The United States Looks Overseas

The United States Looks OverseasDanielle OlvanyNehanda NagpalThesisBy the late 1800s, the United States began taking a larger role in foreign affairs, and they acquired new territories in the Pacific and strengthened the trade with Asia .Also, the US became more involved in Latin America because of the Spanish-American war . Eyes on the PacificKey Terms and PeopleMatthew C. PerryIsolationismImperialismFredrick Jackson TurnerLiliuokalaniSphere of Influence

Queen Liliuokalani

Matthew C. PerryCommodore in the U.S Navy who opened Japan to American TradePolicy of avoiding involvement in other nations affairsBuilding empires by imposing political and economic control over peoples around the worldHistorian who emphasized the importance of the American FrontierHawaiian queen overthrown in 1893Area where another nation has economic and political control4The United States Looks OverseasMid-1800sUS was ready for new challengesNew trading partnersMore land US had exhausted available landIndustry needed more materialsSeveral wars led to new acquisitions

Opening Trade to JapanNo trade for 250 years in Japan1853 Matthew C. Perry took heavily armed ships into Tokyo BayLetter from President calling for trading rights to USJapanese awed by powerful ships/weapons1854 returned and signed a treaty for tradeJapan realized weaknesses of feudal society Purchasing Alaska1867 Russian colonySecretary of State William SewardSaw Alaska for resources, trade route, landscapePurchased Alaska for $7.2 millionMany Americans were opposedSewards Folly , Sewards Icebox , polar bear gardenOpinions changed with Gold RushesLumber and oil

The Expansionist MoodUSpolicy of isolationismNations of Europeimperialism Americans debated Manifest DestinySupporters of expansioneconomic growth and spread of American values

The Turner Thesis1893 Frederick Jackson TurnerAmerican frontier is closing and had defined American historyBuilt individualism and democratic values

Promoting Economic GrowthAmericans feared being shut out of global markets and denied resourcesAlfred T. Mahan supported growthSpreading American ValuesAmericans believed in spreading Christian values as a divine duty Anglo-Saxon superior to lesser racesGaining Footholds in the PacificSupporters of expansionism interested in Pacific islands US influence and trade Rivalry for SamoaChain of islands in South Pacific Set up companies to stock coalConflict with Britain and Germany1889 Britain, Germany, US sent warshipsTyphoon struckUS and Germany divided islands years later Interest in HawaiiNatural resources, beauty, military and commercial outpost1887 planters forced King Kalakaua to accept constitutionNew queen Liliuokalani opposed itFailed to recognize the constitutionAnnexing HawaiiUS won after planters uprising 50 US marines overthrew the queen and set up pro-American govt. Cleveland refused, but McKinley approved it July 7, 1898territory of US

Carving Up ChinaEuropean powers and Japan forced China to grant land and trading rights Divided China into spheres of influence

Open Door PolicyUS Secretary of State John Hay issued a messageCalled US to keep open door in ChinaAll nations granted equal trading opportunities Most nations did not respondHay said is was accepted Boxer RebellionSecret society to combat foreignersRighteous and Harmonious FistsEuropeans called them Boxers1900 Boxer began rebellion to expel foreignersKilled Chinese Christians and Westerners Burned churches and homes of foreigngersSafety in Beijing, the capitalUS sent 18,000 troops The Open Door AgainHay feared Boxer Rebellion would be used to gain more Chinese territoryIssued second Open Door note Repeated intentions to preserve trade Spanish-American WarKey Terms and PeopleReconcentrationJose Marti William Randolph Hearst Emilio AguinaldoProtectorate

Jose Marti

Emilio Aguinaldo

William Randolph HearstForced movement of large numbers of people into detention camps for military or political reasonsCuban poet who helped gain the support of the US in the fight for independence from SpainNewspaper publisher of the New York journal who focused on sensational stories about CubaHelped the US gain control of the Philippines but later led a revolt against US controlIndependent country whose policies are controlled by an outside power

21War Clouds LoomCuba under Spanish rule-1492Discontented1868-uprising that lasted for 10 yearsRebellion in Cuba1895-another uprisingPolicy of reconcentrationScarce food, poor sanitation200,000 diedJose Marti urged US to help rebelsDied.

