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Becoming a
World Power
1890-1917
“We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire, and we warn the American people that imperialism abroad will lead quickly and inevitably to despotism at home” - Democratic National Platform (1900)
United States Foreign Policy 1890-1917
US Imperialism: Arguments for Expansion
Expand business interests – US economy boomed. Companies built overseas factories. Need new markets to prevent financial panics.
Military interests – International competition for colonies would leave America behind. Social Darwinism – US must expand to survive. Whites are superior race. Must spread superiority Spread Christianity – All nations should be Christian. Bring values to “backward” people American Frontier Closed – US pioneer spirit looks towards foreign interests. Expand or explode
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Ben
jam
in H
arr
iso
n
William
McK
inle
y
Gro
ver
Cle
vela
nd
Th
eo
do
re R
oo
sev
elt
William
H. T
aft
Wo
od
row
Wilso
n
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Ben
jam
in H
arr
iso
n Presidential Agenda
• Willing to go up against Foreign
Nations when American Interests
were at stake
• Promoted U.S. Intervention to
promote economic and cultural
advancement
Initiating
America’s
Rise to Global
Imperialism
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Benjamin Harrison
• Oct 1889:
Convened the first
Pan-American Conference
• Oct 1891:
USS Baltimore Incident –
Mob in Valparaiso, Chile
attacked U.S. Sailors
Politicians and Journalists promoted war
with Chile over the incident
Threat of U.S. military action resulted in a
$75,000 apology from Chile
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Benjamin Harrison
• Jan 1893:
American Fruit Planters
supported a Coup d’etat
that overthrew Hawaii’s
Queen Liliuokolani
Company of U.S. Marines
were provided to protect
American interests
New Provisional Republic was established with
American planter Sanford B. Dole as President
President Harrison’s efforts to formally Annex
Hawaii failed to succeed (before he left office)
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Presidential Agenda
Gro
ver
Cle
vela
nd
• Primarily Opposed to Territorial
Expansion and Entangling Alliances
• Placed the wants and needs of
Native Populations over the desires
for American Expansion
Reluctant
Imperialist
Protector of the
Native Population
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Grover Cleveland
• Dec 1893:
President Cleveland removed the
treaty establishing the Republic of
Hawaii and promised to support
Queen Liliuokalani
President Cleveland refused to
support any bill that violated the
rights of the people of Nicaragua
• Jan 1895:
U.S. Efforts to build a canal in
Nicaragua since 1885 continued
with the creation of a Canal Bill
He refused to support
any Annexation efforts
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Grover Cleveland
• Since 1887:
Unsuccessful diplomatic efforts between Great Britain
and Venezuela to negotiate claims over territory
bordering Venezuela and British Guiana occurred
U.S. sent long message to the
British suggesting Arbitration in
order to avoid War with the US
• Feb 1895:
British Royal Navy occupied
Nicaraguan port of Cornito
U.S. finally answered repeated requests
for assistance by Venezuela
• May 1895:
• July 1895: “Twenty Inch Gun”
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Presidential Agenda
W
illiam
McK
inle
y
• Continue Policies of “Manifest
Destiny” by expanding American
Frontier
• Moral Responsibility to Christianize
and Civilize those who were not
American
Expansionist
In Search of New
Frontiers Beyond
American Shores
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
William McKinley
• 1897: Attention turned to Hawaii
President McKinley re-initiated
efforts to Annex Hawaii
Congress passed the Newlands
Act (allowing annexation of Hawaii)
• July 1898:
• Since 1895:
Repressive Spanish Regime had caused a
Cuban Revolution
• 1897:
President McKinley pressured Spain to end
the conflict responsibly and humanely
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
William McKinley
• Jan 1898: USS Maine
Sent to Havana Harbor
to protect U.S. Interests
in Cuba
USS Maine exploded
killing 266 U.S. Sailors
• Feb 1898: Disaster
• 23 Apr 1898: Spain declared war on U.S.
