The Use of Medicinal Plant Species by the Temuan Tribe of Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor, Peninsula Malaysia

8/13/2019 The Use of Medicinal Plant Species by the Temuan Tribe of Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor, Peninsula Malaysia.

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tanikaJ. Trap. Agric. Sci. 22 2): 85 - 94 1999) ISSN: 1511-3701 Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

The Use of Medicinal Plant Species by the Te mu an Tribe of Ayer Hitam

Forest, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia FARIDAH HANUM and NURULHUDA HAMZAH

Department of orest Production Faculty of orestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia 434 UPM Serdang Selangor

eywords: Medicinal plant species , uses, plant parts, method o f application, Temuan tribe, AyerHit am F ores t

ABSTRAK

asil awal kajian ke atas kegunaan spesies tumbuhan ubatan oleh masyarakat Temuan di Ayer Hitam

persembahkan. Walaupun hutan ini dikelilingi oleh kegiatan pembangunan sosio ekonomi yang pesat iaerupakan gedung ubat yang agak mencukupi untuk masyarakat Temuan ini. 98 spesies tumbuhan yangempunyai nilai perubatan serta 4 kegunaan telah direkodkan. Kegunaan telah dikumpulkan dalam tujuhra penggunaan iaitu minum makan kunyah tampal sapu mandi dan syampu.

ABSTRACT

eliminary results of a study on the use of medicinal plant species by the indigenous people from the Temuanbe at Ayer Hitam orest are presented. Although this forest is surrounded by rapid socio economic developmentis ironically a substantial pharmacopoeia for the Temuans. A total of 98 plant species with 4 different uses

ere recorded and they were grouped into seven methods of application namely drink eat chew poultice rub bathd shampoo.

INTRODUCTION

ants have been used for many thousands ofears to treat human disorders and pains. To th e

origines, plants which are found in theirrroundings ar e not only important sources ofod and materi a ls for shelter but also valuableurces of medicines. In m an y d ev el op in g

ountries of th e world, pharmacognosy owes i tsevelopment to a certain extent to the aborigines

n d native medicine men, wh o through historyave u se d t he therapeutic qualities of herbs withpecial skills Gimlett 1939). ha s beendicated that of th e 7000 species of angiosperms

n d 600 species of ferns in Malaysia, about 1150pecies ar e reported to have medicinal propertiesL atiff 1985). While many species are moreopularly known and used than o ther s, m anypecies form the minor ingredients of a decoctionr components of a wider curative concept.

SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS

his study was conducted in Compar tments 12,4 and 15 of th e Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor,

Peninsular Malaysia. The details of th e site havebeen presented in a companion paper FaridahHanum 1999). This forest is inhabited by about150 aborigines or orang asli f ro m th e Temuantribe wh o still rely on th e fores t resources fo rtheir living.

Data were gathered following a methodmodified from Martin 1995). In this study, fourpermanent 1-ha plots lOOm x 100m) that havebeen

established for otherstudies in

theforest

were used. The informants were two elderlymedicine me n from th e Temuan tribe an d theywere walked i nt o t he plots and asked to identifyall plant species that were used as medicines intheir community. Information on th e plant partsused, uses and method of use were recordedonly when there was mutual agreement betweenth e two medicine men. Discussion on th eadministration an d method of application of th emedicinal p lan t species was conducted in th eMalay language, which is fairly understood byboth parties. When a misunderstanding of termscropped up, anothe r Temuan wh o worked in


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I FARIDAH HANUM and

th e Universiti Putra Malaysia and well-versed inboth th e Malay an d Temuan languages clarified.The data collected were supported by herbariumvoucher specimens which a re depos it ed at th eHerbarium Faculty of Forestry, Universiti PutraMalaysia. Turner 1995) was used as th e mainreference with regards to the name of plants inthis study.

