An Annotated Checklist of Higher Plants in Ayer Hitam Forest

PertanikaJ. Trop. Agric. Sci. 24(1): 63-78 (2001) ISSN: 1511-3701© Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

An Annotated Checklist of Higher Plants in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve,Puchong, Selangor

I. FARIDAH HANUM1, A. Z. IBRAHIM2, SHAMSUL KHAMIS3, M. NAZRE1,P. LEPUN1, G. RUSEA4, J. J. LAJUNI5 8c A. LATIFF5

faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaSchool of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor, Malaysia^Institute of Biosdence, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Emnronment Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

^Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Keywords : Annotated checklist, higher plants, Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve

ABSTRAK

Hutan Simpan Ayer Hitam ialah suatu hutan subjenis Kelat-Kedondong bagi hutan tanah rendah dipterokarpayang terktak di Lembah Klang yang kini sedang mengalami suatu pembangunan sosio-ekonomi dan fizikalamat pesat. Hutan ini telah beberapa kali dibalak dalam 60 tahun yang lalu dan kini beberapa cerukvegetasinya sedang menuju ke arah klimaks semula, Ekspedisi ini yang telah dijalankan pada 2-5 Met 2000.merangkumi beberapa ahli botani yang telah memerhati dan mengutip spesimen tumbuhan. Enumerasi yangdiberikan di sini adalah berdasarkan kepada spesimen yang dikutip semasa ekspedisi, mencakupi 262 spesiestumbuhan vaskularyang tergolong dalam 142 genus dan 56 famili. Famili Myrtaceae, dengan 22 spesies adalahfamili yang terbesar di dalam senarai, diikuti oleh Euphorbiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae dan Annonaceae, masing-masing dengan 21, 17 dan 14 spesies, Spesies genus Knema adalah yang terbesar dengan 13 spesies dan diikutioleh Memecylon Syzygium dan Diospyros, masing-masing dengan 9, 7 dan 7 spesies.

ABSTRACT

Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve is a Kelat-Kedondong subtype of the lowland dipterocarp forest situated in the KlangValley which is currently undergoing a tremedous pace of socio-economic and physical development. The forest hadbeen logged many times in the last 60 years or so and most vegetation niches are beginning to recover to theirclimax again. Our expedition, from 2-5 May 2000 involved a few botanists who observed and collected specimensof higher plants. The enumeration provided here is based only on the specimens collected during the expedition,includes 262 species of vascular plants belonging to 142 genera and 56 families. The Myrtaceae, with 22 speciesis the largest family in the checklist, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Annonaceae with 21, 17and 14 species, respectively . Species-wise the genus Knema, is the largest with 13 species, followed by Memecylon,Syzygium and Diospyros with 9, 7, and 7 species, respectively.

INTRODUCTIONThe Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Puchong,Selangor covers an area of about, 3,500 ha priorto lease to Universiti Putra Malaysia in 1996.The Selangor State Goverment on 7th October1996 leased this patch of the remaining lowlandforest in the Klang Valley with 6 compartments,namely Compartments 1, 2, 12, 13, 14 and 15 to

the University for 80 years for the purpose ofeducation and research. In the past 10 years theUniversity had used the forests for variouseducational purposes including industrialtraining of their forestry students and alsoresearch in biodiversity and environment bystudents and staffs from various faculties. Thefaculty members also were active in various

I. FARIDAH HANUM, A.Z, IBRAHIM, SHAMSUL KHAMIS, M. NAZRE, P. LEPUN,G. RUSEA.J. J. LAJUNI & A. LATIFF

research projects in the forest. The size of thisforest is now reduced by about 64% to 1,248 ha,after it was further excised for some socio-ecomonic development projects such as housingestates, oil palm plantation, new townships,factories, and highways, among others. In thepresent survey, this forest is classified as adisturbed Kelat-Kedondong-Mixed Dipterocarptype of lowland forest type (Faridah Hanum,1999). Mat-Salleh (1999) has shown the role andfunction of a similar forest at UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia that has been used bystudents and staff for similar purposes. The AyerHitam FR is located at 3° 00.00' N to 3° 02.20'N and 101° 37.90' E to 101° 40.00* E, approxi-mately 20 km southwest of Kuala Lumpur.

Currently, this forest is thus completelysurrounded by developed and developing areas,making it an "island forest" isolated in themiddle of modern infrastructures and urbansociety. Being strategically located within theMultimedia Super Corridor, that connects thecommercial city of Kuala Lumpur with the newadministrative city of Putrajaya and business cityof Cyberjaya, it is the only remaining lowlandforest found in the Klang Valley, other than thesmaller Bukit Nenas Forest Reserve in the heartof Kuala Lumpur. Historically, this forest wasselectively logged several times from 1936 to1966 and the impoverished diversity has begunto recover quite well (Mohamad Zakaria andAbdul Rahim 1999; Mohamad Zakaria andRahmat Topani 1999). Formerly, the area wasoccupied by one of the remaining group ofindigenous people, the Temuan tribe, but nowmoved to other more-disurbed areas of theforest (Faridah Hanum and Nurulhuda Hamzah1999). This forest is also readily accesible by allkind of vehicles up to the base camp.

Logging activities were carried out incompartments 12 and 13 from 1936 until 1966.In those 30 years, these compartments werelogged three times using Comercial RegenerationFelling system in 1936-1943 and 1965-1966, andSelective Felling in 1946-1954 (Faridah Hanum1999). However, in 1990 silvicultural treatmenthas been carried out in these compartments.

CHECKLIST OF HIGHER PLANTS INAYER HITAM FOREST RESERVE

The checklist produced below is the result ofbotanical observation and collection done duringthe Scientific Expedition. It is arranged

alphabetically by families, each family is followedby the species known, according to Turner(1995). Where possible local name(s) is includedwith brief notes on habit and distribution.

Gymnosperms1.0 Podocarpaceae1.1 Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don

Podo BukitTree to 20 m tall; normally confined tohill and montane forests; its occurrencein this forest is botanically very interesting.Probably it is introduced from the hillforest or an escape from cultivation.

