The Victorian City

go.warwick.ac.uk/hi371

2

Course Tutor Dr Sarah Richardson

Room: Humanities 023

Telephone: 02476 523417

Email: sarah.richardson@warwick.ac.uk

Aims & Objectives The module is a third-year Advanced Option. Advanced Options involve the study of

broad-ranging themes in a comparative and/or interdisciplinary context, and you can

expect them to operate at a rather more sophisticated conceptual level than first or

second-year modules.

Context This option focuses on nineteenth century urban history and complements courses in the

area of nineteenth century British and European history.

Syllabus During the reign of Queen Victoria Britain became more extensively urbanised than ever

before. Fundamental changes took place in the relationship between the city and society.

This course considers the debates about the effect of rapid urbanisation on different

institutions, groups and individuals. An extensive range of primary sources will be used

to assess the problems and opportunities created by the new cities and field trips will be

undertaken to study Victorian cities on the ground. In the second term there will be the

opportunity for students to select their own topics of interest.

Teaching & Learning The course will be taught primarily through seminar discussion, non-assessed short

essays, and (for some students) a 4500 word or dissertation. As a third year student you

will be expected to organise your own learning rather more independently than hitherto.

Seminar time: WEDNESDAYS from 10.00 am-12 noon in Room H0.02

Assessment A choice between a three-hour, three-question exam paper,

or a two-hour, two-question exam paper and 1 x 4500-word essays,

Plus two course essays of around 2000 words (the final course essay may be submitted

as a timed mock exam question). Course essay titles should be chosen from the seminar

questions or in consultation with the tutor.

3

Essay deadlines:

Short essays: Week 8, Terms 1 & 2, Week 4, Term 3

Long essay/Dissertation: Please check student handbooks

Expected Learning Outcomes a) the further development of development of essay-writing and seminar participation

skills

b) an ability to conduct and to critically assess comparative analysis of historical trends

and to engage with interdisciplinary approaches to the study of history

c) to provide the opportunity, through writing a 4500/8000-word essay to develop …

A critical evaluation of sources for the study of urban history

A reflective study of historical and theoretical interpretations

The presentation of research in an imaginative and concise manner

Written communication skills

Bibliographic and research (including ICT mediated) skills

d) development of numeracy skills in the deployment and analysis of quantitative data

Reading Each week there will be key reading set for the seminar. Students are expected to read

all of this unless directed otherwise. The key reading will, as far as possible, be taken

from the course textbook (see below) or be available as a library-only copy or as a

scanned extract available from the module website.

Course Text (Recommended for Purchase)

Chris Williams (ed.), A Companion to Nineteenth-century Britain

General Texts

A Briggs, Victorian Cities

D Cannadine and D Reeder (eds), Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in urban history by H

J Dyos

P Corfield, The Impact of English Towns

M Daunton (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain : 1840-1950 (Cambridge

Urban History of Britain, Vol. 3)

R Dennis, English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century

4

H Dyos and M Wolff (eds), The Victorian City: Images and Realities, 2 vols.

D Fraser, and A Sutcliffe (eds), The Pursuit of Urban History

J Johnson and C Pooley (eds), The Structure of Nineteenth-Century Cities

R J Morris and R Rodger (eds), The Victorian City

F M L Thompson, The Cambridge Social History of Britain, volume 2

P Waller, Town, City and Nation: England, 1850-1914

Contemporary Perspectives of the Victorian City

F Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England

F Engels, The Housing Question

W Cooke Taylor, Notes of a Tour in the Manufacturing Districts

E Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great

Britain

C F G Masterman, The Condition of England

J P Kay-Shuttleworth, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed

in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester

E Howard, Garden Cities of Tomorrow

H Taine, Notes on England

A Bowley and A R Burnett-Hurst, Livelihood and Poverty

F Bell, At the Works

S Rowntree, Poverty

S Rowntree, Poverty and Progress

C Booth, Life and Labour of People in London

J Ruskin, The Crown of Wild Olive: Four Lectures on Industry and War

J L Hammond, The Town Labourer

Novels

C Dickens, Hard Times

E Gaskell, North and South

B Disraeli, Sybil

A Bennett, Clayhanger

5

R Roberts, The Classic Slum

R Roberts, A Ragged Schooling

G Gissing, The Nether World

Electronic Resources

A good general site on all things Victorian is: http://www.victorianweb.org/

This site has been developed by the Institute of Historical Research and includes a

