THE DTFFERI3G BOLES OF IhTE L T'Z UT T;:"ILS 1U FOmE M P a R - 9 R Y FRANCE, ENG I,ANn AhT RhY'IE9ICA

Thc term "iJlteMeduaEqbsuff~rs from a g ~ d deal of irnprrvisinn, Tt is hcncr mamrlslol-y to c k l ' i ~ ~ : r:laar-Ly i n w l m at+mirn i t wi l l by uaed in the p q e u that follow, Drfinitinns , here as elsawhew, far frnrn being neutral, have s i ~ t i i f i ~ x h l cunqe-

I5 one deCinefi as i n t ~ l l ~ c t u a l s all thme w~ha have attainrrl sarnrt. scad~mic degree or who have k e n explnsed t o an a a d e m i r atrnmphe m Tor a wrlni n p ~ r i o c l of rime, then one i s likrly to cmerp with the cnncluait,n that in te l l rc tua ls h a w attained unpsemd~n-led status and rank In tho rnocTrrn Weslcm wurld, that, in h c t ,

they never had I t so ~ o o d . II everyone tvith 3 d e ~ r c , fnrsm phrsics to hemp

~conornim * F~*am English literature to soil mnservxtion is rrcknmd among fnte- l r c t u n k , &en one is bound tn arrive at the conrlus ion that in te l l rc tua ls are a r a ~ ~ i d l y oxpanding category af as crndnnf rnpn in al t modern ur murlernixing- suaietba~ ,

Such witTe-rangin~ d r f nit iom do not seem to be helpful for the purmqrs I haw R B ~ for m p e l f . They o b l i l ~ ~ r a t ~ , a r ~o it wnukl scent iu me, a nruci:il distinction hcltwecn men who do creativr: ~ v o ~ l r i n t h r fit-Id of I dens and those who a t-c .c-rtgagr.tl in npecinlf zed mental operat mnn. t h c s ~ l a t r~r rnlgkr be calkrt mental Lechn~rian~, and thevwrill mi be c n n r i d ~ w d iq tlnis pnpPr.

much la1 Sr ts . lhr - 2 -a- --

A more usrftir delinilion of the peculiar and di~l inct ivc charncteristirs uf int~lTrrr lunls may be rrxchcrl ~ h r n .Lhc~+ are spen as a numerica l ly smal l y ~ t ~ u a l j t a f i r r l y important category nf mcn whcl diffrr in important ways rrom !he

E e r n u m b r of persons engaged in t h r rnsnipulsilinn n f s y r n b ~ l s in ihe 2 srionces, and rr1;llgion. Ii%rrllnctuale, r H d i r t i n ~ t lrnm mental tmch-

rucwnr. exhibit R capaoltv .to deb& themselves Twrn immediate and p r a ~ m a t i c hmd. They are cornmittcclto a camprelrensive e e n c ~ f general valurn ~r l ing nsrmwcr ncrupatiom~l o r profess i o n ~ l In%folrsernents 41 1,

Jlax bY2'rkr le well-lcrmlvn rli.~t jnutloti betwccm~ IIIF~L s l ~ r ~ I i b r 'Torv j ~ r r l j 1iz.s

ant1 rnfn whn Livr Tof I t pulitias may srnrr us iwrlt to d~l iwntr furihcr rhp fealures 01 Ihr in t~l lac l u a l vocation. Hr who l i r ~ e s "'lor" pal i t i~s + SYebpr suggrstrd. *'rn:ikr~s politiru hia lifv in an intrr~a,! s r s .

' "He who strives in mnk? politics a p~rrn:knrnt smtrce of inromr: liws -r~ff"titit5,'f W r might then rnalre a ~ l r n i [ ~ r d t s ~ i n b i o n 1w~w~~r'~err men whn I i r r 'nffr 1de.m am! thmc who l i r e ufor'l ideas . h e

~ V P B '0f1' ideas when One mites, say, for T& rnaga~inc, o m Lives Varf idea^ %xrhrn, as writer, one pltchrs nnr 's ur~rli b~yosurl eammercinI c ~ ~ i d e ~ ~ t i o n s .

A few Eudhar qua l i f i ca t i a~ necd l a hca a d d ~ d brfnp n7p prorcrd tn 1 he sul~stmce nf t h i s p p r r : IntrIlrctaals nrc ihvol~ed in the psoductian and d i s r r ~ l ~ u l i o n of ideas, but, an distinct from. 471!+, mrdleval chul-clumen ur modcrn politis11 prlrrpagnndists, Lhey rultivztc :I cri t lci~l :~ttirudo towarc1 all r r c ~ i v c d Idcas. Thrg trwl to scrutintzc and l o w e i q l ~ the assumptinns and s t ~ r y l n t y p s that prcmil in thrir timr and rniliru. The4' are tl1n5r who, EL- C.IL.I PICL-ICV I' oncr p~1L

i t , 'Think othcnviqc." They &re, to quotr -T"liontcin V p h I ~ n . f ' d i s i u r b r ~ of intellectual pact=. " IntrllecLuaLs, WIN te In snme r r a pert thp d~swnda-srts .of 2hc priestly uphol i l s r s of cacrcil t a d i i i u n , 3 nt the sktmc t imr drsc~nd;inr. .~ crf thr biblical pmphcts, n rv r r sat-islied with things as t l ~ v arr., r v c r wady to cmtigate lhc. men uf inwar fnr ThrIr drpatllurr? lrurn L ~ c 'irxy UP r~gh teousWSS, qucstir>nlnS; t h e truth of the moment from Ihc vantaqc pnlnl al 3 hishrr and wirlrr t r u t h , and cons iclering thcmvclvrs thc r;pccial susloclians ol s u c h at3saract nntiom as rewon, juqtlw am.[ t ru th .

may rye 1 O p p n h e nlso plx

R'hcn terms such as: l'infellcchal'r ur "'menial tnchl-rician" an- k i n g used, it nuaht, to be kept clenrli. in mind thrit r r f ~ rrnrc is mtldr B~rte ncrt icr concr~l-lr?

ns but tn social r Zit ent times , -&TI E #Illy ss1Tul spe cinliv ts sr-u KC-y [la t ~ O L P K

in tIw wider ~ullussr.

Lh 1 ~ 3 1 ~ s

IT all hi Intrllrct

O m l,wt qualiftcation: .rust likr in r h c so.cjo1ug.y of r;ldwrrs, tllc s o c i u k a ~ ad intrllectlznb must he a-ttenti~rc ta thr dis trnclim hpiwren s ~ l l f - M i n i t ion and clefinition by others. The fact t h a t snmrhdr i rlcfims lrrmsall LY an intrllrctual dues mnt ~ y t Imply lhal t h i s claim is rndnr5t.d by signif~ssnT others, and , ~nvcrsely, some pcoplr may be labeled intelle~tuals rvi? l~nut t h~ ir h:iving Ihr feelinp; that .the) are in FA&+ This last cmc is amusingly cxcrnpliiio~l in a novel lsg Randall Jarel l liphere he says .rrf nnr al this chnrsctrrs, "We had ncver k e n w h ~ t idellccltuah cona ider an intc llrctaal, but otlle r ~ c r p l e had LhougM h i m OM, afKt he had to suIPt?r the soriscqwtlCrs of t h ~ j r r n f l i~ i ak~ . '"

I trike i t to tK- axiomatic that i n t r l [ r r t z t n l ~ as social iyws cam r r n c r g r onlv I F and whcn ~ ~ . F L * F C X ~ R ~ S an imtltu.tiomL eni- i r -m~nt whirh is conducive to the i r grm?h. Thcrc 1s rrxmn to believe ~hak men hrtvitq tlze pstenti~lity. lbs nn ~a?el!ectoal v~cat inn h a w rx ix t r r l at a113 lime..;, hrtt intcllnctuals as srlf-c.ow;cions

cnrrgcries nP men 1~1th d4stlnct common outlooks and life styles could emerge 1-rn3r ivhen nn i~sl t tut inn;i l spiting wa3 g r n i ~ i c l ~ d f o r them, Yn partirruI:~r, intr I- leci-u:rl=i rw~rl an aradieilce, ii ciruTr crf people tu whom they can a d d r r z s them- .sel~ner and v,rhri CEZR hciilo'tv remgnitinn. a l ~ d Ihcv ncctl r r g u h r cnntbr t >with l h ~ i r Iu llcl-ur inrc l lrciuak. f u r rmly WAFT) t.hcx;r; a r r in contart svil 11 r a c h n6 hcr can they evnZv~ commfin s ~a,ndards and n n r m !CI ~ w I ( " i ~ b i r rnnducj .

