sd, btdqtly tnsltd nt t ln lbl scts. Ts snt bn lly cvd yt. T s n nnsd dlctc pcss n




sclztn n wstn scts. Scnc nd tlnc -ptnt bt nscnt t v dqt nss s t t lbltns .” (dk wll d Klk 2001)

Political power and the prophetic authority o religion

rbb rné-Sl St, s pt, cllnd t psnttvs t ld lns t s t c n llln t p-ptc nd ctcl l vs-à-vs pltcl p nd ts psnttvs:“a psnttv ny ln—tv ty dnd, nv tynt t b tly snc, lyl t t dls, lyl t t ssns, ty nt t b t t s t cpnnt ts ny—ndst t d tv s ltd t pltcs, bcs ts s t vs t ssn. Ts s nt t sy tt pltcl ssn s stntt sld lk dn pn. i d l tt pltcns xtlyspnsbl, nd ts spnsblty t t nd ts cnty s bs-ltly ns, nd sld ty t lp pltcns t cp t llts n spnsblts. Bt Js tdtn s tt s tt

nv t s tn ts t dnt ps, lsps, pltcl ps, cnc ps, nd s t, t slt sbd. i tnk tt ls psnttvs sld cll pn ll t ls,ll t kns—t’s knd ntplltn n ct. and i ld sy tts psnttvs dnt lns nt cs n.Ty nd t plc nly n t tpls, n t ccs, n tsqs, nd s t, lk ll t ppts tnd t Kn Dvd.Ty sld tll t cntpy ls t s n nd t s

t, bcs by dn ts ty ld lp s dvlp ny.” (rné-Sl St, 1997)

Táš hlík ls d ln t cntn t t d-sclztn pltcs n t lt ts pptc stl nst dlty n t c ttltn s: “T, ln tt ld tn y t ld nd ts pbls n dsst ld tly b t pt tppl n pt t ppl, s mx cld. it s t t s

ll s t spnsblty ln t stp t nt t pblc sct,bt nt n nn by t cnclds ptnsp nn-ctclllnc t s pltcl p, bt t n nn tt pvds ctn ctcl cctv nfnc s ll s n nsptn.”




“Pss Jntn Scks, Lndn’s C rbb, s lbl Js tnkn s vy cls t y Cstn tt pcsss, sdtt lcy t ld islt ln cnssts t tns—t

typs tty: yl tty c, n dn ts, s t n-nt p; pstl tty c s bsd n ntnn ndcltvtn ctn sybls nd tdtns tt ncssy scty(n dn ts, ts cn b dnd s ctn scl ntcs);nd t td, c i v s t st ptnt, s pptc ttyc s t tty ld by dns, t dns p, n-v t s t tndncy t dsn tsl, t tsk ts ctcs bcst t nst dlty.”

“Sld ln cl t pblc n, tn sts, bcsln s ctn ntplcl s ll s scl cnstnt, pltcsbc ln t ppl nd bc dns. T sclvnts dcld t st dstctv dn t cs n sty—Cns nd Nzs. Nzs, c dtstd J-ds nd Cstnty, klld 8 lln Js, nd Cns, cdtstd ll lns, bt bt t dts tns llns

ppl n ts cncnttn cps. Ts pltcl scl lnsnd pvd t b vy dstctv; ts t s t cll t ts tc v sptl tdtns t ty t t lst b n d, t ply ctcl nd pptc l t ns tt scls, c bks cnctns t sptl tdtns, ds nt bc dnc.”(Táš hlík, 2003)

Islam and violence

gt ttntn s pd t isl, t dnc btn isl nd tstdtns tlnc nd isls— pltcl ss isl. Tst s ptclly tpcl t t cnnc ld n octb 2001,pctclly t st sc tn psnttvs wstn nd is-lc clt snc t tst ttck n t uSa n 11 Sptb.

a y b t tst ttcks n t uSa, Ys l-K dv-

ctd dctn s t bst y t pvnt ntcs: “islc cvlz-tn s lys bn nd n t lbl pcsss ntctn ndxcn, c xst t dnt lvls tdy. i s n nnt cnt-dctn btn lblztn nd islc tdtn. indd, tt




ts sty, isl s bn bt cpnt nd ntt lblz-tn—ts ntctns nd pcsss.”

“i i y bn t sll xpl n t lvl ds: mdvl

islc plsps , n t pt, t d vvn, nt wst, t lcy l cvlztns, sc s t ncnt gks.indd, nnt tn isl s t ttcnt sptl nd tclvls tds t ptctn nd ptn knld, pcssc n tsl s lt wstn cvlztn t n ndn nd ps-tv lcy. … T msl ld tdy s, by nd l, t dvlp-n ld. … mny cntpy msl scts v bn llyspd by t cnt lcy t clnl sbjtn. Tdvlpnt s t bn stfd, lk c t dvlpnld. Ts cntxt nds t b ndstd t cpndt dntl pct lblztn. T scl lty n ts s-cts s, n ny css, pvty, lck ccss t dctn, ltstntnnc t stts q t lty scl, nvnntlddtn, lck l l nd dnl cvl lbts. h tvstly dnt lnts ts scts ll t t vs cl-

lns lblztn s yt t b sn. iptnt ndcts ldyn plc tt d ll s t cnsd t dvnts nd dsdvnts lblztn n ld.”

“Lt s lk t s t dsdvnts st. T d cltss ptnt . S v pntd t t d cltl -ny—t ‘mcDnldztn’ t ld. it s sbn t b n ndtt s ltntnls c tn st dvlpn stts. m-v, n n t s n nly snl spp, c s

t ptntl t ps ts ny—cltl, cnc nd plt-cl—t ts lbl cnnls, t s ll t ptnt t dnst t sn tdtnl nd, n ny css, plss scts s t psv t ys l. Ts s s ptnt pts t msl ld s t s t st t dvlpn ld.”

“T cnctns nd tcnlcl vltn v ls d pnd pct. T dvncs ntn tcnly nd ts vl ts vlblty nd ccssblty—lbt nly t plt-

clly nd sclly pd lts—pss nb qstns ndcllns. msl scts , n t n, cpnts ts p-nnn.”




“glblztn, v, ls s ptntl dvnts. it s tptntl t v l l t t untd Ntns nd t d n ntntnl cns, sbstttn t cld- tc n

pttn ntntnl ntdpndnc nd cptn. Ts, p-dxclly, lblztn cn ctlly lp n dsn p, t tncntlzn t. it ls plcs n-ts vls nd dccy s bss pltcs nd scl dvlpnt. it lds t lbl vll tt,t cn b d, vs bs btn ntns n ny dnts cptn; lls t cnc ltns; clttsscl nd cltl xn; nd lttly cn vn dc xnpbnd stst.”

“wt ts ltt pnt n nd i ld lk t tn t lkn n-sd—tt s, t cllns tn islc tdtn. it s ptnt tnlck t ccl l isl cn nd ds ply n ccnttn tpstv spcts lblztn. … Ts, isl ls njcts n tcldnsn t tt t nvnnt—n t dn nv-nntl pbls, s ll s t cnc spcts ldy tcdpn, cs ntnsclly lbl n t plctns. T sl-

tns t ls lbl nd isl cnzs ts nd t nd ndstndn nd cptn css bnds.”“on ttcl lvl, t cncpt ijtihad — ntpt-

tn ly txts—ls s ptnt plctns. Ijtihad lls is-l t dpt t cnn ccstncs nd nvnnts. it lttsnst d, tdtnl n-dnsnl v—lly ndqt nsc dync lblztn—l nn n nvslpncpls.”

“i bn y tlk by sstn lnk btn sptl nd tclvls tds t ptctn nd ptn knld. edctn,i cntn t blv, s t ky t slvn ny pbls. Dnydctn nd y dny ndntl ds ll ls tdtnsv bn spsn snc t dn nty. Dny dctn ndy ll t nlttn bty, pjdc nd xts. Dnydctn nd y ll bnt pctcs t cc tt ctcsnd sts nd t n tdtn, ln ntnls.”

(Ys l-K, 2000)

ncs ky stssd t nd dnttd ppc t-ds isl: “ i tnk tt t t dn lbls nd t s






tsnds t, t msl t. and ts s lly ndby t d. Scndly, i sd bcs t t t isl, cs ncpssd by n-t nty, s bc t n vct

ts tdy t vy, vy ss cnsqncs t t. Ttd sn y i’ sd s bcs t cldn n scls—v islc scls n Lndn nd N Yk—v t c cnstntssnt, b ntdtn nd cs tt s n lt t n. and t s vy stn pssblty, tt, ts knd ln-, s c d ts nn, cntns, ts cldnll dvlp s ntlty t vy, vy ss cnsqncs ntns t c. … on t qstn cls cvlztns, b-tn t cvlzd nd ncvlzd lds, nd t s ts sc s‘islc ts’ nd s t, v t b vy cl nt t tnt ty cls cvlztns nt sl-llln ppcy. Ts n cvlzd nd ncvlzd ld. T s nly n ld, nd tvls ts. Ts s ts. T s n islc, Js, Cstn ts.”

“my nl pnt s t d t … t cls btn ndntlst

isl nd n ts. i ld sy, y ctlly bck t t n-dntls isl, t vy ly dys isl, t’s ctlly xt-ly pssv. it pszs t spct l nd ppty. it tlksbt dl t t ts. T’s l cpt n t Knbt my nd Jss. T s d sp, lakum deenakumwaliya deen, c ns: ‘Y v y ln, i v n.’ T lt vss pn n. isl, dn’t t, v n ll psnlty s 1,400 ys n ep s lvn n t

Dk as. isl kd d t bls slvy. isl spk btspct t nvnnt. i tnk t’s lly ll dty t ncntts pnd xpltns t tdtn nd tlnc tn cln—t’s nt jst isl, bt tn c ln—nd nt llt bn Ldns nd Sdd hssns tdy t jck t islcnd.” (Ys l-K, 2001)

ant dstnsd msl, Sk md al, spk n sl

ts n tn 2001: “it s lly bbc tst ttck n tl ld nd n t l ppl. i s t k ts cl—ttts ttcks nst ll lns, nst isl. Ts ppl clt, ty nt blnn t ny ln, nd ty nt bln-




n t isl s t ln. Ts tc vnt s n ttck n sd cvlztn.”

“on y tpc, scndly, n dscssn t islc dctn -

n ts i ld lk t dstns sc dctn t nts pctcs nd t bss n ctn msl cnts. abss n ts n s-clld islc cnts lk anstn , tttt, n iq, c s y cnty, n fct isl’s v n ts tn dd t pctcs Tqd nd t inqs-tn n t mddl as t Nzs n gny fct Cstn dc-tn t spct t n ts; , tt tt, dd t Bcgldstn ttck n hbn fct t tttd Jds tds td ln. it s ndvdls, b ty msls, Cstns, Js,Tls hnds, y bs n ts, nt t tlcldctns tslvs.”

“ btt ndstndn isl’s v tds n ts,n st stt t n ky dnc btn islc pltcl ttnd wstn pltcl tt, s sc tt s d snc tenltnnt t t ks plsps sc s rss.

Ts dnc lts t t cncpt svnty. T dspltcl svnty bln? in isl svnty blns t gd. hs t ltt v nd t ltt p sds. in wstnpltcl tt, spclly lbl dctc pltcl tt, sv-nty blns t t ppl. it s t ppl v svnty nd cnvy t t t vnnts. T, vnnts btn tltcy t ppl nd ls t t ppl td t sp-pt vnnt. as i sd l, nd islc pltcl dctn,

t s gd, nd nt t ppl, pvds ltcy t vnntnd t ts ls. T ct ts dnc s tt nd islc plt-cl dctn, vn ppl ntd ptcl ls ptcl vn-nts, ts vnnts ls y nt b ltt t ptcll vnnt s n vltn gd’s ll. rspctvly, sc ll scnvyd n t Kn nd ntptd by islc scls. i S-t msl scl nd i v bn dctd s sc. as slt i llpvd n tlk n isl nd n ts t ptcl St

islc v. in pctc, t, t bss dctn s sbstntllysl t ll scls tt t ctn n xcptns.”

“T bss islc l c t islc Dctn h-n rts s vlvd s t Kn, c msls blv s t




d gd nd t Snn, t ppt, md. all hs sy-ns nd pctcs ld t islc cnty. in t St isl, n-lk ctn t scls islc l, v dctn knn s

Ijtihad c pvds tt islc l cn cntn t b ntptdnd nd tkn nt ccnt xstn ccstncs. ts lys , Ijtihad s st sl t pstvs n t dvl-pnt ll dctns. Ctn t scls islc l, stntbly t hndbll scl, c t wb nd Sls,v d, v ssntlly bnnd ts dctn ll nlnd pstvs. T Tlbn lls ts scls, c sy ty nt t plnt stt tt s vy sl t tt n ttxstd n tsnd v ndd ys . By cntst, t islcrpblc in, s vy dnt bss. a syst vnnt sncptd t dctn Ijtihad .”

“hvn ld t ndk, i ll n bfy dscb ctn kycncpts ltn t isl’s v n ts. und islc l,t t t l s ptctd n t Kn. T s t lln syn,v klls n bn xcpt s pnsnt d t

c n t lnd sll b dd s vn klld ll nknd. Txctn nt n bn s nly lld pscbd csnd tn t t pn tl. i kn tt t dncs pn-n t spct t ts tt n t wstn ld bt i ld lkt pnt t tt xctn s pnsnt s pttd ndctn stt ls n t untd Stts nd t u.S. Sp Ct snt dcdd t vl stt l n cnstttnl nds. i ls tt t s bn lld tt t s ccptbl nd islc l

msl t kll nn-msl. Ts s bsltly nt nd nddt Ppt s clly sttd n ts d t s n dnttnbtn msl nd nn-msl. und islc l, t t tlbty s ls ptctd. wtldn sn’s d s vy cnst t ls isl. T islc l s vy cl tt n ctzncn b psnd nlss s lt s bn pvn n n pn ct. Tst n nly n t bss sspcn nd t pt nt psntt d pcss l nd tt pvdn sc n t

snbl pptnty t dnd sl s nt pssbl n isl.in ts d i d nt s tt c dnc btn islc lnd, xpl, t d pcss clss t t nd tntandnts n t u.S. Cnstttn.”




“ot nvsl n ts, l ncptd n, xpl,t unvsl Dcltn hn rts, ls ncptd ntislc dctn. xpl, t pbtn tt nd t c-

l ttnt, d ssctn, d xpssn, d cnsnss nd cnvctns, nd t ptctn ppty lldctns ncptd nt islc l. i d, t, blv tt tislc Dctn n hn rts sbstntlly ncpts, nddpcds, dn cncpts n ts. T , v,ctn dncs nd i ll ty t xpln t bss. on, s ndctdbv, t ctn spcts islc l tt ncptdnt t Kn nd n t Ppt’s syns tt msls blv bslt nd nt pn t ntpttn. T, tccpt isl, v t ccpt t n ts ntty, c nclds ctnspcts t tt y b ctczd s nnn n t ts ns.Scnd, n’s ts. isl s tn ctczd ttn nn nn tt s nt ql t n. xpl, n’s t tntstt ntnc s l tt n. on ts c, ts y b dt dnd, v, n lks t t n d cntxt i p tt

cn c p t ltt nd snbl xplntn. in -, nd islc l, t s t bltn t l t pvd t sld nd t cldn’s pbnn vn t s knnd s n nc. mv, nlk t pctcs, xpl,n anstn n nt lld t k, islc dctnpbts dscntn n t bss sx n t kplc. indd,n nttld t ny jb n s nttld t, t t xcptn ctn d lb jbs.”

“Td, d ln. und islc l t s pbtd msl t vk s ln. Ts y b dd ctlnt tt n bn t cs s ln. Pps n yt lk t t s t cp t t t l tsn. T s tnlt. it s l tt s t t ptct t cnty msls. ints d, lt pstts cndnd t dt, t s dpcss l ltn t tt, t pcds t ttpt t bnt psn bck nt t t nd t ns tt sc psn s

tly nncd t t. t, d xpssn. isl n-lly ptcts t d xpssn, nv nd v p-sn css t d s. hv, t lts. Ts lts ls xst




n t cnts. in t untd Stts, xpl, bt Pntn Pps nd t u.S. vnnt’s ttpts t stp tpblctn.”

“t, nd i nt t nlz y ks. i blv tt isl’s dc-tn t spct t n ts s sbstntlly sl t t wst-n cncptn n ts. T , v, s dncsc i v bfy dscbd bv. hv, n y v, ts d-ncs st nl n t d cntxt t spct t ts ndvdls. als, i ld lk t dd tt t bss -n ts n msl cnts nt lly bsd n t ndntldctns isl. Ts bss n ts , nd i sd tsy, cntn t b cndctd pltcl sns. and t ppt-ts ts bss tnd t s t ln isl t ltz tbv. T cncld, i ld lk t bck t t syn t tnst mt gnd. on bn skd bt s ts nd tlns sd, ‘i nst. i hnd, bt i ls ms-l Cstn, s nd J. i blv tt t bsc pncpl spct n ts s cntnd n ll ts lns.’ as t ly

Kn stts, ll ppl, d y l nd l, dntcs nd tbs, s tt y y ntnl t c t. T stdvt y s t st nbl, gd s t st knldbl,nd kns y nn bn.” (h.e. Sk md mdal, 2001)

A call or the creation o a spiritual coalition

in t P Ctdl t t nd t 2001 cnnc Václv hvlvcd n nt ppl t t psnttvs t ld’s lnst ct “nd sptl cltn” nd “lblztn d.”Tt ppl cn b sd t v sd p y ntts 2000—nd ptclly hvl sl—ld sc stss n t psnc ls psnttvs nd t t ntls dl.

Sttsn, pltcns nd t pblc s cnnt cpltly

lll t spnsblty t ntnnc pc, psptynd spct n ts n t cnts ty dt y t sptl ts t clts, c y psnt. it s




dp cnvctn tt n t bsc kys t ln ts sckld s t cltvtn bl pnnss t ll s tt t nd cntpy nty cn d ts ts.

Ts ld s lnkd tt n tsnds ys nt nlbl, t nsly dvsd, cvlztn, nd t ll bvn ntlnkd n t t. T cnt vnts n t uSav bn dstc nd vl s bn lblzd. C,vlnc, ntcs, nc, slsnss s ll s lck cn-sdtn ppl, ntns nd nt s spdn ttt ld t t d t ltst scnc nd tcnly.

ts sn i blv tt, n t ntst “lblz-

tn d.” T t s c ppl l spnsbl-

ty t t nknd n ts plnt. w blv tt t

sptl nsptn nd l stnt sc n llnc sld

spn t t t ld’s lns. Y k s t-

ns nd nq ptnc. w y t s ll

y tty n v t cn stl nst vytn

tt ttns n dnty nd t cnnt tt ll ttpts

t vl td nd vlnc t ls nts t snt-pt ly tcns, sybls nd tdtns t jsty t xpssn

td nd vlnc. Pls cntn n ll y ts tds

dp tl ndstndn nd dl n ld lns,

s ll s tds dl btn sptl tts nd ts

sp ld n t s pltcs, cncs nd scnc.

Pls sppt ll ts skn t s cn tt vs ls tdtns, nd sst t ptnc

lty, lv n’s nb, nd spct t ntl ndcsc d.

w blv t t s c t ct knd “gnd Sp-tl Cltn,” c ld nnc t xstn ndvs tcptn t ld’s lns, nd t jnt ts t cn-nt tt t cs dstctn n t n spct l nd n dnty, btd, t qlty ntns nd jst ld d, s ll s cncn t ntsts t n-

tns. T tsk sc “sptl cltn” ld b t sknd pt t bsc tcl vls sd by ppl dllvy, nd n t spt ts vls t nfnc t l t ld cnty. (Václv hvl, 2001)






and religions o individual cultural areas o the planet is today a central ques-

tion o globalization—nevertheless it still remains without clear answers.

It is then natural that the eort to identiy the relations and connections

between technological, economic, political, cultural and ethical elements o the globalization process was among the most interesting achievements o the Fo-rum 2000 conerence. Most requently the discussion centered on the relationbetween the rapid technological and economic integration o the world and thevery slow creation o political institutions and rules capable o responding tothis already highly globalized world. The gap between the state o the global environment and the political instruments to regulate global environmental processes is also alarming.

Inevitably, ideological dierences over assessing the overall eects o glo-balization underlay the majority o discussions. On one side were those whoare convinced o the positive eects o the spontaneous economic processes,especially the expansion o the ree market and the limiting o economic protec-tionism. On the other side were the advocates o some regulation o these pro-cesses in view o their potential negative social and environmental eects. Theworld fnds itsel, in the view o the second group, beset by serious imbalances

and discrepancies which could pose a threat to it. I these divergences proveto be long-lasting, they would most probably lead to major social and cultural tensions, which are usually ertile ground or armed conict. According to theopinion o the majority o conerence participants it is by no means certainthat technological and economic globalization will in itsel automatically lead humanity to a more harmonious world.

There must thereore be a new eort today to search or and reect on possible orms o relations between the techno-economic and the socio-politi-

cal aspects o globalization. Ways must be sought to avoid imbalanced social development o major regions o the world, i.e. processes o global social polar-ization resulting rom spontaneously unctioning market mechanisms. On theother hand, means must be sought to leave some necessary elements o regula-tion untouched in instruments limiting economic, social and cultural reedom.The ollowing chapter deals with political globalization and attempts suchthinking. Quite intentionally it orms the conclusion o the analytical chaptersbecause uture global governance will have to harmonize the processes o so-

cial, cultural, economic and environmental globalization. The author pointsto the reality that the Westphalian model o international order is at an end,but also to the eventuality that the uture model o international and global governance might assume a whole range o orms.



Pltcl glblztn

Jiří Pehe

on t st vdnt ts t lblztn pcss s t ds-cpncy btn t st pc cnc nd tcnlcl lbl-ztn n t n nd, nd t xtly sl pc pltcl l-blztn, n t t. wlst t nb spntnl cncntts s sd n cnt dcds, nd dn tcnls, ptc-lly n t cnctns ld, ncsnly dsd t nts ntn stts, s t st vsbl xpssn t pltcl cts lblztn s bn knn t l ntn stts. Nv-

tlss, t s bn n ctn pl spntnl nstt-tns tt t pv ty ptns t spntnl cnclcs, pv cpbl ctn lty k n lb-l scl nls t ts tt xst t t ntnl lvl n dvlpddctc scts.

eqlly stnsn s tt t s lttl dscssn t tdy l-blztn pltcl nstttns cpd t fctn bt t -ct lblztn n clt nd cns t dvlpn cn-

ts, bt cly. evdnc ts s pvdd by t pst ss 2000 cnncs. ws ny t dscssns dltt t pct lblztn n clt, dctn, t cny scl cndtns, ltvly spks—ny ldnpltcns nd pltcl scntsts—dlt t t ss t knd pltcl nztn nd t t lbl lvl.

Ts s sncnt p s. wt t lck dscssn n tstpc fcts ctn d cnsn bt t st pltcl

cns lblztn ll sld ntl, t ld pp tt s t bst-knn ntntnl tnks lly ttnd 2000 tns d nt cnsd t ss t b pty. Nntlsst s bvs tt t p btn t pcss cnc lblz-




tn nd ndqt lblztn pltcl nstttns s d tcld nt nly v s t scl dstbncs n lbl scl, t cldls n ncpbl skn pltcl spnss n plnty

scl t t xstn nd vy l lbl tts.

at 2000 n 1998, hny Kssn dscbd t pbl slls:

ys n, i v bn nsy bt t v lbl cn-y n c t l ld pts s n kt, nd n cppl skd t ccpt sn t ccy n bstctkt—tt t ct… in y v, t lbl cn-c css s bc s sv bcs tcncl cnsts vlkd pn t tt d t pltcl nd l cpc-ts t ppl nvlvd. Ty v tnd cncy css ntn cnc css, nd n cnc css nt pltcl css nny cnts. N ty nd tt tt pltcl k,ty cn’t vn slv t tcncl pbls.

it s bsltly ptv t ty t c t s ndstnd-n t t stcts t pltcl ld sld b. w cnltply lndn nstttns nd cn c p t ts tcn-cl ck tt tcncl ck. Tt ds nt slv tpbl tt t scts tt v t plnt t sltns n ln cnsdd t b jst scts by t ppltns,nd t l syst s tn nt qstn, nn t tcn-cl sltns t im nd ts ll k.1

T acn cnst Jy Scs spk n slly ctn-y vn t t 1999 cnnc 2000, n nlyzd tpbls ntld t t vsn lbl pltcl vnnc.

T clln lbl vnnc s tt ctn ctv n-tntnl nstttns. T ntntnl syst s n blnc.T Bttn wds nstttns v cd t lts t

ltcy. T uN syst s scltd, t epn unn

1 NB: t qttns v bn tkn spcs nd dscssn cntb-tns dn t vs cnncs 2000 n t pd 1997–2004.



13Political Globalization

cts lk c cnty xclsv clb. T wld Td onz-tn s ls t sk ltcy vn n ts ly ys bcs tdvlpn ld ldy ls tt c-cnty ntsts v -

jckd t, xpl n t ntllctl ppty ts. S, v vy ss nd nllld clln. Tn, v tln-t clln ccl ptnc, bt n tt s nt nt b slvd vnt—nd tt s t -cnsttt t syst lbl vnnc. Ts qs t dctztn ntn-tnl nstttns, nd pnnt ndn scs ntntnlnstttns. i blv tt ll v lbl tx n t t:ts ld n tt t nds t lbl scty ld nt bllld by d ll nd d, bt by t sd cntbtns tld—nd t ld lnt t sns nc cntl ttwsntn s tnks ll slv ld pbls, bt ntslvn ld pbls t n.

T pbl t tdy’s nnts s tt v lb-l kts, bt v pltcl syst bsd n t svnstt. T pltcl stt bsd n t svn stt s lys

bn vy tbls, bcs ltns btn stts v tnld t , bt i tnk tt n tdy’s ld, n y v lbl,ntcnnctd kts, t tt s bc c t. Tss bcs kts—t lbl nncl kts—v dcdt blty stts t p t nctns tt ty blt ndtk b—t lty nctns, t l nc-tns—bcs ts nctns q t txtn l-tn. Snc cptl s bl, t cn v y nd dpv t

cnty lt tt cld pssbly b dstbtd.

four basiC approaChes

in nlyzn t s sd bt pltcl lblztn t t vs 2000 cnncs s ll s t xpts n lblztn cn-tn t t bt ts pcss n vs pblctns, bsc p-pcs cn b bsvd t d t cvn ctv lbl

vnnc.T st s psntd by ts cll t ctn s

knd ld vnnt. Clly fctns ln ts lns tnd tb tpn t t psnt t; s t ld s nt vn n t d-




ctn lbl vnnt. Nvtlss ts cnsdtns cnntb jctd t t ttcl lvl.

T scnd ppc cnssts ppsls ctv

t xstn nstttns, sc s t uN, t im, t wld Bnk t wld Td onztn. advcts ts ppc n-tn tt ts nztns cnsttt t dnts lbl v-nnc—ty sply d nt nctn s ty t. Ty jst ndn.

ant scl tt ssts tt t ld b d d ts n lbl scl t dls dnsttn nd vnnc ttv pvd ctv n vs pts t ld t nl lvl. Tepn unn s qntly snld t s dl tt cld lsnctn n lbl scl. ots pps t xpnsn nz-tns sc s t g7. in tt cs, t dl dl s n lbl -ny xcsd by svl dzn dvlpd ntns.

T t scl tt cnssts vs ppsls c-pltly n s lbl vnnc, ssstd by lbl cvl scty,ntk vnnc, tc. T s ls tlk plycntc vnnt.

world government?