URULHUDA HAMZAH

RESULTS ND DIS USSION

T h e total number of medicinal plan t speciescollected during this study was 98, representing83 genera an d 53 fami lies Table 1 . Amongth e plant families present ZingiberaceaeEuphorbiaceae Lauraceae LeguminosaeMelastomataceae an d Piperaceae comprise manyspecies with purpoted medicinal values from this

TABLE 1Enumeration of medicinal plant taxa in 4 ha plot at Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor

Family

Acanthaceae

Adiantaceae

AnisophylleaceaeAnnonaceaeApocynaceae

AraceaeAristolochiaceaeAsclepiadiaceaeAspleniaceaeBlechnaceaeCompositae

CostaceaeCyperaceae

Dillenniaceae

Dioscoreaceae

DryopteridaceaeElaeocarpaceaeEuphorbiaceae

FlacourtiaceaeGleicheniaceaeGnetaceaeGramineae

GuttiferaeHypoxidaceaeIxonan thaceaeLauraceae

LecythidaceaeLeguminosae

86

Species

systasia gangetica L.) T.AndersonJusticia gendarussa Burm. fTaenitis blechnoides Willd.) Sw

Cheilanthes tenuifolia Burm.f.) Swnisophyllea disticha Qack) Baill.Goniothalamus macrophyllus Blume) H oo k. f. a nd T ho ms on lstonia angustifolia Wall.Catharanthus T eu L.) G Do nHomalomena sagittifolia Jungh. e x Schot t .Thottea dependens Planch.) KlotzschToxocarpus griffithii Decne. splenium nidus L. lechnum orientale L. lumea balsamifera L. ) D.CElephantopus scaber L.Eupatorium odoratum L.

Costus speciosus Q Konig) Sm.Mapania cuspidata Mig.) UittienKyllinga brevifolia Roub.Dillenia sUffruticosa Griff.) MartelliTetracera indica Christm. Panz.) Merr.Dioscorea glabra Roxb.Dioscorea hispida Dennst.Tectaria crenata Cay.Elaeocarpus stipularis Blume. calypha indica L.Mallotus leucodermis Hook. fMallotus paniculatus Lam.) Mull. Arg.Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. Thonn.Hydnocarpus kunstleri King) Warb.Dicranopteris linearis Burm. f.) Underw.Gnetum gnemon L.Lophantherum gracile Brongn.Themeda arguens L. ) Hack.Mesua ferrea L.Molineria latifolia Dryand.) Herb. ex KurzIxonanthes icosandra JackCinnamomum iners Reinw. lseodaphne intermedia Kosterm.Litsea grandis Wall. ex ees) Hook.f.Cinnamomum porrectum Roxb.) Kosterm.

arringtonia racemosa L . Spreng.Mimosa pudica L.

PERT IKAJ. TRap. AGRIe. SCI VOL. 22 0.2 1999

Vernacular names

Ara songsangGandarusaPaku balu

Telur belangkasKalis utanGajah beranakPulaiKemunting cinaKeladi kemoyangTelinga beruangMelati hutanDaun semumPaku ikanSembungTapak sula imanBusuk-busukSetawar hutanPandan tikusRumput tekiSetawanMempelasUbi torakUbi gadongPaku kikirMendongGalak kucingBalik angin bopengBalit gajahDukung anakSetumpulResamMelintajau /melinjauRumput kelulutMisai adamPenaga lilinLembaPagar anakKayu manis hutanKeledang utanMedang claun Ie ba rKayu manis

Putat kedulSemalu


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I FARIDAH HANUM a nd N UR UL HU DA HAMZAH

forest Table 1 . There ar e 140 different usesrecorded from the medic inal p lants listed an dgrouped into seven methods of application viz.,drink, eat, chew, rub poultice, bath an d shampoo Table 2 . Majori ty of th e medicinal plant specieswere decoctions of different plant par ts mainlytaken as a drink. The rest of th e medicinal plantparts were either used as a rub bath orpoultice. To a small extent some plant parts werechewed such as th e stem of Costus speciosus withbetel nut to relieve coughs, an d sometimes eatenraw such as th e ripe fruits of Gnetum gnemon fora laxative. A medicinal plant species may be

multipurpose in use suc h as th e leaves of systasiagangetica which can b e u se d as a bath poultice orrub fo r different treatment of diseases. The sameplant parts when prepared in different ways willalso treat different health problems as shown by lpini conchigera Table 2 . Ocassionally, there isa mixture of plant parts from different species fo rth e treatment of certain diseases. An exampleincludes decocting together leaves of Piper caninumwith roots of Labisia pumila for th e relief of throatache.

