The triumviri monetales and the structure of the coinage of the Roman Republic / by Karl Pink

8/9/2019 The triumviri monetales and the structure of the coinage of the Roman Republic / by Karl Pink

1/78

R I MO N TA E S

TU R E O F T H E C O I N AG

AN R E P U B L I C

D I E S

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


2/78

E S R V E D

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

G R M AN

N G O C S TA D T

C r e a




3/78

NT NTS

on:

n ce

ndthePrinciplesofA rrangementio

neyers17

0

o10424

92

032

035

5037

eyers49

lopmentoftheO fficeofMoneyer53

r

56

ervision

stors5

rs60

enceof theMoneyers66

shMuseumCatalogueandB abelon67

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5/78

N

nconcernedw iththeco insof theR omanR epublic I havea lw ays

tselfon myattentions:With allthewealthofmaterialat our

mustbepossibletodiscovermoreaboutthe innerorgani ationofR oman

boutthetriumvirimonetales.E versincethedaysof theR enais-

ractedtheattentionof collectorsandstudentsrepeatedly.B ut

ndhistoricalq uestionswhichattractedthem especiallywhat

adtothe historyofR omeathomeandabroadandwhathistorical

ongthenamesof themoneyers.Thismethodofapproachis

helwascontenttodealwith themoneyersinacoupleof pages

. MommseninhisGeschichtedesromischenMiin w esensw asthefirst- the

to treattheconstitutionalaspectofR epublicancoinageatany

istrue w iththefew passagesof literatureandinscriptionsathis

nly secondarily . B ut fora llthat hisnew arrangementof the

atadvance.Alllater worksdependonMommsen L enormant

sfollowinghim andB abelonfollowedL enormant.Thesameis

umC ata loguebyGrueber. I nthef ie ldofdatingR epublicanco ins

placesincethe secondhalfofthelast century buttheconstitu-

therbeenasgoodas sidetrackedorelsesolvedinthe mainalongthe

haveattemptedtogainaninsightinto theinnerstructureofthe

freshtreatmentof thecoinevidencesimilartothat I havealready

yof theEmpire . Whatistobesa idonthispo intw illbefound

chdea lsw iththeco ins. P recedingthem the literarysourcesaretreated

sionsbasedonthesetwoaregiveninSectionI I I . I fmypremises

mergerelativetothehandlingof thecoinageundertheR oman

on ofthemoneyers.

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O NS

rtantWork s.

istori ueetC hrono logi uedesMonnaiesde laR epubli ueR omaine. Paris

a ch t rd g e un d B e r i c ht i gu n ge n z u B a b el o n. N Z 1 9 7 .

N Z 1 9 00 .

t N Z 1 91 .

anR epublicintheB rit ishMuseum( Grueber . L ondon 1910.

cientH istory.

n b l at t er .

rinanumorumveterum. Wien1792f .

m. O x ford1911.

reek andR omanC oins. L ondon1 99.

a iserl. V erw altungsbeamtenbisaufD iocletian. B erlin 1905.

a N um i sm at i ca . L e i p i g 1 92 .

uMttn enderrom. R epublik Sbr. A k . Wiss. Wien1911.

ae d an s V A n ti u i te . P a r i s 1 7 .

hichtedesrom. Miin w esens. B erlini 60.

e.L ondon.

schrift.W ien.

a n Co i ns . L o n d o n 19 2 .

nsof theR omanE mpire intheB rit ishMuseumI. L ondon1923.

ue. Paris.

dt Geschichtedesdlterenrom. Miin w esens. Wien1 8 3.

chesStaatsrecht. L e ip ig1 8 7.

ungenzu denattischenMiin endesneuerenStils. V erh. d. f inn. A kd. Wiss.

erbuchderMiin k unde. B erlin1930.

m. Kupferpragung. Le ip ig1909.

mismatik . B erlin.

customaryformsAV , AR , A , towhichI haveaddedP Mforprecious

dA R together. DA signifiesanissue w hichconsistso f thedenariusanddenomi-

r t he d e no m in a ti o ns A V = A u re u s D = D e n ar i us V = V i c to r ia t e Q u =

er ti us S m = S em is T r = T r ie ns Q d = Q u a dr an s S = S e t an s U n c = U n ci a.

usw iththenotchededge( serratus . O bv . andrev . areobv ious. I m= marks

l Suppl. = Supplement e . g. SupplD = supplementarydenarius.

w hichareonlyusedoccasiona lly w il lbefoundinthe introductiontothe

ualgroups.