T d snl ld vnnt s ntn n, cs, nddd nt st t t nst lblztn. in t pst nypl ps cld t l t ld. Nn t ctlly sc-cdd n ln t nt knn ld, v.

in t 1930s t d d vlnty nctn t

ld nd snl vnnt nd t st ld dlst nz-tn s ndd n 1937. in 1938 t dl unn s ndd ngt Btn. a ld dlst nztn s ndd n t uSan 1939 c stll nctns nd t n t assctn t untDccs.

in 1945 t “Ctt t wld Cnstttn” s s-tblsd nd t lly n Cc t ctlly dtd wldCnstttn. Tn n 1947, v sll dlst nztns dcdd

t asvll, Nt Cln, uSa, t nd ct n nztndbbd t untd wld dlsts. Ts ndvs cntn t bpsd by T wld dlst mvnt (wm), s bjctvs t stblsnt ld vnnt. it s st p n mntx,




Stzlnd, n 1947, by 51 nztns 24 cnts. its Sc-tt s n lctd n N Yk. it ds tsl s lbl ctzns’vnt t b nd ssctd nztns n ny cn-

ts tt t plnt.wm nts ld dl vnnt t stbls lbl l

l nd n ltns. Ts l s t b cvd ptclly byt cntnl stntnn nd dctztn xstn ld nst-ttns, c ld dlly cq lbl cnstttnl ps.

at 2000 n 1997, t ll-knn rssn dssdntnd n-ts ctvst S Kvlyv tbld ppsl t c-tn ld vnnt tt cld v bn ltd by wm.h sttd nt l:

i sst tt lt lbl vnnt ld-d

vnnt. Ts s stn v dcld, nb

ppl v dcld n nb ccsns, bt i s tt

ts d ll tn, bsd n t cncpt n ts, tt s

scl ds, qlty nd ltcy. Ts cncpt sld tn

bc t bss n scl d. it s ptnt t n-t ll t ts nts. it s ls ptnt, st ll, t

nt t ts ndvdl n bns nd, by nt-

n ts ts, cn tn p scty nd nty

nknd. T vy ndtns n ts q nty

nknd, bcs nly n sc sttn cn ll ts ts b

ppld…Ts qstns d, scty nd s t sld

b cntlld by ld-d vnnt ld-d pl-

nt, c ld tn ct n ntntnl d, c ldplc t t ctc ld ntntnl tts, nts

nd tn ncptbl ltns. Ts ll tn v t c

l nd t ll v pty v t ns nd tts. in ts

lbl cd, n ts ll spsd vytn ls. wt i s

n nt s ls t pssblty stblsn ld-d

lbl ct, ct c ld ty t nd sltns ty t sttl

ts cnfcts tt v n pct n t l nknd nd

ny vltn n ts sld b bt b ts ct.

and ls n t ld t xctv bnc, t cld bstn lk t untd Ntns tdy t Cncl ep.Bt ts ps, ts tty, ld b c t. Ts t-




ty, ts bdy, ld tn b spnsbl scty nd tt dvlpnt n-knd nd c ndvdl cnty.all n ts nd ds ld nc b t vy s-

snc t vy ndtn t k. Ts, cs, lltc pn t svnty c cnty, bcs s tsvnty ll b dltd. it ld ls n tt l-ty cs t lty cs n c ts cnts ldbc pt ts lbl ld-d scty bdy. and ccnty ld tn tn nly plc cs.

i blv tt ctn cpnnts lnts ts n ldd ldy xst. Ty pct, bt ty d xst. iblv tt ts cpnnts ts n ld d nt typ-cl t k t untd Ntns. i blv tt tyn t -pv t t uN s blnd lly. it ll ld s n.it ds ply ctn ptnt l; t s plyd n ptntl. w v sn ctn sccsss, bt ts s nt t b sn s ntns. it s vnnt dnstts. int untd Ntns t lt ppl ty t dnd

pt nly t ts ndvdl ntns.

T nd ld vnnt s ls ntnd t 2000 n1999 by t Cln cnst osvld Snkl, sttd:

T tst vd n t ntntnl syst, t c

bnnn t 21st cntuy s t lck dctc ld v-

nnt. w v knd xcutv vnnt, ptcully n

t cnc sp, t 16t t 19t stt cplx—t sclld t wll Stt-Tsuy cplx—nd v lty

cnt t ld, but dn’t lly v pltcl n, nd

dn’t v lsltv n. Ppl nt psntd t t

ld lvl, t s n ld plnt, t s stn

judcy, but nt uc. S, pps, t suld cncntt

n n t utu s t bn but dctc psnttn

t t ld lvl.

an nl sc ctn n ntntnl pltcl d s p-psd t t 2000 n 2004 by nb ptcpnts. Tppsl sttn p wld t Cncl inttv (wCi) spsntd by Jkb vn uxkll.




w ntcd t t nt, dcsn-kn s nt jst ncnt,t sn’t vn ctv n t sns tt vn dcsns tkn ntbn plntd, nd llnn ls s jst n xpl. wy

s ts? Bcs t s lck tst n pltcl nstttns nd,ncsnly, n ll nstttns scty.

h cn bld tst? By bnn tt, sst,

n n nn , psns tstd, v tcl

ntty, nd ntd tt t s n xstn nttv kn

t d ts, clld t wld t Cncl inttv. Ts cncl

ld nt cl t psnt ts, bt t spk p sd

vls s ld ctzns, nd nt jst n cns vls,

nd t spk p t ntsts t ntns. it ld nt

b cpttv nztn, bt n nclsv pcss k

t bd ts xstn plnttn p.

it ld, dlly, v bt ndd bs ld-d,lblly psnttv, t cts, s plnty l-ds, pns, nd yt lds. and ty ld c t lbl cnslttn pcss c, n ct, s lly bn nn

s t. it ld k t ttc cssns lbl-ss ntks. w nd t s n lst cplt vlpbtn t sss d dntd nd t sss c Jn-nçs rscd d dntd s ts ndn nt ctn nt lbl lvl. and t ld b cpsd psnttvs vs stklds t knld ts ss ld lsb bl t k tt nd css-tlz c t, s ldvd t dns v-spclztn.

T cncl ld k t ntnl bs plntn bn lnkd lctnclly t t s-clld -Plntnttv, t k s tt t cndtns bn btnt ntnl plnts nd plntd t, n st stp-by-stp, ss-by-ss bss, dpndn n t st nt p-ts. evn b tt st s cd, lt ts cncl ldlp t dpn nd d-tvlz pblc dbt, c cs s pcndtn nd dctc dcsn-kn. it ld

bld n xstn k, lk t et’s Ct, xpl, bt tld ll ccl ssn tcl dnsn. it ld bd ttn-lntd p btn dnds ppsls c -lstc tdy; ts n s, t cn b plntd t cptvly scs n, nd t dnd pbl ls.




T d t wCi s t dvlpd by Jy hbbs, ppsd tt t sld pt nd uN spcs nd cq lt-cy t t ntnl lvl ls. T wCi ld ls pt s n

ntdy btn Ngos, t uN nd ntnl vnnts.

the reform of existing institutions

a st dnt ppc t pltcl lblztn tn pps-ls ld vnnt s dptd by ts dvct t xstn nstttns. and yt ts t cnts tnkn nttlly xclsv. nstnc, t wm s pt d nb ppsls n t uN, c ld tns t nt n t plls ld vnnt.

Pts p, m Ss, tlnd sl v-sn t t 2000 cnnc n 2000, n dcld:

T ns t lblztn… cnnt b vn by t n cn-y, lt ln ncsn ld td. T ns st b vn by

btt ntntnl nncl ltn, c, n y v, nt-ly qs n sc nstttns s t wld Bnk nd tintntnl mnty nd. at t s t, nd t n-c t untd Ntns nd v t nds snc t s t nlyntntnl nstttn c cn lttly ty t ct nld d, n c s jst, nd ql. a ld v-nnt cpbl bn ctv n t t nst n, lck dctn, dss nd dsptn t nvnntl blnc

plnt sld b ctd t t uN nd nt ts psnttvs c cnts, lk t g7.

Czc Psdnt Václv hvl, nd s spcs t 2000cnncs ld, spk bt t ntntnl nstt-tns t t 1999 cnnc, sd:

i v psnlly xpncd tt t pltcl stcts tdy’s

ld, bnnn t t untd Ntns, nsly c-bs nd nsly bctzd. Nvtlss, t -ptnc s n nd ll cntn t . in t cnty tc, vs nl nss ll ply n ncsnly p-




tnt l btn ntn-stts nd t lbl cnty, nd nv t l ll ls b plyd by t ld cnty s l. Bt ts stcts st b dbctzd, bd t

n spt, nd nspd t n ts.

Dscssn bt t ctn xstn nstttns n d tbtt fct t nds lblzn ld s cndctd ssntllyn t lvls. T st lvl cncns nstttnl n t lnt t cnn stnt nd nds ctn ns t ld.in 1998, Kn Sn spk ln ts lns t t 2000 tnc t t nd t t uN.

it s ssntl tt t l untd Ntns syst sld b -stctd n d t k t spnsv t t lts l cnty t t nd t Scnd wld w. at psnt, t v p-nnt bs t Scty Cncl psnt jst bt n-td t n ppltn, l t-tds plcd n scndypstn. Ts sttn d t t nd t , n t vc-ts ndstndbly td t tslvs spcl stts. hv,

t ld s cnd dtclly snc tn. it s clly nlstt cnts lk gny nd Jpn, t t zn pst-snc, ntns lk ind nd Bzl, nd t l acncntnnt sld n tsd t pl pnnt bsp t Scty Cncl. a ctv stctn t untd Ntns sln vd. and, lt dscssns v bn n n st, i ld sbt tt t ld b st pppt t tt sclncd n t y 2000, s tt n t nxt llnn t cld b

qtbl ld d.a ys lt, n 2005, dscssn n n t untd

Ntns tk plc tn tt vy nztn. T l s t c-t ctv nztn by dnn t Scty Cncl tncld svl j cnts nd plntn t nstttnlcns. T ttpts vtlly zzld t, v, t t ds stt ld t n t ppsd s t t uN st nSptb 2005. Nvtlss t dscssn bt t ppsls s

ly ntstn.it tnspd ts dbts tt bt t pltcns nd t-

tcns v lzd tt t uN s ly ttlss nstttn t tpsnt t; n ncpbl tckln css sttns ctvly, nt




t ntn t ct tt t s ly cpbl pvntn t. it sls vdnt tt t sptn ctn l nd pdly dvlpncnts t ply t l—t t ntdy t uN—

clsd t t ntsts slsnss t cnts. Pps tst ptnt lssn tt dscssn s tt vn t t n-tn stts bcn lss pl s slt cnc lblz-tn, ty stll t n bstcl t pltcl lblztn.

T t ppc t pssbl t uN s t v (ldptclly tn pltcl nd cdc ccls n t uSa) tt -ctv lbl vnnc t t ssstnc t uN s t tqstn nlss tt nstttn bcs, bv ll, clb dc-cs. Ts s ctn -st n-cnsvtv plspy btt nd t ppt dccy, snc stblty nd pc, n cnt ny nt n t pncpls lbl vnnc, cn nly bnsd tn ltns n dccs.

accdn t ts v t n pbl t t uN s tt t plc-s dctc cnts nd dcttsps n n ql tn, tbyltvzn t dstnctn btn t. T tty t uN ll

cntn t n—t ty s—nlss t pltcns t d-ctc cnts nd t c t dcl pnly tt ll-bspsld b cndtnl n t bsvnc ctn pncpls, ny c nsnd t t tst n t unvsl Dcltn h-n rts nd t uN Ct; cnsstnt spct sc pncplss nly pssbl n dccs.

T nly psnttvs stts lctns ld—ts cnts t l l ppls nd n

ts spctd—cn lttly spk n bl t cnts.Cnvsly, psnttvs cnts t lks dl Cst,m l-Qd Bs l-assd n p psnt nlyt dctts.

Ctcs ts ppc ntn tt t uN cnnt b sply clb dccs, bcs t nd t nvlv nn-dctccnts n t pcss. at ll, ty ls bs t “c-nty ntns.” mv, uN bsp cn sv t xcs

pss n sc cnts. T v s vn vcd tt dccy s stn nvntn nd t xst ll knds cltlly cndtndcncpts n ts.




intstnly n, sc ltvzn ctqs st qntly -

nt n ep, c ln ctd nztns tt lt clbs

dccs s b cnts t Cncl ep t eu

b cnts d t lll ctn dctc ct t t tst.T dvcts uN dctztn t dcl tt nly

stn lk n onztn Dctc Ntns ld b c-pbl ctn—n spt pssbl ntnl dssnsns—bcs tsbs ld s ctn vls nd t ld njy t qstdctc ltcy. undctc cnts ld, n t cnty,v t kn pcsly t ct bsp. ny t,t ndvs t jn clb tt knd—cpbl t t Czcsrpblc’ stvn t jn t psts eu—ld b sl t tn ll ppls by t untd Ntns.

global appliCation of suCCessful models

T td ptnt ln tnkn bt t ctn ptnllbl nstttns s t k lbl s nstttns tt v pvd

tslvs t t nl lvl, ptclly t epn unn, cs dd by s ttcns s scntn (nd lly ctv)xpnt by ntnl vnnt ks n ny t c-n pltcl nd cnc nstttns st p jntly by t bstts. T eu s cn kt lln vnt ppl,cptl nd ds. mst t b stts ls s cn c-ncy nd t pcss pltcl nd cnc nttn cntns.

T eu s cntly ybd, c cbns t cctstcs

n nt-vnntl nztn, dtn nd cndtn.S t dvcts t nttn spk t nd t tns- t eu nt t dtn, l ts ntn tt t ps-nt eu stcts nd dcsn-kn cnss ts stnt,bcs ty q pcss cnstnt pltcl dlbtn ndnttn t vs dnt lvls. T acn pltcl scntst

Jy rkn spks bt plycntc vnnc, c ds s dl lbl vnnc.

rkn ls s tt t eu s s ctv tt t epn n-

ttn dl ll b dptd by t ns t ld. S -

nl nztns, sc s t assctn Stst asn Ntns




(aSeaN), v ldy ptly dn nsptn t eu. accdn

t s ts, ndvdl nl nztns ll vntlly stv

tl nttn, ts ctn knd lbl llnc svl

l pltcl nns sl t t eu.in s bk Free World, Tty gtn as pdcts t tl

nttn bt sctns e-atlntc cvlztn: ep ndNt ac. T ltt, n s v, n lnkd by s ny -tl cnc nd t ts (c cntn t n nb) ttn t nt-t-dstnt t t cld s stn as clls natlntc unn.2

Ctn ts blv tt nt dl lbl vnnctt s pvd tsl t ctn d s t g7, c t t bncd nd sd n tly lbl scl, snc, n t v, t p-snts bncl pltcl nd cnc ny cndctdby t st dvlpd cnts t ld. Ts stts cld p-vd t ld t c ndd cnt pltcl vttn. ts t b pssbl, t ld st ll b ncssy t xtnd b-sp t t cnts, s s dn n t cs rss, c n

lly ttnds g7 vnts, t t xtnt tt t p s cnlyd t s t g8.

new theories of global governanCe

mst t psnt dscssns bt n s lbl dnst-tn nd nnt dvd t cncpt “vnnc,”c y b dd s snsbl dnsttn, nnt nd

pcss vnnt ll n n, s dstnct t cncpt “v-nnt.”

ws “vnnt” tnds t psnt vtcl p stc-t, t t “vnnc,” vn t t lbl lvl, pls tnldnsttn ssstd by zntl ltnsps nd ntks. wt-n psnt-dy pltcl scnc nb ts v d -ltd pcsly t t cncpt vnnc.

T Czc ts Pvl Bš nd ondřj Císř v pntd t

tt s t lblztn dbt s nly bn t t bscpss. in t st ps—t 1970s nd 1980s—t dbt csd npltcl cny: t dcty t stt vss t kt. at tt

2 Tty gtn as (2004) Free World , Lndn: alln Ln.




t tnsntnl cptns dd s t n cllnst stt p.

in t d-1990s t dbt ntd ts scnd ps. glblz-

tn csd t b vd s t tc spntns kt xpn-sn nd t stss stcd t t pltcl dnsn. ants nd nst t xstnc lblztn vd n cnc tsv y t cnsdtn lblztn s social process. ot c-ts sttd t b dscssd pt t tnsntnl cptnsnd n t cs s n tnsntnl pss ntks nd tnsn-tnl—nd ptntlly lbl—scl vnts, s ll s nd-tns, ntn nztns, ccs, pltcl pts, tdnns nd d ptn ntntnlly.

in ts cntxt, ppl v sttd t sk t s n dl tnsntnl lbl vnnc s nt n ts lblntks, n c ld psnt j st y t vt-cl, cclly nzd stct nd tds plycntc v-nnc, lyn n ntks nd vs cts t vs lvls, nn c dnnt.

Bš nd Císř pnt t tt t cncpts lbl vnntn dnt tns t dnt ppl. lt-n nd lbl p-pnnts t lds t t ps t nblty t lblcny nd lbl pltcl pcsss, s ll s t dct-c ptcptn n dcsn-kn pcsss t t ntntnl ndlbl lvl.3

T t-n ntpttn lbl vnnc fcts nly

nl ppc—nstd tnspncy nd t ptcptn

n ntntnl nstttns, t sply stsss t t cncy.

three basiC views of politiCal globalization

Vs cts v bn nvntd n n t t clssy t vstttds tds pltcl lblztn. antny mcg dvds tptnsts t vs ppcs nt lblsts, ntntnlstsnd tnstnlsts.4

3 Pvl Bš nd ondřj Císř (2004) Levice v postrevoluční době , Bn: CDK, pp.164–180.

4 antny mcg (2004) n A Globalizing World? Culture, Economics, Politics,Dvd hld (d.), Lndn: rtld, pp. 128–167.




Globalists cntn t n ts t st ps t l-blztn dbt, cln tt n lblzd ld dntd byspntnl cptl, ntnl vnnts ncsnly plss

nd nptnt. ws, ty t sll t ctvly tckl tlbl cllns ctn t ctzns (sc s lbl n tds td), ty t b t tckl lcl pbls (sc s stcycln). in gt Btn, xpl, mcg s, t p t vnnt s s sppd by t spntnl epn unn, nt n nd nd t ncsn ptnc nstttns t t sb-ntnl lvl (sc s t Sctts plnt), n t t, s ll sby nstttns tt cpt t t vnnt cnc p(t spntnl cptns).

Internationalists, n t t nd, ntn tt t cpcty ntnl vnnts t lt t lvs t ctzns nd dl tlbl tts v nv bn s t s n. in t v, ntnlstts nt cd t xtnctn n t pcss lblztn; nt cnty, lblztn nncs t ptnc ntnl vn-nts n nnn n s.

Transormationalists d dn t scnd ps t lbl-ztn dbt. Ty t nt t t scls tt

nd ntn nstd tt n lblzd ld t ntnl vnnts

v t cn t l nd nctn. as slt ndntl cn-

tn t p, tty nd ltcy ntnl vnnts

s tkn plc. Ntn stts nt lsn t ptnc s t l-

blsts cl, bt t p s nt n t ncs t, s t ntn-

tnlsts ntn. Ty vn t dpt t n cntxt n c

t p nd svnty s sd t ny t pblc nd pvtnstttns. Ts s nstd t n lvl, nstnc, n t snd

ctn ps nd pt t svnty t t spntnl lvl

(.. eu), nd t nt lvl n dcntlztn.

a bit of history: from the peaCe of westphalia to global politiCs

bt t ndd ys t pncpls ntntnl d ndnt-stt ltns dvd t Pc wstpl, cncldd n1648, t t nd t Tty Ys w. und ts syst, s p-szd by mcg nd t ts, stts cnnctd t spcctty cnsdd t ld svn p v tt tty.




Tt pcss clntd n bt t ddl t 20t cnty nt syst ntn stts pvld tt t plnt. und tssyst stts v svnty v dstc tts nd t n sv-

n tty xsts n spct t tl ltns. intntnlpltcs s vnd by syst tts nd cnvntns tt cnntb ncd ndvdl ntn stts s t cpt.

mnl, nd t ddl t 20t cnty, pcss snttd tt ncsnly clls nt qstn t blty ntn sttst tckl spntnl pbls t international politics. instdppl bnnn t tlk n ts global politics s spns t l nb pnn ltd t t pcss tcnlcl,ntn nd cnc lblztn. glbl pltcs ds n-tntnl pltcs n tt t pvds k t ctn s lbl vnnc nd nnt, c, lt bsd nt ntn stts, ls v qs ndpndnt xstnc.

a ly dns ntk nl nstttns s dlly c

nt bn (c cpt t c t n lbl bss) s ll s

nt-vnntl nztns ctd by t ntn stts t pt

lblly (t uN, t wld Bnk, t im, tc.). Tnsntnl lnksnd fs v ts dvlpd n vtlly vy ld n ctvty.

i tn t mcg’s t n scls tt bt tpct lblztn, cn s tt t ntntnlsts, twstpln syst s stll t bsc nztnl pncpl nt-ntnl ltns, nd t s n nd t cn t n t v: tntn stts cn cp t ll t cllns lblztn tn tk tt syst.

Bt lblsts nd tnstnlsts tt t wstplnsyst cn n ln t ts cllns. in t v, p s nln ply nzd nd xcsd n t ntnl scl bt sncsnly cqn spntnl, nl nd lbl dnsns.Cnsqntly vnnc nd pltcs ncsnly ntntnlzdnd lblzd.

internationalization of the state

an ttndnt t t pcss pltcl lblztn tt s -ltd t t ctn nt-vnntl nd t lbl ntks, st internationalization o the state. ov t pst 50 ys vnntlctvts v bn cnsdbly ntntnlzd n spns t t




ltplcty pcsss tt ld ntnl jsdctns, v tts bynd t nts vn ntn stt l vn jnfnc n t.

Ndys, lst vy nsty vy ntn stt s dpt-nt ntntnl ltns tt cdnts t cnty’s ctvty n

tt ptcl ld t ptns t cnts. Ts ltns

tn dct nd d nt v t b snctnd by cntl vnnt.

in ts y spntnl ntks ts bds c nt bn.

at t s t t s bn b n t nb nt-v-nntl nztns tt ssst t vnnts ndvdl cn-ts t cdnt nd lt ctvts t t lbl lvl. ws n1907 t xstd nly 37 sc nztns ty n nb nd350. in ddtn t sc l bds s t wld hlt onz-tn t im t l nb nt-vnntl knps nd vs ntntnl sts nd cnncs. it s lsncssy t tk nt ccnt t n nb nl cntctsnbld by t n tcnls.

transnationalization of politiCs

a t ptnt spct lblztn n ddtn t t ntn-tnlztn t stt s t transnationalization o politics. Ts st t n nb pltcl ctvts tt tnscnd t ntnlcnty ct css vs cnts.

T n xst, nstnc, ndds nn-vnntl -nztns (Ngos) tt cpt t ntn stts n ll sts

sps, .. t cntl t vnt ds, dctn, ldvlpnt cld ptctn, nd ls k t nt-vnn-tl nztns sc s t uN. Ts nztns ct spn-tnl ntks tt ncsnly lnkd s knd global civil soci-ety. ws t t bnnn t 20t cnty t nly ndd sc tnsntnl nztns n xstnc nd t tllnks sts tns, t n v 5,000 t ndty cnsttt cnsdbly nt-cnnctd spntnl stct.

Bš nd Císř sl nlyss cnt tttds t tlbl cvl scty. T t lbl cvl scty nlly dnts tny cts cntly ptn tn lbl pltcl stcts. onp ttcns ts t nd t t clly dnd p-




cl nn nd ptct t nst ltntv dsntns (sc s“tnsntnl cvl scty”). ot ts d t s dscptn “d” (.. p-n ts, nvnntl, tc.) vnts nd

Ngos nd jct t s cncpt fctn t tnty nd c-plxty cnt ld pltcs. T s vn ntntt t cncpt cvl scty s t bnd p t t cncpt tntn stt t t b sd t ncpss lbl pcsss.5

Dspt sc skptcl vs t s cl tt t nb nt-ntnl nn-vnntl nztns (iNgos) s pdly n,nd sn ncsn nbs plll sts, sc s tsnzd by t ppnnts n-lbl lblztn. m nd t s tlk t n ptnc tnsltnl lnks btnvs nn-stt cts, bt n lty: t tnsntnl sp,n c cvl ctvsts, scl vnts nd cttd ndvdlsnt nt tl dbts, cnfcts nd llncs.

Ctn tsts nt t vd t t “lbl cvl scty”s t xpssn transnational networks. Ts t ptd tt lbl lvl by spcc ntsts cnsst ntks ctvsts

ptn t ds nd vls. Sc ntks nlly dn pltcl lds tt v ntv nd vl cntnt.at t 2000 cnnc n 2004, Václv hvl d t l-

ln t sy bt lbl cvl scty:

it s ptnt—nt nly n cs, bt ls nlly ll vt ld—t ct n ntntnl cvl scty tt xcds tbds stt s ll s ts spntnl ntts. Tt s

t clln lblztn, n t l ld s ntn ndts lblztn s tndncy t n nd ny vytnnd ncnspcsly n vytn t cnt; ncldndvsty. at ll, ts dvlpn ltntnl cp-tns tn bd n pssblts pdcts tn ndd sll pvt cpns. Nntlss, t s dvsty cn-tlld nd plnnd t cnt; nt tntc dvsty cn bl. and ts knd dvsty s t st tt sld b

spptd, bcs t s n t tls tt cn b sd t tcklt ntv plctns lblztn.

5 Pvl Bš, ondřj Císř, p. ct.




an ntstn cntbtn t ts dbt s cntly d by J. .rscd, ls tk pt n t 2004 cnnc. h ntns ttn t ys t slv t pbl lbl vnnc s t stnt-

n s-clld lbl sss ntks (giNs), c xtly fx-bl ntks slvn lbl pbls tt v svl dvnts:pd pbl slvn, ltcy, dvsty nd cptblty t t-dtnl nstttns.

Ty cn pt pdly bcs ty d nt ly n tdtnl(.. vtcl nd ccl) bctc stcts bt s t bn-ts t cnctns vltn n d t cnct dctlycss t nts ndvdl stts.

Ty dv t ltcy t ct tt ty pt lb-lly, t t xtnt by csn t ny n n spcc pbl.Ts ncss t scp blzn ppl. rscd ls cts tt dl pstd by Jün hbs, ntns tt lblvnnc ns dsnn dstc plcs nd t t lvl tplnt, lt cnzs n ss bstcl t ts—t bsnc lblly sd pltcl ts nd clt. in t ds ctzns

ld v t cq s sd lbl dntty.rscd blvs tt t giNs tslvs cn lp bld lblctznsp. an ptnt l ld b plyd n ts by dn c-nctns d tt ct n cncpt spc nd t.

T ltcy t giNs s zntl nd s jntdlbtns tn t k. Ts zntl ntks cldxt slty pss n v t pltcl spnsblty n tpt t nstttns ntn stts, bcs ntnl pltcns,

nlly tk dcsns t n y n t nxt lctns (nd -tn pplst sltns), ld n v t ckn t stnc xtnsv tn jst t n lctt— lbl ntkn xpts n vn ss.

T td dvnt giNs s tt ty cbn t dntppcs t t s ss: pblc (stt), pvt nd ntntnlcvl scty nztns. T dvnt xpts sc v-td plys cn pvd dnt dvnt.

T t dvnt s tt n spt t pss ty xt,giNs tlnt tds t nstttns t ntn stts— nsn, bcs ty cnnt cv t ls tt t. as -slt nncssy cnfcts t tdtnl nstttns vdd.




at t 2000 cnnc n 2004, t Pls ll tt-cn Vkt ostynsk ctd t rscd’s ppsls s lls:

m. rscd, i tnk tt n y psnt t lbl sss nt-k, i ld vy stnly tt bsds vnnts, bs-nss, nd ntntnl cvl scty nztns, y ncld lsntnl lcl cvl scty nztns, bcs ty ll b bs-ltly ccl t tst. st, t t t dbck n t nd lvl tv ns cld b st, bt scnd, t tst t ks.intntnl cvl scty nt-vnntl nztns llnt b bl t nctn tt st dn tt ll b bsd byt n ntsts n tyn t ssss t sltns k.

horizontal networks

a dcl v lbl vnnc s d by ann-m Slt, s tt s t ldy t ntntnl cnty snt bn ptn nly s syst ltns btn t vn-

nts ntn stts, bt ncsnly s syst zntl nt-ks tt cfy ctd by vs sctns t vnnt nt ntn stts nd Ngos.6

Plc nvstts, nncl kt lts, jds l-slts ncsnly cpt tn t k tnsntnlntks, tn c ntn s xcnd nd ctvts c-dntd. T lbl cptn ts ndvdl cpnnts stt p s bcn ptnt tn t cptn cntl

vnnts. alnsd t t s n v dns ntk nn-v-nntl cts.

in Slt’s v, t dl lbl pltcl ntks s pssbl sltn t t bsc dl lbl vnnc: “ ndlbl ls tt cntlzd p bt t vnnt cts cn b ld t ccnt t vty pltcl cnss.” Tsccntblty cs t bn td n vs stcts (p-tclly dctc ns) t ntn stts.

6 ann-m Slt (2004) A New World Order , Pnctn: Pnctn unv-sty Pss, pp. 131–162.




T dn stt s ncsnly lt-lyd ntty s n-dvdl cpnnts p dstc pltcl tsks n t n ndbt t t s t ty v ntnsvly lnkd t t tns-

ntnl lvl t t ptns n t cnts. in ts y ls dlly d s ll s lty k tt nctns n lbl scl.

