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The Unintended Relationship of an ‘Environment-friendly’ Energy Technology to Global Environmental gProblems: A Sociological Exploration
2009 Ad n d S mm r S h l f R di ti2009 Advanced Summer School of Radioactive Waste Disposal with Social-Scientific Literacy, 3-10 August, 2009, UC Berkeley
Miwao MatsumotoDepartment of Sociology,
The University of TokyoThe University of Tokyo
Specialty:
1 Sociology of Science & Technology (SOS)
2 Environmental Sociology
3 Social History of Technological Failure
Work:Work:
Structural Failure of the Science-Technology-Society Interface; Relationships betweenSociety Interface; Relationships between Technological Trajectory and Global Environmental Problems, and the Formation and ,Transformation of the Military-Industrial-University Complexp
What is SOS?
Object: STObject: ST
Method: Sociology
What is Sociology?
Sociologie (A Comte)Sociologie (A. Comte)
“voir pour prevoir”
Goldfish and WaterGoldfish and Water
Individual and SocietyI di id lIndividual
Action (Motive, Purpose, Situation)
Social Relation (Stability)
Social Group (Boundary)
Social Institution (Norm, Legitimacy, Reward System)
Social SystemSocial System
THE THREE TYPICAL DISCOURSE OF SOS1 Internal Structure of1 Internal Structure of
Scientific CommunityScientific Community
2 Institutionalization of2 Institutionalization of
S & T
3 Interaction of STS
Thematic Development of SOS Phase 0:
Phase 1:
Missing of ST ≒ ST within Black Box
Institution Social Change Phase 2:
科学者の行動パターン 科学者のネットワーク
Norm Reward System
Behaviour Pattern Network Phase 3:
SocialAspectsof SK Social Aspects of TK
FdFormation LaboratoryWork
Phase 4:
Fd Formation Laboratory Work
Dispute s Dispute t
P li &/ P ti i tS i lP bl fST Phase 4:
Policy &/or Participt Social Problem of ST
Complex Configuration
Phase 5:
Turn toSociety ?
Military Industrial Governmental Citizen
Channels
TechnologyScience
SocietyyEnvironment
For Further Details ...
『テクノサイエンス・リスクと社会学 科学社会学の『テクノサイエンス リスクと社会学 科学社会学の新たな展開』
松本 三和夫松本 三和夫ISBN978-4-13-056105-1, 発売日:2009年09月上旬, 東京大学出版会, 380頁上旬, 東京大学出版会, 380頁
The Social Risks of Technoscience
by Miwao MATSUMOTOby Miwao MATSUMOTO
University of Tokyo Press, 2009
ISBN978 4 13 056105 1ISBN978-4-13-056105-1
A Key Exemplar
Two Different Types of Question:Two Different Types of Question:
1. Does Technological Development Give Solutions to EnvironmentalGive Solutions to Environmental Problems?
2. Does It Cause the Problems?
Outline
The Social Background of the Development of an ‘Environment-f i dl ’ E T h l i Jfriendly’ Energy Technology in Japan
The Complex Relationship of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Development Project to Global Environmental Assessment(OTEC) Development Project to Global Environmental Assessment
Another Side of Optimal Technology Selection
Subtler Social Aspects Involved in the Complex Relation Between OTEC and the Global Environment
Ozone Hole and CFCs PatentsOzone Hole and CFCs Patents
The Absence of ‘Feedback-for-learning’ Channel
Conclusion
For Further Details …
Miwao Matsumoto, ‘The Uncertain but Crucial Relationship Between a “NewCrucial Relationship Between a New Energy” Technology and Global Environmental Problems’, Social Studies ofEnvironmental Problems , Social Studies of Science, Vol.35, No. 4 (2005), pp. 623-651.