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A R Y TR A D I T O N

gesinancientwriters inwhichthereis talkofmoneyers.

3 0f . ( P o mp on iu s :

poreetq uattuorviriq uicuramviarumagerent ettriumviri

nti aurif latores ettriumv iricapita les q uicarceriscustodiam

Sardinia mo Sicil ia itemHispania de indeNarbonensi

3 6 :

tiiurispluresin plurasunto.militiae q uibusiussierunt

bunisunto domipecuniampublicamcustodiunto v incula

aliavindicanto aesargentumaurumvepublicesignanto

q uodcum uesenatuscreverit agunto .

6 6 :O l 8 £ 8 y e t o o -i vo ut oi £ v p s< ; I x t uv li x a l et o ai ve to iv o lt T pe u 0 1

a i T cp ô T e Ta yi ^ v o i x a l ol S e po i x p ei t < r i t ot ou v o n < ; [ z a T O < ; x 6 x ^ . a

0 1 8 e t ia oo p sc o l tu v sv t u So re i 6 6 > v s 7t i x s X o < i J i ev oi x a l o l 8 £ x a o l

p lt ov T < 3 vi t t ou I x a o v Sv Sp ai x X - p ou i iv to v aT co s i v ri i .e vo t.

umerumampliavit.

1 3 2 :

udicapitalesesse mallemauroaereargentoessent.

5 :

m u t s cr i bi s i t a pu t o es s e. C um e o q u o d db r oT O f i c o a d m e

andis B uf t co epoveramiocatus: idtu sii l lea literaccepit

T A I a u te m as c ri p si q u o d il l e ad m e P R O C O S s e d q u o ni a m

ipsequo ueanobisdil igatur.

:

ienumaccusat- tricaturscilicetutmoneta lis.

q uorumuter ue inpecuniama imatractandaprocuranda ue

tusetq uaesturae ratiosicredditur. . .

sagesisscanty enough.Nos.1-4concerntheofficeofviginti

ngenera l. No. 1isdiscussedbelow (p. 54 . F romNo. 4wedolearna

ins thatCaesarraisedthenumberof moneyersfromthreeto

ttentionlater( p. 54 . asitnamesamoneyerw hostruck noco ins.

thepassagesre latingtomoneyers forI f o llow thev iew ofD rumann-

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atitconcernsatriumv iratea .d. a . Thee actrenderingof thete tin

r ofacolony butnotamoneyer.Themoneyeris responsibleonly

himselfmustrenderapublicaccounting.

ncefromtheinscriptions numerousthoughtheyare.

le " Triumv iri inR E , l istssi ty - three inL atin: tothesew emay

V . 3 6 09 a n d D e s sa u 8 9 7 9 .1 T h e in s cr i pt i on X I V . 4 2 4 5 q u o te d b y Gr o ag

9 i s d ou b tf u l. T h er e i s al s o th e e lo g iu m X X X I I I C L I . 2 2 00 .

rsi tw oofw hicharequotedbyMagie inthearticle inR E cited

criptionsweonly learnsomethingaboutthetitleand thecurstts

s I I I V I R A AA F o r I I I V I R M on et al is A AA F . I t o cc ur s ab ou t

V . 3 5 92 a n d 35 9 3 t h e AA A i s m is s in g . E x c e pt i on a ll y t h er e

A D M O N T AM ( I I , 46 09 , X X V I R MO N TA U S( X I V . 36 09 a nd

N T AR V M ( D e ss au 8 9 7 9 . T he f ol lo wi ng i ns cr ip ti on s ar e im pe rf ec t: I n I I I , 8 7

0 I I I V I R A V R A R GF L A ND O , A R E an dF E R r V ND O ha sb ee n

. 2 3 3 1 a nd X I V . 4 2 40 o ne A h as d ro pp ed o ut ( A A F ) ; i n V I . 1 45 5- 6

hinscriptionsof thesameman athirdF hasbeenmistak enlyadded

thesearesimplyerrorsontheparto f thestone-masonorhismodel andit

conclusionfrom them.