Slt blvs tt ndys ny ntntnl nztns n tn stcts tt pvd n nstttnl nt tptn zntl ntks vnnt cls vsntn stts. ots ply tnsntnl n tt t dntty ndlylty s sptd t ntn stts nd tt ty v ctnccv ps vs-à-vs t ntn stts.

network of networks or super -networks

Slt nvntd t cncpt networks o networks, by c ss t t ct tt vs ntks zntl lbl vnnc(vs cpnnts vnnt p vs ntn stts, nt-

ks nt-vnntl nztns, nd ntks tnsn-tnl nn-vnntl nztns) cpt nd ct stnlk sp-ntks tt ntpntt nd cplnt c t tvs pnts nd t dnt lvls.

at t zntl lvl ts ntks “st,” c ns ttty v nfnc t tn ccv ps. Bt t t s t,v, s ts ntks ls cq vtcl dnsns. V-tcl xs p ctd tn t, t spntnsly

n t bss nt-stt tts. Ts cn ld t t ctn s-pntnl nztns tt v ccv ps nt nly vs-à-vsndvdl ntn stts bt ls vs-à-vs vs cts n t zntlntks. Slt nlyzs t xpls t epn Ct

Jstc nd t ccv ps ctn cpnnts t wldTd onztn.

wt spct t t ctn networks o networks Slt n-tns tt, s n ntn stts t ccs pcss s-clld

dstn ( pcss nvlvn t dsnttn n nllyns ntty cpsd vs cnstttv cpnnts ntts cpnnts), n lbl scl, by cntst, t dlly csnt bn knd dstd ntty psntn vs ntks




nd t ntctns. wt Slt spcclly s n nd s ts:jst s stts ls pt t ps t spntnl ntks, n-t-vnntl nztns nd t tnsntnl cvl scty t

vtcl stcts nd ts lsnd. indvdl cpnnts sttp cntn t p t dstc nctns bt t t st ncsn nbs ts cpnnts stt p ls p-t tn t k spntnl ntks—tn s ttt blssn cntl tty.

T tns t t spntnl lvl vs nctns ttly blnd ntly t ntn stts cts sc-lk sp-ntnl syst ntks tt stly v n vsbl cnt. Tsdstd ntty s t bst v bn bl t cv n ts lbl vnnc.

weak states

on ncnvnnc n t vsn dvncd by Slt s t lysytcl nt t ntntnl cnty, nt n nly n

spct t t t-dscssd dscpncs btn t c nd pcnts, nd btn t dctc nd ttn stts, btls t dncs btn ndvdl stts n ts t d sttnss. Ts ct s bn dlt t by t acn pltcl sc-ntst ncs ky, ll knn s cntvsl ty bt“t nd sty.”

T ntntnl cnty cntly cnssts bt ttyps ntts: lly dvlpd clsscl ntn stts; pst-dn

spntnl ntts ntn stts tt v vlnty d t pt t svnty n v sc ntts; nd k ldstts. ky css n t td cty n ptcl.

h s tt t k ld stts, c lck bt stncntl vnnt nd ctv systs zntl dnsttn, xtly dns t ntntnl cnty, nd nt nlybcs ty vlt t ns cvlzd bv. Vs tstnztns cpbl btnn pns ss dstctn y

n dy b bl t pt ncckd n t tty. hnc kstts t tst lbl tt.

it s n sy tsk bldn n ctv stt n sc cnts, -v. T s t b lcl dnd ctv stt nstttns,




ts ty v n cnc tkn t. i stt bldn s c-d t nd t dnsp t ntntnl cnty, scs t sccssl lty ntvntn, t s pssbl tt ccpyn

pc-kpn tps y v t ss spnsblty t nc-tns t stt ny ys n ctn cnts.

in ky’s v, t dn stt nd nt b l, bt tst b stn nd ctv. and t s b ltt, t st ls bdctc. T ctvnss stt s nt sd sply n ts t cncy t cntl vnnt bt ls n t cpcty dnt cpnnts t stt p t pt ctvly bt t nd tn t k spntnl ntks. mv,sc ntks, n cptn t nn-vnntl nztns,cn ply n ptnt l n stt bldn stts v ld cpltly cllpsd.

in n nlyss u.S. nd epn vs t tckl nt-ntnl tts, ky pnts t j dnc n t nd-stndn t stt.

acns tnd nt t s ny sc dctc ltcy -

tn t cnstttnl dctc ntn-stt. T t xtnt tt nyntntnl nztn lk t untd Ntns s ltcy, t s b-

cs dly cnstttd dctc jts v ndd tt ltcy

p t t n nttd, ntvnntl pcss. Sc ltcy

cn b tdn t ny t by t cntctn pts; ntntnl

l nd nztn s n xstnc ndpndnt ts typ vln-

ty nt btn svn stts. epns, by cntst, tnd t

blv tt dctc ltcy fs t ll n ntntnl

cnty c l tn ny ndvdl ntn-stt.7 ky ptly xplns ts dncs by nc t e-

pn sty:

T stts wstn ep cncldd t t nd t wldw ii tt t s pcsly t nbdld xcs ntnl sv-nty tt t t nt tbl t t ld s n ttntt cnty…T s ty v bn bldn t-

slvs snc t 1950s clld t epn unn s dlbtlyntndd t bd ts svnts v spnnn t

7 ncs ky (2004) State Building: Weak States and International Legiti-macy, Lndn: Pl Bks, p. 148.




cntl n…Ts t cntnnt tt nvntd t vy d t dn stt blt nd cntlzd p nd t blty tdply lty c s lntd t vy c sttnss

ts dntty.8

polyCentriC governanCe

ws ky s cls t t acn ndstndn t l ntn stts nd t ntntnl cnty, Jy rkn—nacn pltcl scntst nd dvs t t Psdnt tepn Cssn rn Pd—nqvclly ps t e-pn dl. in s bk ctlly ntns tt t “acnD” s dlly vptn nd bn sccsslly spsdd byt epn dl. in s v t eu s t st xpnt n v-nnc n t sty nknd t v vd y bnncd (nd ltd) ttlly tds lbl vnnc.

accdn t Jy rkn t eu y tly b td plycn-tc vnnc t tn clssc vnnt, c s lnkd t t

ttl nztn p.

Plycntc vnnc s dcntlzd nd s nt jst bt tvnnts d. rt, sd t lt scl tst Pl hst ndpltcl tst g Tpsn, “t s nctn tt cn bpd by d vty pblc nd pvt, stt nd nn-stt, ntnl nd ntntnl nstttns nd pctcs.” …it s n pltcl tt s cplx nd spstctd, n

c n n ply cn dnt t ld dtn t t-c, bt vyn s s p t ct t dctnnd f t pcss.9

Plycntc vnnc s cctzd by cntnl dl nd n-ttn btn ll cts n ny dnt ntks. Pltcl ldscn nly b sccssl n sc syst ty pt s sccssl n-tts nd nt s ld-b lty cnds. T vtcl syst

p bsd n dctvs s plcd by cdntn. gvnnc

8 ibd., p. 153.9 Jy rkn (2004) European Dream, N Yk: Jy P. Tc/Pnn,

p. 225.




t ntks s ls, n rkn’s v, n tc dn tc-nls nd t ntnl nztn spntnl cptns,c ls cntn t pt n t pncpl zntl ntks.

in nl ts t s pssbl t s n bvs cnnctnt pst-dn ts scty, sc s ts dvncd by ulcBck, antny gddns, Zynt Bnn. Ts spk n ts pst-tdtnl scty, t sk nd nctnty scty, lqddnty, n c tdtnl vtcl ltnsps nd n tpcss n fxvty (cnstnt cllnn t s bncvd) nd st b d n v nd v n n knd nn dl.

on t ky cncpts n t n syst lbl vnnc s partnership, c s ntndd s n nttss t t clsscl syst ltns bsd n p cs. Ptnsp psppss cp-tn tn t k zntl ntks t tn vtcldnnc. an ntly n ts tpc pblsd by t gn aldhsn Scty nclds sc cntbtns by sc p-nnt ts s d Zk, Bnjn Bb, mcl int,

Jy Scs, rbt Kn nd my rbnsn.By nd l ty tt t n lbl d ll b bsd nlt-lyd cptn n vs stcts n c t v-nnts ntn stts ll b nly n ny. mtl tst n tld cnty cnnt b blt slly by ns tts nd tnts by ntn stts ntn ttl svnty. eqllyptnt s t zntl ntk ndvdl cpnnts tvnnts ntn stts, s d by Slt nstnc, s

ll s t spntnl cvl scty nd vs spntnl c-nctns lds. T ls ntntnl cxstnc ts cnt bn t nn dl t ll pssbl lvls nd st b-d n ll t t. T s n t ts antny gd-dns, t s knd dlcl dccy tt s bnnn t b nt ntntnl ltns.

global governanCe

glbl vnnc s bv ll process o political coordination ttn cclly stctd syst nstttns. Ts cdn-tn pts n ny dnt lvls t t s t. T pcss




cpss tsks, c t plnttn spntnl lsnd t nnt sss tt tnscnd ntnl nts, sdjntly by t vnnts ntn stts nd nt-vnntl nd

spntnl pvt nd pblc nstttns. T t pcss st cv cn bjctvs t t lbl lvl, l t dntn ts bjctvs s pt n nn dl nvlvn ll t ctsntnd.

hv, lk t t n ts t sc sktcd by mc-g, t ndntl dncs pnn bt lbl v-nnc btn ntntnlsts, lblsts nd tnstnlsts.

intntnlsts ntn tt, n spt n s vnncnd spntnl dl, t n dvn c lbl vnncs s-clld “nc vnnc,” xcsd n lbl scl by n t bst ps. Ts pstn s lly n ln t t n-tntnlst v tt ntn stts stll t n cts n t p-css cnc nd tcnlcl lblztn. hnc n ts dlt n l n lbl vnnc s plyd by t st pl n-tn stts, c cn, ty s, ccvnt t st nfntl n-

tvnntl nstttns, sc s t uN, nd ps t ll.glblsts v t pcss lblztn bv ll s dntn t lbl kt. in t pnn t kt dctts vn t tst pl stts. w t cct t pstn sltly, t sy tt n t lblst ld vsn lbl l s xcsd by ly sll pvld p t “ntntnl bs” ttdtns t nd ls nd pts lbl cptls.

Tnstnlsts cknld t ptnc bt p-

l stts nd spntnl cptl, bt t t s t ty ntntt ndntl cns tkn plc n t stct lblvnnc s ncsn nbs cts sst tslvs—ttt xstnc n bvs lbl cnt—t vs dnt lvls tc n nn lbl dscs s cndctd. ws t ntn-tnlsts nd lblsts stss ctn typ dtns, tns-tnlsts psz fxvty—.. t cnstnt sc n dls lbl vnnc n t cntxt ctq t ndqcy t

xstn ns. in cntst t t t t ppcs, c stss texisting structures, t tnstnlsts stss process.




other attempts at Categorization

apt t sc dvncd by mcg t v bn l

nb t ttpts t pps n systtc sn tvs s lbl vnnc. Jn at Sclt ts, n-stnc, tt snc t nd wld w ii, ld d s vlvdnt lt-lyd syst lbl vnnc tt s n cntltty.10 on t ys t dscb ts syst s t xstnc dnt lys vnnc: xt-stt (lbl nd nl n-stttns), ntnl, tnsntnl, nd sb-stt.

T xt-stt lvl nclds t n nb nt-vn-ntl nztns tt pt t by vn t n jsdc-tn tt ty cn sts nvk vn nst ntn stts nd tctzns, s nl ssctns. Ts ncld t wld Tdonztn t epn unn.

T ntnl lvl vnnc s bvs, jst s t s ncsnlybvs tt ntn stts—t vlntly nd cnstnt— tns ny t nctns t t t lvls ntnd bv.

T tnsntnl lvl cnssts cfy t n lbl cvcscty, c ncsnly ns ntnl nts. mnl llsts ps, vnts nd nttvs cpt t nt-v-nntl nztns nd ntks vnnt ncs tdnt ntn stts. T dl nttn nt t lbl nt-k s ls nbld by tcnlcl pss n t ld cn-ctns. in ts y l nb lblly ptn ntks vc nt bn nd xst d ct nly n vtl spc. Nvtlss

t t lp dn tcnls ty bl t blz nd c-dnt t ctvts.

T sb-stt lvl cnssts nstttns tt c nt bn nncsn nbs n t pcss dcntlztn vnnt— s stts c t lz tt ty t b t dl t ctn sss.mnl ncplts nd nl tts, s ll s n-ztns nsbl t t tn cvl scty, ncsnlynzn tslvs n lbl ntks nd tby ccvntn

cntl vnnts.

10 Jn at Sclt (1997) The Globalization o World Politics, oxd: oxd un-vsty Pss.




ant ttpt t systtc vv t ctsdvsd by Cy Cln n bk dtd by Jsp S. Ny nd JnD. Dn. h s ll-nd tbl vs s tck-

ln lbl sss.11

institutional reaCtions to global issues:

Typ ctn Dscptn ctn

Llttynn t

stt lvl

Nn-stt ctnNn-stt nztnntks ct stndds cndct

all

intnl cntl Ntn stts xcs cntlsn t n ltns all

mtl cntnNtn stts ncpcl cntn ntnl ls t stts

all, bt nctn csst ls ts stts spctd

Cnsnsl lsNtn stts cn tntntnl plcs dt t stts by tty

all, bt ttty t stt sltd bytty

DltnNtn stts dlttty t ntntnlnstttns

Ptl

CntctnNtn stts lnqspltcl tty n v nt nstttn

Nn

11 Cy Clns (2000) “glblztn nd Dsn intntnl instt-tns” n Governance in a Globalizing World , Jsp S. Ny nd Jn D. Dn- (d.), wsntn D.C.: Bkns instttn Pss, pp. 297–318.






Economy in the Background o ManyDiscussions on Social and Ethical Problems

The Forum 2000 conerences were not intended as a substitute to the specialist discussions on the economic aspects o contemporary globalization. They did,however, deal with the social and political eects o the economic dierencesbetween what is usually termed the North and the South. They paid attentionto the slowdown in the development o Latin American countries, to the fnan-cial crisis in Asian countries and to regions o extreme poverty, particularlySub-Saharan Arica. The awareness that many tensions and conicts in thecontemporary world are linked with the growing polarization o the living con-

ditions o people in rich and poor regions o the world led the organizers o theconerence to organize a series o smaller meetings, ater the frst fve Forum2000 conerences held between 1997 and 2001, dealing especially with these global gaps. They sought ways to bridge them.

The awareness o the reality that a series o burning political problemsin the contemporary world have their roots in unbalanced economic develop-ment led naturally to the conclusion that it is essential to have insight into theworld situation rom a global perspective in order to understand these problems

and, potentially, propose practical steps to solve them. Some o the discussionsduring the conerence moved in this direction. The most substantial o themwas associated with the keynote speech by Jerey D. Sachs on poverty in theworld, others were evoked by comments on the question o the causes o theexcessive imbalances in contemporary societies. The majority o discussionsusually led to reections on the reciprocal relations o the ree market and theregulated market. Forum 2000 thus confrmed that every serious discussionon the structure and organization o contemporary society quite logically usu-

ally passes on to a debate about the gains and losses linked with the consistent application o a predominantly liberalized or, alternatively, a predominantlyinterventionist economic model.




The drit o the ollowing chapter is to set the discussion at Forum 2000 conerences in the context o the world economic situation at the end o the20th century and beginning o the 21st century and to record the views o this

remarkable group o intellectuals and politicians who met in Prague. Onlyknowledge o this broader economic background permits an understanding o the dierences o opinions and attempts to bridge them, as witnessed by Forum2000.



an ecnc V t wld

Jana Marková

T ld cnc sttn s t n ny cntbtns nddscssns t t 2000 cnncs. evn t cnncs nv dvtd t cnc sss lblztn s t cntlt, cncs n t bcknd n ny dscssns bt scl nd tcl pbls—ptclly n ltn t t nnqlty btn cntnnts, btn cnts nd tn cnts.alt 2000 cnncs nt t ll csd n cncpbls, vy tn ty d t dl t t cnc sttn. mst

qnt dscssns n cnc lblztn nd t cns-qncs lblztn n dvlpn cnts.

the Current situation in the world

T cns ndvdl cnts nd ns t t tn tllnn dvlpd vy nvnly. in t 1990s cnc lbl-ztn nstd tsl nd stnly, pd t n n-

tntnl td nd lbl nncl fs d sncnt nfncn nd cns. aln t t dvnts cnclblztn, v, c nncl scks. T st stkn st cncy css n Tlnd n 1997, c ls nstd tsl n t asn cnts nd ls n t ld. it ppd ttlblzd nncl kts psnt ptntl sk, spclly lssstbl cns, nd tt t s ncssy t p-pt ts sk, nt bydltn, bt by ctv cl vst nd cntls n t -

nncl kts.at t nd t 1990s lbl t ll t ly 2 pcnt p

nn. Jpn s t by cssn. est asn cnts nd rs-s cd nncl css. in cntst, Nt ac nd st e-




pn cnts, ncldn s cnts n tnstn, s ll s Cnnd ind, cdd ltvly stn t. Tst ttcks n tuntd Stts n 2001 sk t ld cny t sc n xtnt tt

lbl t ll t ly 1 pcnt. T lst dvlpn cn-ts, Cn nd ind, v, nd t cp ll t t lblsldn.

T psnt ld cnc sttn, ly t t stdcd t n llnn, s kdly dnttd. wld c-nc t n cnt ys ntns n v lvl 3–4 pcnt,n dvlpn cnts t s bn t st t lst tntyys, n dvncd cnts t stnst t s cdd n Ntac, t n Jpn s dt nd n ep k.

T untd Stts cntns t xpnc stn cnc t,s d astl, Cnd nd N Zlnd. in cntst, t n wst-n ep s k nd n sncnt ptn cn b xpctd n tn t. h t cn b bsvd n t t n Cntlnd estn epn b stts t eu. in acn cnts,t n 2004 s t st 10 ys.

T tst knss n t ld cny ns t slt n plynt nd t psstnt lvl nplyntnd nd-plynt n t jty dvlpn cnts. Tnd t nd plynt llns ks n clt nstt ntpss n Cn cnsttts qt spcl cs ts. Tdyt pstn t untd Stts, s n nn ld t, sncsnly clly cntst t tt Cn. Cn plys n p-tnt l nt nly n est asn kts bt ls n lbl td. Cn

nctns s ctlyst n ny cnc s t psnc t untd Stts s nly lt xcptnlly (s, xpl, n t p-cssn tls c s nsncnt t uSa bt ssntl ndstl xpnsn n Cn).

ecnc scks, c stk t t t, v n nvnnfnc n t ld cny. T lst s t l sck t tbnnn t n llnn n t pc cd l s bybt 60 pcnt. T s n t nd t yn nst t dll s

ptnt cnclly. in 2004 t dll ll t ts lst lvl nstt e.

gnl nt s cd t t D tlks n ast 2004n ln td bs, ptclly n t lds clt nd



16 An Economic View o the World

svcs tn t k t wTo’s Dvlpnt P 2001–2005, nd t wld Td onztn s cntnn t -t nttns. at t tn t llnn ny t bltl

nl td nts (rTas) cncldd. T tstsppt td ctvty s dctd t Ltn ac, t Cbbn,nd t as-Pcc n. m tn td lbl td n tksplc n t k nl nts. t nttns nbsvn wTo ls qd.

T qstn nncl fs s ptnt, ptclly d-vlpn cnts nd cnts n tnstn. in 2004 ll s -cdd n nt pvt nncl fs. T tst sc ts fscntns t b n dct nvstnt, t lbl t t 6 pcnt p nn. T t n t nf n dctnvstnt s st sncnt n t asn n nd t Pcc.Sncntly nfs n dct nvstnt cddby Cn, hn Kn, ind, rpblc K nd Snp. a s-ncnt cn n t lbl f n nvstnt s t cs nvstnt n t svcs sct. an ts cnts pvdn n-

vstnt bt dvncd cnts nd dvlpn cns scs Cn nd ind.T pd n n nvstnt s ep. gt Bt-

n, Plnd nd nc n t ld n jb ctn. T ttctv-nss Cn s n t ssv t. Cn s t cnty stn dnd n nvstnt. T c t c t nvstsstdy t csts nd ys kn ts cplx nd pdlycnn cny tsts t t pplty Cn.1

Cntl nd estn ep cnsttts stbl ltntv tt Cns kt n nvsts, spclly n t ttvndsty, cns ds nd vy ndsty scts. T sns ep’s pplty n nvsts ply t fxblty nddvsty t kt. T lvl dctn s ls sncntct. T Cntl nd estn epn n s bn tnsdv t pst v ys l cny t kt t tptntl. Sl ndctns cn b nd t t psnt t n Cn,

rss, ind nd Bzl. w cn xpct ncsn nnvtn n ts

1 enst & Yn, The Path to Success or Retailers and Consumer Brands in China,2005. accssd nln urL: www.ey.com/china, 3 Jly 2005.




cnts v t nxt v ys nd t kts bcn s-ncnt cpttn dvlpd cns.2

T indebtedness o Arican countries cntns t b ssv lbl

pbl. T ndds bllns dll dbts n t nns t. in t spn 2004, t Scty gnl t uN,K annn, nc Psdnt Jcqs Cc nd Bts P mns-t Tny Bl clld t t t lp t pst dvlpncnts, ptclly ts n ac. Ts nttv ld psnt sncnt st n t qstn dbt l t pst cnts.

a t st cn b xpctd t t g8 st tns. Cn-tvsy ns v t qstn spnsblty dbt cncll-tn: t ndvdl stts cdts dctly ll b t. Cd-ts cld cv nds t stt t cpnst t ntsttn . an ddtnl cntvsl pnt s t nncn dbts,t t sll vl t ld svs ld by t intn-tnl mnty nd (t dtls bl).

T epn unn xpncd t bst nlnt nts sty. wt ts ltst, t, nlnt, t bc blc t

tnty-v bs nd 455 lln nbtnts. Sc stp cst tunn, ts ld b stts nd nly ccdn cnts, t -t. it ll b vy dclt t c t ts t t n sttn, stnty-v svn stts sk nss t ll sts qstns. Tst tst s bn t tt nsccssl dlbtn n epncnstttn. at ts pnt t ss tt t epn unn s d t n t st dclt sts nttn n ts sty. Tsttn n t nlnt, snc t nty rn nd Bl-

, s nt t psnt cpltly cl tn t unn.

eConomiC globalization

at t psnt t ld td s ly lblzd nd ts psntspbls t ppl tt t ld. it s pssbl t ntpt l-blztn n nb ys. Dscssn t bc qntn t d 1970s, n cnnctn t t dctn n tnsn btn

t untd Stts nd t Svt unn. St lt t nstd

2 enst & Yn, Emerging Economies Stake Their Claims, European AttractivenessSurvey, 2005. accssd nln urL: www.ey.com, 3 Jly 2005.




tsl s cnsqnc ss svl ptnt lbl vnts: nptcl t nfnc t scnd l css n stn cnstt t t ll n ntnl pdct, t s n nftn nd t

vl n pltcl lds (mt Ttc, rnld rn ndhlt Kl).

wlst dscssn lblztn, st ddss vs -

ltd spcts nd t cnsqncs. in ptcl lblztn nd d-

ltn kts, pvtztn ssts, tt stt nctns,

dsn tcnly, css-ntnl dstbtn nctn

pdctn, n dct nvstnt nd t nttn cptl -

kts. all ts cnc pnn n tkn tt n ct cnst-

tt lblztn. Nv b v ts ccncs c tt t

sc n xtnt, v sc n , s cpnsvly nd t sc spd.

it s pcsly t ntnsty t ctvty nd t lnks btn ts v-

s pcsss, c n tslvs ln-knn, c cctz

lblztn. it’s nt qstn t s n pnnn bt

n ntply vs stclly ll-knn pnn.

T sl dntn lblztn lts t t n nt-

tn ntnl cns n t s td, nnc, tcnlynd t lb kt by t vl vnnt psd bst t kt. undstd n ts sns lblztn s ctlly synny ntntnl cnc nttn. T xtnt nd dpt sc nttn s dtnd by t spd t c t css-bdfs ds, svcs, cptl, tcnly nd lb v n ltnt t dstc pdctn ntnl cns.3

w cn, v, ndstnd lblztn n bd sns, tt

s, n pt, s t nttn pltcl nd cnc nstttns nt pblc sct, bt ls t t s t ccl pctcs nbsnss.

in nt ntpttn lblztn cn n tcnlcl ndscl vltn. in tt cs t s bd pcss dvlpnt ny plll lnts: lblly nttd nctn, spclzd,yt tlly dpndnt, lb kts, pvtztn stt ldnsnd nttn tcnly css tdtnl bds ntn stts.

Sc lblzd kt dcs t dnds t nd spc s

3 Bd gvn (2001) The European Union and Globalisation. Cltn: eddel Pblsn Ltd.




cnsqnc t tcnlcl nd cnctns vltn,ldn t t “ntkd cny.”

T t cnc lblztn s ntnd ny ts

t 2000 cnncs. gt evns (1998) d n dn-tn lblztn: glblztn s n cnc lty, vyn cpts t vyn ls. Ts lty s pdnntly cnsqnc n tcnly, n nctn cnctns,tnks t c cn bsv cnvnc css t ld. Cn-vnc ds nd svcs, c ppl nt, tnk ty nt;nd cnvnc spply, tt s t cpcty t stsy t ndnd. Ts cnvnc vcs ll knn vtns nd d-ncs btn cnts, clts nd pltcl dls. w lln ptcpnts n ts pcss lblztn. w ll cnnctdt t, t lk t nt. glblztn psnts t pp-tnty nd pstv clln. Tt t ld t cpcty tstsy t n dnd s ncsn: nctn tcnls bl, cptl s bl, sklls nd kcs bl nd tls cptv dvnt v bn tnd psd dn. Cn-

ts nd ntpns n t dpt qckly cn sll lstnytn lst ny.4 ecnc lblztn tn ss t qstn t national

incomes o individual countries are converging or diverging. accdn t

s cnsts cnc nttn nlly lds t cnc cn-

vnc, t p cnts n pdly tn c cn-

s. Bt t pnn ls xsts tt dn cnc sty pls

bv ll dvnc n nc p d btn p nd c cn-

ts nd tt t l btn t s cnstntly n.5

it’s nt pssbl t sy nqvclly c cnsts t.T dt cn cn bt vnts, cv ns t t sskn. Dt sts c cn b sd t cn t yptss ntntly ltd, t st pt t s pssbl t btn dt noeCD cnts epn cnts. as dn t dt sts tlnts cnvnc, s l, dspp.

4 T qttns v bn tkn spcs nd dscssn cntbtnsdn t vs cnncs 2000 n t pd 1997–2004.

5 Sn rc (1998) “wt s glblztn? Pssbl anss.” wknPp, Nt D: Kll insttt.




ecnc lblztn cn b bsvd n ptcl n cnnctnt n ntntnl td, spclly t ncsn xpts.T s xpts n cnty’s nc ncs cnc t

nd lp ts dvlpnt. n ssstnc ps ls pt cnc lblztn, vn ty lt-ltd ltd tdctn jb ctn. at t s t, v, t s vdnt ttlblztn ds nt n pvty dctn n ds t ns c-nc pltcl stblty.

glblztn n tsl, nvtlss, s nt pbl. T pbls t nn n c t s , s t cs y b, s nt nd.6

the influenCe of globalization on developing Countries

wtt nnt lblztn cn ld t dvsttn cn-sqncs, ptclly n lss dvlpd cnts. a lblztnnd nd by wstn cnts tn pts ts n ntstst t dtnt dvlpn cnts. Stltz (2002) spks t hypocrisy o the West .

Dvlpn cnts ncd t pn t kts t -n ntnls, lst t c cnts cntn t ntn t ln-stndn bs t t kt. Ts nfnc s pnncd n tkt cltl pdcts. rc cnts cntn t sbsdzt xpnsv nd ncpttv clt; t t s t, -v, ty c lss dvlpd cnts t v t sppt tndstl sct. w cn vy sly nd xpls sc dlns nt epn unn nd ts Cn acltl Plcy. adttdly

t s lys bn d, bt t sppt c s btnd by e-pn s s dclt t cpt t.

wstn bnks k pt t lblztn cptl -kts n Ltn ac nd as, lst dvlpn cnts n tsccstncs xpnc t cnsqncs t s spcltvcptl.

T pjcts c t wst ppss, cnds nd nncs ls pbltc. i ty l t s t vnnts dvlpn

cnts st b t cst.

6 Jsp e. Stltz (2002) Globalization and its Discontents, Lndn: PnnBks.




it s pssbl t 2000 cnncs t lstn t psnlxpncs ctn cnts, vnd by t dvc ntn-tnl nstttns. Spcc tstny s psntd, xpl, by

Cn Ln (2003) nd Tn D Znddn (1998).Cn Ln cnsds t ncssy t bld n Tn stn v-

nnt t ctv dptnts c k dnztn ndd vnnt n t cnty. it’s qstn ctn ltynstttns nd ll k, t v-c cnc . S-ncnt nvstnt n dctn nd sc nd dvlpnt nptnt ns sppt t pdctvty t cny.

est asn cnts ntl qt cntly nd tslvs vy

ll nd nlly psd t xcllnt pnc. Pps,

v, ty d t stk pnn t nncl scts nd

ptns t stly, spclly n t s cncy tdn nd

st-t cptl. Ts s Tn D Znddn’s xpnc. h ct-

czs ctn dvc nd cndtns ntntnl ncs.