variety of resources on the Victorians:

http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Victorians/index.html

The Centre for Urban History at University of Leicester acts as a hub for urban

history resources: http://www.le.ac.uk/urbanhist/resources/uh_hub.html

A selection of slides from the Victorian City Centre at Liverpool: http://public-

art.shu.ac.uk/other/liverpool/index.html

This site is hosted by the H-Urban group and includes worldwide course materials

on urban history: http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~urban/teach/

Victorian Research Web: http://victorianresearch.org/

Victorian Women Writers project contains digitised texts by on a wide range of

issues by women writing in the nineteenth century:

http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/

The Modern History source book on 19th century Britain:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook20.html

Monuments & Dust: the Culture of Victorian London:

http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/london/index.html

A site on the history of Birmingham hosted by the City Council. Try using search

engines for sites on other Victorian cities: www.birmingham.gov.uk/history

Warwick Library Resources

(http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/main/tealea/arts/history) include:

The Times Digital Archive

Nineteenth-Century British Library Newspapers

British History Online

Dictionary of National Biography

Defining Gender, 1450-1910

BOPCRIS: Official Government publications, 1688-1995

Hansard Digitisation Project

Victorian Database Online

The Making of the Modern World

6

HistPop - Online Population Reports

Modern Record Centre Resources may be found at:

http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/modules/sources/

7

Seminar 1: Urbanisation

Key Texts

D Cannadine, ‘Victorian Cities: How Different?’, Social History, 1977 (and in Morris and

Rodger, The Victorian City)

M Daunton, ‘Introduction’ in Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol 3

H. J. Dyos (ed), The Study of Urban History

Simon Gunn, 'Urbanization' in Chris Williams (ed.), A Companion to Nineteenth-

century Britain

Kate Hill, 'Review Essay: Tales of the City, Discourse and Governance in the Victorian

City', Journal of Urban History, 2007

Tristram Hunt, Building Jerusalem: the rise and fall of the Victorian city, 'Preface -

Manufacturing Cities'

Group Presentation Please choose one British city for a group presentation which will address the questions

below. You may wish to look at issues such population change, the built environment,

trades/economic structure, government, social structure, the poor, immigration, etc.

Town and city histories are found in the local history section of the library in the

classmarks DA 670 passim. For example: Yorkshire books are found under DA 670.97

and West Midlands books under DA 670.83. The Victoria County Histories are also a good

general source of information and many cities have websites outlining their history.

Please could each group post up a summary of their presentation on the module forum

Seminar Questions

How different are Victorian cities?

To what extent was the Victorian city a middle class creation?

Define the concept of the ‘urban’.

How did contemporaries react to the phenomenon of the Victorian city?

Further Reading P Abrams, ‘Towns and economic growth: some theories and problems’, in P Abrams and

E A Wrigley (eds), Towns in Societies: Essays in Economic History and Historical

Sociology

C. Arscott & G. Pollock 'The visual representation of the early nineteenth-century

industrial city', in J. Wolff & J. Seed (eds), The Culture of Capital

A Briggs, Victorian Cities

8

D Cannadine, ‘Urban development in England and America in the nineteenth century:

some comparisons and contrasts’, Economic History Review, 33 (1980)

D Cannadine, ‘Urban history in the UK: the ‘Dyos’ phenomenon’ in Cannadine and

Reeder (eds), Exploring the Urban Past

M Castells, The Urban Question

S Checkland, ‘The British industrial city as history’, Urban Studies, 1 (1964)

