The Value of Measurements and Where they Apply

Data Requirements for Evaluation of Population Policy

Liezl Coetzee

Southern Hemisphere Consultants

liezl@southernhemisphere.co.za

Context South African Population Policy

Adopted by Parliament in April 1998 Follows on International Conference on

Population and Development (ICPD) - Cairo 1994

Shift to Developmental Focus Coincides with new political dispensation

Evaluating policy impact Data Requirements & Challenges

Overview Population Policy and Development

Goal & Objectives Implementation – multi stakeholder process Shift in emphasis: Demographics to

Development Population & Development – impacts,

linkages & strategies Data requirements

Link demographic & development variables Review of assessments

Challenges to measuring ‘Impact’

Policy goal & Objectives Goal:

“Bring about changes in the determinants of the country’s population trends, so that these trends are consistent with the achievement of sustainable human development.”

Objectives:1. Ensure systematic integration of

population factors into all policies, plans, programs and strategies aimed at enhancing quality of life at all levels and in all sectors;

2. Ensure a coordinated, multi-sectoral, interdisciplinary & integrated approach in design and implementation of programs & interventions that impact on major national population concerns.

3. Ensure availability of reliable, up-to-date information on population and human development situation to inform policy making & program design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at all levels and in all sectors;

Population Policy Implementation

Implemented by National & Provincial Population Units (Dept. Social Development)

Multi-sectoral & multi disciplinary Collaboration of all departments + civil society partners Integrate population issues in policies, programmes &

projects Address population concerns in sustainable

development context Challenges to co-ordinating implementing partners.

Shift in emphasis

Former focus fertility, mortality, family planning – quantitative

demographic targets to measure success New focus

impacts of demographics on development – qualitative indicators to measure living standards

Implications for monitoring & evaluating impact… How to measure “development”?

Population Policy Strategies Population and human development:

1. poverty reduction2. environmental sustainability3. health, mortality and fertility4. gender, women, youth and children5. education6. employment7. migration and urbanization.

Policy implementation capacity:8. co-ordination and capacity building for integrating

population and development planning9. advocacy and population information, education and

communication (IEC)10. data collection and research.

Population Policy & Data

Capacity for implementation weak i.t.o. Availability of data & information Institutional & technical capacity.

To build capacity, the policy set an objective To “Ensure availability of reliable, up-to-date

information on the population and human development situation to inform policy making & program design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at all levels and in all sectors.”

Emphasis on availability of information to inform policy making.

Population Policy Impact Assessment M&E Requirements

Investigation of the mutual impact of development variables on population variables, and vice versa

Monitoring and evaluation of dynamics between variables

Interventions to influence these interrelationships Policy Impact assessments to date

2000, 2004 - Key findings related to data 2008

Key findings related to implementation & data Impacts over 10 years?

2000 – Evaluation of Policy Strategies1. Co-ordination and capacity building for integrating

population and development planning 2. Advocacy And Population Information, Education And

Communication3. Poverty Reduction4. Environmental Sustainability5. Health, Mortality And Fertility6. Gender, Women, Youth And Children7. Education8. Employment9. Migration And Urbanization10. Data Collection And Research

2000 – Key Findings: Data Collection And Research Programs do not support the essence of the population

policy strategy on data collection and research: Lack of commitment, technical capacity and mechanisms

to promote an integrated approach for data and information management

Little if any sharing and mutual utilization of data and information. Systems developed in different departments inaccessible for other users outside the department.

Little evidence of ways to ensure that primary data and information are further analyzed and interpreted for use by secondary users

“Silo planning” Need analyzed and interpreted population information in

user-friendly and accessible formats.