2.0 Gnetaceae2.1 Gnetum cuspidatum Blume

Large liana; commonly found in thelowland and hill forests; widespread.

Angiosperms - Dicotyledons1.0 Acanthaceae1.1 Acanthus volubilis Wall,

Trailing shrub which is commonly foundscattered in the surveyed area.

1.2 Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. AndersonRumput IsraelCreeping herbs; normally found in wasteand idle areas, sometimes in cultivatedareas too; could be considered a noxiousweed which is believed to be introducedfrom India and now beginning to benaturalized in the country.

2.0 Alangiaceae2.1 Alangium ebenaceum (C.B. Clarke) Harms

var. ebenaceumMentulang Daun BujurTree to 10 m tall; commonly found inlowland forest.

3.0 Anacardiaceae3.1 Bouea macrophylla Griff.

KundangTree reaching up to 20 m, produce ediblefruits; quite common in lowland and hillforest.

3.2 Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn.Kundang Tikus, RumiaTree reaching to 20 m tall, also bearsedible fruits; lowland forest up to 700 maltitude; widespread.

3.3 Buchanania sessifolia BlumeRengas AirSmall to medium tree; lowland forest to700 m; throughout.

64 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGR1C. SCI. VOL. 24 NO. 1, 2001

AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF HIGHER PLANTS IN AYER HITAM FOREST RESERVE, PUCHONG, SELANGOR

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

3.4 Gluta malayana (Corner) Ding HouRengas Kerbau JalangTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest, inlcluding 4.7swampy areas; quite widespread.

3.5 Mangifera magnified KochummenMacang HutanBig tree reaching 30 m tall; lowland forest 4.8to 700 m alt i tude; widespread andapparently quite common in Pasoh ForestReserve.

3.6 Mangifera quadrifida JackMacang hutanTree to 30 m tall; lowland rain forest to900 m altitude; widespread.

3.7 Melanochyla angustifolia Hook./RengasTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest to 600 maltitude; widespread.

3.8 Melanochyla fulvinervis (Blume) Ding HouRengas Padi Kulit HitamTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest,occasionally in the hills up to 1350 maltitude; widespread.

3.9 Parishia paucijuga EngI,RengasTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 400 m altitude; widespread.

4.0 Annonaceae4.1 Alphonsea curtisii King

MempisangMedium tree reaching 20 m tall; lowlandforest; an element of the northern part ofPeninsular Malaysia but recorded for thefirst time in Selangor.

4.2 Alphonsea cylindrica KingMempisangTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; notwidespread.

4.3 Alphonsea lucida KingMempisangShrub to 3 m tall; lowland forest; endemicto Peninsular Malaysia.

4.4 Fissistigma kingii (Boerl.) BurkillMempisang 6.0Large liana; lowland forest; quite 6.1widespread.

4.5 Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hook./ . 8cThomson) Merr.Mempisang 6.2Liana; lowland forest; widespread.

4.6 Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) J. SinclairMempisangLarge tree reaching to 30 m tall; produce

4.13

4.14

5.05.1

good timber; rather common in lowlandforest; widespread.Phaeathus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G.Don) J.SinclairMempisangSmall shrub; lowland forest; widespread.Polyalthia cauliflora Hook./ & Thomsonvar. caulifloraMempisangShrub or small tree; lowland forest; quitewidespread.Polyalthia motleyana (Hook./) Airy Shawvar. oblonga (King) J. SinclairMempisangSmall tree to 4 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest.Polyalthia rumphii (Blume) Merr.MempisangTree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.Polyalthia sumatrana (Miq.) KurzMempisangTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.Popowia fusca KingMempisangTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; endemicto Peninsular Malaysia with restricteddistribution.Xylopia densifolia Hook./MempisangXylopia ferruginea (Hook./ & Thomson)Hook./ 8c Thomson var. ferrugineaJangkang BukitTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.ApocynaceaeDyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. /JelutongHuge lactiferous tree reaching 40 m;lowland forests; has been reportedgregariously growing in Kuala LangatSouth peatswamp forest; widespread.AristolochiaceaeThottea corymbosa (Griff.) Ding HouHempedu beruangShrub to 2 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.Thottea grandiflora Rottb.Hempedu beruangShrub to 2 m tall; lowland and hill forestto. 600 m; widespread.

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7.0 Celastraceae7.1 Bhesa paniculata Arn.

Biku-Biku 12.0Tree to 20 m tall; lowland and montane 12.1forest to 1300 m; widespread.

7.2 Euonytnus javanicus BlumeTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest 12.2to 400m; widespread.

8.0 Chrysobalanaceae8.1 Atuna nannodes (Kosterm.) Kosterm.

GeranamTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 750 m altitude; widespread. 12.3

8.2 Ucania splendens (Korth.) PranceMembatuTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; 12.4throughout.

8.3 Parinari elmeri Merr.Merbatu, MempariTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest 12.5to 600 m altitude; an element of thesouth of Peninsular Malaysia.

9.0 Combretaceae9.1 Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe 12.6

Jelawai MentalunTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; normallyfound in the north of Peninsular Malaysiaand its occurrence in Ayer Hitam Forest 12.7Reserve is phytogeographically interesting.

9.2 Terminalia foetidissima Griff.Jelawai Mempelam BabiTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; anelement of the southern part of PeninsularMalaysia. 12.8

9.3 Terminalia phellocarpa KingTree to 20 m tall; more commonly foundin swamp or alluvial forests; widespread.

9.4 Terminalia subspathulata King 12.9Jelawai JahaLarge tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest.

10.0 Ctenolophonaceae10.1 Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. 12.10

MertasButtressed tree reaching 30 m tall; hillyforest below 300 m, also in swamps;widespread. 12.11

11.0 Dilleniaceae11.1 DiUenia reticulata King var. reticulata

Simpoh GajahStilt-rooted tree to 20 m tall; lowland 12.12forest, widespread; an endemic variety.