When compared with some re levantethnobotanical l i teratures mainly o f Burkill

TABLE 2Temuan administration an d application of medicinal plant species

Scientific names

calypha indica

denanthera malayana

lpi nia conchigera

lseodaphne intermedia

lstonia angustifolia

nisophyllea disticha

quilaria malaccensis

systasia gangetica

arringtonia racemosa

lechnum orientale

lumea balsamifera

Uses an d parts used

Root an d leaf decoction fo r skin complaints ulcer,constipation an d brochitis; whole plant decoction forstomach cleansing an d aphrodisiac

Leaf an d bark decoction as antiseptic

Root decoction to clean hair from fleasProunded leaves t o t re at boils and swelling on stomachafter childbirth.Pounded rhizome for p a in i ns id e bone

Powdered rhizomes with water fo r s tomach ache

Juice from leaves to prevent insect bitesPounded bark with water to protect from shingles

Pounded leaves applied on head to tr eat high fever

Leaves pounded to t re at p ai n i ns id e b on es

Bark a nd r oo t decoction as tonic preparat ion duringpregnancy, after chidbirth an d various other diseases ofwomen

J ui ce f ro m leaves fo r eye treatmentLeaves chewed raw an d applied externally to woundLeaves mixed with paku merah to relieve pain insidebone

Leaves of roots an d bark fo r itch an d chicken po x

Pounded roots an d leaves to treat skin complaintsDecoction of plant f or d rops y

Leaf decoction for cough an d distended stomach,high blood and insomia B

l ot io n a ft er chi ld bi rt h to whole body and on headfo r headache

PERT NIK J TRap AGRIC. SCI. VOL NO 2 1999

Method of application

Drink

Ru b

ShampooPoultice

Ru b

Poultice

Ru bDrink

Poultice

Ru b

Drink

BathPoulticeRub

Ru b

RubDrink

Drink

Rub


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TH E USE OF MEDICI AL PlANT SPECIES Y TH E TEMU

ABLE 2 Continued)

TRlBE

atharanthus roseus

heilanthes tenuifolia

nnamomun iners

nnamomun porrectum

oscinium fenestratum

ostus speciosus

urcuma aeruginosa

urcuma zedoaria

erris microphylla

illenia suffruticosa

icranopteris linearis

ioscorea glabra

ioscorea hispida

iplazium allantoideum

issocheata gracilis

o n x grandis

Elaeocarpus stipularis

Elephantopus scaber

Etlingera elatior

Decoction of stem, leaves and root to treat diabetes,insect bites period pains an d high blood pressureDecoction of leaves an d stems for h ea lt h y hair

Juice of leaf f or f oo d p oi so ni ng a nd r oo t decoctiongiven after childbirthPoultice of leaves squ eezed i n to wo un d , pounded leavesfor rh eu mat ism

Juice of l ea f f or f oo d p oi so ni ng an d root decoction givenaf ter ch ildb ir th an d gi ven t o girls at tain ing matur ity

Stem a nd r oo t decoction as aphrodisiac an d given afterchilbirthAsh of roots or stems to treat nose ulcer

Root decoct ion given af ter ch ilb ir th an d high fever

Scrape of stem applied to leprous skinPounded stems rubbed fo r skin complaintsStem eaten with betel nu t to tre at cough.Decoction of leaves to t re at s to ma ch a ch e an d stomachu lc er s i n childrenDecoction of rhizome as tonic

Rhi zo me d ecoc ti on for treatment after childbirth

Rhizome as universal tonic to regain s tr en gt h f or w om enan d constipationPounded rhizomes fo r woundPounded rhizomes as medi ci ne for after childbirth

Decoction of pounded leaves fo r skin complaints

Pounded leaves for rheu mati sm

Juice of leaves to treat high fever

Pounded leaves to cure sores

Leaves pounded fo r sores of yaw

Pounded leaves rubbed at armpits to p rev ent b od y odour

Leaves decoction as an antidote f or I po h poison

Decoction of leaves an d roots for cooling body during feverJuice of stems applied f or s na ke bitesPoulice of leaf or s te m f or eye refreshment

Pulped leaves to cure sores

Leaf an d root decoction as supplement after childbirth,tonic deworming, veneral disease an d coughPounded leaves fo r distended stomach an d wound