The Social Background of theThe Social Background of the Development of an ‘Environment-friendly’ Energy Technology in Japanfriendly Energy Technology in Japan
Configuration of the Key Agents Involved in the ‘Sunshine’ Project
A li d /
Sunshine Project
NEDO
Trust Money
Contract FIRMApplied /
DevelopmentalResearch
Contract
MITI MutualFeedback
FIRM
Contract
UNIV
Budget
BasicUNIV
ATR
BudgetNRI
BasicResearch
NRI
The Budget of the ‘Sunshine’ Project: 1974-1984 (million Y)FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Sum
Areaseas
Solar 873 1,091 1,419 1,463 2,013 3,768 9,544 7,962 8,711 8,928 8,897 54,670
General 873 1,091 1,419 1,463 2,013 3,768 1,760 2,322 2,120 1,530 1,175 19,535
E. Special 7,734 5,424 6,015 6,242 7,112 32,527
C. Special 51 216 576 1,156 610 2,608
Geothermal 560 1,138 1,552 2,564 3,181 3,547 8,006 9,223 9,492 8,248 6,885 54,398
General 560 1,138 1,552 1,555 976 1,183 2,002 1,762 1,501 1,251 1,020 14,502
E. Special 1,008 2,205 2,365 5,742 6,783 7,299 6,726 5,686 37,814
C. Special 262 678 692 271 179 2,082
Coal 435 857 912 1,005 1,441 2,902 8,552 13,514 20,637 22,771 22,411 95,438
General 263 604 623 722 1,023 395 819 880 748 712 590 7,379
E. Special 1,700 2,392 2,450 1,926 2,221 10,689
C. Special 172 253 289 283 418 2,507 6,033 10,242 17,439 20,133 19,600 77,370
Hydrogen 332 463 454 520 590 690 951 948 923 492 289 6,652
General 332 463 454 520 590 690 951 444 394 356 289 5 483General 332 463 454 520 590 690 951 444 394 356 289 5,483
C. Special 504 529 136 1,169
Wind & Ocean 195 250 295 275 308 345 551 1,233 1,067 775 768 6,061
General 195 250 295 275 308 345 551 749 658 553 445 4,624
E. Special 484 409 222 322 1,437
International 18 18 34 49 679 668 674 716 71 2,926
Others 46 156 266 335 562 634 365 111 131 77 488 3,172
General 46 156 266 335 558 630 361 105 126 70 60 2,715
E. Special 4 4 4 5 5 5 405 433
C. Special 2 22 23C. Special 2 22 23
Total 2,442 3,957 4,916 6,179 8,129 11,935 28,648 33,659 41,636 42,008 39,809 223,317
General 2,270 3,704 4,627 4,888 5,502 7,059 7,122 6,932 6,222 5,189 3,651 57,165
E. Special 1,008 2,209 2,369 15,180 15,088 16,178 15,121 15,747 82,901
C. Special 172 253 289 283 418 2,507 6,346 11,640 19,236 21,698 20,411 83,253
The Budget of the ‘Sunshine’ Project: 1974-1984
(million yen)
The Budget of the ‘Sunshine’ Project: 1974-1984
45000
Wind & Ocean
International Others
35000
40000
Coal
Hydrogen
25000
30000
of B
udge
t
Geothermal
15000
20000
Am
ount
o
Solar
0
5000
10000
0
FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Fiscal Year
The Budget of the ‘Sunshine’ Project: 1974-1984
(million yen)
The Budget of the ‘Sunshine’ Project: 1974-1984
45,000
C. Special
35,000
40,000
p
20 000
25,000
30,000
out o
f Bud
get
E. Special
10,000
15,000
20,000
Am
o
General
0
5,000
FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Fiscal Year
5 Main Areas of the ‘Sunshine’ Project
1 Solar Energy1. Solar Energy
2. Geothermal Energy
3. Coal Energy
4. Hydrogen Energy4. Hydrogen Energy
5. Wind and Ocean Energy
The General Outline of the Phases of the ‘S nshine’ ProjectSunshine Project
Basic Research
Conceptual Design
Component TechnologyDevelopment
Pilot Plant
Practical Plant
Commercial Plant
The Complex Relationship of Ocean Thermal p pEnergy Conversion (OTEC) Development Project to Global Environmental Assessment
Sub-Projects of the Ocean Energy Development Project
1 Wave-activated Power Generation1. Wave-activated Power Generation
2. OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy C i )Conversion)
3. Tidal Power Generation
4. Ocean Current Power Generation
5 Ocean Density Power Generation5. Ocean Density Power Generation
OTEC h th t ti l t ti fOTEC has the potential to satisfy energy demand, the demand for sea food resources, and contribute to increased output of industrialand contribute to increased output of industrial raw materials including uranium. … We hope that the Japanese government will pay mostthat the Japanese government will pay most attention to OTEC at the national level and promote its development immediately.promote its development immediately.