11.2 DiUenia sumatrana Miq.Simpoh Padang

KHAMIS, M. NAZRE, P. LEPUN,A. LATIFF

Tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; quitewidespread.DipterocarpaceaeAnisoptera costata Korth.MersawaHuge tree; lowland forest; widespread.Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex KingMersawa KuningLarge buttressed tree; lowland and hillforest to 700 m; widespread but morecommon in the north of PeninsularMalaysia.Anisoptera laevis RidleyMersawa DurianBig tree; lowland forest; widespread.Dipterocarpus crinitus DyerKeruing MempelasTree; lowland and hill forest to 850 m;widespread.Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw. ex SlootenKeruing MerahTree; lowland forest; more common inthe south of Peninsular Malaysia.Hopea beccariana BurckMerawan BatuLarge buttressed tree; lowland and hillforest to 1200 m; widespread.Shorea acuminata DyerMeranti Rambai DaunLarge buttressed tree to 40 m tall; lowlandforest; known previously from Perak andTerengganu, hence constituting a newrecord for Selangor.Shorea hopeifolia (F. Heim) SymingtonDamar Siput JantanVery tall buttressed tree; lowland forest to600 m; quite widespread.Shorea laevis RidleyBalau KumusLarge buttressed tree; lowland and hillforest to 1000 m; widespread.Shorea macroptera DyerMeranti MelantaiLarge tree; lowland and hill forest to 900m; widespread.Shorea multijlora (Bruck) SymingtonDamar HitamSmall to medium sized tree; lowland andhill forest to 700 m; throughout.Shorea parvifolia Dyer ssp. parvifoliaMeranti Sarang PunaiLarge tree; common in lowland and hillforest to 800 m; widespread.

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 24 NO. 1, 2001

AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF HIGHER PLANTS IN AYER HITAM FOREST RESERVE, PUCHONG, SELANCOR

12.13 Vatica cinerea KingResak LainSmall to medium sized tree; lowland and 14.0hill forest to 600 m, including limestone 14.1hill forest; previously known from thenorthern states of Peninsular Malaysiaincluding Pulau Langkawi.

12.14 Vatica cuspidate (Ridley) SymingtonResak Daun RuncingMedium to large tree; lowland ridge forest 14.2often near the sea; widespread; endemicto Peninsular Malaysia.

12.15 Vatica maingayi DyerResak 14.3Tree; lowland forest to 500 m; widespread.

12.16 Vatica odorata (Griff.) SymingtonResak BukitTree; lowland forest, mostly coastal; quite 14.4widespread.

12.17 Vatica stapfiana (King) SlootenResakMedium sized tree; lowland forest; 14.5widespread.

13.0 Ebenaceae13.1 Diospyros adenophora Bakh.

Kayu ArangTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest, also onlimestone hill forest; endemic toPeninsular Malaysia but quite widespread. 15.0

13.2 Diospyros areolata King 8c Gamble 15.1Kayu Arang, MerbatuTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 700 m; widespread.

13.3 Diospyros argentea Griff.Kayu Arang 15.2Tree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 800 m; endemic to Peninsular Malaysiabut widespread.

13.4 Diospyros lanceifolia Roxb. 15.3Nyalin, Kayu ArangTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 700 m; throughout.

13.5 Diospyros maingayi (Hiern.) Bakh. 15.4Kayu ArangTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 600 m; widespread.

13.6 Diospyros sumatrana Miq. 15.5Kayu ArangTree to 30 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 1500 m; common throughout.

13.7 Diospyros venosa Wall, ex A. DC. var. venosaKayu Arang 15.6

Tree to 20 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest at 1300 m; throughout.ElaeocarpaceaeElaeocarpus ferrugineus (Jack) Steud ssp.ferrugineusMendungTree to 20 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest at 1200 m; commonthroughout.Elaeocarpus mastersii KingMendungTree to 20 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 2000 m; common throughout.Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack var. nitidusMendungTree to 20 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 1500 m; common throughout.Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall, ex Mast.MendungTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 670 m; common throughout.Elaeocarpus pseudopaniculatus CornerMendungTree to 10 m tall; a species which isknown from the montane forest, especiallyAt Fraser Hill and G. Tahan, its occurrencein the lowland forest of Selangor is bothbotanically and geographically interesting.EuphorbiaceaeAgrostistachys longifoUa (Wight) Benth. var.leptosthachya (Pax 8c K, Hoffm.) WhitmoreJejulungSmall tree to 10 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest at 1050 m; throughout.Antidesma cuspidatum Mull. Arg.BerunaiSmall tree; lowland forest; commonthroughout.Aporusa microstachya (Tul.) Mull. Arg.Nipis KulitTree; hillsides in lowland forest to 400 m;quite widespread.Austrobuxus nitidus Miq. var. nitidusTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest, includingcoastal forest, swamps, mountains;throughout.Baccaurea maingayi Hook./TampoiTree to 20 m tall; hill forest; quitewidespread but was not reported fromSelangor before.Baccaurea parviflora (MullArg.) Mull.Arg.Asam Tambun

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Small tree to 5 m tall; lowland and hillforest to 600 m; widespread, morecommon in the north of Peninsular 15.18Malaysia.

15.7 Blumeodendron griffithii Hook./Geraham BadakSmall tree, or sometimes reaching 20 mtall; hills to plains; throughout.

15.8 Blumeodendron kunii (Hook./) JJ. SmithGeraham BadakTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; quite 15.19widespread.

15.9 Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) J J . SmithGeraham BadakTree to 20 m, sometimes stilt-rooted;lowland forest to 450 m, often in swamps; 15.20widespread.

15.10 Bridelia stipularis (L.) BlumeKenidaiShrub or small tree; normally in opencountry, often near streams; scattered 15.21throughout.

15.11 Drypetes pendula RidleyLidah-LidahTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; common 16.0throughout. 16.1

15.12 Elateriospermum tapos BlumePerah IkanTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 600 m; throughout. 16.2

15.13 Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy ShawSesendukTree to 30 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest at 1000 m; common 16.3throughout.

15.14 Glochidion hypoleucum (Miq.) Boerl.Minyak BerukShrub or small tree to 5 m tall; lowland to 16.4lower montane forest at 1200 m;throughout.

15.15 Macaranga gigantea (Rchb./ 8c Zoll.)Mull.Arg. 16.5KubinTree to 15 m tall; common in disturbedlowland forest; throughout.