Rhi zo me mi xed with Piper tl to eliminate excessive gasaf ter ch ildbi r th

PERTANIKAJ TRap. GRlC SCI VOL NO.2, 1999

Drink

Drink

Drink

Poultice

Drink

Drink

Ru b

Drink

PoulticeRu bChewDrink

Drink

Bath

Drink

PoulticeEat

Ru b

Poultice

Bath

Poultice

Ru b

Ru b

Drink

Bath

Ru bPoultice

Poultice

Drink

Poultice

Chew

89


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TABLE 2 Continued

Eupatorium odoratum

Eurycoma longifolia

Ficus aurantiacea

Ficus grossularioides

Ficus lepicarpa

Flemingia macrophylla

Gironniera nervosa

Gnetum gnemon

Goniothalamus macrophyllus

Gonystylus affinis

Helminthostachys zeylanica

Homalomena sagittifolia

Hydnocarpus kunstleri

uanura wallichiana

Ixonanthes icosandra

Ixora concinna

Justicia gendarusa

Kyllinga brevifolia

Labisia pumila

Litsea grandis

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I FARIDAH HANUM an d NURULHUDA HAMZAH

Leaves pounded fo r wound an d stop bleeding

Decoction of roots as aphrodisiac for men and used astonic

Root decoction as aphrodisiacLeaves pounded for tootache

Crushed bark to treat ring worms an d shingles

Pounded leaves to treat ring worms

Pounded leaves fo r stomach ache

Root decoction to prevent skin diseases

Ripe fruits for s to mach cleansing an d preventconstipation

Decoction of root to eliminate excessive gas in bodyD ec oc ti on u se d as lotion to treat body pains an drheumatismPounded leaves an d bark fo r skin complaints

Oil from wood to treat asthma

Decoction of leaves as tonic after childbirthRhizome mixed with Piper tl for cough and venerealdiseases

Decoction of r oo t a nd leaves for feverPounded roots applied on distended stomach

Decoction of bark fo r internal disorders an d skin disease

Roots an d leaves fo r birth control for woman

Decoction of root fo r whooping coughJuice of leaves rubbed f or c he st pains

Flowers decoction to treat dysentry an d stimulate gastricsecretions

Leaves pounded with lemon for deworming an ds to mach ach ePounded roo ts for mouth during fits

Pounded roots applied externally fo r skin complaints

Roots decoction to treat haemorrhoids an drheumatism. Roots mixed with decoction o f o th er herbsgiven after childbirth.

Bark decoction as t oni c to t re at p ain inside sores an dheadacheLeaf poultice to treat insect bites an d snake bites

PERTANlKAJ TRap. AGRIC SCI VOL NO.2, 1999

Poultice

Drink

DrinkRub

Poultice

Rub

Rub

Bath

Eat

DrinkRu b

Bath

Ru b

DrinkEa t

DrinkPoultice

Drink

Ea t

DrinkRu b

Drink

Poultice

Ru b

Poultice

Drink

Drink

Poultice


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TH E USE OF MEDICINAL PlANT SPECIES BY TH E TEMUAN TRIBE

ABLE 2 Continued

phantherum gracile

copodium muum

godium microphyllum

godium circinnatum

allotus leucodermis

allotus paniculatus

apania cuspidata

elastoma malabathricum

esua erre

imosa pudica

olineria latifolia

phioglossum pendulum

xyspora bullata

avetta wallichiana

eperomia pellucida

hyllanthus amarus

hyllagathis gri fithii

hysalis minima

per betle

Decoction of root fo r childbirth treatment, mixed withtea as carminative an d stomach ache treatmentRoots decoction to treat swelling on body

Decoction of p lant s for cough an d asthma

Leaf decoct ion to treat fever an d high temperatureLeaves chewed to prevent fits

E xu da te f ro m rhizome as insect repellent and to treataquatic animal bites and snake bites

Decoction of roots to treat skin complaints

Decoction of roots to treat after childbirth

R oo t d ec oc ti on f or treatment after childbirth an d leaves

to treat diarrhoea

Decoction with other plants given after childbirth,pounded leaves fo r tooth ache an d eliminate excessivegas ins ide body For l eu ko rea, mix with sugar an dgingerFruits pounded to treat small woundPounded roots and leaves for skin complaints

Decoction of seed oil root an d flowers t ak en aft erchildbirthDecoction of dried flowers fo r external skin complaints

Root decoction as tonicPounded leaves fo r swelling on body

Decoction of rhizome with reca for menorrhagia

Juice of leaves t o c lean se an d t re at h ai r

Roots and leaves decoction given after childbirth

Flowers decoction to prevent f ro m c ou gh , r oo tsdecoction given af ter ch ildbi r thLotion f rom b ar k to treat nose ulcers