ons thecursushonorumisfoundin thedescendingorder with

dneartheend.I ntheremaininghalf thecursushonorumis

erfrom thelowerofficestothehigher. Theorderisoccasionally

. 3 6 09 . Th e el og iu m gi ve s Q I I I V I R A A A F A D C V R e tc . - th at i s to

lledf irstq uaestorandthenmoneyer. Whetherthishasanyconstitutiona l

akeinwritingmaybeleftunsettled.2O nprincipleI drawno

nstances.P erhapstheinscriptionsmightyieldmoreinformation

aritiesto aclosescrutinyandcomparison.Groag fore ample

mV espasiantoSeverus whichshowacursushonorumincluding

ownthatallpatriciansof thevigintivirateheldonlytheofficeof

1 4 5 f .

these inscriptionscomef romtheEmpire( theye tendintothe

ry the irvaluefortheR epublicisl im ited. B uttheydoshow that

stencedow ntothatdate. Seea lsobelow p. 66.

neyersarepreserved ifsuchlawswereeverissued.I will

re fertotheco inage thatistosay totheactiv ityof themoneyers.

tedinitsconte tbyStrasberger D essau1155isnow C L V I . 32412.

ometimesactuallyheldafterahigheris shownbyMommsenStR .I .

seareonly raree ceptions evenif thesourcesareabovereproach.

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to fany butP linygivesusthecontentsof three. H ew rites( N. H.

: " P o s te a H a n n ib a le u r ge n te Q . F a b io M a i m o di c ta t or e a ss e s un c ia l es f a ct i

edecimassibuspermutari q uinariumoctonis sestertiumquaternis

emiunciariiassesfacti. .. I sq uinuncv ictoriatusappella turlege

A llthedatesinC hapterX X X I I I a reconfusedanddif ferentperiods

other.R ecentresearchbyMattinglyandothershas broughtthis

snow establishedthattheso-ca lledL e F laminiaorF abia - thatis

retariffingofthedenariusat16 Asses-belongto theageof

apiria isplacedwithsomecerta intyat89 B . C . I havewidenedits

bservations( p. 32 . Thus the" mo " inP liny otherw ise

understandable. Thedateof theL e C lodia w hichperhapsdid

ns iscerta inlyca. 104B . C . ( p. 2 ) .

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E V I D E N C

dtheP rinciplesofArrangement

pertinenttoourresearchis foundfairlycompletein

abelonandtheB MC . I ndispensable how ever arethethreesupplements

trackeddownandfaithfullytestedalmosteverypiece.Corrections

ayse presslymentionedhere buttheyareof tentacit lyadopted.

material comparisonmustbemadewithB ahrfeldtwhohasalso

.1

s longsincebeenmadetoprovidea chronologicalorderfor

blicancoinageinadditiontothe alphabeticalarrangementbyfa-

ent butsocompletelyunscientific.Tothisend variousap-

-studiesofpersons datesf i edbyhistoricalcharactersorby

sultso fmetro logy ( w eights denominations , f inds sty le develop-

proachbythestudyofpersonsis theoldestandgoesbackto

sbeena fascinatinggame-identifyingpersonsmentionedinhistory

epublicancoins-fascinating butdangerous.Thereisnothingto

amej ustifiesidentification especiallyifweconsiderhowlittle

mannamesof theR epublic. Onehasonly tostudy the listo f

64f f. toseehow oftenaw holeseriesofmembersof thesamefamilies

es occursonco ins - tosaynothingof the literarysources- the

p ur n ii C o rn e li i F u r ii J u l ii J u n ii L i c in i i M a r c ii P l a ut i i P o mp o ni i

l e r i i. T hi s m et h od o f s tu d y w h i c h K i r c hn e r ( Z f N 1 9 , 7 4 ff . , S u nd w al l

edtothe AthenianTetradrachmsoftheNewStyle isstillpopular

e plo itedbyMommsen B abelonandtheB MC . A comparisonof

hree citedauthorsshowshowvagueallthese attributionsare.

edatesofB abelonandtheB MC canbereadily comparedforeach

haveplacedthemineachcaseatthebeginning. O f ten it istrue

e llsupported o f tenfi eddatesdoe istw hicharesubse uently

e ample Sydenhamhasq uiterecentlycrit ici edthedateofP iso -

beconsideredbasic andI think thathe isright( seep. 29 . The laws

lly scanty results astheycanusua llyonlybedatedappro imately .

single issuesofnospecialimportance e . g. theA sofMete llus( B MC I

00 ; t he Tr ie ns wi th S V . ( B M CI 1 09 = B f I I I 1 23 ; t he U n ci aw it hL H \ f i( B M C I I

4 0 ; t he As of CN P I S O F R V G ( B M C I I 5 92 = B f I I 2 71 . ; t he As wi th CS A . ( B M CI

C A A ) = B f I I I 1 1 6 i s a c o u nt e rf e it . I s s ue s w hi c h in t h e B M C a re s e pa r at e d a r e

re.