B. I. Coleman, The Idea of the City in Nineteenth-Century Britain

P Corfield, The Impact of English Towns

R Dennis, English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century

H Dyos and M Wolff (eds), The Victorian City: Images and Realities, 2 vols

D Fraser, and A Sutcliffe (eds), The Pursuit of Urban History

A Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory. An analysis of the writings of Marx,

Durkheim and Max Weber

J Johnson and C Pooley (eds), The Structure of Nineteenth-Century Cities

A. Lees, Cities Perceived: Urban Society in European and American Thought, 1820-1940

R J Morris and R Rodger (eds), The Victorian City, esp intro

L Mumford, The City

B Robson, Urban Growth: an Approach

F Thompson, ‘Town and city’ in Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain:

1750-1950

P Waller, Town, City and Nation: England, 1850-1914

P. Waller (ed.), The English Urban Landscape

J Walvin, English Urban Life

Max Weber, The City

D Ward, ‘Victorian Cities: How Modern?’, Journal of Historical Geography. 1975

Tina Young Choi, 'Writing the Victorian City', Victorian Studies, 2001

9

Seminar 2: Population

Key Reading

Historical Population Reports: see especially essays on What is a Census?; Urbanisation

and Urban Growth and Historical Research from Census Enumerators Books. But there

are many more essays and resources that will be of use on the site.

Shani D'Cruze, 'The Family' and Ian Whyte, 'Migration and Settlement' in Chris Williams

(ed.), A Companion to Nineteenth-century Britain

David Feldman, 'Migration' and Simon Szreter and Anne Hardy, 'Urban Mortality and

Fertility Patterns' in Martin Daunton (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain

Michael Anderson, 'The Social Implications of Demographic Change' and Leonore

Davidoff, 'The Family in Britain' in F M L Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History

of Britain

Group presentation For this seminar each group will be expected to give a short presentation on the

population characteristics of an industrialised community of your choice. The

presentation should cover the following questions:

How quickly and to what extent did population grow in your chosen community? And to

what effect?

What are the problems with using the population census to study demographic change in

this period?

What does the census reveal about class in the Victorian city? (Consider location,

household size and structure, occupation)

What was the nature of the Victorian family and how did this differ from the household in

your community?

'A community of immigrants'. Is this a good description of the Victorian city?

Census data is available from the following sites:

British History and the Census [Data for the Gorbals, Sandyford and Preston]

Ancestry.co.uk [Data from all censuses 1841-1901; username: VIPSarahRichardson;

password: bitham]

Ashford 1851

Further Reading M. Anderson, Family Structure in nineteenth century Lancashire

W. A. Armstrong, Stability and change in an English country town. A social study of York

1801–51

John Foster, Class struggle and the industrial revolution: early industrial capitalism in

three English towns

10

Eilidh Garrett, Alice Reid, Kevin Schürer and Simon Szreter, Changing family size in

England and Wales: place, class and demography 1891–1911

E. Higgs, A clearer sense of the census

E. Higgs, Making sense of the census: the manuscript returns for England and Wales,

1801-1901

E. Higgs, 'Women, Occupations and Work in the Nineteenth Century Censuses', History

Workshop Journal, 23 (1987)

E. Higgs, 'Domestic Servants and Households in Victorian England', Social History, 8

(1983)

R. Lawton (ed.), The Census and social structure: an interpretive guide to nineteenth

century censuses for England and Wales

Richard Lawton, 'The population of Liverpool in the mid-19th century', Transactions of

the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 107 (1956)

E. A. Wrigley (ed.), Identifying people in the past

E. A. Wrigley (ed.), Nineteenth century society: essays in the use of quantitative

methods for the study of social data

The journal Local Population Studies also has a wealth of relevant articles and

community studies.

11

Seminar 3: Work

Key Texts

P Joyce, ‘Work’ in FML Thompson (ed.), Cambridge Social History of Britain, vol 2.