15.16 Macaranga hosei King ex Hook./ 17.0Mahang 17.1Tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; commonthroughout.

15.17 Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb./ & Zoll.) 17.2MulLArg.Mahang PutihTree to 30 m tall; very common in

secondary forest, especially along the forestedges; throughout,Macaranga triloba (Blume) Mull.Arg.Mahang MerahSmall tree; lowland forest includingsecondary growth; common throughout.Dr. T. C. Whitmore (pers. comm. 2000)said the correct name for this species isM. bancana, M. triloba as delimited is strictlya Javanese species.Mallotus penangensis Mull.Arg.Balik AnginTree to 15 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest at 1000 m; throughout;endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.Ptychopyxis costata Miq, var. coslataMendaruhTree to 4 m tall; lowland forest; supposedlyvery rare as it is previously known oncefrom Sg. Kerian, Perak.Sapium baccatum Roxb.LudaiTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 600 m; throughout,FagaceaeCastanopsis schefferana HanceBeranganTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.Lithocarpus conocarpus (Oudem.) RenderMempeningTree to 30 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 1800 m; quite widespread.Lithocarpus cyclophorus (Endl.) A. CamusMempeningTree to 30 m tall; normally found inmontane forest to 1800 m; widespread.Quercus argentata Korth.MempeningTree to 20 m tall; lowland to montaneforest; quite widespread.Quercus gemelliflora BlumeMempeningTree to 20 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest; widespread.FlacourtiaceaeCasearia capitellata BlumeShrub or small tree to 4 m tall; lowlandforest; quite widespread.Flacourtia rukam Zoll. 8c MoritziRukamSmall thorny t ree ; lowland forest;widespread.

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17.3

17.4

18.018.1

18.2

18,3

18.4

18.5

18.6

18.7

18.8

18.9

18.10

Homalium dictyoneurum (Hance) Warb.Telur BuayaTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; quitewidespread.Homalium longifolium Benth.Bunga GambiTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.GuttiferaeCalophyUum alboramulum P.F. StevensBintangorTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; it is arare species a,s it is previously known fromJohore only.CalophyUum dioscuni P.F. StevensBintangorTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.CalophyUum rubiginosum M.R. Hend. 8cWyatt-SmithBintangor KaratTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; quitewidespread.CalophyUum tetrapierum Miq. var. tetrapterumBintangor Kuning Daun KecilTree to 20 m tall; widespread.CalophyUum waUichianum Planch. 8c Trianavar. incrasstum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-SmithBintangor Daun PanjangTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.Cratoxylum arbrescens (Vahl) BlumeGeronggangTree to 30 m tall; common in lowlandswamp forest, also in the hills; widespread.Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) BlumeDerumTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; it is arare species as it is previously known onceeach from Terengganu and Selangor.Garcinia burkillii WhitmoreKandisTree to 15 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest, 420-600 m; endemic tocentral part of the peninsula.Garcinia cowa Roxb.KandisTree occasionally to 20 m tall; lowlandforest mostly; widespread.Garcinia malaccensis Hook./Manggis HutanTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest to 540 m:quite widespread.

18.11 Garcinia nigroUneata Planch. exT. AndersonKandisTree; lowland forest to 600 m; commonthroughout.

18.12 Garcinia parvifolia (Miq.) Miq.KandisTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest to 600 m;common throughout.

18.13 Mesuaferrea L.Penaga LilinTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest to 480 m;throughout but more common in thenorth of Peninsular Malaysia.

18.14 Mesua lepidota T. Anderson var. LfidotaPenaga SabutTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest.

18.15 Mesua racemosa (Planch, ex Triana)KostermansPenaga TikusTree to 20 m tall; more common inlowland forest; widespread.

19.0 Hamamelidaceae19.1 Exbucklandia populnea (R. Br. ex Griff.) R.

W. Br.GerukA species normally found in lowermontane forests and its occurrence inlowland forest of Ayer Hitam is interesting.

20.0 Icacinaceae20.1 Stenomerus malaccensis (Mast.) Sleumer

Derhaka MertuaTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1300 m; throughout.

21.0 Irvingiaceae21.1 Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn.

Pauh KijangTree to 40 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

22.0 Ixonanthaceae22.1 Ixonanthes icosandra Jack

Pagar AnakTree to 30 m tall; found in primary andsecondary forest, mostly lowlands;throughout.

22.2 Ixonanthes reticulata JackInggir BurungTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest;throughout.

23.0 Lauraceae23.1 Actinodaphne sphaerocarpa (Blume) Nees

Medang PayungTree to 20 m tall; lowlands and it is an


23.2

23.3

23.4

23.5

I. FARIDAH HANUM, A,Z. IBRAHIM, SHAMSUL KHAMIS, M. NAZRE, P. LEPUN,C. RUSEA, J. J. LAJUNI 8c A. LATIFF

23.6

23.7

24.024.1

25.025.1

25.2

25.3

25.4

element of the northern part of PeninsularMalaysia.Alseodaphne foxiana (Gamble) Kosterm. 25.5McdangTree to 15 m tall; montane forest above1000 m; endemic to Peninsular Malaysiaand quite widespread. 25.6Alseodaphne nigrescens (Gamble) Kosterm.MedangSmall tree to 10 m tall; lowland to montaneforest; widespread.Beilschmiedia dictyoneura Kosterm.Medang 25.7Tree to 30 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest at 1000 m; widespread.Beilschmiedia glabra Kosterm.Medang 25.8Tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 900 m; previously known from Pahangand Johore.Cryptocarya rugulosa Hook./ 25.9MedangTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread. 25.10Litsea grandis (Wall, ex Nees) Hook./Medang Daun BesarTree to 20 m tall; lowland and montaneforest to 1500 m; widespread.Lecythidaceae 25.11Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) KurzPutatTree to 20 m tail; lowland forest, rarely inthe mountains; throughout. 25.12LeguminosaeAdenanthera malayana Kosterm.Saga Daun TajamTree sometimes to 30 m tall; lowland and 25.13hill forest to 900 m; often planted invillages; widespread but scattered.Adenanthera pavonina L.Saga Daun Tumpul 26.0Tree 20 m tall; lowland forest, usually 26.1near the sea; often planted in villages;wild on East Coast and offshore islands ofPeninsular Malaysia.Albizzia splendens Miq. 26.2KungkurTree sometimes reaching 20 m tall;lowland and hill forest to 700 m; scattered 27.0throughout. 27.1Archidendron bulbalinum (Jack) I.C. NeilsenKerdasTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest, often in