Matt. R C . 39.

uaereperiunturinanti uisnumismatibusaburbeconditaadtempora

77.

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rinciplesofArrangement

ase is if any thing w orsew iththedatasuppliedbymetro logy .

mittedthatinthecaseofa lmarcoco inage thatistosay w hen

astobeproducedout ofagivenweightofmetal withoutregard

dualcoin thesinglespecimencanonlybe usedwiththegreatest

sin generaluseinanti uity.Therearealsodivergenttheories4

ftheaverageweight.F urthermore thenumberofsurviving

smallandthe irpreservationpoor. Now onder then that w iththe

heviewofe pertsdifferwidely.Theoriesbeginatonceto diverge

thestandardsof the" A esGrave . Semi- ibra l trienta land

econtested. Torea li e this onehasonly toconsulttheauthorities

theB MC Haeberlin SydenhamandGieseck e. 5

seemstobethat thegradualdeclineinweighthappenedde

edevelopmentofcoinageandthatthis gradualdeclinewassub-

by law . Theonly literary informationthatw ehave(inP liny con-

uncialandsemiuncialstandards w hichhastobe interpretedf irsto f

ntalstandardisgenerallyconsideredtohavebegunwith thedenarius

ury theuncialstandardcomesin duringtheageofthe Gracchi

ucedby theL e P apiriaof8 9B . C .

betoocarefulin theuseofstandardsforthe determination

thimself w ho layssuchstressonw eights w rites( SB f p. 8 9 : " B e i

Gle ichgiltigk eit w e lchemaninbetref fderF ehlergren e imGe-

n enhat istesdaherbe idiesenMiin enauchoftunmoglichan-

mF uf idase in e lneStuck angehort. Durchschnittsgew ichtesinddafur

ndkonnennurinwenigenF allenherange ogenwerden.

adifficultywhich B ahrfeldthasdiscoveredintheso-called

seriesofA es. A gainandagain indea lingw ithindiv idua lmoneyers

a inedpeculiarity . Hehasrecordedthefo llow ingseries( a ll inB f I I I ) :

us2SeriesSemisses: a heavyat17.6( A s34. 42 ) b l ight

s e t - se m iu n c.

2 S e ri e s Q u a dr a nt e s: a a t 7 .9 2 ( A s 3 1. 6 ) , b 3 . 4

se m iu n c.

r ie s Q u a d ra n te s : a a t 6 .5 ( A s 2 6 b a b ou t 2 .5

un c .

2 S er i es Q u a d r an t es : a 7 . 13 ( A s 2 . 5 , b a b ou t 3 .0

em iu nc .

S e ri e s Q u a dr a nt e s: a a b ou t 7 .0 ( A s 2 ) , b 3 . 5

c-semiunc.

ies( Triens andQuadrantesa as26-23 D ) A s

articleofR eglingon" Metrology inSWMandGieseck eI N. 1 2.

mple inB MC I , 152 isl ighterthanthequadrans. Thew ork sof theseauthors

ently inNC hr. 193 if f .

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. P o mp o n. M o lo ( p . 1 5 ) w i th t w o se r ie s f ro m A s to S e t a ns -

ght17-14- thatistosay se tantaltouncia l. B utinasmuchasthere

he lightseriesagainst151in themainseries whichistheheavy

ht seriesmayberegardedasmistakesinw eightand assuch

shoulda lsoquoteM. C ipiusM. F . ( p. 110 w ithanew reverse and

2 6 T r ie n s an d Q u a d ra n s wi t h C. N V M .

aregenera lly re latedtooneanother itw il lbeseen inthe

e more.B utitmustbe observedthatbetweentheselimits

occurssothatthe divisionintotwoseriesbecomesdoubtful.