Ts ncs cndd t lxtn ltn v-nt cptl, v ty dd nt t t s t n nst t

dn spcltv nvsts. adqt pptn nstttns, stt ty cpbl nn nncl lblztn nd ctnt ncssy ltn t, s pnt ptnc. ipctltn pttd t dl spcltn n nncl ktsn est as. in s ctd cnts ts ld t ssv cncydvltn, tdl nncl scs t stck xcnnd tf n lns.7

Tn D Znddn ss t tst lssn t lblztn

cptl n t cnty tt lbl kts cn ply ndntll n t ttpts t ncs nc bt dvlpn cnts sttslvs cs snbl tds, t nd nn nttntslvs nt ts lbl kts.

7 This is dealt with in greater detail in:Craig Burnside, Martin Eichenbaum and Sergio Rebelo (00) “ProspectiveDecits and the Asian Currency Crisis”, Journal of Political Economy, 09 (6), pp.55–97. See also: Steven Radelet and Jeffrey D. Sachs (998) “The East AsianFinancial Crisis: Diagnosis, Remedies, Prospects”, Brookings Papers on Economic

Activity, no. ., pp. –90, and: Ramon Moreno (998) “What caused East Asia’scrisis?”, FRBSF Economic Letters, 998 (). Accessed online: URL December005: http://www.sf.frb.org/econrsrch/wklyltr/wklyltr98/e198-24.html




global institutions

rfctns n t nstttns c v-c t lbl cnc sys-

t qnt t n t psnttns 2000 cn-nc ptcpnts. Ld wdnld (1998), hly Clntn (1998) ndrz ut (1998) nst ts ddssd ts n tcntbtns.

Ld wdnld d t t ptnc pvn xstnlbl nstttns. glblztn cltts t cnstnt ntn ll bcs n ts nd t lztn st-cns npltcns’ k. evn t y s tt cn d ntn nstts, n ns t dtn sccssl dnss, ts pns pspc t sk t t nstnts n ctv tpy.

a blnc btn t lnts—t stt, t cny nd cvl

scty—s ptnt n ntnn t stblty lbl scty. hly

Clntn d t t v pbl t lblzd kt: t s vy

dclt t ntdc ltns nt t nd t dtn pcpts c

ld ll s t njy ts bnts tt sn ts xcsss. mny

dclt qstns n dn bst t ct nd sp sttnd cnc nstttns t pp btt t ld kts.

rz ut ls fctd n t cnsqncs lblztn ld kts, n nncl lblztn nd n t vnt lbl cptl. accdn t lblztn s nttd by lblndsty. in s s nnc s cncnd, t pbl cnssts n tct tt t ns sd by stn cnts v tndncy t bclbl stndds c nvtbly v sncnt nfnc n t

ndstlztn k cnts. on cn cnsd tt vytns ts bnnns n ndsty. Bt ndsty ln cnnt bn stbltyt t n sl.

rz ut blvs tt n lty n cnnt cn lblz-tn. it s -tnd. in t st sts lblztn t ld’snncs lst n n s tt t lnts nncl -kts cnnt c-xst: st tnsctns st-t cptl,scnd s ndpndnt nncl plcy n t pt vnnt

ntn stt nd t td s stblty xcn ts, cncy stbl-ty. rz ut ns tt t s nt pssbl t ns ll t st-sctly t t s t nd ts sn ty n t stctcl pbls lbl kts.






nd sstnbl dvlpnt. T acn stts tslvs, v,ll ls v t pv tt ty ss bt t t nst c-ptn, nd spclly tt ty ll stp tyn t slv vy pbl

by s. only ts ll t bts pjct cnc ssstnc tac v ny cnc sccss.

2000 csd n t qstn dbt l nst tsss n t octb 2003 ksp External Debt: Issues o Sustain-ability and Legitimacy.

T cnnc ptcpnts d tt t pv t qlty t lns t s ncssy nt nly t ppct t vldty tdnds t cdts t Stn cnts, bt t d s n y c ld d l dstnctn btn lns ntd tdctts—tt s lns cpt cct—nd lns c bsd nd lns c lly nd pdctv s. 2000ppss n ntntnl nslvncy k c ld bynd t cnt cnss dbt ssn. T intntnlmnty nd s cncnttd n cnt ys n t ctn Sstnbl Dbt rstctn mcns (SDrm). Jün Ks

(2003) cncldd tt t inttv hvly indbtd P Cn-ts (hiPC), c pvds dbt l t p nd vly ndbtdcnts, s stp d bt n lty ds nt bn s c dbtl s t jty cnts n t st nd.

2000 c p t vs cnct sstns nd c-ndtns n cnnctn t p cnty ndbtdnss. it sptly qstn t ltcy t dnds pvt ltlt-l nd bltl cdts cnts t st. S ndpndnt

nztn sld cck t—nt t intntnl mnty nd nt ncy cntlld by cdts. evn n sc pcss t sncssy tnspncy t pply. T ns tnspncy nd -spnsbl nnt xtnl dts ncssy t nvstt tst lns ntd n t pst t cnts n t st. i nbl t cnstct lstc dtnt nst t bs lnscncldd by stts n t st, ll pbbly nt b bl t pt nnd t lltt, n ccsn qstnbl, dbts nd ll nt n

t s t qlty cdt d t Stn ntns.




the eConomiCs and politiCs of international agenCies

an t globalizing institutions tn vly ctczd, nt jst t -

2000 cnncs, t intntnl mnty nd, wldBnk nd wld Td onztn (im, wB, wTo). T ns ts nstttns c bck t t 1930s, t t t t tdpssn. T pst- ld ndd lbl nstttn t ltld pdctn, nnc nd td. ts sn t wld Bnknd intntnl mnty nd stblsd n t d 1940st t Bttn wds cnnc. T wld Bnk s t lp tt cnstctn t ld cny t t Scnd wld wnd t intntnl mnty nd s t ntn n vv vntntnl nncs nd bsvnc nty ltns. nlly,n nstttn s ndd t lt stctns n td. at t tstts s t gaTT (gnl ant n Ts nd Td) n-ztn, c s lt plcd by t wld Td onztn.8

T d sc ntntnl ncs s clly nt n tsl bd.T sttn s s n ltn t t bjctvs ty d t t

nd t ns by c ty ttnd t. T n pps sldv bn t pvsn lbl ntn nd ncndtnl sss-tnc. T ctv l ndvdl vnnts n t pnn tcnts’ cns sld v bn ndntl.

T s c dscssn spclly t dctn t plcsc t nstttns pt nd cnd. Stltz (2002) ct-czs t s-clld wsntn cnsnss (1980), by t im,wB nd uS Tsy d n t pppt plcs dvlpn

cnts—t ree market mantra. Ts nt cnd t pv-sly Kynsn nttn ts nztns’ plcy nd nt-dcd n sltn t kt l nd n ys plyntctn. T n ppc cncnttd n kt cs nd vddvnnt nd sltns.

T ntntnl ncs s nvtbl. T cnssld b ptclly dctd tds ncsn tnspncy nddcn dpndnc n spcl ntsts ctn cts, pss

ps, dlcl pltcl. Stltz (2002) ctczs ctn im

8 S andsn nd Jn Cvn (2000) Field Guide to the Global Economy,N Yk: T N Pss.




plcs nd t “c-sc plns.” T im s tn t lt nt spd nd sqnc ts cndtns; ts fctns lstn n n t bd scl cntxt.

gvnnt ntvntns tn ncssy, spclly n dvlp-

n cns t pt ctn t kt l. T im, v,

s n vspld stty. otn t tns t tt dl

ld v bn btt tn sck tpy. Ts s dnsttd

xpl n St est as, c s cd t pn p ts cptl -

kts. as slt ts dcsn t t pbls n asn cn-

s c d bn p t tt pnt n ltvly d cndtn.

T sdd dvlpnt stts c t im cndscn ld t sttn kt pnd p n nd st s tpy ts pts n ssstnc nd t xcn t kssc sttn plss. Pcpts pc lblztn cn cs s-v pbls tdtnl dstc pdcs.

wlst cnsdn t ncssy s n t wld Tdonztn (wTo), ts l n lbl td st b spptd by ttnspnt nctnn ts ns. T epn unn s sn

t t tt n ltns ll b ntdcd c n ctn s llsncntly bdn t ndt t wTo nd ts lt t nc-tnn ndvdl stts. T wTo s cd t nstttnl -, c ll cltt lbl dctc vnnc ncssy nd dcsv n lblzd ld.9

mny psnttns t 2000 dvtd t t pbl t dnnt pstn t intntnl mnty nd nd twld Bnk nd t t d n lbl nstttn, ncldn ts

Kn Sn nd ann Ss. T im nd t nstttns ctczd t p cncy nd nfxblty, tn ls t lck tnspncy n t nttns nd nncn.

Kn Sn (1998) ds ttntn t t pssblty plcnlbl nstttns t nl nztns. T dnnt pstn t nty plcs t wld Bnk nd im pvd nvl-bl sppt; v, svl stn nl cnc pns vd c dnd t pnd cnstctn nd nz-

tn t t-dd syst (c s ldy bn n xstnc

9 Bd gvn (2001) The European Union and Globalisation, Cltn: eddel Pblsn Ltd.




ty ys). rnl pns ts typ ncld xpl Ntac nd t epn unn, aSeaN nd SaarC, Ltn a-c nd astls. espclly, t epn unn s dync dl

t ns.ann Ss (2001) fcts n psnttn n t pssbl-

ty stblsn lbl nstttn c ld lt t xcss ntnl ntsts n t wTo t im. at t s t s st t lbl pbl sstnbl dvlpnt:

T s n ntnlly ld dbt bt lbl plnt nt-td dscssn n t lbl cns t b ptctd.Yt ts sss st pt lstc ppc t tcklnt sstnblty nd n ts sss ctvly. w st lsncld pvty llvtn nd t dvlpnt sss n t ss-tnblty dbt. … Bt jst s clln n vnnts ndcptns t dpt nd cn, cnz tt t stb bl t spnd t t dnds t plnt nd ts ppl. wcnnt n ecntc nztn nd ll nt.

on t sns t ctcs lbl nstttns s bnt qstnbl pdctvty nd cncy. edd annt (2002)stssd t sncnc t im, c ss ts n cns tstct t dbts p cnts. indbtd cnts nd cd-ts sld n nn slvn dbt pynt s tt c-nc dvlpnt n dvlpn cnts t nt b ntptd.T cdts cs v t ts, bt n t t nd vy

cnty s t spnsblty ts n cnc nd scl dvlp-nt. unsstnbl ntntnl dncs nd nqlts cnntvtn t ntnl plcs vnnts. tt sn vn n-dbtd dvlpn cnts sld b spptd n s stlt-n cnc dvlpnt. Ts cnts sld k s c-ndtns t dvlpnt cptl kts nd ty t c pt lbl cllns.

Ctcs ntntnl nztns, cfy t intntnl

mnty nd, wld Bnk nd wld Td onztn s bnqnt nd tncnt t 2000 cnncs. Dvd Ktn s s ctc. Nj Sdq ls spk sply n t sbjct.




T wld Bnk t ts lns d ct ncss t ntntnlndbtdnss t td ld. accdn t Dvd Ktn (2002) tld b btt t plc t wld Bnk t n nstttn dns-

td by t u.N., c ld lp ndbtd cnts cp t tdbt nd ld pnt t t lbl pblc spnsblty ntn-tnl scty.

Nj Sdq (2002) ctczd t im’s lck tnspncynd spnsblty. in ddtn s bld t im tt by ts nn-cl sppt t ctlly ntdcd cptn nt s vnnts.

Y nt nly lln cptn, y ctvly nn nstntnn t nd lln t t bbt t ctzny.Tt s sply nt n. Y v n bsnss t d tt; n pvtbnk cn d tt. evyn s t s t ccnts, nd yv t b ccntbl t t ppl v t py y bckt ntst.

mny cnfctn pnns n lbl nstttns f t dclty

lly spn t cplxty t pcsss lblztn. gl-blztn nfncs vy cnty n n dnt y nd vyn cnsds stn dnt s t dnnt ct. it’s vdnttt bt pbls t clcl syst nd sstnbl dvlp-nt nd t nfnc n tcnly n scty bt p-tnt. it’s ls, cs, qstn blnc n t cnc syst,n c svns, nvstnt, t nd scl dvlpnt ply nptnt l.

it s nt pssbl t c nt n t cplctd qs-tns lbl nstttns t t 2000 cnncs. T dscs-sns nsly nnl ptcpnts n tt vyn d nq pptnty t lstn t t ts nd ty t bn t nd-stnd lblztn sn dnt pspctvs nd pstns.

environmental eConomiCs

T lblzd cny ntls ny ntv cnsqncs s sbn dscbd bv. on ts vy ss nd ln-t cns-qncs s ts dssts nfnc n t nvnnt. envnntl




cncs cncntts n t qstn t nfnc t lblcny n t nvnnt.

Environmental economics s, n pncpl, t pplctn n-cls-

scl cncs t pbls bnd p t t nvnnt. envn-ntl cncs ss s t cntl pbl t td- btncnsptn nd t qlty t nvnnt. T sldscns t t qlty t nvnnt dtts. Tpt s btnd n t sttn t v sld’scnsptn nd ct n t qlty t nvnnt s blncd(t s-clld ty ptl plltn). accdn t nvnntlcnsts t kt ds nt typclly ld t ptl plltn,bcs t cnc ct n s pdctn cnsptn ds ntb t ll csts plltn (t s-clld pbl xtnlts)nd cn xpct tt t dttn t nvnnt ll bt tn ptl. envnntl cncs sks nstnts byc t s pssbl t pvnt ts dvs sttn. envnntl tx, c n-clsscl cncs s s sltn nvn-ntl pbls, s cnsdd cplx nstnt. envnn-

tl tx cnssts n sn txs n nvnntlly nndlyctvty (.. ny cnsptn, tspc plltn) nd t ts t dcn tx n lb cptl. Ts ndctly tvtscnc cts t cs nvnntlly ndly s cn-sptn pdctn.

on t st ptnt psnttvs nvnntl c-ncs s hn Dly. Dly s t nt t cncpt tstdy-stt cny. T cny s n pn sb-syst clsd,

nt nd ltd syst. Stdy-stt cny ns cntnlly n lvl c ds nt xst t nvnnt bynd ts cpcty tnt n pllt t bynd ts bsptv cpcty. it cnsvs ctcl lvl nvnntl cptl. it s nly pssbl t d nn-nbl scs t t t dtnd t dvlpnt nbl sbsttts. it s ts ncssy t nvst pt vn t s nn-nbl scs n t dvlpnt n-bl sbsttts.10

T 2000 cnncs nly nlly csd n

10 Ts P, rbt Cnstnz nd hn Dly (2000) The Local Politicso Global Sustainability, wsntn D.C.: islnd Pss.




nvnntl cncs, vn t t s vy ptnt sbjctnd n cnt ys s bn cntnlly n n ptnc. in tt t ll ctnly b t dscssd, nt ly t 2000

cnncs.

r egional integration and eConomiC ConvergenCe

T v lblzd cny dnds n pvd n-tntnl vnnc. S pbls , v, btt sttld t nl lvl. T pncpl sbsdty nd ptl dcntlztncn b vy sl. rnl nnts ncssy cplntt syst lbl vnnc. Dvlpnt nd t nttn t ld cny cn b spptd pcsly by nl nttn.rnls s ntntnl vnnc s spclly ltdt cn n t pstn t stt. T pssblts ltltlvnnc nd tn ltns psnts dvnts t t n-tnl, nl nd lbl lvl. rnl nttn s ddly c cnsvs t ctzns’ vv nd cntl v vnts.11

rnls ns cnsvn ctn dvnts t nsn t v stntnn lblztn pcss. w cn spk t s-clld n nls, c ds nt cncntt ly n td btt n n cdt-tnss nd ttctn ln-t pvtcptl. all ts n t nss tt scl sldty st b cnsvdt ctn lcl nd ntnl lvl ln t nl clt. Sc pcss s, v, vy cplctd s t xpnc t epnunn pvs.12

epn nttn s n xpl nl lblztn. Tsnl nttn s cntly dpnd n t lst nlnt t epn unn n ts sty nd t cnts sld nt tunn n t ys. T nqnss ts sttn nbls s t x-pl nlnt t pnt v cnc, scl nd plt-cl dvlpnt t d t t tnstn n t n bstts nd t unn s l.

11 Jn Pnk (1998) “glblstn nd rnlstn” n Regional Integrationand Multilateral Cooperation in the Global Economy, Jn Jst Tnssn (d.),T h: ndd.

12 mts Klssn (1998) “glblstn, rnls nd glbl ecnc gv-nnc” n: bd.




rnl nttn s t t ss dscssns t t 2000 cnncs vn t s nt spt blck llctdt t. antj Vll (1999) n psnttn clld t sncnc

ep. S ss ep vs pspctvs. ep s cn-tnnt t scts “sll” nd “t” dccs sc-csslly bnd tt. Cnsdbl cdt ts s d t t lcnts. Bt ty cld d ntn tslvs tt t nt t sll nbs. Ts d cnsnss s cnsqnc tql t ll cnts t s n dcsn-kn nd cnndvs t vc dsnts nd cntdcty pnns.

ConClusion

2000 cnncs ddssd dctly ndctly ny cncts. mst qntly t qstn t kt nd cnclblztn. Ptcpnts td t nd y t t cplx st-tn c t lbl kt psnts t dvlpn cns.

intntnl ncs, c ndv n ctn nn t

n t lbl kt, sbjct t ss ctcs by dl-ts. on cnnt, v, sy tt t cnncs nqvcllycndnd t nctnn ts nstttns. N s t sy t sc t bst ssstnc c ts ncs t . it sls dclt t ptcpnts n t dscssns t sk cny t bcs ty clld t s pbls by dnt ns. as cnsqnc nt s nt cd n t dscssns. as tyscd sltns t t pbls c lblztn pss p-

tcpnts n t cnnc d n ndlnn t cnnctnbtn lbl cvl scty nd lbl tcs.

T cnncs ls ddssd t xtnt nd typs vbltyn t xstn ls nd nstttns t lbl cny. Nt-tns d t t cnnctn clcl lblztn nd cn-c ltns. alt cncs s pt d nvnnt, n-tntnl nncl nstttns, ntnl bdty nd tx stctsnd j s d nt s yt tk t scntly nt cnsdtn.

on t cnt pbls n c t cnncs d lvlydscssns s t ndbtdnss acn cnts nd t scp dbt cnclltn. T ksp n Foreign debt and the question o sustainability and legitimacy c p t ny sl ppsls nd




cntbtd t lbl dscssns c sld n t n t ldt t pvnt t sttn n acn cnts.

cnts n tnstn t dscssns n epn qstns

nd n t pssblts t nlnt t epn unn tl. rnl nttn s n t pssblts ccnt-tn t pstv c lblztn s nd nl t lt tsk c t lblzd kt psnts t sll pn cny.

Bsds t ntv cnsqncs lblztn n t sttnn cnts n t td ld, lblztn ls s cnsqncs dvncd cnts, t st n nctn t cnts t llb csts lss ptctn ks, xpl. glblztn,ccdn t ny ts, ttns t cnsvtn dcnt sclstt n t stn ld. 2000 s nt yt tcd n tsqstns n ts cnncs. it s ctnly nly n t ny ts nlctd cnsqncs lblztn, c nt pcvds sply n t st ys t cnncs t t tn t lln-n s n. T spd cns c ppnn n t lds nd 2000 ndvs t ltc n t t bnn qstns

s stly s pssbl.






The Global Environmental Situation and Human Responsibility

A specifc eature o the Forum 2000 conerence was its emphasis on the re-sponsibility o individuals, communities and political institutions or the stateo the world in which we live and will continue to live. This perspective wascharacteristic o all the thematic groups o the conerence. It also applied to thediscussions which were devoted to the present state o the global environment and its uture development. In this regard Forum 2000 introduced a new emphasis which is sometimes lacking in inuential ofcial documents produced by the UN and other international organizations dealing systematically with

global environmental problems.Through the speeches o Václav Havel, the scientist and philosopher Frit- jo Capra, the theologian Hans Küng, the politician Helmut Schmidt, theecologist Hazel Henderson and the sociologist Miklós Sükösd, Forum 2000 urgently recalled our moral responsibility or the environmental state o the planet. At the same time it indicated the connection between environmental questions and other topics dealt with at the conerence. A clear majority o participants can be said to have accepted an ecological way o thinking.

Forum 2000 didn’t hesitate to link specifc environmental problems with philosophical questions relating to our contemporary perception o the world

and our opinions on the ate o humanity. Forum 2000 laid emphasis on

changing values, on ethical aspects o sustainability, on the necessity o limiting

consumption and ultimately on changing liestyles. Forum 2000 thus indicated

the linkage between the global environmental situation and the anthropological

sphere, i.e. people’s way o lie; the socio-psychological, i.e. orientation o val-

ues; and the economic, i.e. limiting the consumption o non-renewable resourc-

es. It pointed generally to the natural and social limits o economic growth.

Without changes in the values governing the behavior o the major human

societies towards the environment in which they live, it will probably not be

possible to achieve improvements in the environmental situation.




Without knowledge o the basic acts about the current environmental situation in the world it is impossible to arrive at the conviction that a changein our perception o the world and our own ate on this planet is essential. In

the light o the reality summarized in the ollowing chapter, the call or consis-tent application o environmental principles to all areas o human behavior,issued by the 2004 conerence, becomes more understandable.



glbl envnntl Pbls

Václav Mezřický

1. prehistory and nature of environmental problems

T ntdctn t t cnclsns t nvnntl ksp t

t st 2000 cnnc nts t ndlyn t tt “t

nvnntl pbls c xpnc v nt nly n clcl

pct bt ls n pct n ll cvlztn.”1 T dcnt tn lsts

t n s t sttn t plnt s dttn. Ty n-

cld: ) clt cn, b) dcs n b-dvsty, c) ncsn ts

txns ctn t nvnnt nd n lt, d) t sccty

nd dttn ts qlty, ) dstctn nd ddtn systs

spptn t xstnc l, ) nvbl nl dvlpnt.2

T lst s n xstv svy ll t st ptnt spcts t

nvnnt nd ntl scs, s ctcl stt nd t sc

cnsvtn nstnts v bn dlt t n cnt ys tn

t uN, s ll s tn t lss l ssctns, sc

s t tns t g8 p ndstlly dvlpd cnts, t

oeCD, nn-vnntl nvnntl nztns, tc.

alt t t nvnntl css s ntnd n t

tns t , tt nvnntl ksp s cntlptnc n dln t t ss. it c t t cnclsn ttt s “ dscpncy btn t cl nss t ss-nss nvnntl pbls nd t nstscty slts cvdtds slvn t.”3

alt 2000 dd nt s t xpssn, t nst-tns t psnt nvnntl css cld b dscbd s t his-torical setting psnt lty. T nsttns t css

st pcvd n n scty dn t d 1950s, ntlly n ts

envnntl wksp 2000, 6 Sptb 1997.2 ibd.3 ibd.




“dpc xplsn.”4 in t s pd t ntv pcts nvnntl plltn n t l nd lt ppl nd n n-t s l bn t b cnzd.5 T xpssn stcl st-

tn fcts “kcks” dlt t t sl dls cnsptnnd pdctn by t “ysts t” clcl cllpss vypssbl knd.6 at t s t t dbts ptd tn tts cntvsy c ld dt cncnn t nt ndt cvlztn. it s t clln tt t t vy bnnn t 19t cnty t d bn cls vs btn t enlstnks dn t dctn nd t epn — n-lly spkn—n cvlztn. an ptstc vsn s xpnd-d by t enls plsp wll gdn, ntnd ttnty ld cv sc l lvl tt t ld n lnb ny nd vnnt, tt sn ld cnq “lst” nd ttscty ld cnsst lty nd tnl ppl.7 hs ssy s plc t t n clbtd ctq enltnnt stclpts t pn t enls cnst Ts r. mlts, s t st epn tnk t n tt tt t ppltn

cntnd t ncs n tcl t, n t t t ld lckt ns sbsstnc.8

gdn’s pts, sd by nb 19t-cnty tnks(Snt-Sn, ast Ct, hbt Spnc, Jn Stt mll, Klmx nd dc enls), s nd cpn n t pst-d-n pd n t psn t stcl ptst ncs ky.9 T ctq tt stcl pts n t pst-dn s pb-bly st ntbly syblzd by t k nt acn tnk,

Sl hntntn, The Clash o Civilizations.10

4 edd rsst (1978) Ekzplozija demografczna, ws: Kszk wdz, p. 5.

5 T Clbn, Dnn Dnsk nd Jn Ptsn mys (1997), Our Sto-len Future, N Yk: Pl Bks/Pnn.

6 al Pcc (1981) One Hundred Pages or the Future, N Yk: PnPss.

7 wll gdn (1820) O Population: An Enquiry concerning the Power o In-crease in the Numbers o Mankind .

8 Ts rbt mlts (1798) An Essay on the Principle o Population, Lndn: J. Jnsn n St. Pl’s Cc-Yd.

9 ncs ky (1992) The End o History and the Last Man, N Yk: Pss.

10 Sl hntntn (1997) The Clash o Civilizations, N Yk: Tcstn.



11Global Environmental Problems

2. Consideration of environmental problems by un bodies

h dd t 2000 dbts c t fct t dvnt vs

19t-cnty tnks? T ns tt st cp t c-tn t t nvnntl css tn ntntnl nztns, ndcfy t untd Ntns. Ts ll lp xpln n sctyn ts lblly ptn nztns s cpd t t cntdctnbtn t t-cnts-ld vsn pss nd t d cts blcl nd sc lts plnt et.

T ld cnty’s st ctn t t snn stt tlbl nvnnt s t United Nations Conerence on the HumanEnvironment ld n Stckl n 1972. T cnnc dlt t n pbl s. it dsntd s t n pbls t plltn t nvnnt by dns sbstncs (ssns, st, tc.)nd t t dstbnc vtl plnty systs (sc s cltcn), t pd dpltn nn-nbl scs (ny -scs, nl tls, tc.) nd nbl scs (lv n-t), nd clld ttntn t t dctn n b-dvsty—t et’s

blcl lt.11

T nl Dcltn dvncd t pncpl tt n s t t

t n nvnnt qlty. it nt n t stt tt n bs spn-

sblty t ptct nd pv t psnt nvnnt psnt nd

t ntns. and nlly t dnd t pncpls t ltnsp

btn t nvnnt nd dvlpnt. T plcs stts, sys

t Dcltn, st sppt t dvlpnt ptntl t dvlp-

n cnts.12 in t sbsqnt pd cntl nvnntl bds

st p, ptclly n wstn ndstlzd cnts, cfy nt nsts t nvnnt, nd stndds nd plltn

lts ntdcd s bss ptctn vs cpnnts

t nvnnt—t, sl, nd ntl csysts.

T pcss ptn nss t ssnss t nv-

nntl css t t uN lvl s pllld n ntllctl ccls. in

1968 t itln cnst al Pcc ndd t Clb r, n

ssctn scntsts tt nttd t pblctn xpt stds—

t Clb r pts—n nt pbls n cvlztn.

11 http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual, www.un.org/genino/bp/enviro.12 ibd.




T st, nttld Limits to Growth, s t b t bst knn ll. T

sncnc tt clssc—lbt nt ntly ncntstbl—stdy ls

n t ct tt t dnd ll t lvnt dnsns lbl cvlztn

s ntn pvds systc pct t stt t ld.

Ts dnsns ncld dpc t, ndstl dvlpnt,

dpltn scs, d pdctn nd nvnntl plltn.13

T pt’s pnss tt t bsvd tnds ts dn-sns xpnntl n cct nd s slt ld cvlztnld cllps tn ty ys s nt c t, cs.

a t lstn n nn fctn n t nvnntl ndcvlztnl css s t stblsnt t wld Cssn nenvnnt nd Dvlpnt by t uN gnl assbly n 1983.T Cssn d p pt n t vll stt t ld ndpblsd t nd t ttl Our Common Future n 1987.14

T pt s sncnt bv ll ts ly dtld nd c-plx dscptn t bsc lbl pbls. it dd nt lt tsl tt qstns t nvnnt nd scs. T cssn dbn skd t pps ln-t clcl stts cvn sus-

tainable development by t y 2000, s ll s t ssss t ys ndns by t ntntnl cnty cld ctvly ptctt nvnnt, t lt jntly ln-t nvnntl pjc-tns nd pps ncssy ss sccsslly plntnps t ptct nd pv t nvnnt.