b4mt high c u l t ~ e r r s $lave prav idc-rl cme gtwg~-aph~caI and spl r i i~ l ;~ l c r n t c I- ,

it ;in wo ra a pmzza. or a colrpchr~uur~ rlidl-~cf in I h r c:lpiial, ih:~t pr~b~lF.'ld~d an inntilrtd i u m ~ setting f n r iate/l~aiua! life, Kg crmrrasj, 011r mf thr nlriking. and s n ~ i n l n ~ i c n l l y sighihirspt ehar:actcristlcc nbnut Jkrnerican illtcllsctual llfc, to which we now tlrrn, is t l~o fact that mlhing of thr: kind Itm r v r r ~ x j s t r d in that cnuntsy. I n !he middl r nf t h r n i m l w n t h wniurv Bor3ton prci~IdrcT tbr emhryantc f r r ~ m s of such a ccenier, l3ui the cr~l turs l prixlominancr of Aastrsn apaa soon rhx l l~ngrd and remained shor t - l ived . Befa* the f i r s t i%rc>l-ld iVar, Grrrnuiich Village senrrd as t h e ~ a t h c r i r g graur~d nt most uarig~~ard trends iitl litcraturc and t h e arts, but it. decl ined rxpidly w i l h thc corning of tlzs w a r and ncver agsliaphczrcd t h e samr i n m v a l i n ~ mls. It i s now the gnlhering vnund nf n f r i n g ~ ot pam2-timr or lull-timr lmhcrnians who h a w onlv mam-inrrl s igniticflnce i n the, cuHaraal 1 ife of the rest of thr country.

Thr f i~nc t ioml as wr13 nn the p a g r a p l ~ i c Iraqmentatirrn of i n t r l l r c t u a l lrfe 1s cina rlr khrl mctct irnpriant i~rts, thnf I r : k v ~ In l~ unclarstoml i f an* v:ishue to

come In g r i p ! with thr mlcs sf in te l lec tua l s in contempor-i~ry r ' imer i ra . A4meric%1s pntiticzl liie i ~ , ~nt rnuFr, centered In fV~s111n~nn and Ilcnt.~ al l Ihu.3~ in le l l~dmh uha in ow way r j r . anni h r i * :1rci ~ierl ro rrntit,n:il ~cillitic.: anrl c idrnin~sl~~nt lon, Isurn high ;hev~l poiitlcal rmmmcntatnrx to inle llcclrrxl a r s c m i - i n t r i l r ~ ~ . r l ~ ~ l adaljsot-s. rr.{lrn I-mlitical actors wlih anmc jnlrllrclual prcLrnsirn1~ In h~~l i - l r . -vr l p l anx r rn , reside in 1 . h ~ i r r n n p r ~ l y in l T f ~ ~ l ~ i n g t ? n , 1Jrrhli~t~Lnq nnd ~ r l i l i n g of I.~noks and magx?ines, an t j t r ntlirs hnnrl. is cen.lc.~-sd prscEnrn~nnnl l~ in Yew York Cibg. There are, Lo I J ~ s u ~ r . a I'rw well-r?cllablishc.rl p u b l i ~ h i n g hnzlses in Ms ton , but they f ~ r r w n t n o r l i~ l inc t r h a r ~ c ~ r r j s ~ i r ~ 01 their O%R 8nd m3v h cnnsidrrrd in

IN? t3ranche:: af ttir Krrv York ~ m h l l s h i n ~ world.

The ac r fo rmin~ as~l Lha v i sua l ;ii-ts ayr l i k r w i s ~ ~ l r r ~ n i n ~ d ~ r l t ~ y VPU. Ynrk* A composer o r ps~a?cr 1s not likely to h ~ x r a t ~ d rrc ry high beturc he hfls rewirred r l ~ r s tamp u l recognitiarl 01 a ~ w r r o r m a n c r or an suhihI t in 1hnl c*ity. By cuntr i is t ,

Ir mraki ng i~ s r i l l cc'ntrl-rcl in I .w A n g ~ l w . Most I r-ilpo 12:lnlly. tk wolrId sf a chnlars h i p 1s irngmrnlrd kn n n u m t ~ r nf main r* canttars nc mss P l u ~ r:r~terilry or h ~ l i i c l l C:~rnl~i.iiEqe.., Hcrlrclrr.. ?JRu~ Torli and Chicafin m:ry hr- ~ n i i l to k t h ~ must

sign~rficxnl.

This ~feogs-aphic.ai 2nd Irtnrtir~nnl d i q y ~ s l o n is :1ssf~ci:1lec8 wilh ,zn exrrt?ding[r; W e a k ~ ? l ~ d sense id m h r s ~ o n or^ Ihe pstrt u l lhr intr*llccttial cnrnmunTt,v. In fael, one anigl-rl, even rlnktllt w h e l h ~ r such a gvnrra l jntrllactuat m m m u t ~ i t y exists st x11,

There is little inte l l ~ t u a l collc;sgl~kkhip, In additiun, this fmqrnentaflon g o 6 together with the failure of a stablr znd cohtsitx anudienw t>r yublir to emema. Wri ters and afiists either have no ma1 sense as to who it is they ~ I d r r s s them- s.iclves to, or they speak to a cliquish and pomchial inner cotcrir which fnstc.1-j quick euccessicrn sf fads and fashinm while p~nviding no grounds for t h ~ rrnerRcncct of a sectire awl rrrrbativelp enduriw tradi~ion.

1g !iF>r,~rC

wr i t e r s . .

American Inlr llcctunb , thcaqqh they may Lhil3k of thrlrnqr TVL-s as national t~gurrts, are Gikely t o movp in fairly rrstrictcd and lncni~ztxi orbits. I l c n ~ e Han~ard profeeqors, being mainly imrncrned In Ihe CsmFrrridge ~ c a d e m i c milieu, may know hwC to nathiv ran guard i n t e l b r e loprnenls in 1lw IC) rld of MR~ Torlr artists xnc % , C~nie-rsely~ 1 i hhn~fhched i r ~ t ~ !lect~t~!.,~ may hrrve only the haziest rtntmris about tlae worlu ot xcxdernic s dlulnrsbip. T o g i t ~ just one example, the h'pw - - 'Vnrlc Rrvielv of - - I:mks - - - i~ more Likely it, print eontribulionq imrn 0xhridc.r dons fl~nn f rum Rcrkcl*:l.;r- or Hnrvntrl p~+oi'rssol-r;l.

The WOT Id of the political PI ita in WasRingt.nn h a only ten~inus am1 i ~ t e r - mltleni conmciiuns ffiZh ~ h c New Ymk i n.1~ lllec~ual world artcl cvcn wrth tho uiorlrF of scholarship. To be s h e , ever s i n e the Kemdydnys, tk r r r h3t-P k c 7 n ac:!.dernicr inre lbctuak who m o v ~ d to the lmnks of the Pntornac for ahnt-t-trr t>r longer pcriods of t ime, but a m hns LItc dis.tincthprrssion that their influence has hem rnarg~nal nnly. Pr~sldcrrt Johnssln7x ciirrrnt advisor on tl'llrgs i n t ~ l - I~rtrlal, .Tnhtl Rnchr , sf;xrtrIrl hi* Wplrhin&f.nll c n F t . r with v ~ t l ~ n r nilnrk 1-~n

dieaffeded intellectuals rvha nrprp ~nrri1l ing tn gn all the afar; with L. B. d. , and he thereby c l n s ~ d fur all intents ~ n d purpmss thil channels hetulocn tlau Prea iclency and the worId of intelli-ctualu which had b r ~ n awned since t h ~ K ~ n n P d y days. Hlr; gredecesser, Eric1 Gul clman, resigned, it may lw re marlied in passing, bccaun c. no hc oaid, hc. wna hardly eves W ~ I O U ~ E C ~ by the Prc~icZcnr and rnc~cll%~ ~r+rv~- .d thc Firs t T*~dy as an advisor an her p d heautificatlon prtlrjccls. . . In as far :W the leqslatiw hraa~ch in C Q ~ C C ~ ~ , 1 1 is prahably triir that srrmc major golitha1 figures, such Senator l'ubrig-ht, keep up rekwEar commerce with lpilleling intellectual apok.earnen such ss, say, Ham hMnqt'ninhu or 'DTzlles Lippmarrn, balhc rum of the mi L I Sclnntol- or Regrcscntnlive is in5ablti?cl from .ut~ch contarts so that intc Ilcctual tmnd~ arc Elltrrrd to him only w tl~ia-d b:md t l~ rough his stdl a r the news mwlia,