urinother seriese.g.h , ( SB f121 , wheretheAsweighsfrom

ahrfe ldthasnotassumedtw oserieshere( cp. C ata logue no . 13 .

raits thereisnocertaintyto behadfromdifferencesofstyleof

uotedf romB ahrfe ldt itw il la toncestrik ethereaderthatthe

oute ceptioncited. Thisdenomination asourC ata loguew ill

commonestofa ll occurringina lmosteveryseriesofA es andof ten

twasso largeandprotracted itisno wonderthatweightsshould

asonabletoabandonthe theoryoftwodistinctseries.B ahrfeldt

anyreasonablee planationinsupportofhis hypothesis.

fAesis suppliedbytheso-calledheavyandlight denarii

thedistinctionisj ustasweaklyfounded.Samwer-Bahrfeldthas

chronologicalorder oftheearliestgroupof denariiwithsymbol

) . M at t in g ly ( J R S 1 9 29 3 1 r i gh t ly o b se r ve s : " W h e n w e t ur n t o th e

traceanyclearlinebetw eense tantalanduncialbron eand

enarii.Toj udgefromthem therewasnosuddenchangeof

inbron e butagradua ldecline-w hichneednothavebeen

ithingroupsofcoinsin bothmetals verycloselyrelatedinstyle

nweight.To makeweightamaincriterionandto classallthe

allthelightonesas late wouldmakehavocofanyarrangement.

re isnocleardistinctionbetweense tantalanduncia lbron eandheavy

uta lltheseobservationsgoback only tow eights w hicharecertainly

rightlycontinues:" F romthecoinswehaveinferred achange

oneofthreeand ahalfscruplesandhaveassociatedthe reduction

thechangefromse tantaltouncia lstandardinbron e. A ndagain

B othinsilverandinbron etherew asasteadydecline inw eight

ruple andanuncialstandardfor denariusandAsrespectively:

tressofnecessity -notbyany law . Mommsen( MW, 3 4 inhis

sameobservation( Cp.p.296 onthereductiontoone eighty-

stablishedbyw eights : " Nachdenj et tvorliegenden w enigz ahl-

B tsichnichtmitvo ll igerSicherhe itentsche iden obsie( dieR eduk -

der w iew ahrscheinhcher a llmahlichstattfand undw elchesdieSorten

ahrungfo lgen.

kenintoconsiderationthedistinctionbetweentheheavyand

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towastewordsontheimportanceof finds butweshouldtake

ays(SW M416 aboutthe iruse. A sagenera rule f indscanbedated

co ins-piecescapableof receiv ingane actdate . B utthereverse

insby finds isfarmoredifficultand demandsverygreatcaution.

anusuallyonlybeestablished whenasufficientnumberofhoards

heargumentume silentioplaysitspart. Mattingly fore ample

rati ( NC hr. 1924 haspo intedoutthe incorrectusemadeof f inds

tedmanyofthe finds.SydenhaminNChr.1940hasalsomadesome

lla ttention andhehassetagoode ample inhistableof f inds

pio.Anewlistforall findsofR epublicancoinsshouldbedrawnup

ustfurtherbenotedthatf indshaveof tenbeenfa lsif ied(cp. for

395n. I ) o reveninvented. B ahrfeldthasgivenmanypertinente amples

GoldCoinage.F ortheGreekfieldGaeblerhas recordedaseries

inhisvaluablearticleson MacedoniancoinforgeriesintheSit ungs-

miederW issenschaften.Theargumente silentiocanalsobe cor-

erf inds e . g. thef indofCa a z osuppliesthehithertomissing

. V i b iu s V a r u s ( B M C. I . 5 5 5 . O n t h e wh o le q u e st i on s e e Ma t -

ithhissupplementary listo fhoardspublishedinthemeantime.

adefulluseofhoardsandtheB MC eveningreaterdegree-sub ect

f icationobservedabove. B ahrfe ldtre fersquiteof tento f inds especia l-

m iin enprdgung. In myC atalogueI havenotcheck edthef inds for

mitso f thisessay. H ow ever fora f inalarrangement anew e ami-

eabsolutelynecessary.