secondary forest; the seeds are eaten withrice for flavour; widespread.Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C. NielsenJeringShrub or tree to 20 m tall; more commonin montane forest.Archidendron coniorlum (Martelli) I.C.NeilsenPetai BelalangShrub to small tree to 10 m tall; commonin secondary forest, usually found in thebeach forest; widespread.Callerya atropurpurea (Wall.) Schot.Tulang DaingTree to 20 m tall; open country, sometimesplanted as ornamental plant; widespread.Dialium indum L. var. indumKeranji PayaTree to 20 m tall; scattered in lowlandforest; widespread.Dialium platysepalum BakerTree to 30 m tall; scattered in the lowlandforest; throughout.Intsia palembanica Miq.MerbauLarge buttressed tree to 40 m tall; commonin lowland forest and produce valuabletimber; throughout.Koompassia malaccensis Maing, ex Benth.KempasBig tree to 50 m tall; common in lowlandand hill forest; throughout.Parkia singularis Miq.Petai MerantiTree to 20 m tall or more; lowland andhill forest to 500 m; widespread.Sindora echinocalyx (Benth.) PrainSepetir Daun NipisTree to 30 m tall or more; hill forest to700 m; widespread.LoganiaceaeFagraea racemose Jack ex Wall.TembusuTree; common in secondary forest,especially near the seashore; widespread.Norrisia malaccensis GardnerTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.MelastomataceaeMemecylon amplexicaule Roxb.Nipis KulitTree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1200 m; widespread.

70 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 24 NO. 1, 2001

AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF HIGHER PLANTS IN AYER HITAM FOREST RESERVE, PUCHONC, SELANGOR

27.2

27.3

27.4

27.5

27.6

27.7

27.8

27.9

27.10

27.11

28.028.1

28.2

28.3

Memecybn campanulatum C.B. ClarkeNipis KulitTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.Memecybn caeruleum JackNipis KulitShrub or small tree to 10 m tall; lowlandforest; widespread.Memecylon Jloridum RidleyNipis KulitTree to 15 m tall; hill forest to 1200 m;endemic to Peninsular Malaysia butwidespread.Memecylon megacarpum FurtadoNipis KulitTree to 15 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 1800 m; widespread.Memecybn minutifbrum Miq.TemaTree to 25 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 1800 m; widespread.Memecybn paniculatum JackNipis KulitTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1200 m; widespread.Memecybn pubescens (C.B. Clarke) KingNipis KulitTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1200 m; widespread.Memecybn wallichii RidleyNipis KulitSmall tree to 5 m tall; lowland and hillforest; endemic to Peninsular Malaysia andquite widespread.Pternandra coerulescens JackNipis KulitTree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.Pternandra echinata JackSial MenahunTree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1200 m; widespread.MeliaceaeAglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall.PasakTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;quite widespread.Chisocheton patens BlumeMemberasTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.Chisocheton tomentosus (Roxb.) Mabb.Pasak

Tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.

28.4 Sandoricum koetjape (Burm./) Merr.SentulTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest,and more common near the shores; oftencultivated in the villages for its ediblefruits, widespread.

29.0 Menispermaceae29.1 Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.

Large liana to 20 m long; lowland and hillforest margins; widespread and common.

30.0 Moraceae30.1 Artocarpus dadah Miq.

PuduTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;throughout.

30.2 Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex BlumeTerap NasiTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;throughout,

30.3 Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. var.silvestris CornerCempedakTree to 20 m tall; lowland to montaneforest; widespread.

30.4 Artocarpus lanceifotius Roxb.KeledangTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.

30.5 Streblus ebngatus (Miq.) CornerTempinisTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.0 Myristicaceae31.1 Gymnancranthera farquhariana (Hook./ 8c

Thomson) Ward. var. eugeniifolia (A.DC.)R.T.A. SchoutenPenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1300 m; widespread.

31.2 Horsfieldia fulva (King) Warb.PenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; quitewidespread.

31.3 Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.PenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.4a Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook./) J. Sinclairvar. polyspherulaPenarahanTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.


I. FARIDAH HANUM, A.Z. IBRAHIM, SHAMSUL KHAMIS, M. NAZRE, P. LEPUN,G. RUSEA, J. J. LAJUNI 8c A. LATIFF

31.4b Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook/) J. Sinclairvar. sumatrana (Miq.) WJ. de WildePenarahanTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.5 Horsfieldia ridleyana (King) Warb.PenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest on poorsoils; widespread.

31.6 Horsfieldia sucosa (King) Warb.PenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.7 Kiiema curtisii (King) Warb. var. curtisiiPenarahan Daun KecilTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.8 Knema furfuracea (Hook/ 8c Thomson)Warb.Penarahan ArangTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.9 Knema glauca (Blume) Warb.PenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; quitewidespread.

31.10 Knema hookeriana (Wall, ex H o o k / &Thomson) Warb.PenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.

31.11 Knema intermedia (Blume) Warb.PenarahanTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.12 Knema kunstleri (King) Warb.PenarahanTree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill foreston poor soils; widespread.

31.13 Knema latericia Elmer ssp. ridleyi (Gand.)WJ. de WildePenarahanTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; quitewidespread.

31.14 Knema laurina (Blume) Warb. var. laurinaPenarahanSmall tree; lowland forest; widespread.

31.15 Knema malayana Warb.PenarahanTree to 15 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.16 Knema oblongifolia (King) Warb.Penarahan

Tree to 10 m tall; endemic to PeninsularMalaysia and quite widespread.

31.17 Knema patentinervia (J. Sinclair) WJ. deWildePenarahanTree to 15 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.18 Knema pseudolaurina WJ. de WildePenarahanTree; lowland forest; widespread.