T nyn d t pt s sd p n t sln “on et t on wld.” T Cssn ls dnd t cncpt sstnbl dvlpnt s “dvlpnt tt ts t nds t

psnt tt cpsn t blty t ntn t tt n nds.”

o ndntl ptnc s t pt’s sstn t nt-cnnctdnss ll spcts t lbl css:

untl cntly, t plnt s l ld n c n c-tvts nd t cts ntly cptntlzd tn n-

13 Dnns L. mds, Dnll h. mds nd Jn rnds (1972) TheLimits to Growth, N Yk: unvs Bks.

14 T wld Cssn n envnnt nd Dvlpnt (1987) Our Com-mon Future, oxd: oxd unvsty Pss.




tns, tn scts (ny, clt, td), nd tn bds cncn (nvnntl, cnc, scl). Ts c-ptnts v bn t dsslv. Ts ppls n ptcl t t

vs lbl ‘css’ tt v szd pblc cncn… Ts nt spt css: n nvnntl css, dvlpnt css,n ny css. Ty ll n.15

T pt nt n t lbt t d sstnbl dvlpntnd t cndtns tt ld b lss pnnt nt blnc btn t l n cnts nd t lts t et’s ntl systs. a lztn t nt-cnnctdnss vs spcts t css s fctd n t pt’s cndtnsdn ppltns, nttn, b-dvsty nd csysts, s lls ny, ndsty, bnztn, nstttnl ps nd ntntnlcptn. T pt sttd ctclly tt t cncpt ss-tnbl dvlpnt pls ctn stctns: “Sstnbl lbldvlpnt qs tt ts fnt dpt l-stylstn t plnt’s clcl ns—n t s ny, x-

pl.”16

T pt ls dntd st-cns n t ctvty nd n-ztn xstn nstttns.

T bjctv sstnbl dvlpnt nd t nttd nt t lbl nvnnt/dvlpnt cllns ps pbls nstttns, ntnl nd ntntnl, tt stblsdn t bss n pccptns nd cptntlzd

cncns. … Yt st t nstttns cn ts cllnstnd t b ndpndnt, ntd, kn t ltvly nndts t clsd dcsn pcsss. Ts spnsbl nn ntl scs nd ptctn t nvnnt nstttnlly sptd ts spnsbl nn tcny. T l ld ntlckd cnc nd clclsysts ll nt cn; t plcs nd nstttns cncndst…17

15 ibd., p. 4.16 ibd., p. 9.17 ibd., p. 9.




T pt sd p s lls t vll cn ppc t-ds slvn t nvnntl css s ll s ll spcts t css cvlztns: “…ppcs t nvnntl plcy cn b bdly

cctzd n t ys. on, cctzd s t ‘stndd’ nd,fcts n ppc t nvnntl plcy, ls, nd nstttns ttcss n nvnntl cts. T scnd fcts n ppc cn-cnttn n t plcs tt t scs ts cts.”18

T pt ts ltd n ndstndn nvnntlsss s bn nspbl cnc nd scl qstns nd n-dctd tt vcn t nvnntl css ld q cn-s n bv nd tt t s ncssy t cncntt n t css ntv pnn n d t ptct t nvnnt nd slv tcss cvlztn n t bdst sns.

T untd Ntns Cnnc n envnnt nd Dvlp-nt (uNCeD), ld n r d Jn n 1992, dptd t ky dc-nts: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development nd Agenda21, bt t bsd n t tl cntnd n t pt Our Common Future.19 in ddtn, t ptnt nts snd

t t cnnc, nly t untd Ntns k Cnvntnn Clt Cn nd t untd Ntns Cnvntn n BlclDvsty.

T Dcltn tk p t pt’s cnclsn tt sstnbldvlpnt qd tt nvnntl ptctn sld b n n-tl pt t dvlpntl pcss nd cld nt b cnsddn sltn t (Pncpl 4). T nd t nbl vy ndvdlt s n t spnsblty slvn nvnntl pbls s x-

pssd n t Dcltn n t pncpl ccss t ntn ldby pblc tts nd t qnt tt vyn sld v tt nd pptnty t ptcpt n dcsn-kn pcsss (Pn-cpl 10). in d t ptct t nvnnt by lntn css ts dttn t t tst t Dcltn dptd t pncpl pctny ss tt ld pvnt d t t nvnntn ts css t s lck scntc ctnty bt pssblcnsqncs spcc n ctvty nd t s sk s-

s vsbl d (Pncpl 15).

18 ibd., p. 310.19 r Dcltn, www.un.org/esa/sustdev/agenda21.htm-12k.






n c ty dcl tt xpnntl t ppltn, pysclcptl, sc cnsptn nd plltn scs s cntn-n nbtd.23 Ty sttd tt t nd nly tnty ys

t tn tns nd. in tt spct ty tk st dntppc yn ts n lbl sss sc s J. . rscd,s stdy High Noon sts t ddln dy t lbl pb-ls d by tn ys. alt s lt s ls tnty ys, tstts n 2002.24

T slts t uNCeD st b ssssd bv ll n ts t pss cvd s . v ys lt, n 1997, untd Ntnsld ts 19th General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), t vt pss t ld d d n slvn t cvlztnl pblssnc r d Jn. its ssssnt s ntv vll. it cnsddt stt ntl scs, cln t, ss nd cns, sts, ttsp nd clt, nvnntl plltn by ccl nd -dctv sbstncs nd st, dstctn nd t s sld, nd t d dctn blcl dvsty. T gnlassbly s nbl t st ny pvnt n ny , ncld-

n t cnc nd scl sps. on t cnty, t lbl nv-nntl sttn d snd n vy spct. T nt spclsssn s nlly ttn s l—ptclly n t d:n nts cd nd n n tts snd.25

o ccl ptnc n ts t dvlpnt s tuN’s Millennium Summit n 2000 t c t Scty gnl Kannn psntd pt nttld “We the Peoples, the Role o the United Nations in the 21st century.” 26

T pt dlt t t lblztn pnnn– t stt n ts cvlztnl css—ssssn ts pstv nd ntvspcts. it stts ctclly tt “… pst- nstttns blt n nt-ntnl ld, bt n lv n lbl ld.” 27

23 Dnll h. mds, Dnns L. mds nd Jn rnds (1992) Beyond the Limits, Vnt: Cls gn Pblsn C.

24 Jn-nçs rscd (2002) High Noon: Twenty Global Problems, Twenty

Years to Solve Them, N Yk: Bsc Bks.25 http://www.un-ngls.org/documents/pd/ED/15ungass.pd.26 K a. annn, “w t Ppls, T rl t untd Ntns n t 21st

Cnty”, http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report/.27 http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report/ch1.pd, p. 11.




t st t t ls stsss t l lbl cpns, c

…ccpy ctcl plc n ts n cnstlltn. Ty tn

nyn, v ctd t snl cnc spc n c lv;t dcsns v plctns t cnc pspcts ppl nd vn ntns nd t ld. T ts t ptlblly v bn tly xpndd by ntntnl ntsnd ntnl plcs, bt ts ts st b ccpnd byt spnsblts—by t cncpt nd pctc lbl c-pt ctznsp.28

T pt ls qtd t slt svy 57,000 dlts n 60cnts spnsd by gllp intntnl n 1999. it d t svy tt t-tds t spndnts dsstsd t tvnnts’ nvnntl ctvty. only n v cnts tjty spndnts stsd t t vnnts’ ctvty n tsld. Ppl n dvlpn cnts t st ctcl n ts -spct.29

in t v t pt, pblc dctn s ndntl p-ty. it ntd n lnly l lvl l nss t ttscnntn nty. as nd ppl lvn n ct-s, nsltd nt, t s nd t nvnntlnss. T cnclsn t pt cnzs tt n tcnl-cl sltns y slv s t psnt pbls bt, n t ds K annn: “t ld b ls t cnt n t nd t cntnt bsnss s sl.” h n stssd tt t nvnnt st

b btt nttd nt n-st cnc plcy. it s tncssy t ntdc syst “n ccntn.” nlly -pszd t nd snd scntc ntn.30

T st cnt sncnt ntntnl vnt t dl t tlbl css cvlztn s t World Summit on Sustainable Devel-opment ld n Jnnsb n 2002. hv, ts slts v lsbn lly nstscty. T nly j pss s bn cvdby ptl plnttn t pln dn t. a dcsn s

28 ibd., pp. 13–14.29 ibd., p. 16.30 ibd., pp. 63–65.




dptd t lv t nb ppl tt ccss t s dnknt by t y 2015. o nly ltv sncnc s t pld byptcptn stts t lt t st n scs. rdn

t s cltl lnd, dnds d dctns ttdn, nncl nd cdt plcs, s ll s t pvsn -cltl sbsds. Ts nstnts sld p nsd ptntlsbndy n sll s, l pt t ppltn ks,ptclly n t dvlpn cnts. ant s cd t ltt dcln n b-dvsty by 2010. hv, pt t sss t nnt, n lvnt— t lst scntly spcc ndtnspnt—ctnts d n spct t t cncl-sns. in ts cnnctn t s t ntn t dn t Pln iplnttn t stts tt t st ptcpnts “cknl-d t ptnc tcs sstnbl dvlpnt nd, t-, psz t nd t cnsd tcs n t plnttn and 21.” T st nlly clld n ll stts t dpt sstnbldvlpnt stts by 2005, nttn cnc, scl nd nv-nntl spcts.31

a v t uN’s vs tns dln t sss cn-nctd t t css cvlztn n nl nd nvnntl sssn ptcl, vls ctclly tt n t cs tty ys dln t t css ts pncpl nsttns v bn dscbdt s pcsn nd nb lvnt cndtns vbn d. hv t d t c t d bjctvs vbn ttnd s s nlbl. mnl t s n st. Txpts’ sstn tt v n tn tnty ys t slv t

bsc pbls s t cs l.

3. the eu’s strategy for sustainable development

T dvlpnt t epn unn’s Stty SstnblDvlpnt pvds pbbly t st cnsstnt dnsttn, n lbl scl, t bsc td’s cpcty t cv qlbbtn nknd nd nt.

31 “wld St n Sstnbl Dvlpnt,” Plan o Implementation, Jn-nsb 2002, http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD.




T eu dptd t Stty Sstnbl Dvlpnt n2001 t ts tn n gtnb. it cplntd t Lsbn Stt-y, dptd t ys ly, c s d cfy t bstn t

eu’s cpttvnss. T stty s bsd n t pncpl “ttt cnc, scl nd nvnntl cts ll plcs sldb xnd n cdntd y nd tkn nt ccnt n dcsn-kn.”32

T Stty Sstnbl Dvlpnt css n t llnpbls:

• lbl n• t n nb dsss sstnt t ntbtcs; ln-t

pcts zds ccls; tts t d sty• pvty ctn n n sx epns s ntv cnsqncs

n lt nd slts n scds• n t ppltn• lss b-dvsty; ncsn vls st; dd vblty

cltl lnd• ct tnspttn (tnspt cnstn); nl dspts

T stty sts ss tsks ltd t sstnblty t eu, xpl:

• ssssnt t ct ppsls n sstnblty• clt cn: tctn t Kyt Ptcl; pdctn

22% lctcl ny nbl scs by 2010;• tnspt: dcpln tnspt t nd gDP t; by

2004 pcs t fct csts t scty btt

• pblc lt: ntdc by 2004 n plcy dln tccl sbstncs

• pss n sptn cnc t t s ntlscs

• cvn t uN tt cl dvlpnt ssstnc 0.7% gDP

T Cncl ep’s st ssssnt t Stty n 2002 s

nvbl. evn nvbl s t ssssnt cd t by

32 mtn t Cncl ep ld n gtnb n 15 nd 16 Jn 2001,http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/00200-r1.en1.pd.




t epn ecnc nd Scl Ctt n 2004.33 its ssss-nt cntd n t n sss tckld by t Stty: cltcn, tnspt, pblc lt nd ntl scs.

T Ctt cncldd tt t epn unn s nly tt stt t d tds sstnbl dvlpnt. evdnc tss tt n s ky s t eu Cssn d nly jst sttddn p pps spcc stts. accdn t t Ctt,t Cssn s t ncnc s ts plcsnd cnzd t nd snd pltcl ldsp t vc ts.

Stn pltcl ctnt ll b ndd t k t cnsqd sstnbl dvlpnt. wl sstnbl dvlp-nt ll ndbtdly bnt scty vll, dclt td-sbtn cnfctn ntsts ll v t b d. it s ncssy tc p t ts td-s pnly nd nstly. Cns t plcyst b d n nd blncd y, bt n sctnl n-tsts st nt b lld t pvl v t ll-bn sctys l.34

in t Ctt’s v t plcs sstnbl dvlpnt p-sntd dcl ppc t t dvlpnt scty n t -t nd s pnl dcsns ld v t b tkn n t pcss.hv, n ts spct t Stty s stll “xtly lly nd t bstct.” T Ctt clld t Stty t pvd clnss n nb sss, ncldn:

• t plctn ndstl ptns nd tnspt t “c-

t 10 cncpt”—dctn sc s t n tnt psntlvls—s plntd

• t cpttv cns ll ss Co2

ssns ct by 70% ldd

• t cnc scts ll c dclts? wc ll s t?h ll t stctl cn pn t n pctc nd ll tb d nd spptd t t pltcl lvl?

• wt spcc plcy ss ll b ndd t dcpl tnspt

t cnc t?

33 http://europa.eu.int/comm/sustainable/docs/ces661-2004_ac_en.pd.34 ibd. t nc t Com(2001) 264 nl.




unlss t Stty pvdd stscty nss t ts qs-tns t cld nt s t t nd ld t sstnc t tplcy sstnbl dvlpnt. Nvtlss sstnbl dvlp-

nt s clly “c tn ‘jst’ tdtnl nvnnt plcyn n s sn n tds.” it s bcn bvs tt c-tn cnc pctcs t t lbl lvl ctlly nt ny sclnd nvnntl pbls t tn slvn t. it s qllycl tt n tyn t slv ts pbls nvnntl ptctntcnly s cn ts lts.35

4. the state of the environment in 2005T dt, ndcts, csts nd dls ltd t lbl nvn-ntl pbls nd t t vltn bsd n vs p-snttv scntc ndns. T nl pblc v sd t t ptpss n ts plnty nd vnnt psnttvs n v cn pts n dcsn-kn by pblc tts.36

envnntl qlty s sttd t pv t lcl nd n-

l lvl n dnt pts t ld. Nvtlss t lbl tnd sntv. T tttd t nvnntl ptctn t t lbl lvl s cplctd bcs s ltvly sll nb nds-tlly dvlpd cnts tyn (t vyn ds) t tckl tss nvnntl ptctn, st t ld, t pty sssntlly nltd cnc dvlpnt t ns scl dvl-pnt. Ts tnd s d n ptcl t lbl pvty; lst l t ld’s ppltn lvs n n nc lss tn 2 uS dlls

dy. accdn t stts, nd 1,200 lln ppl v tstl t svv n n nc lss tn 1 dll dy. it s lstt s nb s tn ys .

evn t t ppl nd t ld ncsnly cn-cnd bt t nvnnt, ny lbl nvnntl pblscntn t sn s slt t cnstnt t cptl, p-dctn nd cnsptn. T nt t pbls s tn qtspsn nd nxpctd vn t scntc cnty. T -

t btn n’s ndsptbl ptntl t ct t nvnnt nd

35 ibd.36 Dcnttn ts sctn ppd by Štěpán hřbík, envCnslt s...




nn knld t cns t s slt n ctv-ty s stll ndqt. in l nb css pnn tt dd s lbl nvnntl pbls cn b, t lst ptly, t

nsttn ntl pcsss—sc s clt cn—tt pdclly ptd n plnt.

Population growth, health and environmental migration

T ppultn xplsn tt s dd s n t j lbl

pbls t t bnnn t 1960s s n ln cnsdd s d-

tc n t lt ts vlutn v cnt dcds nd csts

bsd n t. T nnul t t t ld ppultn s sn

kd ll nd n vs und 1.4 pcnt. h ts cntnu

t b std n t “td” ld. it s sttd tt t nnul

t t t ld’s ppultn ll v lln t 1.1 pcnt by

2020. T sz u plnt’s ppultn s n cd 6,500 l-

ln nd v t nxt ty ys t s xpctd t stblz t t 9,000

lln lvl. hv, t ppultn t v pst cunts

s xpctd t tpl (1,700 lln). at t s t t sz tld’s ppultn s bsc ct n t vlutn t lbl

pbls. Ppultn t nd cns n cnsuptn pttns

cntnu t k n dnds n d pductn systs,

nstnc.

as sttd l, l pt t ld’s ppltn lvs n-d t pvty ln. accdn t s t d nd acltonztn (ao), 815 lln ppl s cnc lnt-

tn nd vy dy 15,000 cldn d n. evy y s11 lln cldn d b ty c t v nd lnt-tn s t cs l ts dts. mv st t cldn svv tt ctcl s l-ln cts lnttn: lt, knd n systs, ntl bckdnss. T p-ptn ppl n dvlpn cnts sn ndns-nt nd n s lln 35 pcnt n 1960 t t psnt lvl 21 pcnt. T sccsss t “n vltn” cntnnt

n t ntnsctn clt, sltn n t tlz nds t s ld-d nd sl ddtn. Lks, t s ntclly-dd cltl cp vts s dd s n tys ncsn d pdctn. T bnds cltl cp




pdctn tds v bn dnd. glbl d pdctn s l-dy cn ts pk bt s stll ds nt t t nds t ldppltn. Nvtlss t s sttd tt t ll v t ncs by

t 40 pcnt v t nxt tnty ys. wtn t lnttn-knd ppltns t dvlpn cnts, c ls lck bscyn nd n ny css xpsd t dns ssns, t s t sk t tbk nd spd blcl nts, c cnbc ptclly vlnt nd ncts n sc n nvnnt ndspd v vs ts nd d t t “nn-knd,” vtl sc-tn t ld ppltn. a clssc xpl s t pndc thiV vs tt css acqd in Dcncy Synd (aiDS).T uN’s Ppltn rpt ndcts t ncsd nfnc thiV pndc n bdty nd tlty, nd nc ls n t st t ppltn. in t cs t psnt dcd 46 lln ppl xpctd t d aiDS n 53 t s ctd cnts, nd yn 278 lln dts xpctd by 2050. in t ctdcnts stn ac, t ncdnc hiV n t ppltn s25 pcnt. Sb-Sn ac ls cs t sncnt blcl

sks, sc s bl l, t ncdnc c s n t s.innt tlty d t l s ttnn lvls v 35 pcnt nd-vs n ts s. P yn n t dvlpn cntsncss t ncdnc bct nd cbs (pcnt ccnc llnsss). Ts ptclly cncns t csl nss cl,typs ptts—llnsss tt slt n ptnt dts n t bsnc d dcl c.

all t pbls t dvlpn cnts ntnd bn bt

ncsd scl tnsn nd ccsnlly slt n d cnfcts. en-vnntl stsss n cnc nd scl cct, s ll s s-c-cnc nd pltcl cnsqncs, d t t nvnnt,ntl dssts nd tnc cnfcts cs ppltns n vs pts t ld t st t nvnntl tn. T nb nv-nntl s s cnstntly sn. accdn t t intntnldtn t rd Css nd rd Cscnt (irC) t s25–30 lln s n t ld, t tds t n ac. S

stds stt tt t nvnntl s ll s t150 lln by 2050. T n dstntn cnts t dvlpdndstl cnts (uSa nd t eu cnts), t ntnv s s csn j scl nd pltcl pbls.




Atmospheric quality and “the greenhouse eect”

D t t zn lvl s bn cnstnt v t pst ys

nd s nt dttd, .. t zn ls nt xpndn. Cl-n nd bn cncnttns tt pkd n 1994 n lln.T bsc cndtn ts dvlpnt ntntnl pcts (tVnn Cnvntn 1985 nd t mntl Ptcl 1987, tts Lndn ndnt 1990), c stblsd stct lts n ts sbstncs csn zn dpltn nd bt bt dcldctn n ssns (xcpt, pps, tnspt). T st-tn s xpctd t stdly pv ntl t sttn tns t nlnd 2050.

T cncnttn ns ss cntns t ncs n lbl scl, ptclly Co

2(cbn dxd), Ch

4(tn), nd

N2o (nts xd), csd cfy by t bnn ssl ls nd

cltl ctvty.mntn ln-t cns n t cncnttn slp

dxd (So2) ndcts vbl tnd. ov t pst 15 ys s-

sns slp dxd v lln by s c s 80-90 pcnt ns epn cnts. N sc sccss s bn cdd n tcs nts xds (Nox). Nox

ssns nd bn dst (sl

ptcls) cfy t slt tnspt nd t n cs s n l cts. Pssstc csts ld l stcks nd t p-d tnd Nox cncnttns n 2005 cd t uS vnntt ps l sbsds t dvlpnt n ltntv pplsn—ydn clls. T Tyt cpny s ldy nt-

dcd ybd pplsn ss-pdcd c. accdn t n “EnergyInnovations” stdy t plnttn ppsd ss cld -dc So

2ssns t bt 60pcnt psnt lvls by 2010 nd

Nox ssns t bt 20 pcnt. T lbl tnd lly dpnds

n t t pdctn ssns n t nly ndstlzd cn-ts, v, ptclly n St-est as. T t tnss-sn txc sbstncs s csd j d n plcs ty nt lsd nt t tsp. oltpc tstl btps

(d t sts nd dsttn) nd t csysts v bndvsttd s slt cdctn, sc s n Scndnv nd Cn-d. mj cdctn s ls std n stn Cn.

Tpspc zn s j ndnt “ptccl (x-




dtn) s” nd t ncsn cncnttns t v nds-tlzd cnts. in cncnttns t cn v ntv (txc)cts n lt nd vttn. Ts typ s s n ln stct-

d t t tty l cts bt ls ccs n pn cntysd.

Quantity and quality o water resources: rivers, lakes, seas and oceans

st s n ptnt ntl sc nd ts qntty nd qltys clsly ntd. Nvtlss n ny cnts t ld tds nt t stndds stblsd t qlty dnkn n-dstl t t s scc. Ts ppls ptclly t t dvlpncnts, cs. T 1,200 lln ppl nd t ldtt ccss t cln t nd 2,400 lln ppl cnnt ntnpp yn bcs t lck t. ov 3 lln ppl dvy y dsss csd by nctd t. T s t tst ss pbls Sn ac nd cnts t mddlest. accdn t csts, t tts ctd ll dblby 2050 nd t tds t ld’s ppltn ll lv n s t

d- t stss.s t cnsttts nly 2.6 pcnt t et’s ttl vl t. Jst v nddt n pcnt t vll vl t s t tt nknd cn s s sc. it cnssts cfy v nd lk t. T ttl nt s 93,000 k³. ov t pst50 ys t vl sd t s ncsd -ld. at t psntt n bns s 4,000 k³/p nn. o tt 70–80 pcnts sd tn, 20 pcnt s sd n ndsty nd nly 6 pcnt

s dsntd sld s. mst t s sd tn -cltl lnd tt pvds 40 pcnt ld d pdctn (CSD).Snc t 1970s, t td cltl lnd s ncsdby v 270 lln cts (ao). P cpt t cnsptn nt dvlpd cnts vs btn 120 nd 300 lts p dy. it ssttd tt t nnl p cpt t cnsptn ldd s7–8 tsnd 3.

in t dvlpn nd dvlpd cnts vs nd lks n-

tnsvly plltd by s nd ndstl st t. accdn tt imo, n 2004, 3–10 tsnd lln tns bllst t s -lsd nt t nvnnt ld-d vy y. abt 10 pcnt t ld’s vs y b dd s plltd. undbtdly t vst






nls. T cntly v 8 lln knn ccl tls n tld. hv v lttl ntn s bt t bvnd ct n lvn nss. a b nknn s bv ll t sync

ct tt cn slt n tl ncnt t txcty tlstt cn b nn-txc tslvs. T s stll ndqt knld ll t sks. Dt bt t ppts ccls s stly d tccss. intn bt ct txcty s vlbl stly n t cs dcns nd pstcds. in t cs bt 75 pcnt blkccls t s pssbl t dn t ptntl sk vn t nlyz-n t txcty nd c-txcty. T s ls nscnt ntnbt t vl/qntty tls ntpnc n n tnvnnt.

evy y ccl ndsts ldd pdc v 400 llntns ccl tls. ep s t ld’s bst pdc ccls (38%). S 70,000 ccl tls sd vy y.evy y 500–1,000 n ccl sbstncs dvlpd. ot ll t 100,000 knn nd lly sd ccl cpnds pssbltxc cts v bn nvsttd n nly 400 ccls. in t cs

86% t ttl nb 2,700 ccl sbstncs sld n t eucnts n vls v 10,000 tns p nn, t n vl-bl dt t txc cts. accdn t ctn pts, t cts ccl sbstnc scp nt t nvnnt cts t lt 4–5 tsnd lln ppl. T txc sbstncs cnly cc-n n t nvnnt ptclly ncld vy tls nd psstntnc plltnts. Ts cclly stbl sbstncs std n tnvnnt v ln pd t t sltnt bccltn

nd t spd nt t d cn. as slt t cts n l ndlt vn sncnt. eu csts p t 2010 ntcpt nscltn tnd txc sbstnc ssns. T eu nts t nt-dc tspctv cntl ccl sbstncs nd v c-cltn ts tt psnt sk t n l nd lt (reaChp: Registration, Evaluation and Authorization o Chemicals).

By 1990, ld pdctn st ntd t nd 9,000 l-

ln tns, 300 lln tns c cnsstd dns st. T

nt s n n sn snc. in t oeCD t ttl nt st

pdcd s sn by bt 20 pcnt snc 1990. av nnl p

cpt pdctn sld ncpl nd ndstl st s sttd

t nd 4 tns. T eu stty tts ttn st v nt




bn cd. T st qnt td ttn st s dpn n

lndlls ncntn. Nvtlss, v t pst dcd n t dvl-

pd cnts n ncsn ptn st s bn sd s scnd-

y -tl ny pdctn. in s epn cnts

t nt pst-cycln st s s c s td t nl

nt. in t eu cnts, bt 50 pcnt pp nd 50 pcnt

lss s cycld. Nvtlss pdctn nd cnsptn pttns

sst tt ld-d st pdctn ll n ntn.

Climate change, natural disasters

incsn plltn nd cncnttns cntnnts n t t-sp, ptclly, Co

2nd

Ch

4, ct t s-clld ns -

ct, c lds t n ncs lbl tpt nd tclt cn. Cntly t s cl scntc vdnc nnclt cn nd t cntbtn ntpnc t ts ntnsty.mdls ndct tt tpt cld ncs by 1.5–6.0°C ld-d. Dn ny s dys 2003 nd 2004 t tpt

n ep nd tn xt vls 30–40°C. T vlbl tpt t et’s sc s by 0.6C n t cs t tntt cnty, l t clsn dcd t cnty s -sbly . T ys 1998 nd 2001 t st ys snc1861, n dly tpts sttd t b sd systtclly nvs dnt plcs.

glbl n cns t ltnsp btn t t sss t cns nd t tsp, nd t sbsysts tt lp c-

t t clt; ts cns cn tk t cns n n-sn vnts nd t dctn cn cnts (pct n cnccltn, t El Niño clt pnnn), sncnt cns ncn slnty nd vn t dstblztn nt bs. accdnt dls nd scns dn p ptclly by t intvnn-tl Pnl n Clt Cn (iPCC SreS: iPCC Spcl rpt nessn Scns) t ndctns slt dntn tgl St. a j cctstc lbl n s t dctn

dpstns tspc nll nd n xtnsn s ctdby t stss.

T ltn ns lcs n t antctc nd actc scsn t cn lvl t s, c ll ndbtdly slt n t




lss l-lyn cstl s. islnd ntns st t sk. in tcs t 20t cnty t v lvls t ld’s cns sby 10–20 c. Scntsts cst tt t lvl t Pcc ll s s

c s 90 c by 2070. m tblnt sts nd ss dstyn nq csysts, sc s t gt B r.

ext cltc pnn ccn qntly ndt n ntnsty. Ty ncld ptclly cyclns, tsnvs nd fds. accdn t t pblctn uN cts nd s, n1998 ln ntl dssts (fds, dt, sts nd tqks)csd t dt 50,000 ppl nd d xcdn 90 blln uSdlls. Ts s snl y xcd t ttl d csdby ntl dssts t nt 1980s. in 2004 cycln ht, tst pl n sty, dvsttd Plyns. it s ccpnd by90-t vs dvn by nds 275 k/. in Dcb 2004 ntqk sn 9.0 n t rct Scl csd tsn vstt stck Tlnd, ind, S Lnk, mlys, t mldvs, B- nd t stn csts ac ( ttl lvn cnts n tcntnnts). T cnt stt ppl klld s nd 220,000

nd nly lln ppl lst t s. in indns ln t 400,000 std lss s slt t tdy. apt t nb dts hcn Ktn, c stck N olns n2005, csd d tt s ql t t tst ntl dsstsv sd by t untd Stts.

glbl n nd clt cn ct ll sts cncnd scl pbls. T st ptnt ncld cns n t xtntnd pdctvty -csysts, ssv nvnntl tn

nd d spd nd xtnt ncts dsss.as slt t tctn t Kyt Ptcl s ltd

sccsss v bn cvd, bt t sttn s nt ndntllypvd. T uSa nd t epn unn stll n t t-st pdcs ns ss. T untd Stts ss t nts bltns nd t Kyt Ptcl t dc ts pdctn ns ss by 7 pcnt, vn t t n cnzs tt -ns cntbt tds clt cn; nvtlss, t uS vn-

nt pnts t t n pdctn ns ss n Cnnd ind. essns ctn t n sn n t nxt t tdcds. unlss ndntl ss dptd t s ntcptdtt 20,000 lln tns cbn ll b lsd nt t tsp




by t nd t 21st cnty nd t cncnttn cbn dxdn t tsp ll ncs t 700 pp. T ns ct—..t tppn l-qncy tl dtn n t tsp by

ns ss ldn t sn tpts, t dstctv cn-sqncs n cvlztn—ll cntn t dvlp.