The dispc~sian and Imgrnpntatfnn s f intPllcct~laL lile in Wmcrica coniraatr. very f; harply w Iih the relevanl. s l ruc tus~ l cottdili~m 111 F1+Incs and EngLanrl. rn f rsncn. 13aris is lhe unct~spulcd Inlellectuall writer, md al P sigrriiic,unt cullural

t h e cavitzl r:itl;. Evcn Itlough thrre a m , of courue, a ?s, some 01 them rnjob3ng considarnble repute, rn [nrvnrd JJz l - i ~ tirr thri7- ~ ~ 8 r r l 1 i i~r rr~csdrlrs tn

1817i,l,:Lrr .ipipi I rlunrls I ~ I I I ~ I I ~ I L T . n t is i n i ~ ! * ~ > s i i 1 1 ~ In ~ i i x i c b ~n i h i ~ ~ + P S p ? c t that 2i f ~ l k '

r l~ i IT hr rsrnrs; I r i prnuznui ;~l un' iv t5 i :~~t i in l ; h ; i v ~ ~ E~CI I - pt~~-rn:lr~rnl r c ~ i d r n c r i n Rtr cu n-rrnulc t o :heir univrss 11.1- I d l r n 1 1 . ~ ~ltz!;;; r-nyl~ \ ~ r * t b l i .

Turl l;~ . ..., , . ram is Lhe ~ m j e s ~ u r , e i ; [ ~ t ~ ~ ' i f ~ l l ~ l lue prnf~s~11 t - wh1i c ~ T ~ ~ ~ c ~ c ' I - s 1 7 1 n~;i*lp :?ri irilr~lIrctt131. rvhr~ doe!% r~nt IICIF- l a rnrl 111s uxl ircarsl lp cawcr at thc t.'n L L !.;II\- '11 I " ~ l i s . PI lbr S U I P , r r l v ~ t i v c - 1 ~ 1'rw im~nagc: to a-cal iz*-tk~ia iimhition, hlit I1 Is 2 r r n r l rvliI'esyrl'~-;~(! amhitinn ~PVP~- t l l r l t -58 .

t!'h:~t hqll-"~ t s t l r f o r univrrvity l i f r is rAvrau mare p~vnounccsl In r3lhrr fi~llrls r l - 1rti8l l ~ ~ - t ~ i - ~ l i-nr'r1;ivnr. Phris rnonript~lizes Ihra ~ r u l ~ l ishilra i i c l r l , hnth wit11 rI'F]l(' 1'. 1(1 clrt~lli? nntl trr msExzlnes. Hunw suttlnT5 nrld ; ~ ! p t ~ ' l ~ j : ;* l~ thor~ mrhL ur nwlri ~ r l ' ; t f ~ ~ f , ~ t ~ tn thr* {upitnl. I ~ R ~ v in l?~r4..r. rnr>r@ow~s, %villi i n l r l l e c t u ~ k find 3 ~ u : : ~ r i z n t n i~ rnhc~ - n i iellc~w' i n t e l l e n t u s J ~ t c ~ al low them to dcvrlnp sense of pre1.r i r . - i r x : ~ ? ~ r t r r i n zn irrLr>!I~r~!trel commlznitv. rkris has i ts rsres for ~ntclLectuab, ~t:: CY! ,icturr? prchvicwr a d social ~ n t h ~ r i n g ~ of n ~ ~ : l ~ * i r t y of r l,-y-< , 11-s are rklosc13t iictl lido 3 q t a s l p netwvu~h which Prcrp.4 th rm : ~ L I r:rlLi- , rLt. I cLlal ~l~i?j*r r lm~ r l np ihr ~ L L ~ ~ ~ L I S t-l~,qu~b~ an[! CO!P~IPS xrliich g a ? h ~ ~ t r ~ ~ y - t I- v style, a new i ~ I v3 , ix IICW ilreit_j;t

:11lll11 1 1 a r r l : r t ! v ~ I ~ c * r ~ ' ~ ~ ? a ~ v r :kml appl-['v nt-%r I-s ~ n ~ l I l r :q l I ~ t ~ r ! u c t i u n s . Thr. rrpprr-c1:l.c-a and U I :S

c + r -.rr r,.;scnt.isl lo I~xrlEectu;~l ! i f 1 1 in lJ21 r.15 .:lm.~up ~ ~ ~ g h t r r r r t h n in~ ie r : r~ l l~ tcniury h:~s*r. di~clinrct, h: rkrrcln 34) br>ll ;f113 and G , . l t b 8 q i i l l lik*:lT ilk161 7111 d p j - r r - c i ~ i t i ~ r i - p t t 3 7 ! i c - in ~ ~ b r r - i n 6

\ i i l I I . ~ I 11. ~ ~ , i t l ~ l ? ~ ~ ! n i ~ r l Ijr n s~l . t l~ is t icx i .~r l Fioal~ss.

Slvret~ ;I lrnrrsL ; a 1 1 r :~ l re i t Ir s1rawl-r la PRT'IS, 111" Fr-+mrlr.h prn!slnr.r3s, for t h e p-amqt ;.:r I - " I t r i l r c % r , l n p i r l u :u7 r b T c.u Elll r'fi] ~1phr5[;3111)11 F!':ln~'t*'.* c*rnl r k l i a i n q !t-acIiLiom

I I l ~ t I I I r n t ~ l ELL l r i ~ s t [~ I I . srvt*ntrr , i+h vr.rrtur~, h:~vr lcrl Pn ;Ire ~ . . ~ I - I ; I I ~ <IF l r $ l ( ~ r~ ;~ ] ;.irl ~ 3 1 . g ~ . j n ~ i ~ t l r - ~ l t u l - t . 30 i h ; ~ t . in dmslic. c c ~ r r 1 i ~ 3 1 trr [-&;~'prna~y R i l l 1 ir- I;I-T 7r.v ni r i ~ ' t l ~ r - . l l anrl pnldliral dragrnc~nlirilira!~~ J3:iri;7 E: French ru l t l i ru .

I ~ I 1 1 1 ~ - vni ~ ? r t b t ~ r b r i : f I :as + h ~ 1 . d ~ ~ ~ t:l i q ! ic qFii~m€, (11 ''ill? )raLlng

, " p i rn ing 1c1 I h r ~ r.npeqn I, IIr~-.r. l- 1 < 7 hl ~ r r - n t ~ ~ ~ ~ - c l f r ~ r in12 llectual ' r ls i . l r~~~rl . i-. ii rlls ~/llrl lr'rn I;ri.nrh i l ~ e r n r f r a m Bn l~av 'w

L.n.;r-]llbz-; inr!c 117 S~r~nr!ltnl '5 Rrrl f l l l c l B en el^ anrl Fiaul,ta-r.1 '5 S r n l irnen&alEcluca!ion.

I !? I- tr lrr n ~:lLlLl.?l~: b.. :.I . .

a major influence on French intellectuals from ; of waUcs of I l f ~ mc1 in a inrariely of positions, testifips t n the S C R S ~ of jni ~hr=rinn in the B:sr=nch ~ntellectual eenmunllr.. S t rudumbsm flow, jur s t c n t i a l i s m a few yesy~ q o , m a w e d to preempt a very high place nn he ;yfrnd:i of m n y inteU~ctlrilLq who were n e i t h e r preF~ssiona1 anthmpalagists nor prnfessinnnl phiIn,rnphrrs. By becoming r;tr hianahlc tnpicw of cnnvrrsai ion, hy: Iilte ring very Srom technical t r r a t i s * to t h r pqes oi the daily ncvlsp:lpers, such doc-trinc.s succeeded very quickly in preempting t he attention sf thex i n t r l l r c t u a l rniliru. The very f a c t t h ~ t most in te l l eo tua l s rlnselp interacted wit11 onr a n n t h r r nl lnwed for a shortened tine a i corniner~icatian and hence tncreas~d spwd of tnnsmissinn,

r of t h e 1 381,~ cent .-

mg. m1 is, o l cc L ,:-I :--

I%%en one turns t o t h e R r i t i s h i n t c ~ l k c t u a l scene h e immediately rmties that it; is much more s imi la r to h e F r e n c h than tu the A m e r i c a n . Though w l i u c a l c~ntraIization is much less pmaolrneed in t.:mland th:m in Frzincr. cultural r e n t ~ a l i zatinrr i s a lmw ting and tclccrision k:orld: pol i t the capital. Dnok and r n n E ; ~ z ~ r r p t a l i s n l a j i is s l-rmcron c n w - r p r ~ s ~ .awl, r ~ r n u g h t h r r r are a f ~ w ~ignrlific:~nrrt prorincial m7vrrsp:spre, :11I t h ~ 1e:lding p:lprss nrp likrwiar? published i n Lnndt~n. In addition, ~ I ~ ? ~ - I P P P R PCSP:'FPC~ and 8 chn8ar~hi p are lorated in Mnrlm and i r s &b.nrlg~ : ~ p p ~ n d ~ c m . Il'o hr: srrrr, there a v a Few mrpjor provincial univqt-sities that ~t4pjt-t: to i n t r l l c c t u n l ~ m l n e n r e , but it remains true &at aor+dcmic iatcllcctunh till cono idcr an rrppcrintmcnt to Chforcl or Cambridg~ L ~ P pimac Ir of their came rs .