Decoction of plants to treat rheumatism

Decoction of plant fo r diarrhoea, high blood pressureDecoction of plant with goat milk for diabetesDecoction of plants for cleansing wound an d skin complaints

Decoction of root mixed with other plants given afterchildbirth and to treat irregular menses

Decoction of p la nt s t o treat high feverRipe fruits to avoid stomach u lc er a nd stomach ache

Leaves to cure disease of mucous membrance of th emouth

PERTANIKAJ TRap. AGRIC SCI VOL NO.2, 1999

Drink

Ru b

Drink

BathChew

Rub

Bath

Bath

Drink

Drink

PoulticeRu b

Drink

Ru b

DrinkPoultice

Drink

Shampoo

Drink

Drink

Ru b

Drink

DrinkDrinkRu b

Drink

DrinkEa t

Chew

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TABLE 2 Continued)

Piper ninum

Piper l n tum

Piper umbellatum

Plocoglottis lowii

Psychotria sarmentosa

Pterisanthes sp

Pyrrosia piloselloides

Pyrrosia nummularifolia

Scaphium macropodum

Schizaea dichotoma

Scoparia dulcis

Selaginella ciliaris

Selaginella wildenowii

Tacca leontopetaloides

Taenitis blechnoides

Tectaria crenata

Tetracera indica

Themeda arguens

Thottea dependens

Tinospora macrocarpa

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I FARIDAH HANUM an d URULHUDA HAMZAH

Decoction with abisia pumil Kac ip Fatimah) r oo ts tocure throat-ache

Decoction of p lant s for malaria, toothache, rheumatism,deworming, fever an d influenzaEaten raw to cure stomach ulcer

Decoction of plant to prevent malaria, t reat cough ,influenza, kidney ache, rheumatism an d tooth ache

Juice of pounded leaves to t rea t skin complaint

Roots an d leaves decoction given after childbirthDecoction of plants to cure fever

Pounded roots rubbed for relieving swellings

Decoction of plant to treat cough, diarrhoea an dgonorhoeaDecoction of plants to t rea t shingles an d r ing worms

Decoction from leaves to cure cough an d fits

Decoction of plants to treat high fever, an d cooling downf or r ef re sh in g b od yRip e fruits to treat high body tempera ture

Decoction of roots to treat cough an d th ro at ache

Decoction of plant to eliminate excessive gas in the bodyaf ter ch ildbi r th

L ot io n f ro m leaves fo r skin complaints

Decoction of leaves to cleanse wound

Decoction of roots with selayar hitam for good kidneyfunctionDecoction of roots to eliminatate excessive gas afterchildbirth

Decoction of plant to t re at r in g worm an d shingles

Decoction of plants to t reat venerea l disease like gonorrhoea

Root decoction to treat high blood pressure an d high feverLeaves an d roots pounded together fo r skin itch

Decoction o f r oo t as aphrodisiac, blood cleansing an dbody refresh ingPlant poultice to t rea t lumbago

Leaves pounded fo r skin complaints; r ub be d b eh in d e arfo r fever

Decoction of leaves fo r vermifuge an d choleraJuice of leaves to t r ea t wound

Decoction of rhizome to e limina te excessive gas afterchildbirth

PERT lKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI VOL. 22 0.2 ,1999

Drink

Drink

Ea t

Drink

Ru b

DrinkBath

Ru b

Drink

Bath

Drink

Drink

Ea t

Drink

Drink

Ru b

Bath

Drink

Drink

Drink

Drink

DrinkPoultice

Drink

Poultice

Ru b

DrinkRub

Drink


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TH E USE OF MEDICINAL PlANT SPECIES Y TH E TEMU

TABLE 2 Continued

TRIBE

Toxocarpus grifjithii

Vitex p nn t

Vitex tri olia

Zingiber aromatica

Zingiber cassumunar

Zingiber grifjithii

Zingiber ofjicinale

Zingiber puberulum

Zingiber spectabile

Fruits eaten raw fo r general well-being

Decoction of bark an d leaf for stomach-ache an dgiven af ter ch ildbi r th

Bark an d leaves pounded with other plants to treatfever an d wounds

Decoction of stem as diurret ic, roots decoction tore duce h igh fever an d after childbirth