David Gilbert and Humphrey Southall, 'The Urban Labour Market', in Martin Daunton

(ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain

Sally Alexander, ‘Women’s work in nineteenth-century London’ in Sally Alexander,

Becoming a Woman

A J McIvor, A History of Work in Britain 1880-1950

Seminar questions

What was the meaning of work in the nineteenth century?

How did the ‘culture of the factory’ pervade Victorian cities?

Were the employment opportunities for women in the last half of the nineteenth century

a real advance for equal opportunities?

Account for the prevalence of sweated labour in Victorian Britain.

What were the causes and consequences of the high levels of unemployment and casual

labour in Victorian cities?

Are the census and trade directories problematic as sources to understand working

patterns in nineteenth-century cities?

Sources

British History and the Census [Data for the Gorbals, Sandyford and Preston]

Ancestry.co.uk [Data from all censuses 1841-1901; username: VIPSarahRichardson;

password: bitham]

Ashford 1851

Nineteenth-century trade directories

Further reading D Alexander, Retailing in England during the Industrial Revolution

D Bythell, The Sweated Trades

F Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England

D Green, ‘Street trading in London: a case study of casual labour 1830-60’ in Johnson

and Pooley (eds), The Structure of Nineteenth-Century Cities

S D Chapman, The Cotton Industry in the Industrial Revolution

12

C Chinn, They worked all their lives: women of the urban poor

P Corfield, Power and the Professions

P Corfield and D Keene (eds), Work in Towns, 800-1850

A Howe, The Cotton Masters 1830-1860

G Stedman Jones, Outcast London

E Jordan, ‘Female unemployment, 1851-1911’, Social History, 13 (1988)

P Joyce, Work, Society and Politics

P Joyce, The Historical Meanings of work

A. C. Kay, ‘Small Business, Self-Employment and Women’s Work-Life Choices in

Nineteenth Century London’, in D. Mitch, J. Brown, M. H. D. Van Leeuwen (eds), Origins

of the Modern Career

J Lown, Women and Industrialisation, chaps 1-3

P Malcolmson, ‘Getting a living in the slums of Victorian Kensington’, London Journal, 1

(1975)

Nicola Phillips, Women in Business, 1700-1850

Erika Rappaport, Shopping for Pleasure: Women in the Making of London's West End

R Rodger, ‘Concentration and fragmentation: capital, labor, and the structure of mid-

Victorian Scottish industry’, Journal of Urban History, 14 (1988)

R Samuel, ‘Workshop of the world: steam power and hand technology in mid-Victorian

Britain’, History Workshop, 3 (1977)

G Shaw, ‘Changes in consumer demand and food supply in nineteenth-century British

cities’, Journal of Historical Geography, 11 (1985)

L. Tiersten 'Redefining consumer culture', Radical History Review, 1993

J Treble, Urban Poverty in Britain 1830-1914

J T Ward, The Factory Movement 1830-1855

13

Seminar 4: Power

Key Texts Chris Williams (ed.), A Companion to Nineteeth-Century Britain, Part II: Politics and

Government

Martin Daunton (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Part II: Governance

D Fraser, ‘Politics and the Victorian city’, Urban History Yearbook (1979)

John Garrard, 'Urban Elites, 1850-1914: The rule and decline of a new squirearchy?',

Albion, 1995

E Hennock, ‘Central/local government relationships in England: an outline 1800-1950’,

Urban History Yearbook (1982)

Philip Salmon, '"Reform Should Begin at Home" : English Municipal and Parliamentary

Reform, 1818-32'. Parliamentary History (2005)

Seminar Questions How democratic were the institutions of government in Victorian cities? eg vestries,

municipal government, highway surveyors, overseers of poor etc

What roles were there for the landed elite? the nonconformist middle classes? women?

the poor?

Examine central/local government relations in this period.

Is the history of local government a history of inaction and apathy?

Examine the structures of power in one city using the sources below.