opmentofthetypessuppliesa goodguidefortherelative

o llow edinB MC I LX X X I V orinoneof thework scitedatthe

hestereotypedrepresentationoftheheadof B ellona6andofthe

thedeitiesinchario ts w hichMattinglyassignstotheageof the

toricalreminiscencesreferringtothemoneyers finallyreferences

hichgiveonlyaterminusa q uo fortheimmediateuseofa type

e proved.Amuchmoredangerousattemptisthe interpretation

sty le fora largesub ectivee lementcomesintoplayhere . Long

itionandaverysoberj udgementareessentia l. DeSa lis thereal

C o f tenlethimselfbe ledtoofarbyhissenseofsty le . A ndthis

tion- thato f the loca lI ta lianissues.

msen inparticular assignsonlythefirstcoinageof theAes

nicWartomintsoutsideR ome( MW 37if . Wef indthenamesof

esandonthev ictoria tes. A partf romthis R omancoins not

econfinedtothecoinageof thegenerals.Theideaofattributinga

w ithmoneyer snames to loca lmintsinI ta lyderivesf romDe

edbyimpressionsofstyle.Chronologicaldifficulties asMattingly

t arenotfoundinthepure lyR omanseries. How unconv incingthese

maybeseenf romaglanceattheP latesintheB MC . Genera lly

dofR oma. I agreewithMattinglyandR obinson. P roceedingsofB rit . A c.

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istransferredto theprovinces.Toreali ethefallibilityofthis

paretheR omanissuesof1o2-92B . C . onP I . X X I X w iththesup-

ssuesof thesameperiodonP I . X C I I . Thisonee amplew ill

cultiesalsocomeintoconsideration.Theofficeof moneyer

onw iththeresto f thecursushonorum w iththee ceptionof the

aterinstitution.B uttheseq uaestorswerefinancialassistantsof

heirspecialfunctionwas necessarilyfirstofallof adistinct

rstandablebecauseoftheR omantendencytoseparatefinancial

aryadministration( cp. be low p. 5 ) . O ntheotherhand it is

moneyersappointedastheR omanonesandperformingtheir

boutthecountrysideworkingnowinthis mintandnowinthat.

. 143 observes: " These loca lmoneyersseemtohavebeenchosenf rom

mployedinR ome forthetypesof theirco insshow thatmostof

emostcelebratedR omanfamilies.I nsomecasestheymayhave

fficeatthemint intheCapitol. ThemintofR omewassufficient

tsinI ta lyevenduringthema orparto f theEmpire inasmuchas

odandeasy. H ow ever thegenera lsen oyedtherighttostrik e

w ar. H ence donotacceptloca lissuesofdenarii inI ta lyatthe

nsiderationsI havebeenobligedtocreatea newarrangement

orcedustogo intoeverydetail. I nthismatterI havebeenguided

setdowninmy" A ufbauderromischenMiin pragunginder

1933-1936 . I be lievethisnew systemhasproveditsw orthinotherw ork s

n E l m e r s " M i in p r ag u ng d e r ga l li s ch e n K a i s er ( B o n n e r J a h r b ii c he r

b r ue c k s D i e M i i n b i ld n is s e vo n M a i m i n us b i s Ca r in u s ( 1 9 4 4 . I t h a s

L eGentilhomme( R N 1942 p. 5 andf romMattingly w ho

hatheisnow usingmysysteminhis continuationofthecatalogue

seum.Theprincipalideais q uitesimple.E veryofficialcoinage

edandcontrolled otherwisethefinancialadministrationwill

senoughe amplesofthis.Theseprinciplesmusthaveprevailedat

oratR omeespecia lly therew aspreva lentamostpreciseandane act

dthepsychologyofa peasantnation.Moreover thisorderis

dinthe coinsatourdisposal ifwearrangesystematicallyand

sesofcommonpieces.All e ceptionalandspecialissues onthe

beputtoonesideandbeaddedsubse uentlyaf terthemainstructure

asyieldedgoodresults fortheimperialissuesof 192-253A.D .

conditionsareofcoursedifferent.H erewearewithoutdatedpieces

charedeterminedbyC OS TR I B P O Tandotherindicationsofdate .

osearchfor otheraids.Thechiefideahas beenthateverythingwhich

financialauthority i.e.fromtheq uaestor isstrictlyspeaking

To theq uaestorbelongsaboveallthefi ingofthestandard

asfarasweknowand thekindsofdenominationswhichareissued

ellasthe choiceofmarksofvalueand marksofcontrol.Therise

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onsrestuponordinancesofthis nature.Theyvaryfromthe

bdivisiontothatof singledenominationsandviceversa.O ften

stheorderof denominationsandthenchangesgradually.

