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Terrorism Targets America
Traditional Motives:
• Gain Political Freedom from Westerners • Expel Western Economic Influences • Preserve Traditional Religious or Cultural Beliefs
Primary Goal: • Destruction of what they consider to be an Evil Force
Popular Methods: • Acts of Extreme Violence
High Jacking and Kidnapping Bombings & Explosive Devices (IED’s)
World Trade Center Bombing in New York (26 Feb 1993)
• Car containing 1,500 pounds of uranium- nitrate was parked in underground garage
• Explosion rocked both towers, cut off emergency power, and sent smoke up elevator shafts & stairwells to 92nd floor
• 6 people killed & 1,042 injured • Osama bin Laden & Al Qaida
• Demanded the end of U.S. aid & diplomatic relations with Israel
Terrorism Targets America
Khobar Towers Bombing in Saudi Arabia
(25 Jun 1996)
• U.S. Air Force Barracks
• Tanker packed with 20,000 lbs of explosives
• Saudi Hezbollah “Party of God in the Hijaz”
• Force foreign (U.S.) influences out of Arabia
• 19 U.S. Service members killed & 1 Saudi
• 372 people injured (multiple nationalities)
• U.S. Coalition forces were moved to Prince Sultan Air Base where better security was available
Terrorism Targets America
U.S. Embassy Bombings in East Africa (7 Aug 1998)
• Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya • Coordinated attacks using explosive packed trucks • Suicide bombers detonated explosives around 10:30 am • Attacks were attributed to Osama Bin Laden & Al Qaida • 223 killed & 4,000 wounded in the combined attacks
Terrorism Targets America
U.S.S. Cole Bombing in the Port of Yemen
(12 Oct 2000)
• Anchored in the port of Yemen at 10:30 am
• Small boat was allowed to approach ship at 11:18 am
• Bomb containing about 700 lbs of explosives
• 40 x 40 foot gash created in the side of the ship
• Blast hit ship’s galley during lunchtime
• 23 sailors were killed and 47 were seriously injured
• Osama bin Laden & Al Qaida
Terrorism Targets America
Airplane High-Jacking’s & Attacks (11 Sep 2001)
• Four terrorist cells high-jacked four airliners
American Airlines flight 11 (8:46 in North Tower) United Airlines flight 175 (9:03 in South Tower) American Airlines flight 77 (9:37 in the Pentagon) United Airlines flight 93 (Crashed in Pennsylvaina)
• 19 terrorists and 246 passengers died in the attacks
• 2,606 died in the area of the Twin Towers
• 184 died in the Pentagon
• 403 Rescue workers died
• Osama & Al Qaida
Terrorism Targets America
America Takes a Stand The USA PATRIOT Act
President George W. Bush signed it into law
on 26 October 2001 (45 days after the 9/11
attacks on the World Trade Center in N.Y.)
To unite and strengthen America by providing appropriate
tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism in the U.S.
Substantially expanded the authority of U.S. law
enforcement agencies for the stated purpose of fighting
terrorism in the United States and around the world
Increased the ability of law enforcement to conduct
surveillance and investigative activities concerning any
individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities
America Takes a Stand The USA PATRIOT Act
It expanded the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury
to regulate financial transactions and seize assets
believed to support terrorist-related activities
It expanded the definition of terrorism to include
“Domestic Terrorism” and redefined the term to broadly
include mass destruction as well as assassination
The definition also encompassed activities that are
considered “dangerous to human life” and are intended to
intimidate the civilian population” or to impact the
conduct of the government through “mass destruction,
assassination, or kidnapping” within the United States
America Takes a Stand The USA PATRIOT Act
PROS
The patriot act allows investigators to use tools against
suspected terrorists that were already available to
investigate organized crime and drug trafficking
(Wire taps, Surveillance, Court Orders, and Covert Ops)
The patriot act updated the law to reflect the use of new
technologies against the new terrorist threats
(Computers, Internet Resources, Wireless Monitoring)
The patriot act increased the penalties for those who
commit terrorist acts, conspire with, or harbor terrorists
America Takes a Stand The USA PATRIOT Act
CONS
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) declared that
the USA Patriot Act threatens the Constitutional Freedoms
of ALL Americans
Ability of Law Enforcement to conduct surveillance on
Americans only suspected of terrorist related activities
without concrete evidence is a violation of their
Constitutional Rights
Law Enforcement and Government restrictions put in
place by the Patriot Act threaten American’s Freedom of
Speech and Expression (Publically and Electronically)
America Takes a Stand The Aviation and Transportation
Security Act
President George W. Bush signed it into law on
19 November 2001 ultimately creating the TSA
The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was
created to strengthen the security of the nation’s
transportation systems and ensure the freedom of
movement for people and commerce
The TSA secures the nation’s airports and screens all
commercial airline passengers and baggage
The TSA uses risk-based strategies and works closely with
transportation, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies
America Takes a Stand
The Transportation Security Administration
Ticket Counter Agents continue to be required to ask:
Have any pf the items you’re traveling with been out of
your immediate control since the time you packed them?