Decoction for cough an d on e of ingredients fo rt rad i tional tonic

Decoction of leaves with black pepper fo r s toma chache

Decoction of root to eliminate excessive gas in thebodyPounded f lowers to avoid faintingLotion from leaves to treat rheumatism

Pounded plants to t rea t toothacheRhizome pound with flowers of xora sp. to treatstomach-ache, rheumatism an d headache

Decoction of leaf to treat fever

Juice from leaves to treat eye-ache an d swelling

Ea t

Drink

Poultice

Drink

Drink

Drink

Bath

Ru bRu b

PoulticeEa t

Drink

Bath

1966 , a substantial amount of overlap in theuse of medicinal plant species by t he Tem ua nswith other people elsewhere occurs, suggestingthat these species ar e indeed effective in th etreatment of certain diseases. Thus, these speciessho uld b e taken as clues for the development ofnew drugs. Medicinal plant resources can beused directly as pharmaceuticals plant extractsand products , serve as t emplates for chemicalsynthesis of related medicinal compounds andused as investigative or evaluative tools in thedrug development and t est in g p ro ce ss ofchemical compounds.

ON LUS ON

The Temuans have no t lost their traditionalknowledge in th e use of medicinal p lan ts as apanacea for various health problems an d diseasesdespite t he ir e xp osur e to th e socio-economictransformation and improved communicationssur rounding the forest. It is however f ea re d th atwhen th e Temuan elderlys have gone anddevelopment further seeps into this forest, bothknowledge and medicinal plant resources will

also per ish. is not unlikely that knowledgeand resources will remain with habitat loss orconversion fo r other land uses.

The conservation of th e medicinal plantspecies in this fores t can be done in two ways:conservation in natural areas an d cultivation. Inth e former, whi ch is more desirab le as plantspecies grow naturally and cheaper inmanagement , there is a risk of encroachment.Encroachment in the Ayer Hitam Forest is ratherrampant especially in th e northern part. Beingth e only larger forest left in th e midst ofdevelopment in th e Klang Valley the otherbeing Bukit Nenas Forest Reserve , it is inevitablethat species of economic value especially thosewith medicinal properties will be over-exploitedby local vendors. So as to safeguard th emedicinal plant resources of this forest,theauthor would like to suggest a n a rb or etum i.e.an area devoted to th e cultivation of a wideselection of woody plants tr ee s, s hr ub s,vines,etc. to be set up as a back-up. Althoughth e main objective of an arboretum is not forth e conservation of medicinal plants, allocations

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 0.2 ,1999 93


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I. FARIDAH HANUM and

can be given fo r this n ob le p urp os e in th efenced part of th e forest. An arboretum ca nsimultaneously b e m a in t ai n ed as both centres ofresearch educat ion and recreational areas.

KNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was carried out with funding fromIRPA 08-02-04-0089 fo r which t he a ut ho rs ar egrateful T h e co o p era t io n o f Erak themi d d l eman for th e T em uan s is greatlyappreciated

REFEREN ES

BURKILL I H. 1966. A Dictionary EconomicProducts the Malay Peninsula Vols I llKuala Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture anCooperatives

F RJ H H M, I 1999. Plant Diversity an dConservation Value of Ayer Hitam Forest,

URULHUDA HAMZAH

Se1angor, Peninsular Malaysia. PertanikaJ TropAgric Sci 22 2 : this volume.

G I M L E T I J D 1939. A Dictionary Malayan MedicineSingapore: Oxford University Press.

LATIFF A. 1985. Ethnobotanical an d phytochemical

studies on Malaysian Menispermac eae. MalaysAppl iol 14 2 : 68 - 75.

MARTI G J 1995. Ethnobotany a Methods ManualLondon: Chapman an d Hall. 268 p

SABARIAH Z K RI 1987. Kajian Ethnobotani di TigaKampung Daerah Sering Kota BharuKelantan Tesis Sm Sn 67 p. UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia.

TURNER I M. 1995. A Catalogue of th e VascularPlants of Malaya. Gardens Bulletin Singapore 47 1 2 :

1 - 757.

94 PERTANIKAJ. TRap ACRIC. SCI. VOL. 22 NO 2 1999

Documents

The Use of Medicinal Plant Species by the Temuan Tribe of Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor, Peninsula Malaysia