Given this C O ~ C C T ~ ~ T A ~ ~ R ~ ~ : i n London, just rm in 33:rrjs , i n t r l lcctua Is f rnm a wr ie ty of wallis t r C lily nat . t r r~l lp rningte with one anuthrr. B is quilc romrnon to find wri te r s , f m ~ r m l i s l s , I%rdord dom and Membcm 05 Parliarnrnt minaEr at cocktail. parties or similar ocr~sians , and RE These men contimun~slqr rrub against cach otlics. ' l h ~ y cFeveIop R set i-11 common n s s u r n ~ i i o n t transrrndinp ~nsiitutional aff~liatiaw and iunctiaaak dibeisirjns.

n, l ika il l e t w ~ e n : sot- at tj- . Tl-.n.ar-

Thr clasc proximity of R variety of intellertua 1 subgroupings and ihe mnaequcnt at~ortlmjn,g nf Ihp m m u n ~ c ~ l i o n n~rwork htween them a l s rr [pads in

1 Paria, tn t ) 1 ~ PXSC with urhic11 c ~ s t z i ~ n i n k 1 l e c t u a l a move h n ~ k and

x variety of inatiivf ional s r t l i n q s . ,Just as Itaymand t l ron , rvhw i s la Sorbnnm, also is a highly rvgardcd news papcr cumment~Lor , so

LJ~IIII IJ D T V ~ ~ I I or A , ,I, P. Taylor move withr>irt s t r a i n from Oxbridge s cholarshfp to plitical. commentary in t h e Sunday rapers and tu tele~.ision and l.)roxdcastlng, Fnw rzrould think ihat these men are llrss seholar2y Fxlo~use thry m a k ~ p-riodin

bpplar Eo rican f i ~ ~ 4rthiar S ..-:..I h"-

I the aar npts sur +I-, .IF. r

- - - , -.

OP r~ -Id r ~ f IRr- m m .ru media, In can1 rmi , whrn an Amc I , when izn h i~ tnr inn and pnlit~cal intel'iectua1 l ikr . nv Ce sr\- itws [IF x v h ~ n b h e n p w ~ p ~ ] e r rnluminsr ~vrax Lernrr. rrarrapq at R u n i v v l-silv. i l l is cnlzlsrs r n ~ l ~ h cn rn rn~wt in i l r n e r i r a , cvrnmr:nt which in, rnnrrntrr5r. us!t:lllv nf 37-1 : Z ~ ~ - P T S P n l i t ~ ~ r t ~ . l ' h t in;7bl:*iion h r l ~ ~ i : f m vr-lrlous lieIda o f intellrciual e n d e a ~ o r i u ~ o g r e ~ t i n A m e r i c ~ that i t ir. xssurncd that lhosr who zttempi [ r t rm.-.-c.rre-,mr? it muq! 01 n~erss i ty be sl?allm$+ arnmxurs.

Rut i t is not o n l ~ physicit1 ptmx-~rrajtv aiirt ihr r lnsr irltrrrn~stiiqg nf imtitutional s r l i j p ~ Lhnt. characterize E n ~ l i r h and l.'mnch intellertaal life: it is ~ l s n t,hr m m r n n n k~ok~rounr l of m w t i n t c l j r r t u : ~ l s tha t e n n t r i h u t w tn a sense nf c u h ~ s i o n of t h ~ i n i r l l rc~r ra l cornrnkrnily. XIr~sl Frc?ch intcllrrtaals have erner~od from n small c l l r r r d s c a t l n n a l svslrrn or th-e huiwnlstlc lycbes, t he E.:c03t? Nrsrmalr SrspFriaurc, anri the Sarbcmne. Sinxila~ly, TJrifis h i n t ~ tlrrfo:lls, d ~ s p i t r t h r reqent influx rrf mrn f m m tower-middle anrl work ing-c lass a r r g l m , art* still pt-ednmihantly t h r P T " O ~ I I C ~ S O! ~llile "ppubEic' fichaols and r~ Okfor-d or I : ambr id !+~~ T.':-m roots i n a common c l i t i s t and u x u a I r y classic educntion s 1s l r v eff~ct af later sperislizatinn nnrl tn prqavk6drx :L cnmmn . n rn otlrcr- wisp divr r~r-nt men 01 i d ~ x t s . 4' hc ideal of thc ~ S I ~ L ~ L L L F ~ ~ I C I KL-IIL i t . IIJLLII, w l ~ i c l l d i ~ d in -4rnei-ic:i r*ougl~lg ground t h r t u r n nf t h r s ~ n l t u p , strll 1 i ~ t . r - 3 nn 111 E n p k n d and prnvid[zs snrne cuunir~ri t 'c iyhl LU Ihc d i~rcrs i i ' i ra t inn nf i n t e r~s tu and rnnrtbms that s p e ~ i a l i z a t i n n nrwsxarily brings 111 ira wake.

;,7. L 1 , )

lhe divi rsr hrtw 1 - . - -

In England, just in Franre. i l is s t i l l assumed t h d nmow inLeLI~ciuaL5 ' ' r ~ e r - ~ l r r d ~ klltru%rr t S v ~ * r ) ' ~ ) ~ ~ l y : ' [.)I-. ,LY I r t%[ng Kr21h4r,1 crncr rrrrk Lt, rhxi :%I1 l n t e l ~ ~ c ~ u i i ~ ~ are c n u s i n ~ . . . S n t ITI IT^ eornmrrclum, - in Ih,'! flensc of 'hflcizt / r ~ I ~ ' r r n l t ~ ~ ~ f , ht~t .- a b n oonnu>_lilzrn (3'1 an-rang rnrrn'~~-~~s ctl the 1~1lr~IIa~rt~r:t 1 ? l r:l[lim i q cu3mmnn in both France and England. It wnnlcl hrb c:~.;y to plirzt to n n u m l ~ r nf British linc:+rrs Zhxt havr ],rrarlu~~cu.cl Pendirg: B r i t i s h intt.1 lrctu3l;s n v r r s rvr r;? l Ecnrr:ltlnms.

I a l r ~ x l y ryrnarl.;ctl upon I ~ P c-lr~nrlv knit p h s r ~ i ~ t s ~ = nf I h r i ~ f o l r m a t i n m l awl gossip v r t w n r k amrrng I%;LI.~-= i r i r r n l l ~ ~ r ! u ~ l ~ WIinr hnll-% t n ~ t ' Lnr ~ L I - i s hulr.&i ~q~ l ih l ly L r ~ l t n f c l r l~rnrluw. 'rhr Ti mr.; Lilrr:~ qu Srlp1iErm~ni , Lhc most respeclert of all E ~ l l s A critiral w ~ i ~ a w mrsrlii~. ! r n v r t cxrr l r r thr n i~n ;~ iu r r of the rcvirwrr. KrvrrLhvlpss, nnk wiPl rx~rnmonly Tincl Thai l ~ p Suncl:~y :zilcrnnon = I h c pnprr is published iu tlic rnnrning - most ~rat~tleclil%ls nlrcndp ktiozv who hm iwritlen t h p mnjos r ~ v i ~ w z . [n fact. f i ~ r r . ~ n l ; c r ~ ~ t whntvmtv whni i n i h r T B bt. sa id Cu

b r onc of !i~r lavoritr Sunrlay r n n r n ~ n ~ s p n v l ~ OF ahc Br i t i sh intel l~clual .