Sources Local History sources from British History Online

The Times Digital Archive

Nineteenth-Century British Library Newspapers

Further Reading C Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations

A Briggs, ‘The background to the English parliamentary reform movement in three

English cities’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 10 (1952).

D Cannadine, (ed.), Patricians, Power and Politics in Nineteenth Century Towns

J J Clarke, A History of Local Government in the United Kingdom

Alan Di Gaetano, 'The Birth of Modern Urban Governance : A Comparison of Political

Modernization in Boston, Massachusetts, and Bristol, England, 1800-1870'. Journal of

Urban History (2009)

14

M Falkus, ‘The development of municipal trading in the nineteenth century’, Business

History, 19 (1977)

D Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England: the Structure of Politics in Victorian Cities

D Fraser, Power and Authority in the Victorian City

D Fraser, (ed.), Municipal Reform and the Industrial City

H Fraser, ‘Municipal Socialism and Social Policy’ in Morris and Rodger, The Victorian City

J Garrard, Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns 1830-80

S Gaskell, Building Control: National Legislation and the Introduction of Local Bye-Laws

in Victorian England

E Hennock, Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality its Nineteenth-Century Urban

Government

P Hollis, Ladies Elect: Women in English Local Government 1865-1914

Tristram Hunt, Building Jerusalem

B Keith-Lucas, English Local Government

B Keith-Lucas, English local government in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

J Kellett, ‘Municipal socialism, enterprise and trading in the Victorian city’, Urban History

Yearbook (1978)

V Lipman, Local Government Areas

R Lambert, ‘Central-Local relations in mid Victorian England’, Victorian Studies, 1962-3

D Owen, The Government of Victorian London

R Rhodes, Control and power in central-local government relations

G Sutherland, Studies in the Growth of nineteenth century government

D Thompson, in J Rendall, Equal or Different?

J Vernon, Politics and People

J Vincent, Poll books: How Victorians Voted

P Waller, Democracy and Sectarianism: a Political and Social History of Liverpool 1868-

1939

K Young and P Garside Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change 1837-1981

15

Seminar 5: Fieldtrip to Bradford The field trip to Bradford is an opportunity to explore many aspects of the Victorian City.

There will be student-led site visits to Little Germany, Undercliffe Cemetery, Saltaire and

Manningham Mills.

An annotated map of the visit may be found on the module website.

Students should annotate the maps with their research findings from the field trip. In

particular, they should focus on how characteristics of class and housing were

represented in the various sites. Instructions on how to edit maps and web pages may

be found on the website.

Additional research resources include:

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

Nineteenth-century British Newspapers

The Times

UK Census Collection

Little Germany

View the map of Little Germany on the module website.

See also:

Bradford Jewish Heritage Trail

Census for Little Germany 1881

Consider:

Size and layout of premises

Proximity of buildings to each other

Decoration and architectural style

Access to premises

Width of streets

Housing

Undercliffe Cemetery See also:

Notable graves at Undercliffe Cemetery

Bradford Council Information Leaflet on the Undercliffe Conservation area

Consider the following:

16

Inscriptions - the positive identities portrayed (civic, family, district and occupational)

Grave architecture

Causes of death

Location of cemetery - note landscape of Victorian city - Bradford’s location in several

valleys - housing etc.

Saltaire

View the map of Saltaire on the module website

See also:

1881 Census for Saltaire (Shipley, Yorkshire: Enumeration District 16)

Saltaire - Visit Bradford site

Saltaire - Saltaire Village site

Consider the following:

Working environments

Class distinctions in housing

Zoning of village

Village facilities

Manningham Mills Lister built Manningham to house the machinery he had invented to make silk, plushes

and velvet after the original premises burnt down in 1871. The style was Italianate, the

central feature was the chimney, 250 feet high weighing 8,000 tons. Lister was a multi-

millionaire owning several valuable estates at Addingham, Manningham, Horton and

Bradford. He vacated his Bradford home, Manningham Hall in 1870 selling the buildings

and grounds to Bradford Corporation for use as a park. It was named Lister Park and

Lister later gave £50,000 towards the building of the Cartwright Memorial Hall (now an

art gallery).