Hiroshi Kamogawa, ‘OTEC for solving resource problems’Monthly Report of the Federation of Economic Organizations, 1978
Concept of OTEC
OTEC Pilot Plants Constructed by Japan
Location Agent Start of
ExperimentOutput
Governmental Fundp
Saga Saga University 1976 50kW ‘Sunshine’ Project
Nauru Tokyo Electric Power Co.,
Toshiba Electric Co.,
Shimizu Construction Co., etc
1981 120kW ODA, Subsidy from AIT
etc.
Tokunoshima
Kyushu Electric Power Co.,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
1982 50kW Subsidy from AITma Mitsubishi Heavy Industry,
Ltd.
Kobe Steel Co., etc.
AIT
Results of Analysis of the Compound Working Fluid for OTECFluid for OTEC
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Compound Working Fluid for OTECCompound Working Fluid for OTEC
Another Side of OptimalAnother Side of Optimal Technology Selection
Estimated Mapping of th T t l P O t tthe Total Power Output of OTEC Plants in Japan’s Territorial J pWaters
Number of Sea Rescues: 1976-1980
YearNumber between 12 and 200
Sea Miles from the CoastTotal Number
(0-500 Sea Miles from the Coast)
1976 298 2,665
1977 269 2,369
1978 299 2,357
1979 236 2 1451979 236 2,145
1980 231 2,386
Ozone Hole and CFCs PatentsOzone Hole and CFCs Patents
Patents related to OTEC
Date of Application
Laid-open
NumberApplicant Title of Patent CFCs Used
Application Number
1984.5.22 60-245686 AsahiCompound Working
FluidR11, R12, R22, R114, R115
1984 6 1 60 255884 AsahiCompound Working
R22 R1331984.6.1 60-255884 Asahip g
FluidR22, R133
1984.6.1 60-255885 AsahiCompound Working
Fluid for Rankin CycleR12, R124, R115
S C d W ki1984.6.12 61-285
Sanyo
Tokyo SanyoCompound Working Fluid for Heat Cycle
R21, R22
1984.7.24 61-31488 AsahiCompound Working
FluidR11, R134
1984.7.31 60-37855 AsahiCompound Working
FluidR12, R123b
1984.7.31 61-37856 AsahiCompound Working
Fl idR22, R1231984.7.31 61 37856 Asahi
FluidR22, R123
Production Capacity of Main Manufacturers of CFC i J 1980 1990CFCs in Japan: 1980-1990
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Fiscal year
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Manufacturer
Asahi Glass Manufacturing
40 60 60 60 60 67.5 79.2 79.2 91.2 91.2 91.2Manufacturing
Daikin Industry
36 55 55 65 65 65 75 75 85 85 90
Mitsui Fluoro-Chemical
26 26 26 26 26 26 30 64 64 64 64
ShowaShowa Electric Industry
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Unit: thousand tons
The First Report of Observation of an Ozone Hole
The Absence of ‘Feedback-for-The Absence of Feedback-for-learning’ Channel
The 1981 White Paper on Environment Protection1. CFC gases, such as CFCs 11 and 12, used in aerosol and coolant
products are chemically very stable If the gases are released into theproducts are chemically very stable. If the gases are released into the environment, they will reach the ozone layer without being decomposed and destroy the layer. As a result, the amount of ultraviolet rays reaching the earth’s surface will increase, causing skin cancers and climate changes If the ozone layer is depleted serious problems on aclimate changes. If the ozone layer is depleted, serious problems on a global scale will occur. Early preventive measures are required to prevent these effects.