Have any strangers asked you to carry an y items aboard
the aircraft?
ALL Passengers must successfully pass through a security
checkpoint prior to boarding any commercial airline:
ALL Passengers must show a valid ID (Passport, State
ID, or Military ID) at the security checkpoint and/or prior
to boarding
Airport Security Procedures
America Takes a Stand
The Transportation Security Administration
ALL Passengers must successfully pass through a security
checkpoint prior to boarding any commercial airline:
ALL Passengers must pass through metal detectors and
have their carry-on luggage x-rayed before entering the
airport concourse
Additional screening procedures also include:
Passenger Name Checks against
published No-Fly Lists
Hand-Held Metal detector wands
Pat-Down Screenings
Full Body X-Ray Scanners
Airport Security Procedures
America Takes a Stand
The Transportation Security Administration
• Claims that the use of No-Fly Lists are Unconstitutional
due to racial profiling
CRITICISM
• Complaints that full-body
scanners invade people’s
privacy and are too revealing
• Reports that baggage thefts
have risen drastically since
mandatory screening began
• Reports of TSA Agents failing to
perform their duties as required
America Takes a Stand The Homeland Security Act
President George W. Bush signed it into law on
25 November 2002, which authorized the creation
of the Department of Homeland Security in 2003
The act also created the new Presidential Cabinet position
of Secretary of Homeland Security
The Department of Homeland Security was created to lead
the unified national effort to secure America.
It is dedicated to the prevention and protection against
terrorist attacks or threats and hazards to the nation
It is also charged with ensuring safe and secure borders,
while safeguarding lawful visitors and national commerce
America Takes a Stand The Department of Homeland Security Combined 22 federal
agencies and programs with
roughly 170,000 employees
America Takes a Stand The Department of Homeland Security
• Integrating the operations of 22 agencies and programs of
different sizes and origins (military, law enforcement, civil)
EXPECTED OBSTACLES
• Coordination with the estimated 100 agencies in twelve
departments outside the direct control of the DHS
• Shared Intelligence Issues between the DHS and outside
agencies also critical to National Security (CIA, FBI, NSA)
• Balancing responsibilities between anti-terrorism mission
and traditional disaster safety and recovery missions
America Takes a Stand The Department of Homeland Security
• Declining public support due to poor response to primary
non-terrorism mission of disaster assistance and recovery
during recent hurricane / tornado / flood events
PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME
• Declining public support for the “War on Terrorism” due to
extended durations of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
• Political conflicts over Congressional Oversight and lack
of DHS responsiveness to Congressional Committees
• Intra-Organizational Conflicts between the operational
priorities of larger versus smaller agencies within the DHS
America Takes a Stand The War on Terror
A phrase first used by President George W. Bush
on 20 September 2001 following the 9/11 attacks
Used to describe the joint U.S. / NATO alliance to
combat terrorist activities by Islamic Extremist groups like
al-Qaeda, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, and the Taliban
The War on Terror incorporates
two primary conflicts:
The War in Iraq
(2003 – 2011)
The War in Afghanistan
(2001 – Present)
America Takes a Stand War in Afghanistan (2001-Present)
A U.S. led military intervention by various NATO
nations to destroy al-Qaeda and remove the
Taliban from power in Afghanistan
Following the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. demanded the Taliban
expel al-Qaeda and turn over Osama bin-Laden for crimes