The i r t t ~ g r a l c d csharnrLr.i- nf thra Tlritish intrallrcta:cl comrnttnity I s a l s o nprmrc5nt rvlaeti onr. Itlrnr: ~Z!criLiun t r r Lhe yrnema nl' r ~ c n ~ i t r n ~ n t to intrllrctual p o ~ i l ~ u n s ( 4 ) . I l ~ r c 'too cnrnmnn background and close communica t ion networks arc trueiat. RIos! Englivh writem rL~crar1- critic? st:crt tlkrl'r CRITP~S a~ Oxhrirlzp unib ~grac9ua:es. They start u r ~ ~ l j r g in e ~ n c l r ~ ~ a c l u n t c ~ rn;x$azinns, ;1nr:l

f h ~ s c are rc#d by Lond~n m w s p a p a r , magagine and hnnk cdilom. A prornis ing ycmn6; man might be mkkc do ' o e m ~ downi to Tdmdon tn rri.r~t with an 011 l~ r Ifindon writ rs , rditnr or publisher and will FF gnr lua l lp i n t r o d u c ~ d into t h p London irntcllectual wo rltl, moving, per ha^^, rrom mcxs ional book r r ~ t r i ~ ~ v i n g tn st:kff gositiuns on onc of thr magazines ur in om OF thr puhljshina houaes. ..hn ~lternstise way of moving: up the career laddcr mar4 invulve an Oxhridge dun ~ c n r n m e n d i n g a promising F; t udecrt tu same of h i s hrundon f ricntls nnd acq&%int~h~es . A young man, armed with such mcornmcndatinm, will the11 II:IVP a r:hanc~ to move intu the world of Lendon in t - r l lc~tuals not as a tntal strarrger but. as u r ~ e wllu t~ns ~ u i r l r r i r l

the terra incog-$faL

ISr~im~rs in EritBh intcllretu~l llfr muat know sc n au tho r i t y i f they are to make t h r i r way. h m ~ r i c ~ n g , mort nftcn lackinp drs, musr hnr-e sumelhbw tu Y how for tthrm.rLves. Just as an Engl isha > gn jnto wlilti~ 'stands tbr o f f i c ~ ' and his American cn~~ntrrp%rl the aspiring Ewkish apprentice intellectual 1s smnathIv ~ n t r :~uFcl or beers whiLe the .4merinan most d t c n roaches his goal Urlrr LULV I LI ~ t t - ~ ~ t dual of s o m ~ t i m e s r x h i l u s ; t i ~ exertion. Far from pt-ttln~ t o knc -s and p~ CLT we14 ~9 iel1.u~ tcritear; , and to profit i rnm t h e i r guida j~ likclly 'dbcw~r~rl by mailt and may rrnain unknown Lu thc ~ m r l d 01 editors a m pu IJII=SI~F even when he ha3 ~ 1 m a d y a c g u i r ~ d a certain amouni of renown.

,via ~ P S tc IT i t , 'ssc nto t h r a - .7 --,.a,

The coh~siv~ness o i B ~ i i s h inteIIrctua1 lil;r h r Ips tu scmunt [or a rzertain hlnndneas and c~ lo r l e s sness ol Its p-i-duct?, John Kenacih Gnlhrailhps remark LhaI America in the E i a e n h ~ r ~ e r j.eay-s was a country wlrrre Lhe hl*2ml led the b l a ~ l , secma c v r n marc applicat~le LLJ Lljr Dr.il ihh cul~clrzil sck-nr. It- Intrllectual establish- ment has many awwcrrts of a gentlenlnnh ~ t u h and is o h a ~ ~ c t e r i a e d h y pmnoumedty antee el rnannrm and life styles . Tn be s urc, t h i s vclry hlanclnrn s i n d u r x ~ many rebeUiom. Hut t l ? ~ jwum T C ~ I S are 1 r ~ r ~ r ~ j ~ i ~ l ~ E y 3 1 3 ~ n r k c E i n t h r rstablishmcnt and, moreover, i t is they, rathcr lhan the estxblishment, t h s t change, The .4ww ' t 'ung Men 01 ;vca$esd~y, the K ~ m r l R Tymm aml John CXlo~rn~s, are now ama- rnrnt.s of thr eslnblished cultural scpnp ant1 dominate the Idondon ihealer. (To h s u ~ c t , American cultltre ~ B Q surcrcrl~ in ahsn r-bing many c ~ r its rebels - but R signif icant proprt ion remain outs idr . 1

I t might be ohjrctrd that thc English inte ller'run L life mn hard lp k L 9

acc~mrnoda~ing and bland a.4 I kavo pict~arrt3 ii sinre Englsnd lam 13rerr in r u m n t yn&rF: the O F C ~ ~ C O F CL numhC;t- OF tzxeecdingly sharp polemica between snmr uf i t s

leading inkc lleciuaki . Thr famoar.~ cnnirow rs iev5 between, say, F . R . l,earris and C. F. Snow, or the pole deal on3 Iiiughts of T rw'or-Ptnper aga ins t h i s IP 1 1 0 ~ histasinns Arnold Toynlxe and A. ,I . P.Taplnr, comr rrdl ly to mlncl. Yet I IwLLievu that t h e i n l p r c ~ s i o ~ or c r i f i r ~ l vigor c o n v e ~ d 13~: tl1~3r: poLernica i s somcwhrrt deceptiv~. It is inbcresrinq ria m t e that these plcmics arc usually c ~ ~ r i r d On only amang well-rstahlishrsl i ~ n r t l ~ c t u n l E ~ R P I T T S ; the]' a r t U Y C I ~ L ~ ~

I palemicaf exchanges amopIg a ~ t c ~ ~ ~ s i u l men on tehall u I t h e i r cl iques and

followers. Such pnlernics r a m d hur t t h ~ m mo ch any more. Ta~mgcr and l ~ s s wri~1-~stnhlislt~rl f igures , on the o t h r r l~ancl. trhrarl: tn tc .trr.sie.rt w lttl kicl laves and to hr s ~ r ~ o u n r l ~ c I by the protertivc car? nf their r lders .

Rrturning to the .imcrlc&la I? C B ~ C ' ~ tlFo pa^ now tnlcr natra nf snrne iudher ccsnRPiiurancr-s 01' f.11~. cllsprrsinn find Frru,rmentaiion of its in te l le r iu~l liie to which we alluclcd cnrlirv,

In Xmcs FW nun-i

ica, i n cnntrast to hnth r'mnce and Englatrrl, mmt intellectuals know only fi rrte llfctuab af power and influcncr , and t h ~ g expen know fcw i n t r l l ec tuab who are net dlrrctly jrnrners~d in thy& snmr t u n { ~r rnotcd in thc same g~mgraphicxt jocsle. skew in En~Cand fhr: edit pxlbliratinm and publishing hnuscs arc as A mnttnr of c o u ~ ~ c acq :%norhe I*, one n a y doubt zvherbcr the cdilor nf "[Lime rnilgnzlnc h:ls r h v r r me1 me e u ~ i r ~ r o f rJ_.dpZisan RevirtcC cvcn thnugli hntll pd~lirnriun3 :~rr pahbshrd In WL*V York. T hc-y rnnvr. in dific~+rnt social cirrlc.s, nncC L!r~lsc r.LrcFr.s, moreover, h ~ v c few mln ta mf inter- a ~ c t i n n , (Th15 is n d fo-irnplyr ih~~ffE*. thnt Ihs.1-th is n n r-nnn~r-tinn. A naml>sr af Xew York tntallcr".uxLs ,s. Isr cxnmplr, write f a r such scrni-pnpular m a p a ~ i n e s as The Kcw F'ork~r nncl Esnuirca. ) Thy fn.lrli ot commrrnic-atinn even between int;rlltc3uals - ---- living i n l i ~ c ~:L IT IP ~ S C : L I I ~ ", L)r cour se , r n n ~ a ~ i f i d when thr innteener of gnogrXphrc*al dispem [cm 1% arldrcl tc:, i l a s t of Czlneihotinl specialization, Re lalions l s r tw~rn the wurlrl oi scholamhip nt C U ~ T I ~ P I ~ R ~ , E ~ r l ; ~ l r q * and N~cw YOT'IC anti Lha wo r l r l nf the ~inz3tl~ich~d Few York intr~llactaata a r e exrc~cdinely t~nuunun, Thrr: mrc, lo hr sure, m r i ~ i n rxs.rpl$io~ks, Zlgurca 6urIl xtt khp art ~r'ilir X'I-lryer SnAapiro. t h c ~ a c i ~ ~ u g i ~ i DanLnl Dell, and thc l itprnrv cr~tic L i n n r l TJ'rilling, all o l dIirm I:nlurnt)ia Unfvrrsftg in XFU~ Y m k , have managrc! to hridac. t h v d i v i s b n l ~ e ~ l w r r n rl~r academrr and the urorld n i Scb-rr: 'furli's: m~n-arriclcrnic intr>llrauals. R u t in I h r p r ru t n-rajr~Pit? ul cwcs. intrt18rctual3 h ~ v r j ltrunrl i~ diFI ~ ~ q e l t i f nc~l i r n p ~ s i b l r to function in both t h r a r tunslds , ll11en 1 rprrni E;r. r-n-r-l~airr~rl a 3e.ssin1-1 o n ihc. socinlngv nI intel1r:ctu~la at thr Eastcrn Sorioloylcal Sorirly and inrr~teal Normal Podhorc~tr. a Ze~chng Yewr Purl; cditwr, to pnrticip21tc, this ~v:ls c n n s ~ r l r ~ d a rather dzr inp rlcpartut-e i rom the xrnnt and u s e of Lhe Sosicty.