2004 Evaluation Population size, structure and distribution Fertility rates and trends Morbidity and mortality trends Migration & Urbanization Trends Achievements and challenges

Gender, Women, Children and Youth; Health; Employment; Poverty; Education; Environmental sustainability and natural resources

Coordination & Capacity building Data collection and research

Population and development information Population and development research, trends analysis,

monitoring and evaluation Population units

Advocacy and Information, Education And Communication

2004 – Key Findings: Data Data gathering

Population and Development Information Service (Dept Social Development, 1999)

National Statistics System Information Sharing

Southern Africa Research on Poverty Network (SARPN) Housing and Urbanisation Information System (HUIS) Municipal Demarcation Board databases Education Management Information System, National Centre for

Curriculum Research and Development Research initiatives around population and development issues:

Government Departments Academic institutions

“Progress has been made with the implementation of the policy, in all sectors.”

2008 Assessment Examine extent to which “population & development situation”

changed since early 1990s, in context of new political dispensation.

Themes:1. Introduction: Overview of population trends and dynamics in the

country2. HIV/Aids 3. Sexual and reproductive health and rights4. Youth 5. Children and families 6. Migration and urbanization 7. Gender equality, equity & empowerment of women 8. Population, environment and development 9. Poverty & inequality,10. Population & development research, technical capacity

development and institutional arrangements for policy implementation

Key findings – Implementation Indicators :

Output performance indicators & targets for implementation, not suitable for measuring ‘impact’

Institutional system Numerous initiatives : Research, Advocacy, Capacity

Building Significant activity & output, relevant projects Appropriate synergies Points to effective institutional system for policy

implementation. But doesn’t measure… Impact…

2008 – Key Findings – Data Data quality & collection procedures serious

problems Questionable validity Comparability of datasets difficult

No numerical targets in 1998 Population Policy, difficult to evaluate progress made in

implementation; problem of attribution. What do we know and what don’t we?

What we know… Proportions

And what we don’t… Actual numbers E.g’s: Population size, growth estimates, migration

Human Development Index (HDI) Lifespan, Education, Income SA’s performance:

Up 1975 – 1995 Down 1995 – 2005 (policy period…)

HDI unpacked Life expectancy down (HIV…) Education up (and then?) Income up (but is it sustainable?)

2008 – Key Findings – Impact

Life expectancy

Overall decrease in life expectancy: 1997: 54.7 – 2007: 50 Lack of consensus about Life Expectancy calculation–

limitations of data reliability before 2000 Since 2000 – “increasing mortality, especially of the

young” Impact of HIV/AIDS

Stabilising but at high levels of infection Don’t know actual # HIV+ people Women worst affected ANC prevalence up (but why?)

Education Overall increase in Adult Literacy (1995: 69.6% - 2006:

74.4%) Different datasets and criteria for ‘Adult literacy’ complicate

assessment – South African (>20years) and ‘HDI’ (>15 years) figures differ

Gross enrolment rate (GER) (# learners per education level/ # persons corresponding to official age for level.) Primary

Boys and girls higher than expected (GER>100); Girls > boys Secondary

Boys and girls lower than expected (GER<100); Girls < boys Tertiary

Overall upward trend: 2000: 1.3% - 2006: 1.6% ~3.6%pa growth (population growth 1.2%)

Better education, but youth dying young because of HIV/ emigrating, so what is real impact?

Income Equality? Productivity? (In)equality:

Mean: 1995: R1 101.48 – 2005: R 1514.81. = 37% Median: 1995: R428.74 – 2005: R483.87. = 12.9% Mean consistently higher, and increased more than median from 1995-

2000 - distribution skewed to right: Few (and fewer) rich and more poor.

Income up, but is productivity? Social grants recipients up: 1996/7: 2.4m – 2007/8: 12.3m =~25.5% of

total population Employment growth: 2001: 24.9%– 2007: 27.4% (=2.4%pa)

(Unemployment down: ‘Official: 29.4% - 23%; ‘Unofficial’: 40% - 34.3%) Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP): Temporary job

opportunities up: 2004/5: 174 854 – 2007/8: 291 953 (~1mil in total) Implications for sustainability?

Challenges to measuring Policy Impact’ Heavy reliance on existing information, not always

in compatible formats Monitoring change - Accurate & consistent data

collection & analysis NB Attributing change to policy Defining ‘success’ – what if…? Policy Evaluations

Output/ Performance indicators can be used to evaluate implementation

But ‘Impact’… ???