committed against the United States
Failed compliance by the Taliban
resulted in a joint U.S. / British
resolution to invade Afghanistan
Setting the Stage
America Takes a Stand War in Afghanistan (2001-Present)
7 Oct 2001: The U.S. & U.K began
Operation Enduring Freedom to
oust the Taliban and hunt down
Osama bin-Laden
In 2003: NATO assumed leadership
of the ISAF with troops from 43
different nations
Dec 2001: The United Nations
created the International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) to oversee
security of Afghanistan and train
Afghan National Security Forces
America Takes a Stand War in Afghanistan (2001-Present)
2004-2006: Operation Enduring Freedom focused on clearing
and holding villages, increasing nation building projects, and
winning the hearts and minds of the people
2 May 2011: U.S. Navy Seals
tracked down and killed Osama
bin-Laden in Pakistan
By 2007: Taliban and al-Qaeda
Leaders who fled into the eastern
mountains expanded the war into
the western regions of Pakistan
By 2013: Plans to withdraw U.S.
troops from Afghanistan began
America Takes a Stand War in Iraq (2003- 2011)
A U.S. led military intervention by various NATO
nations to remove the regime of Saddam Hussein
and allow the Iraqi People to establish a
democratically elected Iraqi Government
The motivations behind U.S. intervention in Iraq stemmed from:
• U.S. intelligence indicating possible WMD’s in Iraq
• U.S. belief that Saddam Hussein was support al-Qaeda
• U.S. evidence of Human Rights violations against the
Iraqi people by Saddam Hussein’s military forces
• Requests by anti-Saddam factions for U.S. assistance
Setting the Stage
America Takes a Stand War in Iraq (2003- 2011)
20 Mar 2003: A U.S. Coalition of the
“Nations of the Willing” initiated
“Operation Iraqi Freedom”
The invasion led to an occupation
of Iraq and eventual capture of
Saddam Hussein
Violence against Coalition forces
and an increased Sunni-Shia civil
war caused the rise of a new
faction of al-Qaeda in Iraq
America Takes a Stand War in Iraq (2003- 2011)
By 2008: Decreasing U.S. public
support and the belief that Iraqi
Security Forces had been properly
trained led to plans for withdrawal
U.S. and Iraqi Security forces
agreed on a strategic downsizing
of U.S. forces by January 2012
In 2009: President Barrack Obama
announced an 18-month plan for
the total withdrawal of U.S. troops
by December 2011
America Takes a Stand Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp
(2002 - Present)
Established in January 2002 to detain
and interrogate highly dangerous
prisoners suspected of war crimes and
terrorist activities
The facility included four key detainment
areas called Camp Delta, Camp Echo,
Camp Iguana, and Camp X-Ray
Originally established based on the idea
that detainees held at Guantanamo Bay
were outside the legal protections of U.S.
law or the Geneva Conventions
America Takes a Stand Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp
(2002 - Present)
2006: U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all
detainees were entitled to the minimum
protections under the Geneva Convention
In 2005: Amnesty International called the
facility the “Gulag of our times” due to
confirmed reports of abuse and torture
2009-2010: President Barrack Obama
ordered suspension of military detainment
operations and the transfer of the
prisoners to locations in the United States
America Takes a Stand Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp
(2002 - Present)
2011: President Obama signed an order
to place restrictions on the operations of
Guantanamo Bay impending an attempt to
close the facility
Congress voted to block funds needed to
transfer or release the prisoners held at
the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility
2014: Due to Congressional opposition
to closing the facility and bringing its
detainees to the U.S., 154 detainees still
remain at Guantanamo Bay