31.19 Knema scortechinii (King) J. SinclairPenarahan ArangTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.20 Knema stenophylla (Warb.) J. SinclairPenarahanTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

31.21 Myristica iners BlumePenarahanTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; commonthroughout.

31.22 Myristica malaccensis Hook/PenarahanTree; lowlands; widespread.

32.0 Myrsinaceae32.1 Ardisia crassa C.B. Clarke

Sem BabuiSmall tree; lowland forest; a southernelement of Peninsular Malaysia.

33.0 Myrtaceae33.1 Rhodamnia cinerea Jack

MempoyanTree to 15 m tall; quite common in thelowland forest, especially in the secondaryforest near the sea; common throughout.

33.2 Syzygium bomeense (Miq.) Miq.KelatTree to 15 m tall; lowland forest.

33.3 Syzygium clavijlorum (Roxb.) ex Wall. var.claviflorum Cowan & CowanKelatMedium sized tree; lowland and hill forest;widespread.

33.4 Syzygium politum (King) I. M. TurnerKelat MerahShrub or small tree sometimes to 20 mtall; lowland and hill forest; endemic toPeninsular Malaysia and widespread.

33.5 Syzygium pseudocrenulatum (M.R. Hend.)I.M. TurnerKelatStilt-rooted tree to 20 m tall; lowland



forest; endemic to Peninsular Malaysia but 37.1widespread.

33.6 Syzygium pyrifolium (Blume) D.C.Kelat 38.0Tree to 15 m tall; lowlands; widespread. 38.1

33.7 Syzygium rugosum Korth. var. rugosumKelatTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread. 38.2

33.8 Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. 8c L.M.PerryKelatTree to 20 m tall; lowlands, often coastal; 38.3common throughout.

34.0 Ochnaceae34.1 Brackenridgea hookeri (Planch.) A.Gray

Tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1000 m; throughout. 38.4

34.2 Campylospermum serratum (Gaertn.) Bittrich8c M.C.E. AmaralMata Ketam 38.5Tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1000 m; common near the sea;throughout.

35.0 Olacaceae 38.635.1 Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.

PetalingTree to 20 m tail; lowland and hill forestto 900 m; widespread. 39.0

35.2 Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. 39.1Bawang HutanTree reaching to 30 m tall; its bark smellsof garlic; lowland forest; widespread.

35.3 Strombosia ceylanica GardnerKamap 39.2Tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

35.4 Strombosia javanica BlumeDedali 39.3Tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

36.0 Oxalidaceae36.1 Sarcotheca griffithii (Planch, ex Hook./)

Hallier/ 40.0Belimbing Pipit 40.1Tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

36.2 Sarcotheca monophyUa (Planch, ex Hook.f.)Hallier f.Pupoi 41.0Tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; endemic 41.1and widespread.

37.0 Pandaceae

Galearia fulva (Tul.) Miq.Small tree; lowland and hill forest to 690;throughout.PolygalaceaeXanthophyllum affine Korth. ex Miq.Minyak BerukTree to 20 m tall; usually smaller; lowlandsand mountains; widespread.Xanthophyllum amoenum ChodatMinyak BerukTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread,Xanthophyllum eurhynchum Miq. ssp.maingayi (Hook./ «cA.W. Benn.) MeijdenMinyak BerukShrub or tree to 20 m tall; lowland tomountains, forest understory; widespread.Xanthophyllum griffithii Hook./ ex A.W.Benn ssp. erectum MeijdenMinyak BerukXanthophyllum stipitatum A.W. Benn.Minyak BerukTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest,usually on ridges; widespread.Xanthophyllum vitellinum (Blume) Dietr.Minyak BerukTree to 30 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest; widespread.RhizophoraceaeCarallia eugenioidea KingMeransi Mata KeliShrub or small tree to 20 m tall; montaneforests above 1200 m; previously notknown from Selangor.Pellacalyx axillaris Korth.MembulohTree to 20 m tall; damp or wet lowland orhill forest; widespread.Pellacalyx saccardianus Scort.MembuluhTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 900 m; widespread; endemic toPeninsular Malaysia.RosaceaePrunus arborea (Blume) Kalkman var.arboreaPijatTree to 20 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest at 1300 m; widespread.RubiaceaeAcranthera pulchella (Ridley) K.M. WongShrub; lower montane forest; endemic andpreviously known from Perak and Pahang.


I. FARIDAH HANUM, A.Z. IBRAHIM, SHAMSULG. RUSEAJ.J. LAJUNI 8c

41.2 Aidia densijlora (Wall.) Masam. 42.2MentiongSmall tree to 15 m tall; lowland to montaneforest; throughout.

41.3 Diplospora malaccensis Hook./Kopi Hutan 42.3Tree to 15 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 1500 m; throughout.

41.4 Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. var. retinerviaCorner 43.0Shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; lowland 43.1and hill forest to 1000 m; widespread; anendemic variety.

41.5 Nauclea officinalis (Pierre ex Pit.) Merr. 8cChun 43.2MengkalTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;throughout.

41.6 Pertusadina eurhyncha (Miq.) RidsdaleLatticed tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill 43.3forest to 400 m; scattered.

41.7 Porterandia anisophyllea (Jack ex Roxb.)RidleyTinjau BelukarTree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread. 43.4

41.8 Psydrax maingayi (Hook./) BridsonTree to 15 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest; endemic to PeninsularMalaysia and widespread. 43.5

41.9 Psydrax nitidum (Craib) K.M. WongMentulangSmall tree to 5 m tall; lowland forestincluding that on limestone hill forest at 43.6Pulau Langkawi.

41.10 Timonius compressicaulis (Miq.) Boerl.Shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; normallyfound on sandy and rocky shores; its 43.7occurrence in the Ayer Hitam FR isbotanically noteworthy.

41.11 Timonius wallichianus (Korth.) ValetonTimun 43.8Tree to 5 m tall; lowland forests, commonin secondary vegetation; widespread.

41.12 Urophyllum glabrum Wall.Shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; lowland to 44.0lower montane forest at 1000 m; 44.1throughout.