Manningham Mills is remembered as the site of a bitter strike which lasted from

December 1890 to April 1891. It resulted in the company’s proposal to reduce wages for

staff in the plush department because of the imposition of tariffs by the US. Lister

refused to give in to demands by the workers who were locked out during a bitter winter.

They were not supported by a strike fund. The spinners were the first to resume working

and the remainder were forced back to work. The strike is regarded as a landmark in

industrial relations history. Within a few months of the end of the strike, 10,000 West

Riding textile workers had elected to become members of trade unions. The strike was

also the impetus for the formation of the ILP at Bradford in 1893.

17

Back-to back housing as well as housing for the overlookers and other members of the

petty bourgeoisie can be seen in the streets surrounding Manningham Mills. Back-to-

backs were built in short rows or in blocks of four. They could not be through-ventilated

and much medical opinion blamed the housing for the spread of disease because of the

build-up of noxious vapours. Of course much of the disease was in fact caused by

overcrowding, polluted water and inadequate hygiene. The back-to-backs however were

built around tiny courtyards which the sun barely penetrated. They were cold and damp

and the sight and smell of the privies were a few feet from the dwellings. They often

contained cellar dwellings which were let separately. They had their backs against earth

and were sunless, damp and gloomy. Some were built close to streams or below the

main level of sewers which could then flood and ooze through the walls. The houses

themselves were around 4 yards square in total and could house more than one family.

A social reform report of 1845 for example noted a family of eight living in Bradford in

just two rooms. A second example noted: ‘Four persons work in the upper apartment, in

which a man and his wife sleep. They had to cease from work a week since whilst the

woman was lying in [giving birth]. She now lies in the same bed exposed to their gaze. A

dead child is laid in the same room’. The building of back-to-backs was outlawed by the

1909 Housing Act. The houses in the streets around Manningham are some of the last to

be built.

Consider:

The contrast with Saltaire

The design of the factory

Housing conditions

18

Seminar 6: Housing

Key Texts

R Dennis, ‘The geography of Victorian values: philanthropic housing in London, 1840-

1900’, Journal of Historical Geography, 15 (1989)

L Davidoff and C Hall, ‘The architecture of public and private life: English middle class

society in a provincial town’ in D Fraser and A Sutcliffe (ed.), The Pursuit of Urban

History

H J Dyos and D Reeder, ‘Slums and suburbs’ in Dyos and Wolff (eds), The Victorian City:

Images and Reality volume 2

Martin Daunton (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Part III: Construction

Martin Daunton 'Housing' in F M L Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of

Britain

R Rodger, 'Slums and Suburbs: the persistance of residential apartheid', in P. J. Waller

(ed.), The English Urban Landscape

Seminar Questions

How adequate was the response in this period to the housing problems of the urban

poor?

"The Victorian suburb meant more culturally than it did physically". Discuss.

Were the model villages of nineteenth-century Britain a solution to the problems of

housing the labouring classes or a reflection of the problems?

How important was early state housing in improving living conditions for the masses?

Further Reading: General D Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: the Aristocracy and the Towns 1774-1967

J Burnett, A Social History of Housing 1815-1970

M Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff 1870-1914

N Evans, ‘The Welsh Victorian City: the middle class, civic and national consciousness in

Cardiff’, Welsh History Review, 1983

J Melling (ed.), Housing, Social Policy and the State

R Pritchard, Housing and the Spatial Structure of the City: Residential Mobility and the