2. Outside Japan, the US and several other countries have legal restrictions on the release of CFC gases The European Communityrestrictions on the release of CFC gases. The European Community decided to ban the release of CFCs into the atmosphere in March 1980.
3. This problem requires a full scientific analysis. In Japan, the Environment Agency and the Meteorological Agency have been conducting a continuous programme of scientific research to investigateconducting a continuous programme of scientific research to investigate the problem and will encourage further research in cooperation with the ministries and agencies concerned.
ConclusionConclusion
Conclusion (1)
1. The ‘Sunshine’ project, which was set up to solve resource problems through environment-friendly initiatives, produced and published patents for OTEC using CFCs as the working fluid, even after th di f h lthe discovery of an ozone hole.
2 However, we cannot reduce the cause of this2. However, we cannot reduce the cause of this outcome simply to the failure of policy or inter-agency communication, since the relevant ministries and agencies had duly issued aministries and agencies had duly issued a preventive guideline to deal with stratospheric ozone depletion.
Conclusion (2)
3. This case strongly suggests a hidden link between technological development and global environmental problems due to incompletedevelopment and global environmental problems due to incomplete information at the time of assessment and/or decision-making. The development of a environment-friendly energy technology created the possibility of damaging the stratospheric ozone, a possibility that was as yet unseen by the decision-makers at the time and was stillas yet unseen by the decision makers at the time, and was still ignored when it became evident.
4. In this situation what is needed is a built-in mechanism to evaluate large scale independent long term technological developmentlarge-scale, independent, long-term technological development projects through reflexive ‘feedback-for-learning’ channels. This mechanism should be free from the network of interests of the agents who originally shaped the projects. This is because the function of the mechanism would be to prevent the fuelling and re-fuelling of themechanism would be to prevent the fuelling and re-fuelling of the projects’ momentum, which is made possible by transforming their originally conceived purposes in accordance with changing circumstances.
TO UNDERSTAND or NOT TO UNDERSTAND?
2×107 YEARS2×107 YEARS
MORE THAN 300 MMORE THAN 300 M UNDERGROUNDUNDERGROUND
2×1010 YEN FOR2×1010 YEN FOR ACCEPTANCEACCEPTANCE
HOW CAN SOS AVOID THE WAY TO A “Coopting device” (Nelkin, et al, 2004)?(Nelkin, et al, 2004)?
THE CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY OF PUS
M. Matsumoto, The Failure of the Science-Technology-Society Interface (Tokyo: I i P bli hi C 2002 i J )Iwanami-Publishing Co., 2002, in Japanese)
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K. Lin, “Inequalities, knowledge and public deliberation: Three consensus , q , g pconferences in Taiwan”, Proceeding of EASTS Conference (2006), pp. 1-28.
A. Irwin, “The politics of talk: Coming to term with the ‘new’ scientific governance”, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2006), pp. 299-320.
A Kerr S Cunningham Burley & R Tutton “Shifting subject positions: experts andA. Kerr, S. Cunningham-Burley & R. Tutton, Shifting subject positions: experts and lay people in public dialogue”, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2007), pp. 385-411.
R. Evans & A. Plows, “Listening without prejudice?: Re-discovering the value of the di i t t d iti ” S i l St di f S i V l 37 N 6 (2007) 827 853disinterested citizen”, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 37, No. 6 (2007), pp. 827-853.
H. Rothstein, “Talking shops or talking turkey?: Institutionalizing consumer representation in risk regulation”, Science, Technology and Human Values, Vol. 32, No. 5 (2007), pp. 582-607.
Th kThank youy