Americans ReactMany Americans wanted to interveneCleveland ignoredMcKinley remained neutralJoseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst used journalismForced attention on CubaBlood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood. :ORemember the Maine1898-fighting in Havana McKinley sent battleship-MaineFebruary 15, 9:40 p.m260 killedCause: unknown?Press and public blamed Spain

The United States Goes to WarWar Feva!McKinley favored peaceful settlementGave in to public pressure April 11, 1898-asked Congress to declare war on SpainSurprise in the PhilippinesTeddy Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to strike at PhilippinesMay 1- American warships sank Spanish squadron at Manila Bay

Fall of ManilaDewey hired Emilio Aguinaldo to seize ManilaMajor help, but was fighting for Philippine independenceWar in the Caribbean Focus shifted to Cuba, around Santiago and at seaPoorly trained and equipped, but eager to fightRough Riders-led by TeddySan Juan Hill-most celebrated event of the warUS defeated Spanish at SantiagoGained control of Puerto RicoAn American EmpireDecember 1898-US signed peace treaty with SpainSpain accepted Cuban independenceAlso assumed Cubas debtUS gained Guam, Wake, Puerto Rico, and Philippines for $20 million

"Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip" meaning the extension of United States domination (symbolized by a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts this with a map of the smaller United States of 100 years earlier in 1798.Debating the TreatyMany Americans thought taking colonies was against Declaration of IndependenceRight to self-governmentExpansionists were in favor of treatyBasesBusinessSpread of democratic governmentGoverning Cuba and Puerto RicoUS new Caribbean powerCuba-Platt amendmentGave US a right to intervene in affairsNaval base at Guantanamo BayProtectorate Foraker Act of 1900Limited self-rule with US appointed governorMany policies considered un-AmericanRevolt in the PhilippinesEmilio Aguinaldo led fight for independenceThree year warAguinaldo captured 1901No independence until 1946The United States and Latin AmericaKey Terms and PeopleIsthmus William C. GorgasCorollary Dollar diplomacyFrancisco VillaWilliam C. Gorgas

Francisco Villaa narrow strip of line joining two larger areas of landExpert on tropical diseases who helped control yellow fever and malaria in PanamaA logical extension of a doctrine or propositionA policy that called for the US to exert influence in Latin America through economic investmentsA mexican rebel 36Linking the OceansNeeded a shorter route from US to South AmericaCanal across Central America to link Atlantic and Pacific

Choosing a SiteIsthmus of PanamaRoosevelt offered $10 million in cash and $250,000 per yearColumbians opposed deal-wanted more moneyRevolt in PanamaRoosevelt knew many in Panama disliked Columbian ruleTold them US would helpRevolt-November 3, 1903US provided support for rebels Recognized Panamas independenceTreaty was signed-gave permanent use of isthmushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg

The Panama CanalUS began work on the canal in 1904 Fighting DiseaseMalaria and Yellow Fever widespreadWilliam C. Gorgas to solve problemWas discovered that mosquitoes carry malariaWorkers cleared brush and drained swamps1906 yellow fever wiped out and malaria reducedThe Big Ditch3 tasks to construction: cut mountain, dam a river, erect the giant locksGaillard cut9 mile ditch through the mountainsMost laborers were West Indians of African descent Canal opened on August 15, 1914

Wielding a Big Stick in Latin America Teddy Roosevelt quoted old West African proverbSpeak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.If diplomacy failed, US would use military forceRoosevelt Corollary US was to be the leader of the Western hemisphereApplied big stick theory in Latin America1904 Roosevelt announced Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe DoctrineUS had a right to use force to prevent intervention in Latin America Sent Marines to the Dominican Republic and took over finances Dollar DiplomacyPresident Taft urged dollar diplomacysubstituted dollars for bullets Wanted bankers and businesses to invest in Asia and Latin AmericaLed to military interventionsNicaragua, Haiti, HondurasRelations with MexicoPresident Wilson urged support of democracy around the worldIn 1914 US sailors went to Tampico and were arrestedWilson sent navy to occupy Veracruz, and a war almost broke out1916 Pancho Villas rebels invaded New MexicoRaided Columbus and killed 18 AmericansGeneral Pershing (with permission from Mexico) led troops across the borderDid not capture Villa Works CitedDavidson, James West, and Michael B. Stoff. America: History of Our Nation Civil War to Present. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.

"Overseas expansion of the United States: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy. 16 May 2009 .

Trask, David. "Spanish American War." Library of Congress. 16 May 2009 .

"United States History." MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, and Homework. 16 May 2009 .