Housing Market in an English City since the Industrial Revolution

R Rodger, Housing in Urban Britain 1780-1914: Class, Capitalism and Construction

M Swenarton, Homes Fit For Heroes: The Politics and Architecture of Early State Housing

in Britain

19

F M L Thompson, Hampstead. Building a Borough 1650-1964

Model Villages Port Sunlight

Saltaire - Visit Bradford site

Saltaire - Saltaire Village site

G Darley, Villages of Vision

W L Creese, The search for environment: the garden city before and after

Daniel Maudlin, 'Robert Mylne, Thomas Telford and the architecture of improvement: the

planned villages of the British Fisheries Society, 1786–1817', Urban History, 2007

Ian C Bradley, 'Titus Salt: Enlightened Entrepreneur', in Gordon Marsden (ed.), Victorian

Values: Personalities and Perspectives in nineteenth-century society

S Pollard, ‘The Factory Village in the Industrial Revolution’, English Historical Review, 79,

1964

W Ashworth, The Genesis of Modern British Town Planning

W Ashworth, ‘British Industrial Villages in the nineteenth century’, Economic History

Review, 3, 1951

J A Jowitt (ed.), Model Industrial Communities in Mid-Nineteenth century Yorkshire

P Joyce, Work, Society and Politics

T Koditschek, Class formation and Urban-industrial Society: Bradford, 1750-1850

D Roberts, Paternalism in early Victorian England

S Gaskell, Model Housing: from the Great Exhibition to the Festival of Britain

Kathleen Woodroofe 'The Irascible Reverend Henry Solly and His Contribution to Working

Men's Clubs, Charity Organization, and "Industrial Villages" in Victorian England', Social

Service Review, 1975

Working-class housing M W Beresford, East End, West End. The Face of Leeds During Urbanisation, 1684-1842

S Chapman, (ed.) The History of Working-Class Housing: A symposium. Studies by Wohl

(London), Butt (Glasgow), Beresford (Leeds), Chapman (Nottingham), Treble

(Liverpool), Chapman and Barrett (Birmingham), Smith (mainly Rochdale, Milnrow,

Middleton), Ball (Ebbw Vale).

20

M Daunton, House and Home in the Victorian City: Working-Class Housing 1850-1914

H J Dyos, ‘The slums of Victorian London’, Victorian Studies, 11 (1967)

J Foster, ‘How imperial London preserved its slums’, International Journal of Urban and

Regional Research, 3 (1979)

S Gaskell, (ed.), Slums

E Gauldie, Cruel habitations: A history of working class housing

E Hopkins, ‘Working-class housing in the smaller industrial town in the nineteenth

century: Stourbridge - a case study’, Midland History, 3 (1978)

A Mayne, 'Representing the Slum', Urban History, 1990

A Mayne, The Imagined Slum (1993) see also the review by Englander in Urban History,

1994

S Muthesius, The English Terraced House

C Pooley, ‘Housing for the poorest poor: slum clearance and rehousing in Liverpool

1890-1918’, Journal of Historical Geography, 11 (1985)

R Rodger, ‘Political economy, ideology and the continuing problem of working-class

housing in Britain, 1840-1914’, International Review of Social History, 32 (1987)

J Tarn, Working-Class Housing in Nineteenth-Century Britain

J Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy: an Account of Housing in Urban Areas between 1840

and 1914

D Ward, ‘The Victorian slum: an enduring myth’, Annals of the Association of American

Geographers, 66 (1976)

D Ward, ‘Environs and neighbours in the "Two Nations": residential differentiation in

mid-nineteenth-century Leeds’, Journal of Historical Geography, 6 (1980)

J Yelling, Slums and Slum Clearance in Victorian London

Suburbia H J Dyos, Victorian Suburb: a Study of the Growth of Camberwell

H J Dyos and D Reeder, ‘Slums and suburbs’ in Dyos and Wolff (eds), The Victorian City:

Images and Reality volume 2

Tristram Hunt, Building the New Jerusalem, part III

D Reeder, ‘A theatre of suburbs: some patterns of development in west London 1801-