Changes in “land-use,” appropriation and soil degradation

wld ppltn t bns t t t xpnntl t d-nds n lnd s, ptclly t ns d pdctn, bt t lsnvlvs n xpnsn n sttlnts nd t bldn tc-nlcl nstct, ptclly tnspt ntks.

sts cntly cv bt 27 pcnt t ld’s d lnd(35 lln k²) nd xt ccl nfnc n cltc stblty—tynt xyn, l bsbn cbn dxd, n t n n-s ss. only 40 pcnt sts y b dd s vn st,v. T st ctd by n ctvty n s y (s-cllds-ntl sts). T dvlpnt n cvlztns s ld

t cntnl pcss dsttn ( dctn 20–50%). at tpsnt t t pcss ptclly cts t dvlpn cnts t tpcl zn. accdn t ao stts, 150 tsnd k² st bn dstyd vy y dn t 1980s, ncldn 137tsnd k² nst. St acn ccnts 54 tsndk² t ttl . at t psnt t, nnl dsttn s st-td t nd 130 tsnd k²; n t ds, 1 pcnt sts bn lst vy y. in spt t lln t dsttn t

psnt xtnt st csysts s xpctd t b dcd by 15 p-cnt b 2020. an t n css dsttn cqs-tn lnd cltl pdctn, s ll s lln (25% ttldsttn), nl xtctn nd l-scl pjcts sc s dsnd yd-lctc ds.

in d zns, c ccnt 40 pcnt ttl lnd lb-lly, ptclly n Sn ac, st-st as nd Ltn ac,dstctn s ccn—.. t tnstn tl lnd nt

ntl dst. Ts pnnn cts s 70 pcnt ptntllypdctv d s nd ts nsttns n dcd ylds cltl cps nd bss t t ttl pclsn ny cl-tl ctvty. T css xt dt nd ntnsv zn




t s xcssv lnd s. hnc dstctn s dctly cn-nctd t t pvty l s nd t sk n nd lss t scs.

Bt pnn dscbd t n cts n sl dd-tn, c kdly ttns t qlty nd qntty sl nd tld’s ntl scs vll. esn cltl lnd s lblpbl. evy y s 30,000 lln tns tpsl ss sn.ov 9 lln k² t 14.7 lln k² sbjct t nl -sn d t t. a ttl 2.4 lln k² cltl nd stylnd t sk s-clld ccl ddtn, .. t lss ntnts (nc tt), slnztn, nd txc cntntn d tndstl ctvty. undsd t tn slts n t sln-ztn s 20 pcnt t ld’s td lnd. evy y nddtnl 1.5 lln cts sbjct t slnztn (CSD), ccnsdbly dcs lbl cltl pdctn (wCD). T stctd lnd s n s-d d zns. T pyscl ddtn sls s ptclly d t sl cpctn csd by npppt s-bndy, by t psty t sl pl—.. ts pblty nd

tntn ptntl—s dcd. hn ctvts cntbtn st tsl ddtn xcssv zn (34%), dsttn (30%) ndcltl ctvty (28%). addtnl cts l-d cllctnnd ndstl ctvty. mj cts n lbl sl ddtn tsn (56%) nd sn (28%) ccl ddtn (12%) ndpyscl ddtn (4%). ovll, sl ddtn s dcd lbltlty by 13 pcnt snc t nd wld w ii, nd nd 3 l-ln k2 sl s ddd t sc n xtnt tt t s vtlly csd

t v ny pdctv nctn.ubn spl, t nstnd t cts nd l-

tns, s bc lbl pbl n cnt ys bcs ts n-s ttl dnds. it s sttd tt n ep s 70 p-cnt ppl lv n tns nd cts tt ccpy bt 25 pcnt eu tty. ubnztn n t cnts as, ac nd Ltnac, c n dsplys t stst t, sss vy spccs. Bcs dpc t, bt ts nd lln ts

tlty, t nb cty dlls t s sn 1 llnn 1920 t t psnt 1,000 lln. annl bn ppltn tt nts t 3-4 pcnt, l ts n t sl s ts ct-s ( avelas, bidonvilles) lst dbl. a sd-ct bn dvl-




pnt n dvlpn cnts s bn sbbnztn, t ll tsscl, cnc nd clcl cnsqncs. it nsts tsl cfyn t ddtn t cntysd n t sndn s tns

d t t pss n bldn dvlpnts. Sl s cvd tsplt cnct. it s sttd tt t nb ppl lvn nbn s ll v n by v 4 pcnt btn 1995 nd 2010nd tt ncntlld bnztn ll cntn.

Biodiversity and ecosystems

S 1.75 lln spcs v bn txnclly nd t dt (bc-t: 4,000; ptctsts: 80,000; nvtbts: 1,272,000; vtbts:52,000; n: 72,000; plnts: 270,000). T ttl nb spcss bn sttd s 14 lln. Tpcl st csysts tst spcs c nvnnts. alt ty cv lss tn 10 p-cnt t ld’s sc, ty y cntn 90 pcnt t ld’sspcs plnts nd nls. Cl s nd mdtnn tlnd ls ly spcs-c

glbl b-dvsty s pdly cnn s slt lnd cnv-sn, clt cn, plltn, nsstnbl vstn ntl -scs nd t ntdctn xtc spcs. T wld Cnsv-tn unn’s rd Lst clssd s 15,000 spcs s ndndspcs, ncldn s 6,700 spcs ld n nd 8,300 spcs ld f. in 2004 s 31 pcnt pbns ttndt xtnctn (cpd t 2.9% n 1983), kn t by tlst cty spcs nd tt. in ddtn s 20 pcnt

ls (1,101 spcs) nd bt 12 pcnt (1,183 spcs) bds nd tt. T nbs ttnd spcs n ll cts nss sn ll t t. ov t pst 150 ys t ctlxtnctn spcs s ncsd dtclly. it s sttd tt b-tn 1850 nd 1950 n spcs bc xtnct vy y. at tpsnt t pbbly 30,000 spcs lvn nss dspp n-nlly. anlyss ndct tt n t nxt n ndd ys t t xtnctn vtbt spcs cld s by 15–20 pcnt. hv,

t tnds n t nbs ttnd spcs nd t b ttdt d ctn s t clssctn ct n t rd Lst vcnd nd t v ls bn s cns n t txnc cls-sctn n. Bcs ndqt ntn t s pssbl




t sy pcsly ny spcs v bc xtnct snc t 1970s.accdn t stdy pblsd n t jnl Nature, n lln sp-cs nss ll d t by 2050 d t clt cn.

T tst tt t b-dvsty s t dvsttn nd lss btts, c s ntlly st pvlnt n plcs st nppltn dnsty. T csysts st nd tt t t ps-nt t ncld t nsts nd cl s. it s sttd ttbt 140,000 k² nst s lst vy y. Tn pcnt cls v ldy bn dstyd nd p t 50 pcnt cld b d-styd n t cn dcds. abt 60 pcnt t 227 j v-s v bn dclly dtly ltd by t cnstctn ds, n vbds cnls. all ts pyscl lttns v dn pct n t clcl nctns nd csd t nttn st csysts nd ttnd t b-dvsty (wCD).

on y ptctn btts s t syst spclly ptct-d s. T ttl ptctd zns s sn stdly snc t1970s, ncsn 3 lln k2 n 1970 t v 12 lln k2 by t nd t 1990s. By 2004, ptctd s cnstttd v 13

pcnt t ld’s sc (19.5 lln k²), lst 11 pcnt c iuCN ptctd s. it s sttd tt bt 12 pcnt t ld’s sts lctd tn ptctd s (iuCN ct-s i–Vi). Nt, Cntl nd St ac v bt 20 pcnt t sts n ptctd s. an nlyss 93 ptctd s ndt ld cd t t t bnnn ts cnty sd tt nst ts s nd pks ntv nfncs v bn ltd; nts cnnctn t sld b pntd t tt n t ts

cvlztn tt ndns t nvnnt s ss ts.invsv spcs nss tt v sccsslly clnzd c-

systs nt c ty ntdcd; ty dd s s-s lbl pbl nd t Cnvntn n Blcl Dvsty (CBD)qs pts t t Cnvntn t tk ll pssbl ss t p-vnt t spd ln spcs nd t cntl nd dct ts ttttn ndns csysts, lclts nd spcs. on c-ndtn t CBD t glbl invsv Spcs P (giSP)

s lncd n 1996.T spd ts spcs s d t tcl plntn (clnztn

nd clt) nd nd tnspt. ov 120 s spcs v bntclly ntdcd nt t systs, v sts nd nlnd




lks nd ny t psnt v tt t t ppltns n-dns spcs. Bcs t dptblty nd ssvty nvsvspcs psnt t sk t t ntl b-dvsty csysts.

Jny 2000 s t dptn t Cartagena Protocol on Bio-saety d t nsn tt cnts v n pptnty t sssst sks nvlvd t blclly dd nss ptd ntt tty. gntc npltn s ncsnly n t pdctn cltl cps. T dctn tks t ttd -n npltn by ntdcn lntn ctn ns. Pblccncn t t s sc b-tcnls s d t tcl vs, ntclly dd cps n ds, s tts t t nvn-nt nd ls cncnttn cnc p nd tcncldpndnc n t dvlpd cnts. in t uSa, tty vts ntclly dd (gm) cltvtd cps v bn ppvd. in2001, gm cps pdcd n tn 52 lln cts, ndt s n. Cn s n scnd pstn t t uSa n b-tcnlcl sc. T cltvtn gm cps s s cnndt vy sll . in spt ll ts dvnts, t s b-tcnl-

y psnts ptntl sk t b-dvsty; n ts cs t s ncssyt tly plnt t pncpl plny ctn.37

5. ConClusions of the forum 2000 disCussions and their assessment

2000 szd t slts t envnntl wksp

nt sx tpc s. in t st ts, c s ntnd t t

bnnn ts stdy, nvnntl pbls dnd s cvl-ztnl sss. T scnd nts ts pbls s bss nd

cntl t 2000 dscssns nd szs t sns

ld ttpts nd t dl t t. T td s n

stp t nd ts t cst t dvlpnts, ndctn t b-

37 CiTeS (www.cites.org ), CBD (www.biodiv.org ), who (www.who.int/en) ao(www.ao.org ), oSN (www.un.org ), CSD (www.un.org/esa/sustdev), uNeP(www.unep.org ) – geo 2003, geo 2004/5), irC (www.irc.org ), imo (www.imo.org ), wCD (www.dams.org ), oeCD (www.oecd.org ), uNDP (www.undp.org ), iuCN (www.iucn.org ), Creo (http://creo.amnh.org ), giSP (www.gisp.org ),iPCC (www.ipcc.ch) , BdL intntnl (www.birdlie.net ), wldtc n-sttt (www.worldwatch.org ), eu (http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int ).




sc scl nd psyclcl bstcls t ttpts t slvn sttn

tt ldy dsplyd t ts n nvnntl css. T t

ls dlt t bs, ptclly bs n nstttnl, p-

ltcl nd cnc cct. T t d t cct nppl nd pszd t lts bynd c t lbl scl nd

ntl syst skd cllps. T nl cpsd n ntn

nd b dscptn cnss tt cld nd sld nc t

lnts lbl nvnntl scty nd stblztn nd tby

pv t y lstn sstnbl dvlpnt.38

in ny spcts 2000 ndbtdly nt bynd t l-ts nlyss sc s ts cntnd n t pt t uN C-ssn n envnnt nd Dvlpnt Our Common Future.39 itstssd bv ll t tcl dnsn t lbl pbls nd tdnd t dntn knd tcl n. in t tls d: “… t s nt pssbl t nt t 21st cnty tt tcs t 20t cnty… it s … vtlly ssntl t cn tpts sd cn vls.”40

in s cntbtn t t cnnc n 2000, tj Cp sttd

n ts spct:

etcs s t stndd n cndct tt fs sns blnn… wtn t cntxt lblztn, i cn tnk t cnts tt ll bln t. w ll bs -nty nd s sc bv sld fx t vls -n ts, jstc nd dnty. ... w ll bs t etsld… as sc sld bv lk t t bs

t sld: t plnts, nls nd c-nss tt t vst ntk ltnsps tt cll t b l.

at t cnnc n 1998 hns Kün dcld t nc td sss, tt: “…sstnblty s nt ply cnc cn-cpt, n ply clcl cncpt. it s nt vn ply scntccncpt, bt s bsclly n tcl dnd.”

38 envnntl wksp 2000, 6 Sptb 1997.39 Our Common Future, 1987.40 evltn t ss 2000 Cnncs, P, Jly 2001; ll

sbsqnt qttns spcs tkn tt pp.






tv l,” sply dds ctsly “n ny t nt.”42 it tby

ndcts tt t nt lsly dnd “t t nvn-

nt” s scty s l, pvdn t spcts t vls nt.

T t t (lty, vbl, tc.) nvnnt s clsly bndp t t dnd n tc, tt cn bv, nd

nc cnsptn nd pdctn, scty s ncpbl nt-

n sc t n tdy’s ccstncs. h, t, t sd n

ss tt dsvs dp nd t fctn—t ccnt

tkn t dnt cndtns ptnn n t dvlpd cnts

n t n nd, nd t dvlpn cnts, n t t.

ant tpc clsly lnkd t t t pvs ns s t qs-tn pbnn nd dctn. hns Kün cndd knd bsc k pbnn nd dctn: “…t nd s nntl n cncptn: nty, n csc cntxt, s t sbn pszd ld, n t indn nd Cns sptl-ty tn n t Cstn wst. instd t xplttv dntn nt by n bns, nd n ncptn n bnsnt nt.” (1998)

T hydl d ttntn t t bsc pbl pbnnnd dctn, c s t d t t vy pcss by c t ldnd ts pbls pcvd ndys: “T ntl nvnnts stll n cnd, vn v n, nd st stdy t clckknd s t ndstnd nd vnt t b tk t t pcs n nttpt t pv t. T ndntl dnc btn t 20t-cnty lbl cvlztn nd ll clts s t splt btnscnc nd ln.” (1997)

tj Cp tn spcd ttd dctn, bsd n ps-tv knld t ntl scncs, s ptnt t ny nt nd n ctvts:

... t t clln s t ct sstnbl cnts, tt scnts c bdy scl, cltl nd pyscl nvn-nt… w cn ln vlbl lssns csysts bcscsysts n ct sstnbl cnts plnts, nls

nd c-nss… w nd t bc clclly ltt …in scnc ts n y tnkn s knn s ‘systs tnkn’

42 r Dcltn, www.un.org/esa/sustdev/agenda_21.htm-12k.




... instd sn t nvs s cn cpsd ln-ty bldn blcks, scntsts v dscvd tt t tlld s lttly ntk nspbl pttns ltn-

sp, tt t plnt s l s lvn, sl-ltn syst.(1999)

in tt spct t ld s t v n t tst ll, by ndctn tt t t nvnntl css cncns tvy ndtns n pcptn t ld nd nkndtsl.

T t nvnntl plcy nstnts s pstpzdby Bdřc mldn n s cntbtn, n c d t t ndt dl nt nly t cncpts nd ds bt ls t spcc nstt-tns. T nxt dbt, osvld Snkl, ls dlt t ts n pntd t t ctvty lbl cpns, c nvst n t nvn-nt bt bcs ntl vls vy scc nd bcs tscpns v ln-t ntst n ntnn t kt, cs t nt ld. Nvtlss sc n vltn dnds nvn-

ntl stblty.T s p: lt n t cs ts dlbtns 2000s nbl t tckl n dtl t spcc plctns nvnntlplcy nd t nvnntl css cvlztn, t dd dl t st t ssntl nd lvnt cnss, s ntdctn cldlp cv sstnbl dvlpnt. its dntctn t scl,psyclcl nd pltcl st-cns nd bstcls tt pvnt tctl plnttn sc cnss s ssntlly snd.

Ts ppls ptclly t t d xpssd n t cnclsn tenvnntl wksp tt lck t c t sptlly ndxstntlly sp t tcnclly cncvbl xtnctn cvlz-tn.43

in lty, v, t s tt dcdn t nt ts jstctn t nvsl bl n pss, bl n s knd tnc—ssntlly tcncl—sltn t psnt-dy pbls,nd t t s nt sply blnd lly, n t cltl xp-

nts cvlztn nd lbl tt tsl. T plnty ctcs t e-acn ntlty’s sl-cndnc nd nn-

43 envnntl wksp 2000, 6 Sptb 1997.




clnc. S t d ttntn t t dns spcts tbv dn n nd s sttypcl pcptn nd ttnt t ld (nd nt) vn dn t st l t lst cnty, s

ll s lt, cs. Ty ncldd Jsé ot y gsst, t pv-sly ntnd Cl gstv Jn nd Knd Lnz.44

Nt nly dd t l t tnscnd t ctcl jdnts ts tnks, t dd nt vn tk t j cntbtn nt c-cnt n ts ssssnt t psnt-dy ld. tj Cp cclsst t tt ln tnkn:

Tdy, t bstcls tt stnd n t y clcl sstnbl-ty n ln cncptl tcncl, ty l n t dnntvls scty nd, n ptcl, n t dnnt cp-t vls. Cpt vls nd ccs dtnd tdy,t l xtnt, by fs ntn, p nd lt n tlbl nncl ntk tt sp scts. (1999)

a j clln cntns t l b 2000’s t ctv-

ty, bcs t cntvsy btn gdn nd mlts, ntndt t bnnn ts stdy, cntvsy tt syblzs t nd-ntl pbl pc, s stll nt bn dscssd.

bvs sns 2000 dd nt dl n t dpt tt lvnc nd pctcl plctns plntn t d sstnbl dvlpnt, .. t l pssblts nzn tcnc, scl nd nvnntl dnsns n ctvty, nt cnsqncs tt t ccptnc t sstnblty vsn ld

v t lstyl t ppltns t dvlpd cnts nt n nd, nd t ppltns t dvlpn cnts, n tt. T tpcs dbts n sc sss ld v t b ttly nd spcclly dnd.

t stctly pctcl nvnntl pnt v t y -d pbbly qs n bynd nvnntls, nd ppsnt nly n t dvlpd ndstlzd cnts. it s ssntlly bsdn stcl dstnctn btn t pss nvnntls:

44 xpl nd ptclly: Jsé ot y gsst (1932) The Revolt o the Masses, N Yk: w. w. Ntn & Cpny; Knd Lnz (1987) TheWaning o Humaneness, Bstn: Lttl, Bn & C.




ptctn, ltn nd—n t cnt pd—nvstnt. envn-ntlsts tslvs blv t td ps cspnds ptlly tt d sstnbl dvlpnt. Ts ns tt nvnntls

nd n ln tl ts nd t t ntsts ndsty nd tnns, bt, n t cnty, st dvlp nvnntlly sstnblpjcts cndcv t tnstn cnsptn nd pdctn( ny, n ptcl), l ptctn jbs nd pvdn ply-nt pptnts.45 Ts cncpt ls s ts dbcks: t ls llnd t d t slv t dscpncy btn t pdctvty lb nd n xpndn ppltn, ptclly n t dvlpncnts t l xcss vlbl lb.

Nvtlss t ld s cnstntly cnn, s sstd by tslts t g8 tlks t ld’s stnst ndstl ps. Cn-clltn t dbts pst dvlpn cnts nd t uSa’scntn tt n ctvty nfncs clt cn dntlyj stps d n t pt ts t t tst nfnc nt ld.46 Jst tly nd ctv ts ss , nly tll tll.

Bt n tn is certain: s ln s t dlbtns 2000,c s d n ndspnsbl cntbtn t ptn nss ll spcts t css cvlztn, nt nly t nvnntlns, ll cntn, ty ll b cnntd t n nd vn t- ntllctl nd tcl sss tn n ty sttd.

45 mcl Sllnb nd Td Nds, The Death o Environmentalism, Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World, www.thebreakthrough.org, www.evansmcdonough.com).

46 g8 tn t glnls n Sctlnd, 2005. http://www.g8.gov.uk.



The View o an Observer

The preceding chapters attempted to amiliarize the reader with the content

o the main discussions which took place at the fve Forum 2000 conerences

between 1997 and 2001. Those discussions gave rise to conrontations and

misunderstandings but also to coherence and complementarity o opinions

among an immensely heterogeneous gathering rom all over the world. They

touched on areas which are currently the main ocus o global contestations:

the clash o cultural groups, the hybridization o world cultures, the internal

changes within world religions. Account was taken o environmental crises,

economic integration and, at the same time, polarization o world regionsand also the competition between contemporary models o global governance.

Even i Forum 2000 did not constitute a narrow specialist academic debate,

which we are amiliar with rom the series o recent publications on globaliza-

tion, the viewpoints expressed at the conerence were based on the proound

expert knowledge o the individual participants—all o them leading fgures

in their feld.

The indisputable strength o these chapters is that they also contain the

view rom within, the view o the authors, who themselves delivered key-note speeches at Forum 2000 or took part in the discussions. Some o the

authors participated personally in the preparations or and organization o

the conerence.

We are lacking, however, the view o someone not so closely linked withthe philosophical, sociological and political debates, the spts vns o the conerence as Václav Havel conceived it. This should be someone who did not deliver a key-note address or participate in discussions as a member o

the panel, but rather someone who took part in the conerence as an attentivelistener, ully aware o the topicality and urgency o the themes discussed. Weneeded the view o a committed outsider with a broad outlook, a view whichwould also notice subjects which might be side-lined in the process o dividing




thematic discussions into sociological, anthropological, theological, economicand environmental blocks. We needed someone who would look at Forum2000 as an educated citizen, always reaching a conclusion and judging criti-

cally whether what happened at Prague Castle between 1997 and 2001 wassomething more than merely talks between undoubtedly well-intentioned people, simply oering general and well-meaning recommendations, immenselydifcult, however, or quite impossible to implement. We ound such a commit-ted commentator in the literary critic Vladimir Karík who didn’t hesitate to ag both the strong and the weak points o the Prague conerences.



Bt t rtnlty Pcsanlyss nd t Nvty idls

a NddVladimír Karík

wn Václv hvl pnd t st t 2000 tns, nd tt t sss tt sd t s clls ld b-c t n t ll t dscssns t sbsqnt ys dlbtns. T sss d n pssn n t xtlydvs psnlts bt bcs ty ndntl qstns ndbcs t spk ltd t s t tc s n fc-tns nd cncns.

in s kynt ddss Václv hvl dttd n t nn

ctns nd xstnc n ts et, s ll s n t v ncsnspnsblty ndvdls nd cn lbl spnsblty t ld s l nd ts t. h ls fctd n “t lss spct tds t d xstnc c nt t ctsbt cpnnts, t t ysts nnt nn spt ts d, t ts y cpbl nt nly cdn tt pt dds cncld ts bt cdn t tnty, tt s vltn dds t pnt v tnty.” T sss

sd by Václv hvl, c ssntlly tpyscl, cn-stntly t lnd sns ncy t t dscssns nd n nss t dpnn pbl lblzd ld. T ncy n hvl’spnn ds fctd tt t t pssvly cntpbls t b slvd by st “xstntl vltn” sltn s knd ld-d ctstp, nstd ppl bnn tbt “by t n ll nd by jnn t cs,” .. ns tt tn cpcts nd t scp clt.

T d cnvnn n ssbly ldn s psnt-dyntllctl, sptl nd pltcl l t dscss t xpnc t nd fct n t psnl vsns t t s ndbtdlynspd by t nnt llnnl lstn. T ncy sc d-




lbtns s nt dtnd s c by tt ysts dt, cs nscnt s t qvlnt nt n t clnd tsnd ys l n ppl td clstclly t nd

t ld, s by stn t tpclty, nly t spd cn ccn tn cntpy cvlztn, nd ptcllyts cny.

2000, t bncld Václv hvl nd el wsl, sp-ptd by Y Ssk, s pvdd n xcptnl plt t-bln nd tcltn bnn sss tt q sltns n t n-st t. in s ntdctn el wsl clld t n nn:wtv ccs tdy ll b lt t, nd t std cncn bt t psnt stt t ld s stn b-slt ncy. Václv hvl stssd tt l ll s t slbl t, tt spct t l d cnnt xpss s-cnt psnl spnsblty t ld. in t vy st spcs t 2000 t dnd s vcd “cn sptl nd ln.” Ts bsc ds, dscssd ll pnts v, d-lly bc t ltt t sbsqnt dscssns n t lln

tns 2000 n t pd 1997–2005.T ndvdl tns d spcc sts dscssn tpcs. Ttsk t ntl cnnc s t dscss c t st bn-n sss t psnt-dy nd ttpt t dsnt t st p-tnt sss. Ts ld pvd bss t dscss t pspcts. Tll-bcn ttl t st cnnc “Cncns nd hps,” t ctn xtnt pld ts cntnt: ps nd spnsblty; .. btspnsblty t ld lv n—n t ds Jndřc Cl-

pcký, nd t pspcts, c cnnt t b plss. Dnt dscssns nb pbls tcltd c tbc t n ts t sbsqnt cnncs nd sdp t st tpcl nd bnn sss t psnt-dy ld nd tsnst pspcts.

at t scnd cnnc ttntn s dtly csd nt cncs nd cnt sss lblztn, c ncldd tstts t ntn stt nd t tnsn btn lbl nd nl

ntsts. Dn t dbts t scnd cnnc t ss -n ts s qntly sd, s ll s t tcl nd cltldnsns cntpy cvlztn, nd tly s, snc t s qstn tt pvdd nt nly t st t cnncs bt s






d nd ssntl? wt l d ntntnl nztns ply n tdns n ts? is t ctnt dqt sc -nztns stctd by t ntsts t stts c cps t

(.. t uN)? ot n ndpndnt ntntnl nztn t bst p xclsvly t dl t n ts? Dlts ls sd tss ppl’s t nt t b ny (ns stll ccn n tp-cl ac nd t dty c cnts t s sldty) nd nlly, st bnn ss: t pvnt llnss d t pvty, ndqtyn nd lt c, nd pdcs. T cntnt tt dscssns n nd vy spcc nd t cnclsn s tt lt s n t.

Ts cnncs nspd t bsc t t nxt pjct:Bdn glbl gps. as t n ssts, ts vs ksps,nd-tbl dscssn nd sbsdy vnts csd n ts st c-cl ss t psnt t nd t t bv ll. on t bss t nlyss cd t t t pvs 2000 cnncs, tt bdn ps btn psnt dy cvlztns tt d yt tb bdd, v s t spcc ppsls pssbl dt

nd ln-t sltns. in ts y t 2000 tns tndt t bnn pbls ctd bv ll by t cnt pcsss lblztn.

T bsc ps ncpssn t sss tdy’s ldn lstc y s t ptcptn tstndn ndvdls, p-sntn dvs pssns nd dlcl pssn—plspslnsd cnsts, cly lnsd pltcns, clsts lnsdtsts, stdnts lnsd pblss jnlsts—nd ts nsd

cplx svy t bsc qstns. eqlly ptnt -ltn t sss n-ld pspctv s t ptcptn tnks bt t c Nt nd t p St, lnsd tnk-s vn dvs xpncs est nd wst. ant ct sldb ntnd : dlts cnts n tl cnfct bl t bn t spcc xpnc t t dscssns. Ts s stkd n t cs t dn-t-t nd -ndd dscssnsbtn t psnttvs isl nd Plstn, nd t xcn-

s vs btn pltcns nd tnks msl, Cstn ndBddst pssn. all t ppsls tt dscssd nd sbs-qntly ltd d dn scl, pltcl, cncnd tnc xpncs nd t vs pss fctd t vd



227Rationality o Precise Analysis and the Naivety o Ideals

sptl clts t ptcpnts. as slt, t cnclsns ndcndtns tt d t dscssns 2000v nt nly ptcl, bt ls nvsl cct.

in t cs t lts dscssns t 2000, nb s ds d tt pvd t b cdnl p-tnc nd ttctd st qnt ttntn. T st bnn sss t t globalization, c cts dvlpd nd dvlpncnts lk—t ts vs plctns, sc s t lt b-cn lt nd t p vn p. Ts tnd t lblcny v cnt dcds s nstppbl nd vsbl, t lk t nt, nd v ll bc pt t. a ltd p-nnn s d n lbl dvlpnt— pvsly nknncnc lty—by vyn cpts t vyn ls.

in t cs t dscssns t lblztn pcss s c-ctzd s t slt t b n n tcnls, ptclly n-tn nd cnctn tcnls. Dnd cn n b sts-d t n npcdntd d, nd t cn ls b stltd nd vnctd. in sc sttn ll tt s qd s cpcty t dpt,

s nytn ts dys cn b bt sld. mv, vytns sddnly bc bl: pdctn tcnly nd cptl. int cs t kc blty s dclt, v, nd tscss ll sts pbls s ds cptl llctn. as cns-qnc, t l cptv dvnt s csn t pply.