Thr g~ng-raphica 1 ~~nr.3 ~ t r u c j t ~ t r ? ~ 1 Ilr:qmr,i t w l ion thaL rha r-a ~ ' t F I ' ~ Z P ~ t h ~ :$mericnn Enlc lleclual scrnr, t hr l~r lr u l suhc.4 jvr i r z l ~ l lc &.tun1 estnbLishmrnt and of n at:~blc aud icncrb, h ~ + !had 3s untl of its cun.;rqu~~nnrn R pr~~nouncrd c11cluishness. anrl dr:lv:~ne i r p rm~r3 l o r p r d p d f o a in tlir tr?Fcurn-ig c:urnlo~+ts 01' small muluallgf s~;r~ppnt-tivr- cunif~r-ic*~. !%%en one of tl~r. ~ d i t n 1 3 of a I~nding I~tr¶m-ary rf?r.iclw tnrnrinm t t ~ rnt- that, say, ' h ~ h o ~ t v l l k e ~ t h i ~ hot,li. " Ilr: mos L prc~b:ihlp re fe r s lv si .x n r srr,rcT

people all of wkrIlom I could name. Similarly, tht-re st-mu to exist htd l i t t l ~ overlap between t h ~ readernhip of must i n t ~ l l r d u a l mgarincs. Tlzr- Kew y ~ r k bnsed Partisan-Revi~w 16 harcliy rrencl an tl~c FVrat Coast, rvpn nmorq l i terary rnrn and English professom, 'I'hr yail.c: J m w I s pmllcticnlly unknown cxwpt among prssrnt or former 'k'nlies. While iae~r ly x I I English i n i ~ l l e c i u n l s read the 'F_im~s Literaqr Bspp,plrmcnt, th r l i terary s u p p b r n c n t ~ of t h p Sundarr FICllprrs, am1 the majar weeklies , there i s little ar~dlen~e crverk~u herc- el-lbn h~t.rvrrr7 pub1 ic:ltirsns of a rurhtively s imilar nutlnn The Now York Review 01

~txrnpIe, Tile K C ~ Rrbpul~lic and Thp Nntian, - a t t w JearT q a , promised ta serve as an

organ mediatin~; kkrkvrn Lnt: uLllvrenr and d i w = r ~ : ~ p d publ~cc; on i b f &meriran i n t ~ l l l ~ r r ~ l s 2 qc~aro . bni It swms to have succurnh<-c! t o thn p l e d f i s ~ i p a r o u ~ farcra of strt1~turaB d i v ~ m i t y in America so that it 21x9 tcnilcd 10 become an s m a n nf awlophi te New Yark i n t ~ l l ~ u t u a l s rather than s truly natlonaE magazine, t t remains tleverthe lrsz;: t11~ nnezrest nppmximatinn to t hc T LS nar Ihv American s reme +

Ypt it would l>e a mistake to focus rxclt~qivrf.y 0rt the negative canrPqaencra of thc lack af cahesjon on tbc -4rnerican iintelr~ctual sccnr. T h r Tory insuktion and isolation of ikr American nen-aradernic intrllect.a~T, for example, mny h x ~ c contributed not only lo a c ~ r l a i n csankinavv and touchiness on the part of many w r i l e r s , but also to marked d r g r ~ e s aT rreative originality. STIlilp the English wri ter , oflen smugly amrnacrr l in a ~mivcrse o f like-rnindrd prm, sna?r s t r i w to prducn a ~vrlP-made craftsman-Iikr novrl, the y o u n ~ American novrrist wishes to atand out much as possilsle and to rnalrc- a trlrly d i s t inrl ivp ms ~ k , Pn,%trv~rn

Intentions and the ad I h r w llalk + o f csumr: , a s t~ndarv. Few write T h e Great .%mcrican Now1 that sa many aspire tn wri te , y r l tlae ureaii isc unrest DF the American s c e n ~ may b r con% iderab $ more conducive to Ihf emergence af t ru ly distinctive intcllcctual depamuses than the bland rs iabl isbmrnkrianism ur its British ma+ixqpad.

The fmgrncrrtztinn of AmerScnn iiatellrrtual liifr which 1 hnvr t r ied .Lo comrey fs real cwughCI, yet the pirturr rvnt~ld Iw iincurnplcte wr!re I not tn mention, rvRn though briedlv, two powrrlarl cou rafr : l - - t~nd~nc[~s :he dtnrline ~xginnaBism and thr mergence nf a I.suIy n a t i a n ~ l culttmn., au wchll as thr. rrmnl dcvcbpment of nctv ccnlrnl~;..ihg official and scmi-official ties kctwccn IZkt(ihinp-ron anel Ihe world of srhnlarshjp.

'TI11 roughly the t h i r t i r : ~ . America still pwsersed a r n r i ~ t j ~ of c l ra r lp recogTllzable rrglnnna and local mr llurnl c e n t e r s . .['he Ch lrrqn Rrnaisnancr 01 half a century aEo produced majar ymrtic lntmvntoss such nu VacReI Lindsay and Carl sand bur^ whn n t 1 ~ r n p t ~ A rfi erpwqq t he ~Fisr l indi t .~~ lite styles r>l the Mid- West; Thp Univers~ty of Chicsgo wf=, at roughly ths ssmr Einir, t lro locale or R

w r y di~tinctive t r a d l t ~ n n in swinlogy. Rusiun st i el attc mptcr-l to fnaintnin a peculiar New Engldnrl cuEtumL style l i l l rruFllllr t h e thirtjr?. A group of Routh~rn trkditianalist writvrs ;~nd wets ,atternpad i n the thirt ira to wrcstk with rharaderls t ical ly Soulthern thcrnes and problrmn, T h ~ s l-rginnsl divrrsity has

cb. Thr . Wo ma

E & t an . r Y L : -.. &.

nowr a11 hl d , hias? -lrn.t>rvn Suktthern r i v r i t ~ r s no7,v teach i n Ynrihern w'lwi .br rr~~~cs~nii~tlvt~~ uT I 11r @I tiungo ; ~ s o L ~ v ~ o ~ ~ c ~ L [

trad- d on the Wrst F f 1 3 S t resper~ii:cly. Totlay tw7.r i& nn 10xc L n!lj incr Lrrt:rnrns b t ~ ~ i m x ~ l T ~ ? @ F ; L s ~ RlnY PmI'nt ~ n f l the Writrrs nnW p ~ ~ d u r e d in the M idwe; ~ckt!d i n i ~ > !hr YPW TOT-k mt*trupolls or r l ixpe r sed in variety of nrndnm~ c ities z11 OVPT :.% c t m n ~ r l ~ . R ~ q l n n a l l ilessry n,nd ariiatjc c t ~ l i u r ~ s h;tvth seen t nei14 rlv. S n t ~ llt*r!unls :lrr 1' ~%-prlucd i1r.c r ~ h c wltolr rxpzansc of thr: cnuntt-y nnrl nrovrb hack ant1 [orilp in a ~wnl lnuuuq procrqs nt i n t c m l mi- gmtim. Thc;r* hnva l n x t the roots nll?ic.ti ITagi0n~1 cglnlers OIPC.F. pi-or'irlf=d, As a r ~ s ~ ~ l t , and hi. i!w f i r s t l imp in its I~ i s to ry . Xmcarics is c l c r r~8op in~ 3 l~ruty

nat ioml rultu 1-a, l~nrnngrn izrrl brerhnps, lacklng then 6 pice o f rrginnal difi'c*r{ancle, hut prcniricli 4 3 w w r r f u l untfyirrg bund hrrwecn :111 i n t ~ l l e n t u s l k41ckr.hers :ind hencn af Fnrding s ume cazl;ntrrive~ght t r ~ s i l+~ ic i i~ r :~ I fu~grnmlaliun.