1911’ in Dyos (ed.), The Study of Urban History

21

M Simpson and T Lloyd (eds), Middle-Class Housing in Britain

F M L Thompson (ed.), The Rise of Suburbia

22

Seminar 7: Class

Key Texts

Martin Hewitt, 'Class and the Classes' in Chris Williams (ed.), A Companion to

Nineteenth-Century Britain

Richard Trainor, 'The Middle Class' in Martin Daunton (ed.), The Cambridge Urban

History of Britain

J Foster, ‘Nineteenth-century towns - a class dimension’ in Dyos (ed.), The Study of

Urban History

D Gadian, ‘Class consciousness in Oldham and other north-west industrial towns’ in

Morris and Rodger, Historical Journal, 1978

R. A. Sykes, 'Some aspects of working-class consciousness in Oldham, 1830-1842',

Historical Journal, 1980

M. S. Hickox, 'The English Middle-Class Debate', British Journal of Sociology, 1995

Seminar Questions

Is a study of class important to understand the Victorian City?

Were Victorian cities an expression of class conflict and a site of class struggle?

Did the urban middle class develop an ideology of their own?

How important were gender ideologies in the development of class identities?

How were class identities represented in the fabric of the city? (Use Bradford case

studies)

Further reading P Atkins, ‘The spatial configuration of class solidarity in London's west end 1792-1939’,

Urban History Yearbook, 17 (1990)

Joanna Bourke, Working class cultures in Britain

Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches

G Crossick, An Artisan Elite in Victorian Society: Kentish London, 1840-1880

L Davidoff and C Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class

J Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution

D Feldman and G Stedman Jones. (eds), Metropolis London: Histories and

Representations since 1800

R Gray, The Labour Aristocracy in Victorian Edinburgh

23

C Hall, ‘Private persons versus public someones: class, gender and politics 1780-1850’ in

C. Steedman, Language, Gender and Childhood

C Hall, ‘The Early Formation of Victorian Domestic Ideology’ in S. Burman, Fit Work for

Women

P Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class 1848-1914

P Joyce, Class

P Joyce, 'A people and a class : industrial workers and the social order in nineteenth-

century England', in Michael Bush, (ed.), Social orders and social classes in Europe since

1500 : studies in social stratification

A Kidd, ‘The Middle class in 19th century Manchester’ in Kidd and Roberts, City, Class and

Culture

R McKibbin, Ideologies of Class

G Stedman Jones, Outcast London: a Study in the Relationship Between Classes in

Victorian Society

N Kirk, Change, continuity and class: Labour in British society, 1850-1920

T Koditschek, Class formation and Urban-industrial Society: Bradford, 1750-1850

Lyn Hollen Lees, ‘The study of social conflict in English industrial towns', Urban History

Yearbook (1980)

R Morris, (ed.) Class, Power and Social Structure in British Nineteenth-Century Towns

Stana Nenadic, 'Businessmen, the urban middle classes and the dominance of

manufacturers in nineteenth century Britain', Economic History Review, 1991

A J Reid, Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850-1914

W Rubinstein, ‘The Victorian middle classes: wealth, occupation and geography',

Economic History Review, 35 (1982)

D Smith, Conflict and Compromise: Class Formation in English Society, 1830-1914: a

Comparative Study of Birmingham and Sheffield

R Swift and S Gilley (eds) The Irish in the Victorian City

R Swift, ‘The outcast Irish in the British Victorian city: problems and perspectives’, Irish

Historical Studies (1987)

P. Thane 'Aristocracy and middle class in Victorian England', in A. Birke & L. Kettenacker

(eds), Middle Classes, Aristocracy and Monarchy

J Tosh, A Man’s Place

24

F M L Thompson, The rise of respectable society

F M L Thompson, ‘Social control in Victorian Britain’, Economic History Review, 34 (1981)

R Trainor, ‘Urban Elites in Victorian Britain’, Urban History Yearbook, (1985)

M J Wiener, English culture and the decline of the industrial spirit

J Wolff and J. Seed (eds), The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-century

Middle Class