2000 s dlt t t ccl l nncl kts nt cntpy ld, n tt ty v cnd t tdtnlnctn nd csd t sv cdty kts, n d t bc

plys n t n ccnt nd cncn tslvs t t nndpndnt nty pdcts. in t lblztn, nnclkts v t n cdty—ny, nd ty bv s ty sl-scnt nd d ntn t d t t ld kt cnvntnl cdty xcn. Ty v nd t ld n-cntlld t ltnn spd tnks t dvncd lctncs nd dt-n t stt t ld cny. in slt v-sttnt, hnyKssn pntd t tt t kt ctlly n cnssts “ppl

sttn t cpt scns pbbly d nt vn kn tcnty s lctd,” nd yt ty dcd bt ntst ts nd cpbl sddnly csn spclty vs tt cn cs n ntcny t cllps n cnty ty pssbly kn ntn bt.




an t css ts n pnnn s t dspty btncnc nd pltcl knld. T ltt s lss dvlpd tncnc knld nd s t ncpbl ltn cnt

pctcs t “lbl csn” t ts spcltv cncs, nd p-tclly nt n t plys t t csn cncnd slly btpt nd nt t stt t cny vn t ntsts t pls.nncl kts v csd t d t ls tt nd t kp n n cnc pcsss nd cnc p. Cnsqntly, d-n ll t tns 2000 t dlts qntly clld spcltv cptl t b txd. and t s sncnt tt t s vcdnt nly by t psnttvs cnts tt st tn fctdby t “lbl csn.”

alt lblztn pcds pc, t ld kt s nns sl-ltn n t c ts ns xpnsn td,nvstnts, pdctn, cnctns, tnspttn, tnnd tvl. mkts lbl bt t pltcl syst cntns tb t ntn stt. at t ntntnl lvl pvt lblztn ssp l pblc ppty s n vc. wv t s n

ntnsctn lblztn t s n ntnsctn ndvdls-tc, tltn nd cpttv cptlst clt. Ts ns n ntn-sctn t dspts btn ts ndvdls v slblts nd ts lck sc spcc blts. and ts dys tds nt pply t ndvdls ln, bt ls t cnts, cntsnd cntnnts, nd t psnt-dy ld s bcn nd sytcl.

in ctn sns t psnt lblzd kt cn stct c-

nc nd scl dvlpnt. Tdtnlly tt ccs ppllv, .. nt n ld-d scl bt n nl kts; v nt dvlpd cnts nly nty t k c s plydby tnsntnl cpns nd l vnts tk plc tn ts -nl kts. Ts s ls t d t t sncnc t ns,bcs vl systs n c t tnty scty sts ctd nlly nd nt n ld kts, lt ln n t dnlbl csn. in tdy’s lblzd ld tnss t tnsntn-

l nttn, t dsnttn ntns, t knn t ntnstt, l t t s t t ts tds nttn ndnt bss, sc s cvl scts, nl, cnl, tnc ls pns.




on ccsns t pnt s tly d n dscssns tt, s-tclly, t nt-nply ls n t uSa d, tstt, t t ptctn ndvdl d, nd by n ns sply

t t ltn t kt. T ts vn dp: mcl N-vk pntd t tt n t st sx dts t untd Stts’ sl tndn ts sd t d virtue, c ds nt lt slly tt nt acn dccy. it s n bvs nc t t n-tllctl tdtn ndd by ad St. Tt s yt nt sny s c ttntn s dvtd t lblztn n ll t 2000 cnncs.

glbl cncn bt t ld t pp st bstcts t, bt t v s t vy tl dscssns. Ts tkpt n t d t hnn andt tt t dync lst cntys ls t st vlnt cnty n n sty nd c t tcnclsn tt t s pssbl t nt t n t t -lty t tntt cnty dn c s c t n nd btdtly ld t ndvdl nd cllctv vlnc, lld by nnpcdntd t nzd lbl c nd t d td,

c s clsly bnd p t n tckn nd ls t std, s ct s t tns vs cnfcts nt n scltn dns d cnfcts tt ndn t stblty t ps-nt-dy ld. 2000 t lncd pssn ppl cn pty n sd vls. evn t t t “ntpl-tcs” s clld n t dscssns (by h. r. h. l hssn bn Tll),dlts nd tt t ld s nt s. Ts xpssd, n t nnd, n nss tt nty s pt t lvn ld nt,

nd n t t, lztn tt n bns spnsbl ntnn l n et. K annn ssd nn n ltt t tvy tst t nd t ss sstnbl dvlpnt ndcncn t nvnnt—c s t cntxt vytn ls, td, plcs nd lvs—s psnt n ll t dscssnsdn t ys. ws t t lbl cny s cncdvlpnt nd ncsd td t v t xzn t ltnd p t lt n t “ntk scty,” dlss t d

xplttn t et, t clcl plnnn s xsstnblty t “b l.”

T clln t cn cnty s t cn t vl sys-t scty, t k t cptbl t t qnts cl-




cl sstnblty nd jstc, nd t ct sstnbl cnts, nc t scl, cltl nd pyscl nvnnts ll b tkn ntccnt, nd n c cn cv stsctn nds nd

sptns, tt ctln t pspcts t ntns. Tdsdt ltn cnsptn nd sl-lttn s dplctns tn ts ply clcl sncnc. essntlly t d-nd sl-lttn, s xpssd by mklós Sükösd, ls plstt sld cntl slvs nd sppss ntl ssvdvs, c ld n tn lp dt scl nd pltcl b-v.

T vll jty ptcpnts n t ’s dlbtns t v tt t s ncssy t c nt n spcclbl tcl nss nd ccpt t pncpls cn tcln. Ts tcl ptv st nt nly vn t bv ndvdls bt ls tt ls nstttns, pltcl ttsnd ls l cpns nvlvd n pdctn, nnc nd td.t, t pncpls n tcl n, s hlt Scdt,pntd t, st ls pply t ll d, nt jst t pss, nd ls

t d nd, bv ll, tlvsn, snc t pts n t pncpl pcts, c k n t tns tn n tnl pcptnnd t s n npcdntd blty t nplt pblc pn-n n dc sn.

o ns sncnc s t ct tt n ts spptnt d n tcl n t t 2000 tns sv-l ld nnd cnsts nd nncs sc s Jy D. Scsnd g Ss.

T t democracy s dscssd t n nss tpllty dctc s n vnnc (n t s ytt Ld Dnd cnzd tt t xstd ny s cp-tls). Vs nd t skptcl sstn tt dccy xstsn, tt t s pssbl t spk nly lbl lcy, t SnYt Sn’s cncpt t pblc tt cbnd t Cns Cn-cnst stcl tdtn nd t ty dn scty n s-psnly dn stt, bsd n t ndntl pncpls:

t qlty ndvdls nd t ts nts, t qlty ctzns b t l nd t ptctn t ppl’s ts by dctc syst, nd nlly, cnc qlty tn lbl -kt syst.






Yt ccs nd sptl cnts v n cntn t spts t, nd ty v n ptnt l nt nlyn ptn cncltn n tslvs bt ls cncltn

n dnt clts nd sstn nvsl tcs nd tby tk pt n ctn t l clt n lblzd ld. Nt nly dt t t ld lns Cstnty, Jds nd isl, vcls nts snc ty c t s ndtns, bt t l-ns t est ls l t stlty nd vlnc.

Economic rules are nt dd s l nt, snc ty synttc syst (hns vn gnkl). ecnc ls sld tb ttd ctvly n y tt tnss cncs t t n d-nsns. in t psnt lblzd cny vyn cpts tvyn ls nd ss t npcdntd d blty c sld t t lss pvs cptv dvnts. T dvlpnt lbl cptls s pvd t b c pd tn cpctyt ndstnd t cpttv stl (hny Kssn)—pt tt t s ls d t t ct tt pltcl nss ls bnd cnc nss.

in sttn n c ny s bn d ts nl nc-tn nd bc cdty n ts n t, cptl s bc sbl tt t cn k s t clts nstnt cnctnt v ncntllbly nd t ld lk n s lbl csn,cpbl dstyn, vnt, t cny ny cnty t plss.it s t ncssy t dvs cnc ls t ptct nst tspcltv vnts cptl nd ls ptct t dtd n tlbl cnc bttl. Ts s n sll tt: vtl nncs

ldy t ts t tn tnsctns n t l cny. m-kt ndntls s nt cpbl ctn sc ls, s pvd byt nnc g Ss. (and yt, ccdn t tstny by hzlhndsn nd wll P, t kt n t untd Stts svnd by c stct ls tn cpbl cns lsn t ld.)

ant ntly n pnnn cnc dvlpnt st ndntl cn t cny, by t sc lt

s csd t b tty—ts sz ntl lt—nd s n tptntl t n nd, c s d tn cnty’s ntltl lt (Sn Ps). a t nty lvs tn tsp cltl cnsptn nd t lst s t psnt dy




n t ld d, ntn tcnly nd tlcnc-tns. Cnsqntly t s nd yt nt cn pts,snc dctn nd scnc bcn t ndtns dn

cncs. a ntv tc ts dvlpntl tnd s t d-nn p btn t dvlpd cnts nd t st t ld.T ccltn scl cptl s dctly ltd t sc cn pts.

Kt Bdnkp’s ndstndn lblztn s tt t s lbl bt l s lcl. Ts pls tt t s n dl btnlbl kts nd lcl dntts, bcs vl systs dv nl nd lcl cnts nd t scl, cltl nd stclndtns, c cctzd by ntl pllty. Ts pll-s nds t b spptd n t lblzd cny. it s ncssyt dvlp t dvsty cltl scs nd b spnsblty t. in t v hlly Clntn, dvlpd scty s bsd n ttns: n ctv stt, nctnn cny nd cvl scty, ndc ts lnts ccl. it s ncssy t cclt nd -pdc nt nly nnc cptl, bt ls spcc scl cptl (w-

n T), s ptnc s vn t n lblzd ld nd sn t ntst t lbl cny, spctv ppl’s ndvdlntsts. T lblztn pcss st nt dpt t ltn pt p-pc bt nstd sst t ndvdl nd cnl dntts.

Snc lblztn s ssntlly t spn clt, dc-tn nd scnc, t s nt sply syblc bt ls lcl tt tdlbtns 2000 sld v bn dvtd t dctn,scnc, ccss t ntn, clt nd t ts nd t l n

ldn sptl vls nd stndds. wt s ccl t cc-ltn scl cptl s concern or education, science and culture (JckLn). in tdy’s ld lt s cfy dpndnt n t stt sc-nc nd dctn— cnty’s lt nd ts cltl lvl n ndct pptn. Ctvty s t ky ttbt dn systs; ts spnsbl ptclly t tc dvlpnt t tcnclspcts cvlztn. T ct tt c dvlpd cnts n-csnly lty l p cnts bc p cn b ptly x-

plnd by t ttntn pd t scnc by t dvlpd cnts nd c ty nvst n t, s ll s n dctn, bcs cncdvlpnt nd t ctn n tcnls qs ncsnnbs qld psnnl.




T dvlpn cnts p bcs ty lck t nyt nvst n scnc nd dctn, nd t ty nt nly l b-nd n dvlpnt bt ls t bckdnss cntns t .

rdstbtn tl lt s lss ptnt tn ttntn t d-ctn t dspts t psnt ld t b vc. ant s tt ndstndn nd plntn pts. Sppt scntc sc s cstly, bt nvstnt n scnc s tnblnd lctv. T nnl cst ncssy nvstnt n dctnldd s nt s ns—ly s sx tsnd lln uSdlls—bn qvlnt t t nt spnt n cstcs n t d-vlpd ld n t cs snl y. invstnt n n syst dctn s ssntl ptclly n t dvlpn cnts s tst ctv y vcn bckdnss nd pvty, nd tt st d t c cnts sld cs n. instd t tndncys stll t dvst t dvlpn cnts t qld spclsts. Tjd t dscssns t 2000 t ns t t qstnt cnts t ly n n ty l bnd n dvlpnt sqt spl: n dctn.

it tnspd tt ts s nt spcl ss bt tt d-ctn ttntn t ts spcts t n psnlty nd ncnty tt nt nly nc cnc nd scl pss, bt ls cpbl nvstn dvlpnt t n dnsn ndnn. T l ntllctls nd tsts s t bsv nd ntptscty nd d ttntn t scl y. T bsnc stclnss s dns, ptclly n tdy’s lbl ld, nd s-ty nd t cpbl tnsn t pst nt scl y

nd lpn t c t ts t t. in tt spct t dscssn sxtly ctcl, bt t cnclsns by n ns ncnclsv.mn Pltkn’s tss tt tdy’s pcntc clt s n csss tly cntd by Pt gbl’s k tt t n c-nctn tcnls ls d scp psvn nd dvlpnttn xpssn. Ctcl ttntn n t dscssn s csd nss clt, by clt s dcd t t lvl nttnnt.N tn v b, clt nd t s n t nds lltt

kt clnzs (Dbvk ušć), clnz t bnd tsk n, lbt nsd vls, nd n y tt ntvn . Ts nplts d nt v t sltst spnsbl-




ty, n t s y tt t nplts t dvtsn d vn scl cnscnc

w ll s t s common global destiny. T lbl ld cn

n ln pt p t t ct tt t dvnts dn cvlz-tn njyd by nly nty nty, t t s tv-xplt t ld’s ntl scs. T lntn nnd dss s t vtl tsk t lbl cny nd plcs. w stnt n t dvlpn ld, ptclly ac; t st b tndt t lbl pcsss nd b nbld by ns snsbl plcs ndcnc d t dvlp tsl nd stll pssbl ctstps. Ts l tsks. hv, t s ncssy t pcd tnlly: pl-ntn ndntl tx , ptclly t s xtpss t xplt ntl scs by “ct-pc” tls ttd nt fct t l vl ts lt n t kt. it s ls ncs-sy t lnt t “pvs sbsds” n t lbl cny, cntn t ntnbl stt t snn ntl nvnnt.

on t lst nt tsks s t s tnsn nd lnt dcnfcts n t ld. Ts s pnnt tsk t ntntnl

cnty, bt n n tsk cld b llld dtly: tcv nt nst t s xpts tt s ll b n-d stct cntl nd t ndstlzd cnts ll nt cynclly stts t ttltn s nd tt t ll b stct bn n txpt s t plcs cnfct s bkn t s lkly t c-c. hv nt nly s kll. Cnfcts ls csd by “ntllc-tl cns” tt pdc t ccl d t ndsty.T cnctns d t dstctv nd d nt d n

t ct n tsp ndstndn. dk wll d Klkpntd t tt t n nfnc cnc dvlpnt nslvn nstblty s ndsttd nd tt lnkn cns s c t p t tns nccptbl scl systs tn ts c. St ac’s xpnc snctns sd tt tbdn t ntv cts snctns bn cfy by tdny ppl, l t xcn ds ld v dn tv t dctc dvlpnt nd lnt ptd.

i cnncs sc xtdny bdt nd n sc -nts ts, ttndd, v, by ldn ld s, tps qstns bt t stt t cntpy ld tn ts




qstns st cntn bt t tnlty pcs nlyss nd tnvty dls. evn tt t ptst ntntnl pltcs,hny Kssn, sttd t n t cnncs tt n d t d

t tns t s ncssy t b sltly nïv nd n t pctclbstcls, l bn n nd tt vy t tn s n d b- t bc lty. at ll, plnnn t t s n ctvty tt s nctn tn pdctbl. T ntllctl ts nvstd n - 2000 ll b dd s j nvstnt n ppl’s ps ndds. Yt t ct tt dst t dlbtns t P Dcl-tn cld b ltd, c cld sbt nb ptntppsls t sc ntntnl nztns t t uN, t Bttnwds nstttns, t ld lns nd ccs, s ll s tld pblc, t cn b n dbt tt ps nd ds sttnt b lzd.






v, i l—nd i pbbly nt ln—tt t s n-vlvd n ts cntxt. i s ctn sn, ctn nn snl, ctn ss, ctn ppl t cvlztn. Bn Ldn dd nt

nvnt cn ns, plns, cpts, bctlcl p-ns. T v lys bn ntcs, ss ds nd tsts,bt nv v ty d sc ntc pssblty t stk t ntplnt nd t ttn s ny n lvs. it ss t tt t sncssy t ndstnd ts sn, nd t v tt t t lbldvncnt cvlztn, t xtnsv tcnlcl pss, ndt t n nvntn cn b ccpnd t dpnnsns lbl n spnsblty. rspnsblty t ld ndtd t ld, spnsblty tt ld k t pssbl ny-n, n n y nt, t bs ts ns dvncnt, nd tn tt—spnsblty tt ld blz t n sptnd t d cs tt l dnt n t n c, n d ttty cnnt ll ts j cntdctns tdy’s cvlztn tt dl t t 2000 Cnncs.

i cnvncd tt t s t dty ll ppl dll nd

t ntntnl cnty t dnd d, t dnd t ds ndvdl lvs, ppl’s dnty, d n cxstnc, jst ltns n ctzns, ntns, nd scl clsss. it s ncs-sy t dnd ts, nd n ndd, t dnd ts by c, bt, i ddn y n “bt” t t: Bt t s nt n. xpl, cnnt, n t n tn t dns d, slnc -slvs, cns slvs, dsbl nyn ss t sy nytnbt t j pbls nd ts nd dns ts cvlztn

syn s, nly bcs n t pcss dndn tsvy ds. Ys, n t pcss dndn ts ds;v tt s xctly y, n y v, bld t lll tsds, lv t, nd cltvt t. and ts ll qp s tvn ny t dnd t.

T, n t st ptnt tns d t t ld s t stnd p t qt, bl nd dst dtntnnst ll knds bsssns, nst ntnlstc, dlcl bss-

sns nd nst bsssns t lt. glblztn nds t cqts sptl, cltl, l nd n dnsns, spctvly, nd tnds t dpn ts dnsns; ts ll nd n bd y.



23Why Forum 2000?

T 2000 s nv bn, nd nv ll b, n nstttn.it s n bs; t cnnt k ny dcsns. it s lly jst spc dbt. Bt i tnk tt ts s pcsly ts dvnt; t s d

qlty.alt n 2001 dptd t “P Dcltn” tt qck-

ly bc pt uN cl dcnts, n nvsl dcltn xststt ld xpss ll tt s bn dscssd v t cs t nn ys, n tt ld stsy vyn nd xpss ll t dstt v bn sd . Bt tt s nt t tts. wt ttss t dnc—t dnc tt t s dtd, dts, ndll cntn t dt.






appndxs






T P Dcltn

Approved by the Fith Forum 2000 ConerencePrague, Czech Republic,

17 October 2001

1. introduCtionglblztn, s bt pcss nd n ldy xstn cndtn t ld, typs t dvlpnt cvlztn t t bnnn t Td mllnn. its pl nd npsnt dync s n-dbtdly bn spnsbl ny cvnts bnt t -nty bt t s ls vd by ny s tt n lst vy n ndv. T ps nvsl ll-bn nd pspty,

c ls t t t t dn , s tnd t t b n ll-sn. T vst jty t ld’s ppltn s pndcnc nqlty, nd psyclclly nd cltlly nl-zd n t lbl scty n cn nt bn, nd n s css ls nlzd n t scts t n cnts. in spt tnpcdntd fsn pltcl nstttns ty ls cntl vt n dstns. T bllns dlls tdd dly, t d vl-blty lt c nd t dcds tnd cncn bt t

clcl spcts dvlpnt v nt ptctd t jty nty t t vy knd dsp, ncldn pvty,dss, nd nvnntl ddtn. T dnnt s tcnc nd tcnlcl lblztn nknd, t d t st cntl t by dctc pltcl ns. Ts s ln. S -nty lcks t c nd t ll t cs t pt cptn.T scl bss nd l jstctn lblztn ncsnlyclld n qstn, n t nds tt pt ts pstv spcts t

ttns t ny clt nd b t ld ts cplxty nd v-ty, s ll s t tn nt-cltl cnnttn nd pd -tl ndstndn. eqlly pld pcl c-xstnc nntns nd t vy svvl nknd.




The Prague Approach

evy tn t pst v ys ppl v td t P

Cstl ntd, n spt t ny dncs, by cn dst sk nd nd nss t ts qstns. Ty v ncldd dstn-sd ld s—Nbl lts, pnnt pltcns, nfn-tl ntllctls nd cdcs, tsts nd ts, s ll s psn-ttvs dnt ld lns nd sptl cnts. T 2000 cnncs v st t xpl lss bvs, cntv-sl nd pnd spcts lbl dvlpnt. aln t y, blv, nq nd lvnt ppc t lblztn s dn P, cctzd n ptcl by cs n sptl, cltlnd ls vls. T P ppc bdly fcts t ctclspt nd ntllctl tdtn ts cty lctd t t cssds epn sty, cty c ttd n ds nd sptlplss.

T ss 2000 cnncs s c ll cycl. its p-tcpnts ld lk t s t cnclsns t ntntnl dc-

sn-ks nd ts v tst nfnc n pblc pnnnd t tn t ptcl ncy t pltcns nd lslds. Bt ddss slvs ls t scntsts nd bsnss ppl,ctv tsts nd ppl n t d, nd bv ll t yn pplvy. w ppl t ll ppl nt ndnt t t t t ld t v spnsbl tt t t pbls sk t t-ln n ts P Dcltn.

2. prinCipal Challenges

T 2000 Cnncs ld n t ys 1997–2001 ltd nb ss pbls cn t ld n t tsld tn llnn. mst t ltd t t lst n svl s-pcts lblztn nd st t ndct t dctn tt st tk:

Ethical Minimum

T s xtnt nd vty vlnc tt ccd n t 20t Cn-ty s stn t b bn cnstntly n nd n t 21st Cnty.



245The Prague Declaration

it ld b sl t sst lbl tcl n fctn -nty’s ndntl l pncpls tt st b spctd. it ldcps t njnctn t tt vy n bn nly s ll

s t ldn l vnn ltns btn ndvdls nd btnn cnts: ”D nt ts s y ld v dn nty; n dn t ts t y ld nt lk t t d ty.” htnd tcl cnscsnss sld lp llvt nsn sn, lt t ddtn t ntl nvnnt ndlt t dtc xtnctn spcs nd clts. glbl scs llctd vy nqlly nd ndqtly. T pps ttst lbl cllns ll tdy s t dvt scs s nd t ds td, nd xcssv lxy nd tl cn-sptn nt ts t cbt n nd dss, pvnt vlntcnfct nd slv pbls ssctd t lbl n nd ntldssts.

Global Democracy

T cnss l n et s dnsttd, nt l, by t ydys n c n s dnstd. it s ccl t ptct tpllty s vnnc nd pltcl ptcptn. hv,ctn nvsl stndds—pps bst xpssd n t cncpt n ts—st b sstd nqvclly nd t dst ntn-tnl sppt st b n t. N n scty vnnts pct bt cl ctn st b clly nnctd n d t d-ntt btn dctc nstttns, d vnnc nd pn

scts n t n nd, nd ts s vnnt tt vltn dnty, dscnt nst nts nd d nt spct tl l, n t t. T clln lbl dccy s n ndn nstnts nd nstttns tt ll qlly ptct lbllysd vls nd lcl dncs.

The Political Eectiveness o the Global Economy

glbl cptls s t sc bt n lt nd n tn-sns n t ld. it ld b pssbl t ntn t ltcy lbl kts ty t bnt nly n t t lbl ppl-tn l xpltn t ntl nd n scs t n-




n ts. unltd cpttn nd cptl blty vntllycs t ndvdls nd scts. in ts ty psnt t txt ttltn nd cnd cns. mj cllns

t t lbl cny—sc s stltn cncy nd dvlpntl ptctn t lss nd t nvnnt— nt slly n c-nc pbl, bt v t b ddssd by scl nd pltcl nstt-tns s ll. ectv plcs st b tcd by pltcl stnd l spnsblty.

Local Identity, Social Capital and Human Development

T dl lbl cny s nt n tt s stctly ltd, bt ntt stntns nd nncs pstv s lcl dntts, ncs-s scl cptl nd dvlps n cpcts nd pptnts. Tlbl cny st nv b lld t ld n cntl nd ts sn ts dstctv cts st b st by sstnbl lcldvlpnt. T clln ls n ndn blnc btn cptlnvstnts nd nvstnts n dctn, btn cptv d-

vnt nd sppt cvl scty, nd btn t l stt ndt dvlpnt pvt ctvty.

3. what to nurture

Tt t 2000 ss, t ptcpnts nvlvd n sc vls cn t ll ld lns, clts nd c-nts, vls tt cld bc t c lbl tcl cdx,

cn sptl nd nty. it s nccptbl tt t ndvdl ntnl scts sld b dtnd by ncntlldcnc dvlpnt nd ptcl pltcl cndtns. gt -ts sld b d t nt t l scs vls, t sptlndtns cvlztn, nd t sk nd sst cn tclcdx nd lbl cncpt n ts, nd n ts bss ctnd cltvt pltcl nstttns d t ltn cnc ndtcnlcl lblztn.




Article 1Solidarity, Equality and Inclusion

in v t psnt nql dstbtn scs nd cncbnts t nds t b lbl syst sldty t ptct tbsc ts ll ts cnnt lly ptcpt, lt ln cpt,n ntntnl cpttn. T t t n nd ql nttnt nd t t ppl t ptcpt n tts vn n -pct n tslvs sld b cnstns lbl cvlztn n t21st Cnty. Ts ppls ptclly t t pstn n ls,nt lst, ts cn bs n t n ls nd s, c svnly dscbd n t cs tns.

Article 2Tolerance, Understanding and Protection o Dierence

T dvsty lbl cvlztn s n ts tst ssts— pl xpnc, knld nd ltntvs. Ptctn dnt s

vnnc nd cltl xpssn s ll s dnt ls tsnd lstyls spclly ts tt sll, k n t ntys t n ptv lbl scty. T t t b dntsld pply vy s ln s t ds nt pn t y t ntl-nc vltn t n ts.

Article 3Respect and Responsibility

all l n t plnt, ncldn n xstnc, s ndd n - d tnscndn lvs. as ndvdls, cnts nd sct-s, sld spct t nd ct ccdnly s spnsbl cstdns,vcn t tpttns ndvdl p slsnss. rspct nty, vy n bn, nd n l t vy st dvlpnt, s ll s spnsblty t nvnnt, kypcndtns t sstnblty, cntnty nd nty lbl

cvlztn.




4. what to Change

T vls st t bv n n y n t nknd. indd,

ny t ldy d t—lbt ndqtly—n p-tnt ltltl cnvntns, vs sln dcnts nd ntn-tnl lsltn. hv, ny t nt tcd by dqtnd nctnn nstttns. it s bn t nn t 2000 t dn lbl nstttnl k tt ld ll tsvls t b tnsltd dly nt pctcl nstnts, t vcny pssbl ntnl cnfcts nd t st lbl pts.

Article 4United Nations

T lst nd st psnttv ll lbl nstttns s stll l-n bnd lbl lts. Vtn n t Scty Cncl stll tnds tfct t dstbtn p n t d 20t cnty t tn tpsnt nd ctv lbl dl, nvsl ptcptn, -

pnt nd n ts. r t uN sld b ls dt ctn uN bdy t dl n pnnt bss t t nvn-ntl css. in t n cnty t uN sld b fxbl ndctv nd bl t tk pd nd pppt ctn. Ts s tnly y t nnc ts tty.

Article 5 International Law

alt ny lbl nts v bn snd nd td, nly t v bn plntd. intntnl l nds t b -d n d t vc ts vltl, ncnsstnt nd nn-bndnnt nd ntdc ctv, tnspnt nd qtbl cnss ncnt. Jst s ctn lttns n ndvdl ds ndpvcy lp ns t scty, s ls t st b lttnsn ntnl svnty ntntnl l s t b ctv. only tn

cn lbl vls pvl v ptcl ntsts nd st-t cn-sdtns.




Article 6 Bretton Woods Institutions

T intntnl mnty nd, t wld Bnk nd t wldTd onztn tn t bjct ctcs, jctn nd d-tc ptsts. Ts nstttns v j ptntl t pt d-vlpnt t s st ndd nd t cpt n t ctn lbl cnc, ll nd tcl ns nd t plnttn.hv n d t lz ts ptntl ty nd t bc pn, tnspnt, psnttv nd spnsbl n t dcntxt t ctvts, n ln t t t p nd nfncty ld. w t ppl t vnnts t xcs pssn ts nstttns ln ts lns nd ls cll bjc-tv tttd n t pt t d, cnstctv nd bvll nn-vlnt ppc n t pt ctcs nd dnstts ndt ctnt nd ctv tnkn n t pt dplts ndcnsts.