42.0 Rutaceae42.1 Glycosmis chlorosperma Spreng var.

chlorosperma 44.2Shrub; lowland to montane forest;widespread.

KHAMIS, M. NAZRE, P. LEPUN,A. LATIFF

Maclurodendron porteri (Hook. / ) T.G.HartleyMerlimauTree to 20 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest; throughout.Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G HartleyPepauhTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.SapotaceaeMadhuca decipiens J. SinclairNyatohTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest, previouslyknown from Johore.Madhuca malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) HJ.Lam.NyatohTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.Madhuca selangorica (King 8c Gamble) J.SinclairNyatohTree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; endemicto the central part of Peninsular Malaysia,especially Selangor.Madhuca utilis (Ridley) HJ. LamBitisTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.Palaquium gutta (Hook./) Baill.Nyatoh Taban MerahTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest;widespread.Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) BurckNyatoh SidangTree to 30 m tall; lowland to montaneforest; widespread.Payena maingayi C.B. ClarkeNyatoh DurianTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; endemicto Peninsular Malaysia and widespread.Pouteria malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) BaehniNyatoh Nangka KuningTree to 30 m tall; lowland to lowermontane forest; throughout.SimaroubaceaeEurycoma longifolia JackTongkat AliTree to 5 m tall; lowlands and hills;throughout.Eurycoma apiculata Benn.Tongkat AliTree to 5 m tall; usually in the mountains;about 1200 m; widespread.


AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF HIGHER PLANTS IN AYER HITAM FOREST RESERVEI PUCHONC, SELANGOR

45.0 Sterculiaceae45.1 Pterygoia alata (Roxb.) R. Br.

Tree to 30 m tall; lowland forests nearrivers; widespread.

45.2 Scaphium longiflorum RidleyKembang Semangkuk JantungTree to 30 m tall; swampy lowland forest;endemic and widespread.

45.3 Sterculia parvifolia Wall, ex R.Br.KelumpangSmall tree to 10 m tall; hill forest; quitewidespread.

46.0 Theaceae46.1 Gordonia maingayi Dyer

KadengTree to 15 m tall; lowland to montaneforest at 1600 m; endemic to PeninsularMalaysia and widespread.

46.2 Gordonia scortechinii KingPagar anakTree; lowland forest; endemic andpreviously known from Perak and Pahang,hence it is a new record for Selangor.

46.3 Ternstroemia bancana Miq.Tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest to 500 m;widespread.

47.0 Thymelaeaceae47.1 Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.

KarasTree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 750 m; widespread.

47.2 Gonystylus affinis Radlk.RaminTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest to 330 m;widespread.

47.3 Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz.Ramin Dara ElokTree to 20 m tall; more common in thelowland peat swamp forest.

47.4 Gonystylus maingayi Hook./RaminTree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; wide-spread.

48.0 Tiliaceae48.1 Microcos antidesmifolia (King) Burret

ChenderaiTree to 10 m tall; lowland forest, oftennear rivers; widespread.

48.2 Microcos lanceolata (Miq.) BurretDamak-DamakShrub or small tree; lowland forest; mostlyfound in the west coast states.

49.0 Trigoniaceae49.1 Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Miq.

MarajaliTree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;widespread.

50.0 Ulmaceae50.1 Gironniera nervosa Planch.

Hampas TebuTree to 35 m tall, usually smaller; lowlandforest below 500 m; widespread.

50.2 Gironniera parvifolia Planch.Hampas Tebu LicinTree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 900 m; widespread.

50.3 Trema cannabina Lour.Shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; secondaryforest to 1000 m; throughout.

50.4 Trema orientalis (L.) BlumeMengkiraiTree to 5 m tall; lowlands and hills.

51.0 Verbenaceae51.1 Vitex gamosepala Griff.

LebanTree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forestto 1200 m; throughout.

5L2 Vitex pinnata L.LebanTree to 20 m tall; disturbed forest.

Angiosperms - MonocotyledonsIn this scientific expedition for unknown reasonsnot much attention was given to collecting andobserving the monocotyledons.52.0 Gramineae52.1 Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.

Rosette-forming herb to 1 m tall; shadyplaces to 1500m; widespread.

52.2 Ijophatherum gradle Brongn.Herb to 1 m tall often forming looserosette; openings in forest to 1650 m;widespread.

52.3 Panicum trigonum Retz.Grass herb; common.

53.0 Marantaceae53.1 Stachyphyrnium griffithii (Baker) K. Schum.

Herb; lowland forest; previously knownfrom Perak, Pahang and southward;endemic.

54.0 Palmae54.1 Licuala sp. (AZ 6743)


I. FARIDAH HANUM, A.Z. IBRAHIM, SHAMSUL KHAMIS, M. NAZRE, P. LEPUN,G. RUSEA, J. J. LAJUNI & A. LATIFF

DISCUSSIONThe Ayer Hitam FR is a logged-over lowlanddipterocarp forest which is fast recoveringtowards its climax. It is obvious from the abovechecklist that it is preliminary because it wasbased on observation and collection during abrief expedition and it must be taken togetherwith other similar efforts taken by the researchersfrom the Faculty of Forestry, Universiti PutraMalaysia (Faridah Hanum 1999). In the abovestudy a total of 430 species in 203 genera and 72families were accounted whereas in this checklistonly 262 species (ca. 60.9%) belonging to 142genera (70%) and 56 families (77.8%) wereenumerated. It is obvious that when the abovelist is compared with the present one thecommon taxa was very high, implying thatcollections were done on the same taxa, andmost likely in the similar habitats. In the presentchecklist the following families are notrepresented at all: Burseraceae, Piperaceae,Zingiberaceae, Sapindaceae, Compositae,Dioscoreaceae, Proteaceae, Araliaceae,Crypteroniaceae, Opiliaceae, Sonneratiaceae,Vitaceae, Leeaceae, Solanaceae, Cyperaceae andOrchidaceae.