Thr? dcslinr of region8 1 d i v ~ r s i i v "just l~xpp~nc*d, "' sn to spccrk. The t rndcacv tnnarrl centra.lizing mnt~n lu of intellr.c~ual life thrnuff~ ihc growing ttirs

h ~ t w r a n Wash imton :ind rlivarsc conlr? rs sl IP:LT=T~~ IIR, on i h ~ O ~ C I L ~ ~ hand, has k e n a aonscinus imcl plannecl process. EI-PI- s i n m the Izsl war , t lrr i n i l w n r e nl' (lxr F r d e r i ~ l Gawrtlmen.1 on Ihr unlvcrsitics h m l~r rn i i l c ~ e a s i n ~ . Frw majns uni - v~r-r i t iaa ~ o u l d Funr.1 ion rsithoct.1 Ihe h u ~ c wn6b:irrh qrzlnts that n varjrtl; nf Washingtun ~ouc rnmrn t s l institilt ions ~=P>TI~ clisp'nsr.. S u u~+dt~rrs i ty can xffrrrd nav longer in Iive in a privi leged snnclotrtrv chir.lrlud Llu~rn rniinrl:~nr influent:es and ckvolcd to t h r utumuit sT ktna llovrd t ~ ~ m r h . Schul~i-17. r r scarch in most l iclds nnw wqu~w1 nut law r,t Y u r h tnapnlt r~cirs that in~liviclua l ~ n i v e r ~ it ~ P S could nnt pos . r~blp provide thrm Lrum their I P L ~ ~ P I I I I'~rnd-. AS i h ~ w s ~ a r c h n a l ~ ~ ~ k t u ~ yrrrv, s o grew t h r n r ~ c l for nutvide Iunda. Aa IL rcsulC. n g.rc:~t i ~ t r r n~x~ i . ut g4~ L t h r r c l r i n v ~ nrbw tie Lhe

zm~vrx-siti~s to Ftrashin@on.

Rot the road hc tws -n N , ~ h i n @ o n :iwl I h r l uniuemily campus is by- riu means a me-way slrcct ITith the grott2t) : ~ml inrr=mS in< complexity of t11c platlniag and dlmct~ng tasks nf t h e P ~ d c r a l Gn%rc~-nrncnt, thrrc crime also rlxe nerd tn R C " ~ :tdvicr from s c l ~ n l a m nncl c v r i s i n tlla university wnrld. Ilr?ncsn, ever sinm the war , professurn h a b n ~ * movrtrl In H'n~hinfLcsa lor shnr'tt?~. 01- b ~ ~ ~ r r p r l n d b ni lime. Ln many Fields it i;s not uricornmrjn 10 l inr! mran wl~c>sr u? ruhr v Iinv has invulvcd, s : q ,

3 k t v j r . r ~ - b of unlir-rmlty tenching. :I f tw yenm in t h o R1:ttca Drpartmmt o r in the diplr~malic s r r ~ e c e , a stint in tizs, rrnrld 0 1 e h r L 'nunA ;~ l i r l ~ and, f ~ m l l y , u peturn to the campus. A pruf+:ssor tnkinlr; a ulam k l l v c r n liastor~ and K r w 'iurlc iu lilrelv mmt o f t h ~ i i m r ~ tn f i n c j n r a l l r . . q t l ~ s LS i m ~ ~ ~ l r + o m p - ~ n i n n u , h;ltr .hrs of port-

sultants n ~ ~ r j r~pc - t - t~ , athti so t-s :md tf-clanirig ar n-sr ctmrtan Lly sucked intri Washington whilcx a n u l d c r group rchrms to ?hei r r a r l i c r mwt3rin~q. In 1hi.s: L Y R L ~ ,

thcrr t~r-gins 1 0 t=rnrq@ a nrrr. iypr of natiarml i n i r - l l i g t~ i~ .s t :~ !iarp lo thr? central gi>vt7rnrnmt. To tK S I ~ ~ P , mi%f 01 t l l e ~ e mc!r 31-P cxy~r t . ; , bill ~rji3in r s l !?arm are. i n t c Uc:ct ank . &.lnrca\-ri*, I l ~ ~ r r also 1133 bc~pun ihc dr-vs lnpmcnt ill' : ~ n t7vcn it8idr:r '*new cErriqgK' c n r n p r ~ i ~ ~ d , in n l - l ~ ; ~ , r,,n l u t l 3 ~ c n t ~ q o r v of mr3n n t r ~ : ~ d y mrlntirpn~d, of hiqh-level lawverw, fnumTation cxrcutlvs~i.. a r a d c ~ n i c n l l ~ ~ ?~nine.cl I>us inraa

~ x - ~ c u t i ~ c s and t h ~ like. f i e beginn to d i ~ c e r n in these t3 mgs st what m1~M drrrFelep into a TulL-i ledgcd cstab l i s :I), p~~hzi'fea~w opposnd by, a non-ofilcial and potitirallj *.

It is to the pnlitical involvrrnrd of inlellecLuab tna!, I R4lW r u m .

rend% thr r lt u1.e co ?--d courier . *

The common vjew hm it llaal French in ip l ln r tanIs laaw a pnlltical weiglst and iniluence that is cansilrlrr&ll: h i ~ h c r itmn ihzt (J! $he i r Anq-ln-Saxon cormt~r- park.. Iism h y n n means certain thst thTw is w n l l y the msc. Tobe s u r e , thr C'r~tnrh intrllectiznl scrnr has t>hen highly c a l u r ~ d , s t Irzqt until rrc.cmtly, l3r7 fdeolocrgical contentlnns. Dot idrolny)' is nor the sstne thing as pnlitics . H i ~ h e r proporlions of French ~ n t c l l r c t u a l s ,hnn of Ihclr British o r Amerirnn c n u n t r r p a p t s h a w , r s p e r since the D a y f m n l h i r , fclt thc jncllmtion to step into the p n l i t i m l arena, but I drrul>t that they have had as much influrbnw on pcllitlcal events as they t ~ n d c d ta hclievr . T t i ~ y hrrvr: h e n musl irngx~rtad in cxpsrsw l n ~ and defining e h w rn~jor '_rpirit~iaI €L Prom conservatism In i l c r n a r ~ ~ ~ ~ i c ChrlstEnnitg, from 11-ndilion~1 liber~i li ~cialisrn R F I ~ comrnunirrn, which so clrarly m ~ r l i the Frrnch i n t r l l e c i t ~ ~ [ c . Thcy 11:ivr urcatccl rvlnds wl rlactrine and haw p~wrrfuTip in flu, .;ibil~lics sf many at* thrair c r r n ? ~ r n p n i r i e s . [ ~ u t I daul-rt thnr, 8 s u c h ar: thc Pupttlar Front i n the* thiri irn anrl tl-lc pcricr1:2 i Lila.ral i a n US F r ~ n c e , they haw actually influenrrd t h r majrlr c u n r w ur ~~~llttcr~l :zl'l'nim. Th~:.y lix-c.d in a world of m a n d a r ~ n ~ - t o use the t 1 f . 1~ u1 Sirnunr dr. J3r1xnmirrs ~ r v ~ n l i n ~ noyet. Theirs uVm tr, a las~rz d q w r a p l i t ~ c * s 0 1 cumcicnc~~, :\ pc3lit ics of protest and oF indignzitinn, Thrse am assarr:rFly mnsl ndrniwl~le snanifosfat1nn.q nt fhr inlel lcat~al vocation, IXIL they a b o effcri.i~-cl_r. pt~r:rntrrt must, though of count: no? all, intrlleduxb fram havinq poliiicnl, w clivtinct from I~FO~OC~CR 1 , w ~ i @ i t aarrtl ~nf luencr . Indrccl one gcte t1-w ..;csme~vhnl par3~lw~nra1 ImprrLxs inn that undrbr dc Ca~llTc *s hcnsl~nlent 'monarchy ' wit11 l i s rapid gr*owt ]-a is tipd in many waj% to aca r l ~ rn i r and 1-2 sf Ideas, e v ~ n a4 they have lost s o m e or r l L? LI FP of [mljtical influence Lhnt they d1r1 nnl , in fact, pnssrLss in t h ~ lnrr perind (,IF the T h i d and undcrr tho F o k ~ d h RcpttbL1.r.