• 1 July 1898: Battle of San Juan Hill
Colonel Teddy Roosevelt led the famous
Rough Riders to victory up San Juan Hill
• 12 Aug 1898: Spain Surrenders
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
William McKinley
• Dec 1898: Treaty of Paris
U.S. gain the territories of
Puerto Rico, Guam, and
the Philippines
Filipino Guerillas began struggle
against U.S. occupation of islands
• Feb 1899: Philippine Insurrection
• 2 June 1899: First Philippine Republic
officially declared war
U.S. Troops were deployed to deal with the
Filipino Insurrection
U.S. difficulties against guerilla fighters
caused war to drag on till 1902
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
William McKinley
• Sep 1899: Open Door Policy
Secretary of State John Hay sent
out message proposing free trade
in China by all nations
Chinese revolutionaries oppose
foreign influences in China
• 1899: Boxer Rebellion
• Apr 1900: International Reply
U.S. joined Eight-Nation
alliance against Chinese Boxers
295 Marines & 3,125 Army troops
join multi-national force in China
• 7 Sep 1901: Boxer Protocal
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Presidential Agenda
Th
eo
do
re R
oo
sev
elt
• U.S. had a Moral Responsibility to
civilize oppressed and/or weaker
nations
• International Negotiations could be
backed by U.S. Military Power
“Big Stick”
Diplomacy
“Speak Softly and
Carry a Big Stick”
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Theodore Roosevelt
• 1901: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Agreement authorizing the US
to build a canal in Central
America
Columbia refused U.S. offer of
$10 million for Panama Canal
• Aug 1903: Hay-Herran Treaty
• Sep 1903: Panamanian Revolution
USS Nashville sent as part of Naval force to
assist Panamanian rebels with supplies
• Nov 1903: Panama & Canal Zone formed
U.S. officially recognized new Panamanian
Government and established the Canal Zone
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Theodore Roosevelt
• 1902 – 1903:
Venezuela Crisis
European blockade to
force Venezuela to pay
foreign war debts
• 1904: Roosevelt
Corollary Issued
“ Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the
ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention
by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the
United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an
international police power. ”
Ultimately established the U.S. as an International Police Power
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Theodore Roosevelt
• Aug-Sep 1905:
Treaty of Portsmouth, NH
Roosevelt facilitated peace
agreement officially ending
the Russo-Japanese War
• 1906: Nobel Peace Prize
• 1907 - 1909: Great White Fleet
Roosevelt sent two squadrons of 16
battleships to circumnavigate the world
Showcase of American Goodwill
Demonstrate growing Naval Power
Increase Sea & Battle preparedness
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Theodore Roosevelt
• 1904 -1910: Panama Canal
Roosevelt capitalized his
efforts on the building of the
Panama Canal
"I took the Canal Zone and let
Congress debate; and while the
debate goes on, the canal does too.”
Roosevelt appointed Brigadier General
George Washington Goethals to finish
supervising the building of the canal
• 1907-1910: Building Supervision
• 1914: Panama Canal Officially
Opened in time for World War I
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Presidential Agenda
William
H. T
aft
• Supported U.S. Desire to
expand American Foreign Trade
• Maintain orderly societies abroad
by increasing investments in
foreign economies
“Dollar
Diplomacy”
“U.S. Financial
Leverage”
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
William H. Taft
Used U.S. government officials to promote
the sale of heavy industrial goods and military
hardware to foreign powers
Convinced U.S. Banks to resolve the problems
of debt-ridden Honduras
• 1909: Nicaraguan Crisis
2,700 U.S. Marines were sent
to help stabilize the pro-U.S.
Nicaraguan government from
an attempted rebel overthrow
“Peaceful Bill”
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Presidential Agenda
Wo
od
row
Wilso
n
• Dedicated to helping other
nations achieve self-government
• Believed in promoting peace and
cultivating friendships with world
neighbors
“Moral
Diplomacy”
“Democratic
Self-Determination”
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson refused to recognize
the Mexican Government
under Victoriano Huerta
• 1913: Issues with Mexico
“As a Government of Butchers”
• 1914: Tampico Incident
Mexican officials arrested nine U.S. Sailors in
Tampico, Mexico (for entering a restricted area)
President Wilson sent the U.S. Navy to the port
of Vera Cruz with a force of U.S. Marine
Due to U.S. pressure and growing rebel activity
General Huerta stepped down from power
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Woodrow Wilson
• 1916: Acquiring a New
Territory
U.S. and Denmark signed
a treaty transferring control
of the Virgin Islands to the
United State
Agreement was made due to:
Increased German naval
activity in the Atlantic
Concerns that Germany
might annex Denmark
The Virgin Islands would
give Germany a naval
base close to the U.S.
The Men Who Developed
U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)
Woodrow Wilson
Mexican rebel, Poncho Villa,
raided across the U.S. border
for food and supplies in
hopes of provoking war
between the U.S. & Mexico
• 1916: Impact of the Mexican
Revolution on the U.S.
General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing led the
Mexican Punitive Expedition to hunt down the
Mexican rebels
U.S. Troops were withdrawn from the Mexican
border to prepare for deployment overseas
• 1917: Approaching storm of World War