In the current checklist there are a total of56 families, 54 are angiosperms and two aregymnosperms, some are represented by a specieswhile others are quite largely represented bymore than five species. The size of the 10 largestfamilies is given, with Myrtaceae as being thelargest containing a total of 22 species in fourgenera (Table 1). The Dipterocarpaceae,Guttiferae and Myristicaceae are represented bysmaller number of genera but many species.The other large families such as Euphorbiaceaeand Rubiaceae both are represented by largernumber of genera and species. In many similarstudies, the families such as Euphorbiaceae,Annonaceae and Rubiaceae which are alwaysdominant in lowland dipterocarp forests presentin large number in this logged over forest. Thegenera Macaranga and Mallotns (Euphorbiaceae)contain many pioneer species of the disturbedforests.

With respect to the size of genera, Knema(Myristicaceae) a lowland forest dweller is thelargest genus containing a total of 13 species.This is followed by Memecylon (Melastomataceae)with 9 species and by Syzygium (Myrtaceae) andDiospyros (Ebenaceae) each containing 7 species(Table 2). All these genera are common

TABLE 1The size of 10 largest families in Ayer Hitam FR

Family

MyrtaceaeEuphorbiaceaeDipterocarpaceaeAnnonaceaeLeguminosaeGuttiferaeRubiaceaeMyristicaceaeAnacardiaceaeEbenaceae

No. of genera

415579410261

No. of species

222117141313121187

components of lowland dipterocarp forest inPeninsular Malaysia, and their occurrence in theAyer Hitam FR is highly expected. However,Syzygium is also common in beach forest (Tami1996) and hill dipterocarp forest (Shamsul2001). It is worth noting that Shorea andDipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) are still presentin moderate frequencies within the forest,although logging had taken place in the last 60years or so. It is fair to assume that the treesbelonging to these timber genera are remnantsof the past logging operations or they werepurposely left then as they did not attain theircutting limits. The other comparatively largegenera are Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae),Calophyllum and Garcinia (Guttiferae).

TABLE 2The size of 10 largest genera in Ayer Hitam FR

Genus No. of species

KnemaMemecylonSyzygiumDiospyrosXanthophyUumShoreaVaticaElaeocarpusCalophyllumGarcinia

1397

665555

Patterns of Planl Dislribution in Ayer Hitam FR

The species composition in Ayer Hitam FR isinteresting from the botanical point of view. Byfar the most predominant are the elements oflowland dipterocarp forests but as the forest hasbeen logged and silviculturai treatments hadbeen carried out, some pioneer species and



introduced species are observed. Among theintroduced species include Podocarpus nerrifoliusand weed species such as Asystasia gangetica,Eupatorium odoratum and Mikania micrantha.

Introduced Species

It seems only Podocarpus nerrifolius is the onlyintroduced species observed in the Ayer HitamFR. Others are weedy species.

Peninsular Malaysian Endemics

In Peninsular Malaysia there are a total of 749endemic tree species and the number of non-tree endemic species is not known. In AyerHitam FR there are 20 endemic species, viz.Alphonsea lucida, Popowia fusca, Stachyphyrniumgriffithii, Gordonia maingayi, G. scortechnii, Scaphiumlongiflorum, Diospyros adenophora, D. argentea,Garcinia burkillii, Vatica cuspidata, Alseodaphnefoxiana, Memecylon Jloridum, M. wallichianum,Knema oblongifolia, Syzygium politum, Pellacalyx$accardianust Acranthera pulcheUa, Psydrax maingayi,Madhuca selangorica and Payena maingayi. Most ofthese have a wide distribution except AcrantherapulcheUa and Madhuca selangorica which seem tobe found in Selangor.

Rare Peninsular Malaysia Taxa

There are species which are known from veryfew collection records in Peninsular Malaysiaand they are known to occur in Ayer Hitam FR.These include Ptychopyxis costata var. costata,CalophyUum alboramulum, Cratoxylon sumalranum,Madhuca decipiens, Beilschmeidia glabra andAcranthera pulcheUa. This directly proves that AyerHitam FR is one of the refugia habitats for thesetaxa and hence conservation of this forest isdeemed more important. Similar phenomenonhas been shown by Mat-Salleh (1999) for BangiFR at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Malaysian Montane Elements

These are taxa which are known to occur on themountains of Peninsular Malaysia and areobserved and collected in the lowland forest ofAyer Hitam FR. These include Elaeocarpuspseudopaniculatus and Exbucklandia populnea.These taxa have proved that they could adapt tothe microclimate of the lowlands.

Southern Peninsular Malaysian Elements

Those taxa which are known to occur south ofSelangor, i.e. found in Negeri Sembilan, Malacca

and Johore are termed the floristic elements ofthe south Peninsular Malaysia. Here, Selangor istaken as the mid-point between the south andnorth of peninsula. There are a few specieswhich showed this pattern of distributionincluding Parinari elmerii, Terminalia foetidissimaand Ardisia crassa.

Northern Peninsular Malaysian ElementsConversely, all those taxa which are found northof Selangor, i.e. in Perak, Penang, Kedah andPerlis are termed as northern floristic elements.There are two species which showed this patternof distribution including Alphonsea curtisii andTerminalia calamansanai.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the Faculty ofForestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia for theinvitation to participate in the ScientificExpedition of Ayer Hitam FR. The participationof the researchers and the publication of thisreport is supported by IRPA Grants 09-02-02-0072 and 08-02-04-0089 to which the authors aregrateful.

REFERENCES

FARIDAH HANUM, I. 1999. Plant diversity and

conservation value of Ayer Hitam ForestReserve, Puchong, Peninsular Malaysia.Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science22(2): 73-83.

FARIDAH HANUM, I. and NURULHUDA HAMZAH. 1999.

The use of medicinal plant species by theTemuan tribe of Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve,Puchong, Peninsular Malaysia. PertanikaJournal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(2):85-94.

MAT-SALLEH, K. 1999. The role and function ofUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia PermanentForest Reserve in research and education.Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agriculture Science22(2): 185-198.

MOHAMAD ZAKARIA and ABDUL RAHIM. 1999. Bird

species composition in Ayer Hitam ForestReserve, Puchong, Selangor. PertanikaJournal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(2):95-104.

MOHAMAD ZAKARIA and RAHMAT TOPANI. 1999.

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Documents

An Annotated Checklist of Higher Plants in Ayer Hitam Forest