~ c r a l i c F

15, Frru nuc @tin1

I b i t i s h inicllcrlualr, O F r n u r a r . havr heen imdiiionally mnry pragmatic and 1c:sw idrnlo~ical than Lheil- Sv>nchi munt r rp~r tc : . ;I I ~ i r l 3 - high proport ion among thvm ]la-+=, m n w n w s , kept a safe distaram from all I h i r n ~ polihiu~l, The F rench i~t~*ILectu~i1 is cxpectsd by h i s audience to 6~ an aeicslator rrf the common carscience nrad G ~ S ~ ~ ~ U S T I P ~ S of h i 3 S ~ P L . L L C L B ~ /anlily. KO such d ~ r n a n d s aw typically made in Englanrl, s o t!i:~t, rxc~prl En timcs ufhcightcncd crish, as drrsing

the c-lcpreusiun ~ n d thc rise of fascism tal the thirties. the British irrtellrrt~al i s albatrled $0 cult Lvaip 111s own ~ a r r l r ~ l . I(Thc5 pnbitipal i rfheram ul thr Ftlbi~n Surieiy, though, prar idra a major exveptiun. )I When r h ~ Torbes ;brr in pnrvrr, thr i n f l u e r ~ c r 01' intr=l[rct~alcj urn polilicnl lfle sppnlq gencrrrlly nrgliqih3~: u n d r - Lahnl- 7 - ~ g ~ n ~ r s , n ccrtnin 11tim-b3 r 01' inlrl lrct u:~l_+: may 1ic ionrtl l i ~ d In i I l ~ ~ i ~ + a l l I nrl Dorvning Stlr.rt nncl ccrt:~ia i n t r l l r e tun l s mn?; rzrcn si t in th18 S P R l F n i 1h.v I I I I ! % I i r ~ d m i g l ~ t y , 17ut

g r n ~ r a l l y s ~ a k ~ n a thp dircpt politicn~1 impnc-1 r-bI c ~ . ~ n ? e n ~ l ~ n r ~ i ? - u Rrtlisil~ int~lPrs. t i imI~ sccrns rrLaii\-rly s l igh t .

trnm nb it1 thr Ki ',' ;*I\'XTY 1 I L L -

rn iu war I t ~ i sirn i . 11 rval

-1.

In .qrn~r pa, f ina l ly , we n m c n more complex pi'ltlrp. Traditionally thch %nwrican i n t ~ l l r ~ c t ~ l n l , nt I w s t c i n r , ~ t h ~ crv t l IV:ir, 1.1:i~ tjrrrd a l ~ f i l that insulated a n d isoTritrrF h i m i'rr>m thr:) l~llilical SC-PIPP - t h r ~ i a ~ h , 01 cnurwr. i h l w u ~ h n u t t h e ninc%tetw:h and Ihc cnrly part ol lltc I w r n t i r t h crnturqr , c r r t a i n I ntel!esiu,zls were in the 1.n s ~ l f l ' ~ ~ numb1 anather AN PI* 1 r ~ noc.twnrxnl -sn rttXr:ti e my LIIJV uun n.5 ur 'nr8 inrs-rllr,rrrielrl ur

.4mrrican ~ntcllr@uaL.i 1vit11 thin?.: ].mIitiral. 4 I rcr8 ItinYs ahnut Ihc rrccnl pas4 xvi ll 11rncr hal'fa ?CI ~ L L I l icto. TEirl Krn~asc ly ndmirqist rat inn r'pprecenlrri, [ bts l ~ r v e , t h ~ ]rig11 point i n thr:, lmliliunl invv!l:c.m~nt r ~ t Anirrjran i ;n tc l l t~&i i~ ls . I1"Txny 01 Lhem 1.1ncE r ~ ~ r i t ~ d i'hril- F~mt ivitixtion inti) the political wnrtd t l i snr t~h pclr.icfpatinn in the Stcrcnson cnwp :~ i~ns . :tncl ~q!Li~.n Kennedy w z s ~ l ~ c t r r t t I ICV i r l t t l ~ a ~ T h r i r man" wax TIOW in t h r 1t7-ritc Idm~se. I thin[; tll:kt tkrilfb vsrr r r mi.-talrrln, that Kcnncdvt~ was n L i l ~ r a l rhlltnriu and a n inielleclual s tglr , lsut that t h r r r ~ 3 s Ilut 1iI:k su lm~: in~r ?a it. l:ulih~s is ~Ernos: i r r ~ l c ~ a n l . T!ap jntr311rctunl~'ppr-ret>tions, not t h r oblrctivc. r e g ; i l i t ~ , is :21 15suc hc' rc.

lbc lun ls . : ' lanw~ymoun u8i th ! t ' ~ ~ h i r q t o n . thcsI.rt$~ it 1'37i~d fo r q n r r t h r r

I T ~ S I r r illr F!F>:Z~II af P re~ id i*n l ECr.nnrcly, n r c r r t h i ~ l r n ~ turned nut to he f a i r l y :Is Iiing as it Lnslcrl. ! t~o tonrlrnci rc tr-mnl-d t hrl rnlcLrgrhnce u l s s e m i - rlertsy oi nrhhch I s p o R ~ r ;~ r l ~ r ~ r s~rlmt.r l rvaI r?nough. !$'hen t'tlc? Pr rip c inrl the A l l ~ ; ~ n v r for P.s~ lq~ - r ' s~ . t h r War ag~ins l Pouc l?~~ nnd ihe t iqhl tor ~ r r r i ~ n l r r r4r~La.ra hiah nn Ih17 ! ' r ' L ~ l l i n ~ l l l n zq~nl fn , Irrlrllrctwab! ttrrnl-r] in ~npreccdcnlrr-i narnh~r -5 t o thc fldrniniqirg ti{)?. As C hr: VIPI narn ar;rr rliapIarcd ali j rnm f h r n3tinnlrI agcnrlz, it c:irrit: ?,.I n s l r ~ r p p:irllni: nl' thr ~ 3 1 % I~cbtween the a . r l m i n ~ c t ~ ~ t i n n ~nr l t h c rnajur SPCIIIF (11' f l h ~ lntrl I r ~ $ u : i l ~vorlrl. PLrnt:riran inlef- [ P ~ F U ~ L S arc1 atill m m h more lwliiicnl in rhcir mncrrns tor!;iy than they were in e3~lerr ~ r i u d s I)[ Arngrluiln hls101-y. nut r h r l r p o l l r l r ~ nnw exyrcba lhelr

alir-nminn r r n m t h e w~js 01 t h r adminjstrntinn, :t vr~..ash.c rujecliun of Zhr grrng:?ncP 11f pnarPr n.%qa.iri:~~rrl \xpitli irur ru r r r ln t a t t ~ l r n p t s tr) p b v ~1Iccman to the rvurld.

T h r dlsnOrct~nn nf Il trrally thnusnndq rrf arnrlemic and non-ac:irlt.mic intrZlfcraals f m m t h ~ soumrl rrl' thcii- ti:uconnl Eor1r~-nmc3nl that WE. ~vilness today is socrmpthinq x l rnust unpl~-irc.r~d~~ntf~td in Ansr ric:zn hi..;tc>z-y. Only the nbnlil i c l n i ~ t

movement and the reaction t o Hoover 'E do-nothing policy in t h r rarly years of the depress ion @RA Be at all compared to it.

T'a be s w x , American intalhiduab continue to suffer from a nrnse of s lbndiun n d p w ~ r k a s n ~ a s , t h y dcpEape their hck of cahes inn and thr tcnuow- wss of the bmfe that bind them to one anoth~r . Yet it may bc that the i r cu r r en t involrlcment in a plitlcs sf protest, lhatlgh it i s ~ n l i k r l p to nccnmplLsh its intended a i m , will have as an unintended cansequence t h ~ nuercorning of that arnsc of polltlcal fwtttllity Irom which American inte Lkdua k have auttarad throughout most of our hbtary.

1) A number of the themes tha t can snlv kx? atTumbr~~ted hem arc ti-rated mow fully In my Mrn sf Ideas, A Sn_cialn@strq Vinw New Ynrk, The Free Press, IM9.

2 ) Emm FTm WebeT, t m s hted and rditcd by H. H. Certb and EE. Wright R T i l b , Lonrlm, K r m n E~uiul, T w n c h , Trubnrr and C o . , 1948, p. 84,

4 ) In what follows I draw hear+ ly nn a fin^ paper by Richard Koatehnetz, ' T h e English Literary Scene, If in S~ln rnagund i , vat. 1, 3 (1 9665.