Article 7 World Religions and Churches

T ltls ssbls tt v bn n ptnt pt - 2000 cnncs v dnsttd tt psnttvs l-ns nd ccs cpbl skn t nts t nd vlnt ly tn t dvds t. rlns ld t ptntl t t nknd; ty cn ply n ptnt l n cncln

dnt clts, ptn nvsl tc nd kn tt tct l clt n lblzd ld. hv nd ctn c-cstncs nd n ptcl s, ls dls nd sybls cn bssd nt d t sclt cnfcts btn nts nd lps nd cnts. w t ppl t blvs vslns nd t lds t sppt ll ctvts d t pt-n dl, tl ndstndn nd cptn n ppl ndbkn dn t bs btn ndvdl lns nd sptl

cnts, nd t dstnc tslvs ll xpssns ntlncnd vlnc.




Article 8 Transnational Corporations

glbl td ccnts n v-n pptn tl ltnd t tnsntnl cptns py cs t, n-nvtn nd ctvty. in ny s t s n n ls t pvdppl t ndd jbs, cptl nd tcnly. ecnc lblz-tn vs p nd nfnc t ltntnl cpns. h-v, t ptns nd lbl pncpls tn dsd t lclcntxt, t nvnnt nd dctly ndctly vlt nts. i cpns t bc spnsbl lbl cts, vls—nt l cdcs, scl nd nvnntl dts tc.—sldply t l n t bv.

Article 9 Education and the Role o the Nation State

Dspt t cntnn pcss ntntnl pltcl nttn, n-

tn stts j cts n ntntnl s. mst stts tdyv dctclly lctd vnnts. T l t stt n t lblztn sld nt b dcd, bt t tnsd tfct cn lbl vls. Stts sld ct ll nvnnt nn-vnntl nztns nd pvt cpns nd n-cs t ct s ly s pssbl nd dvt x scs t sp-ptn dctn s bsc cndtns t n dnty, sll s ntnn nstct nd cnctn, nd nt-

n scty nd ntntnl cptn. rltn nd ncntsld stll b t stt’s ltt spnsblty.

Article 10 Basic Education or All

T untd Ntns, tt t t ntntnl nztnsnd b stts, sld lz ldd p t nt

bsc dctn t ll cldn t ld s n t n cn-dtns vcn nnc, nt, nd t ts tt ds nt.




Article 11Responsible Independent Media

a ptcl spnsblty s bn by t ss d t ns tt tyd nt pptt nd dssnt ls ntn, sttyps btt lns tnc ps, scntn t vlnc. Tsppls spclly t d ptn n n cltl ls c-nty bt nt.

Article 12

Global Civil SocietyCvl scty s ky l n t tnstn lbl vls ntctv nstnts. a vbnt, ndpndnt cvl scty sld p-t t lcl, ntnl nd lbl lvl. it plys n ndspnsbl l nctn t vtl bc ltnsps btn lty, pltcs ndcncs, btn kts nd stts, btn t lbl nd t l-cl, .. t ll lvls nd btn t.

5. how to ConduCt a dialogue

T ns lvnc ctcl dscssn lbl pbls sbn cknldd tt t v-y cnnc ss. T 2000 cnncs cnsttt dstnct xpnt n ts t scp, t nl tsp nd t n ptcpnts.Nt nly v ty bn n xcs n nlyzn lbl pbls, bt

qlly—nd pps ptntly—ty v bn n xcs ncndctn lbl dl n cplx sss n ppl nydnt vs. Ts xpnc ctn clt snstv btnn-tvl lbl dl s n ptnt pt t 2000 s-s. T lln pncpls sld ndl t ctn clt nnl nd sstnbl lbl dscs.

Article 13The Culture o Dialogue

T y dscssns cndctd s s ptnt s t tpcs d-dssd n t dbts. unlss ts ccdd spctl n,




nlss t ltcy ppl’s tnss, cltl dncs nd tvty pltcl s s sncly cknldd, n lbl dbtcn v ny nn cv slts. in t cs ny c-

plx tpcs n t j cltl dncs dncs pnn, stblsn clt dl y b t nly pstvcvnt s t. hv, ly blv tt t xp-nc dl cn b sltn nd t pt tds ctn clt ltnsps, knd lbl cvlztn tt ld tn plnt nt s nd dcnt ll ts nbtnts.

Article 14The Broadest Possible Representation

indqt pptnty t ptcpt n sc dl nd b -dd s n ql ptn bds sttn, sns njstc nddstst. wn vcs nd ty nd ndsbl ys dnttntn!

hv, t s nt n t p ny cnnc, nt vn

2000, t k vy vc tt s sd nd n t ld.Nntlss t s ncssy t n lkn ys t pn t d-btn cb t t vcs ts v s bn dsdvn-td dscntd nst n s y nd ts nlzd n tlbl dl.

Article 15 Plurality o Opinions

T stv nty vs s nt nly sldn, bt ls bdsls cntv—nd nc l nd nstttnl—dnnc. rp-snttvs dnt vs— ctcl, nn-cnn nddsqtn tttds— ssntl dscvn lbl ltntvs, tlly psntn t lbl lty nd bldn cdbl lb-l dl. Sl, cplctd, cstly nd pnl s sc dbts bnd t b, ty stbls lblly ndspnsbl, ln-t pcss

tl lnn, st clt spct, pt clt -spct nd n tsp nss.




Article 16 Helping to Build a Global Society

gnn dl s pssbl n sttn n c n t ptc-pnts dnts t st. it qs bt nsty nd ctn. glblltntvs nd vbl sltns cnnt b dscvd nlss nvld s-sptns qstnd, ls lc s cllnd, ptcl ntsts dntd, nd vsplctns nd pp nlztns -sstd. T tttds ll s stnly nfncd by xp-nc nd ptcl vnt pnt. T tl dscs st cnstntly sk nd tst t cncpts, stts nd ppcstt stnd t bst cnc bcn nvsl vls nd nllyccptbl ls. wtt clt lbl dl ll ttpts tcltvtn lbl scty ll c t nt.

6. an appeal to the world publiC

T P Dcltn cvs cplx n lbl sss nd d-

dsss d y nstttns nd dcsn-ks. it s ty b t tst spnsblty. hv, t 2000 cnncsv bn cctzd by t nl nd psnl cct tdbts. in tt spt pnnss nd tst ld t lk t t P Dcltn t ll ppl dll n plnt.only n ll n bns stt t lz lly t sd -spnsblty sd ld cn bl b jstd tt t spl n tdy’s ld ll n dy pvl v t ttns s.



Ptcpnts t 2000Cnncs (1997–2001)

sharif m. abdullah – Dct t Cny insttt n tuSa.

tariq Jawaid alam – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt Pkstn.h. e. sheikh mohammed mohammed ali – islc scl, sc

nd pltcn. hn ts nd pltcl ctvst n t iq p-pstn.

osCar arias sánChez – Psdnt Cst rc. Nbl PcPz lt (1987).

timothy garton ash – Pltcl scntst nd t, enlnd.hanan ashrawi – mnst edctn Plstn, b t Plstn Lsltv Cncl.

edith awino – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Kny.mehmet aydin – Dn t clty Tly t t unvsty

Dky eylül n iz, Tky.patriCio aylwin azóCar – Psdnt Cl btn 1990 nd 1995.mark azzopardi – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, mlt.

andris barblan – hstn nd pltcl scntst, Scty gnl t assctn epn unvsts.

h. h. bartholomew – hd t gk otdx Cc.thomas bata – Czc bn bsnssn, Cnd.walden bello – Plppn pss scly nd pblc dn-

sttn.Carlos felipe ximenes belo – Nbl Pc Pz lt (1996), est

T.

r obert l. bernstein – Psdnt hn rts wtc, uSa.k urt biedenkopf – P mnst Sxny.

NB: Information about participants refers to the time of their stay in Prague.



255Participants o the Forum 2000 Conerences

akin birdal – psdnt t hn rts assctn Tky.

l ydia bosire – Dlt t Stdnts’ , Kny.

Jean l ouis bourlanges – Cn t epn mvnt nnc.

Josep briCall – Psdnt t assctn epn un-vsts.

hans van den broek – mb t epn Cssn.ignatz bubis – Cn T Cntl Cncl Js onz-

tns n gny.martin bútora – Sclst nd t, Psdnt t insttt

Pblc as n Btslv.fritJof Capra – Pyscst nd systs tst.Cornelius Castoriadis – nc plsp.l adislav ČeryCh – Czc dctnlst.

Joseph Chan – Scly Pss t T unvsty hn Kn.Clement C. p. Chang – nd Tkn unvsty, Tn.tze Chi Chao – Psdnt wld L d nd Dccy.

shunling Chen – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Tn.william J. Clinton – 42nd Psdnt t untd Stts (1993– 2001).

hillary Clinton – st Ldy t uSa (1993–2001).l ord r alf gustav dahrendorf – Pltcl scntst nd sclst.h. h. the dalai l ama – Sp sptl psnttv Tbt.frederik willem de k lerk – Psdnt St ac. in

1993 s dd t Nbl Pc Pz tt t Nlsn

mndl.thomas a. dine – Psdnt t rd ep.waris dirie – Sl bn ctvst nd sn spdl.ditta doleJšiová – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Slvk.r iane eisler – Cltl stn, uSa.k akuhan enami – rpsnttv t Tnd scl Bdds

nd nvy hs hlnss t Ptc.amitai etzioni – gn bn acn sclst nd scl psy-

clst.gareth evans – mnst n as astl.h. e. sheikh fawzy fadel el zefzaf – Psdnt al az P-

nnt Ctt Dl n hvnly rlns.




maria Celina del feliCe – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, an-tn.

Joerg forbrig – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, gny.

albert friedlander – rbb t wstnst Syn, Lndn.franCis fukuyama – acn t nd pltcl scntst.

Jostein gaarder – Nn t.ivan gabal – Czc sclst.peter gabriel – wld nnd sn nd ppt tnc sc.

Joseph ganda – acbsp tn nd B, S Ln.henry l ouis gates – Dct hvd’s w.e.B. D Bs insttt

a-acn rsc. JoaChim gauCk – dl Cssn t Sts ls.bronisław geremek – hstn nd mb t Pls Plnt.anthony giddens – Bts sclst, dct t Lndn Scl

ecncs.anthony C. giffard – acn scl spclzn n ss d.

mb t Bd t int Pss Svc.hans van ginkel – rct t untd Ntns unvsty n Tky.

andré gluCksmann – nc plsp nd t.árpád gönCz – Psdnt hny.norbert greinaCher – Pss Tly, unvsty Tübnn,

gny.eduardo marCal grilo – Dct glbnkn ndtn;

mnst edctn Ptl.teofisto t. guingona – Vc psdnt nd mnst n as

t Plppns.

tomáš halík – Psdnt t Czc Cstn acdy. John hall – Sclst, mcgll unvsty, mntl, Cnd.h. r. h. el hassan bin talal – Pnc t Jdn hst ryl

Dynsty.váClav havel – Psdnt t Czc rpblc 1993 t 2003.hazel henderson – tlst, uSa.thor heyerdahl – Nn cn tvll nd t.mae-wan ho – Pss Bly t t Bts opn unvsty.

takeaki hori – antplst, dvs t t Psdnt t Nppnndtn.viCtoria pereyra iraola – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, antn.

mihoko ito – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Jpn.




vyaCheslav ivanov – Pss lnstcs t t unvsty Cl-n t Ls anls, uSa.

marek JaCina – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Cnd.

asma Jahangir – Ly, C t hn rts Cssn Pkstn.

Josef Jařab – Pss enls nd acn ltt, Czc -pblc.

Claude Jasmin – Pss ncly, nc.wei Jingsheng – Dssdnt, t t Cns vnt d-

n p-stn dccy. Jonas Jonson – Bsp Stännäs, Sdn. mb t wld

Cncl Ccs.noerine k aleeba – rnnd ctvst tn hiV/aiDS, nlly

und.k óei k ani – rpsnttv t Jpns Tnd Bddst scl.dani k aravan – isl sclpt.yousif al -k hoei – Dct t Lndn-bsd al-K nd-

tn, n ntntnl islc ctbl nsttt ndd by s

ndt aytll al K.hilde k ieboom – Psdnt t epn dtn t C-nts S. ed.

k enzo k iikuni – Pss t Tky wn’s mdcl unvsty.henry a. k issinger – acn pltcn, dplt nd pltcl sc-

ntst. Nbl Pc Pz lt (1973).ivan k líma – Czc t.l eszek k olakowski – Plsp Pls n. rsdnt n ox-

d.ted k oppel – anc nd mnn edt aBC Ns’ “Ntln”.

sergei k ovalyov – Dpty rss’s Stt D, n ts ctvst.

meena k rishnamoorthy – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, astl.martin k ryl – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Czc rpblc.k rishan k umar – Pss scl pltcl scnc, lctn n Cn-

tl ep, gt Btn nd t uSa.hans k üng – Psdnt t ndtn glbl etcs, Tübnn.

JaCk l ang – nc mnst Clt.meir l au – C rbb isl.anwei l aw – nd hnsn’s Dss assctn bsd n t

untd Stts.




petr l ebeda – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Czc rpblc. Joshua l ederberg – Nbl Pz lt mdcn (1958), uSa.marguerite s. l ederberg – Pss Psycty t Cnll unv-

sty.l ee teng-hui – Psdnt Tn.flora l ewis – Cspndnt t New York Times, uSa.ondřeJ l iška – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Czc rpblc.mikuláš l obkowiCz – Plsp, rct mnc unv-

sty. James l oveloCk – Bts scntst nd t.h. e. Jean marie Cardinal l ustiger – acbsp Ps.k hotso makhulu – acbsp Cntl ac.miChael mann – Bts stn, lvn n t uSa.manfred a. max-neef – rct unvsdd astl d Cl.adam miChnik – Pls dssdnt, cntly t edt n C

t Gazeta Wyborcza dly.h. e. sheikh abbas mohaJerani – Pss, ldn inn-bn

islc scl.

bedřiChmoldan – Czcslvk mnst t envnnt. Jiří musil – Czc sclst.shiniChi nakazawa – Pss rln nd antply t t

C unvsty, Jpn.ashis nandy – Dct t Cnt t Stdy Dvlpn S-

cts, Dl.hans heinriCh nolte – Pss estn epn sty n hn-

nv.

miChael novak – Tln nd pltcl scntst, uSa.Colm o’Cinneide – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, ilnd.yael ohana – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, ilnd.r aimon panikkar – Pss t t unvsty Cln, ctlc

pst, hnd scl. Jelena panza – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt nlly

Yslv. Jiří pehe – Dct t N Yk unvsty n P.

peng ming-min – Pltcl scntst, dssdnt, Tn.shimon peres – Ldn isl pltcn. Nbl Pc Lt (1995).

william pfaff – rl cspndnt t International Herald Tri-bune, uSa. Lvs n nc.




mariano plotkin – Dct N Yk unvsty n Bns as,antn.

tomáš poJar – Dct t Ppl in Nd ndtn bsd,

Czc rpblc. John polanyi – Pss Csty t Tnt unvsty, Cnd.

martin porubJak – Slvk tt dct nd pltcn.martin C. putna – Pss Cptv Ltt t Cls

unvsty n P.zafir t. qasrawi – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Plstn.divvya s. r aJagopalan – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, ind.

José r amos horta – Nbl Pc Pz lt (1996), est T.k elly Cristine r ibeiro – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Bzl.Christina r ougheri – Dlt t Stdnts’ , gc.

JaCques r upnik – Pltcl scntst, nc. Jeffrey d. saChs – acn cnst, Dct t hvd inst-

tt intntnl Dvlpnt.elizardo sánChez santa Cruz – Cbn dssdnt.yohei sasakawa – Plntpst nd Psdnt t Nppn nd-

tn.seizaburo sato – Pss ets t t unvsty Tky.helmut sChmidt – gn Cncll (1974–1982).peter sCott – Vc Cncll t Knstn unvsty, gt Btn.l eila shahid – jnlst, Plstnn dplt.

John shattuCk – u.S. abssd t t Czc rpblc.takashi shiraishi – Pss Kyt unvsty, Jpn.vandana shiva – wt, ntntnlly nnd nvnntlst

nd nst ind.haris silaJdžiČ – C-P mnst Bsn nd hzvn.

John silber – Cncll Bstn unvsty, uSa.k aran singh – indn vnnt nst nd bssd.r ené samuel sirat – gnd rbb nc Cnssty nd Psdnt

t Cncl Cnnc epn rbbs.sulak sivaraksa – Bddst tnk, Tlnd.mohammed amine smaili – Pss islc Dtc nd C-

pd rlns t t unvsty rbt.mário soares – Sclst pltcn nd ly, Psdnt

Ptl.




george soros – nnc nd plntpst; nd Ss n-dtns.

wole soyinka – Nn t. st acn t cv t Nbl

Pz Ltt (1986).martin Jan stránský – Czc nlst nd pbls.hanna suChoCka – mnst Jstc, Pls P mnst

1992 t 1993.miklós sükösd – hnn sclst.anne summers – Bd C gnpc intntnl.han sung-Joo – n mnst t rpblc K.osvaldo sunkel – Cln cnst.veton surroi – albnn t; dt n c t Koha Ditore, t

j nspp n Ksv.gavan titley – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, ilnd.weiming tu – hstn, plsp, nd t Cns n.dubravka ugrešić – Ctn t.r eizo utagawa – Jpns cnst nd jnlst, mnn Dc-

t t Nppn ndtn.

silJe marie berntsen vallestad – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt,Ny.magda vášáryová – Czcslvk abssd t Vnn,

Psdnt Slvk assctn intntnl as.ivan veJvoda – Yslvn pltcl nd scl scntst.antJe vollmer – gn tlst; Dpty Spk t gn

dl assbly.vintsuk vyaChorka – Ldn ppstn pltcn n Bls.

l ukáš výlupek – Stdnts’ 2000 dlt, Czc rpblc.abdurrahman wahid – indnsn ntllctl. Sppt d-

ctc s.immanuel wallerstein – Psdnt t intntnl Sclcl

assctn.l ord arthur georgeweidenfeld – Jnlst nd pbls, enlnd.

r iChard vonweizsäCker – gn Psdnt (1984–1994).

Cornel west – acn-acn t nd Pss t hvd

unvsty, uSa.elie wiesel – Plsp nd t. Nbl Pc Pz lt

(1986).




marion wiesel – edt nd tnslt.masakazu yamazaki – Jpns plyt nd ctc.grigoriJ yavlinsky – rssn cnst nd pltcn, mb t

Stt D.tun daim zainuddin – mlysn cnst nd cnc d-

vs t t mlysn vnnt.zhelyu zhelev – Psdnt Bl 1990 t 1997.min zin – Bs p-dccy stdnt ctvst.

Participants o the Forum 2000 Conerences

(2002–2005)nasr hamid abu-zayd – islc scl, eypt/t Ntlnds.patriCia adams – ecnst nd xctv dct Pb intn-

tnl, nztn ntn Cndn ntntnl d.akyaaba addai-sebo – indpndnt Cnsltnt n Pvntv Dpl-

cy nd Cnfct Tnstn, gn.yilmaz akyüz – Tks cnst nd scl.

madeleine albright – C t Ntnl Dctc insttt intntnl as, t Pew glbl atttds Pjct nd ps-dnt t Tn Sclsp ndtn.

sabah al -r ayes – PaCe, Kt.eduardo aninat – Cln cnst, pltcn nd scl.

mnst nnc.k en ash – Dpty dct d, clt nd ss t t

onstn ecnc C-ptn nd Dvlpnt.

Catherine barber – ecnc plcy dvs ox gt Btnnd lct n cncs t t unvsty oxd.

debi barker – exctv dct intntnl on glbl-ztn.

alexandre Chambrier barro – gbns cnst.sylvia borren – Dct Dtc nn-vnntl nztn

Nvb, n t b ncs ox intntnl.william bourdon – Ps ttny, scty-nl t in-

tntnl dtn hn rts Ls.martin bútora – Sclst nd t, Psdnt t insttt

Pblc as, Slvk.




mario Cafiero – antnn pltcn.k im Campbell – P mnst Cnd.

Jorge g. Castañeda – mnst n as, mxc.

Chi steve Chan – Tns pltcn.the r t. h. l ord holme of Cheltenham – Cn t Stn

Ctt t intntnl Cb Cc envn-nt Cssn.

shih-meng Chen – Tns pltcn nd cnst, nd psdnt t Ktln insttt.

mamadou Cissokho – hny psdnt t Cnsl Ntnl dCncttn t d Cpétn rx.

r obert Cooper – Dct-gnl extnl nd Pltc-mltyas, uK/Bl.

pál Csáky – Dpty P mnst, Slvk.stephen m. davis – Spclst n ntntnl cpt vnnc.

Psdnt Dvs glbl advss.thomas C. dawson – acn cnst. Dct t extnl

rltns Dptnt t intntnl mnty nd.

frederik willem de k lerk – psdnt St ac.guido de marCo – Psdnt ets, mlt. James deane – ndn b nd exctv Dct Pns in-

sttt.l ord desai of st Clement danes – Pss ecncs t t

Lndn Scl ecncs. Jiří dienstbier – Czc pltcn, scl nd t. mnst -

n as Czcslvk 1989 t 1992.

deborah doane – C t Core (Cpt rspnsblty) c-ltn v 40 Ngos.

gareth evans – Psdnt intntnl Css gp, astl/Bl-.

franz fisChler – mb t epn Cssn spnsbl aclt, rl Dvlpnt nd ss, nd astn dl nst clt nd sty.

r ian fokker – Spkspsn Nvb ox, Dtc nztn

tn pvty n dvlpn cnts.r osendo fraga – antnn jnlst, pltcl nlyst nd stn.

susan george – nc pltcl scntst, bn n t untd Stts.Vc psdnt aTTaC nc.




bronisław geremek – hstn, mnst n as Plnd.

anthony C. giffard – acn scl spclzn n ss d.

mb t Bd t int Pss Svc.andré gluCksmann – nc plsp nd t.edward goldsmith – Bts scntst, clst nd scl, n -

nnt psnttv t ld nvnntl vnt ndnd T eclst zn.

h. r. h. el hassan bin talal – Pnc t Jdn hst rylDynsty.

váClav havel – Psdnt t Czc rpblc 1993 t 2003.hazel henderson – tlst, uSa.phil henderson – Vc-Psdnt t gn msll nd, uSa.eveline herfkens – uN Scty-gnl’s xctv cdnt

t mllnn Dvlpnt gls Cpn.Colin hines – at Localisation, gt Btn.

Jeremy hobbs – exctv dct ox intntnl.miChael hsiao hsin-huang – hstn nd pltcl scntst, Tn.

ellen hume – wt hs Cspndnt t Wall Street Journal, uSa.anwar ibrahim – Dpty P mnst indns.akira iriyama – Vc-Psdnt t Ssk ac assctn nd

pss t rkky unvsty’s gdt Scl Scl DsnStds.

hiroyuku ishi – Pss t hkkd unvsty, Jpn. Josef Jařab – Pss enls stds, rct t Cntl e-

pn unvsty n Bdpst (1997–1999).erik Jonnaert – Dct cpt xtnl ltns t Pct &

gbl, b t nl ssbly Cpt Scl r-spnsblty – ep (CSr–ep).

wahu k aara – Knyn ctvst. mb t wn’s envnntnd Dvlpnt onstn.

Jürgen k aiser – cdnt t gn Jbl 2000 cpnsnc 1997.

mary k aldor – Dptnt ecncs, LSe, gt Btn.ahmad k amel – B C al-Jz’s Nt nd Cntl e-

p, Bl.






davison mulela – Dpty nst n s Zb.simonetta nardin – Cvl Scty Lsn, im.r iCardo navarro – eclst nd ctvst el Slvd. Cn

nds t et intntnl.boris nemtsov – rssn pltcn.n Joki n Joroge n Jehu – Knyn ctvst. Dct 50 Ys is en

Ntk.wiktor osiatynski – hlsnk ndtn hn rts, Plnd.

John o’sullivan – Jnlst, uK.šimon pánek – Ppl n Nd ndtn, Czc rpblc.r émi parmentier – Spcl advs t gnpc intntnl.Chris patten – Bts pltcn, gvn hn Kn,

gt Btn. Jiří pehe – Dct t N Yk unvsty n P.marCo quinones – Ssk ac assctn p dct, d-

ct Ssk glbl 2000 etp nd Tnzn.t. r aJamoorthy – mlysn ly. edt Third World Resurgence,

t ntly pdcd by t Td wld Ntk.

r obert b. r eiCh – acn pltcn nd scl.federiCo r eyes heroles – Tnspncy intntnl, mxc. Jean-françois r isChard – Lxbs cnst, wld Bnk,

nc.hilton l. r oot – acn scl. hs sc css n t lbl

cny, t xpts n Stst as n ptcl.heinz r othermund – nn dct Sll eP int-

ntnl BV, spnsbl xpltn nd pdctn n Ltn

ac nd Sb-Sn ac. JaCques r upnik – Pltcl scntst, nc.r adomír sabela – Vc-Psdnt nd rnl Dct Plps

mdcl Systs.naJma sadeque – Pkstn t, jnlst nd sc n sc-

cnc sss. ndn b wn’s actn Pkstn.

Jeffrey d. saChs – acn cnst, Dct t hvd inst-

tt intntnl Dvlpnt.ghassan salamé – mnst Clt Lbnn.marC d. sarkady – acn cnst.




yohei sasakawa – Plntpst nd Psdnt t Nppn nd-tn.

k arel sChwarzenberg – Snt, Czc rpblc.

John shattuCk – u.S. abssd t t Czc rpblc.wayne silby – acn cnst nd ly.tom spenCer – exctv dct t epn Cnt Pblc

as nd vstn pss glbl gvnnc t t unv-sty Sy.

Jiřina šiklová – Sclst, Cls unvsty, Czc rpblc.franCisCo thompson-flôres – Dpty Dct-gnl t wld

Td onztn.paul trân van thinh – nc cnst nd ly, bn n Vtn.

ing-wen tsai – Ntnl Plcy advs, Tn. Jakob von uexkull – nd t rt Lvld ad, gt

Btn.ida van veldhuizen-r othenbüCher – abssd t t Czc r-

pblc, t Ntlnds.alberto villareal – ndn b reDeS (Scl ecly

Ntk) – nds t et, uy.martin walker – edt-n-C uPi, uK/uSa. Joseph warungu – Knyn jnlst, tc, plyt nd t.

h jnd t BBC n 1992.franCisCo whitaker – Bzln Jstc nd Pc Cssn, Bzl.r. James woolsey – Dct t Cia, uSa.matti wuori – mb t epn Plnt, b t

nns gn Pty.

mai yamani – Scl, Sd ab/uK.grigory yavlinsky – intntnl Css gp, rss.r ufus h. yerxa – acn dplt nd ly.

James J. zogby – Psdnt t ab acn insttt, uSa.



267Illustrations

Oscar Arias Sánchez – Former President o Costa Rica, Recipient o the Nobel Peace

Prize in 1987

Timothy Garton Ash – Political scientist and writer, United Kingdom

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo – Recipient o the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize, East Timor

Fritjo Capra – Physicist and systems theo-rist, USA



26 Illustrations

Hillary R. Clinton – Senator, USA William J. Clinton – Former President o the United States

H. H. The Dalai Lama – Supreme spiri-tual representative o Tibet

Lord Ral Gustav Dahrendor – Sociologist and political scientist, United Kingdom



26Illustrations

Frederik Willem de Klerk – Former Presi-dent o South Arica, Recipient o the Nobel

Peace Prize 1993

Gareth Evans – Former Minister o For-eign Aairs o Australia

Bronisław Geremek – Historian and mem-ber o the European Parliament, Poland

Anthony Giddens – Sociologist, Director o the London School o Economics, United Kingdom



270 Illustrations

André Glucksman – Philosopher and writ-er, France

Árpád Göncz – Former President o Hun- gary

H. R. H. el Hassan bin Talal – Writer, philosopher and economist, Crown Prince o the Jordanian Hashemite Royal Dynasty

Václav Havel – Writer, leading Czechdissident, President o the Czech Republic rom 1993 to 2003





272 Illustrations

Adam Michnik – Editor-in-Chie o gzt-t wybcz daily, ormer leading dissi-

dent, Poland

Ashis Nandy – Philosopher and political scientist, India

Shimon Peres – Leading Israeli politician, Nobel Prize Laureate 1995

Jeey D. Sachs – Economist, USA



273Illustrations

Helmut Schmidt – Former German Chan-cellor, Germany

Yohei Sasakawa – Philanthropist and Pres-ident o the Nippon Foundation, Japan

Karan Singh – Philosopher, ormer Indian government minister, India

George Soros – Financier, philanthropist and author, USA





275Illustrations

Spanish Hall

Vladislav Hall



276 Illustrations