inallthesearrangements theycannotproceedinblind

edthat inviewofthatobstinateadherenceto plansoncemade

omancharacter anynew reformw asreta inedinitse actform

ample the issuesmarkedw ithX formaclosedseries asw ellas

ssuemarks.

veestablishedhaveprovedmosthelpful:first thatofthe

likethesupplementarydenariithatI havealreadytracedunderthe

hatof thero leof the leadingmoneyer. Thespecia lissues recogni able

ealwaystobeseparatedfromthe regular.Theseprinciplesto-

atedegreeofcertaintyfora relativechronologyandespeciallyfor

arysystem.Thereare alsominorobservationswhichinasec-

toaninderstandingofthe R epublicancoinage-fi eddatesfor

inthespecia lco inages the introductionofparticulartypes the

observations.

sthese uenceof themetalsastheymak ethe irappearance inthe

coinage.Aeswasissuedfirstin contrasttotheGreekmonetary

valof abouttwentyyearscametheR omano-Campaniansilver

narius( cp. p. 5o . Go ldisa lwaysamoneyofnecessity asw iththe

moretheR epublicanprinciple isthreatened themoref re uentdo

e. Sulla P ompey andf ina llyC aesar srichoutputofgo ldgive

eI I I v iriR P C inthe irturnstruck go ldirregularly inthe ircapacity

ssuesofgold beginwithAugustus.

ngementaregivenintheintroductiontoeach groupand

moneyers.Theycanbe e aminedthere.I nordertoestablish

asobligedtobeginbyarrangingthefullest i. e . the latestgroupsand

otheearlierandsimplerones. I nthispaper how ever thenatura l

velopmentisdemonstrated.R esultsofageneralcharacterwhich

tudyoflatergroupshavebeenapplied totheearlierones.

ieve I havesucceededinestablishinganew andfirmerorder. I

ow ever thatthisorderisinnow ay f ina l. Thef indsmustbeapproached

eothercriteria whichhavebeenmentionedabove inorderto

m. B utinmyopinionthemainfeatures thegenera larrangement

enceofissuesarecertain.W ithinthegroupsthemselvesindividual

umvirimaybe movedore changed butthegroupsthemselves

stion.

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ngroups thefirstofwhich ispresentedonlyinsummary

kesnocontributionto ourresearch.Thesinglecollegesof triumviri

hinthegroups butalsoconsecutively.Thespecialissuesare

theregularseriestowhichthey belong.TheyeargiveninB MC

feachissue. WhereB MC givesaperiod e . g. 217-197B . C . fo rthe

ethe init ialdateonly e . g. 217. Then a f teradiagona l( / , there

abelon. I nGroup10only thedateaf terthediagona listhedate

tcomesthenameof themoneyer asitappearsontheco in but

yoccasionallycited.Thegentile nameisaddedinbracketsin

dyobvious.Ne tfollowsaveryshort descriptionofthepiece

rsew hichisimportanttous 7thenthereversetype fo llow edby

hen comethedenominations.D enominations whichhavenot

maybeassumed havebeenplacedins uarebrack ets. I have

ivepiecesmostsuccessfullyintomyAufbau.O fcoursesound

this. V eryof tenthepostulatedco inhassubse uentlycometo light.

nscarryaq uestionmark.Aftertheintroductionofissuemarks

seof the increase inthenumberof reversetypes havesubstituted

ontypes. L ater w henthemark sare lack ing haveusedadash.

hbelongstotheobverse w hatfollow s tothereverse . Theregular

rdancewith thecollegesoftriumviri( sometimesnamedafter

ualissuesarer ecordedonlyinthespecialcoinages.The output

oneyerisca lledanissue. F o llowingSundw all se amplethe

emark edM1 M2 andM . E pigraphicalvariantsorminorchanges

ynoted. F orthesevaria tionstheB MC I ntroductionI pp. ciif f.

atelyfromane actchronologyforwhichthesupplementary

vespok enwouldbenecessary eventhen muchw ouldremain

rposesuche actnessisnotnecessary. I nthechapteraboutthe

ers(I I I A I haveplacedthebeginningof thecoinageofdenarii

ondPunicW ar. I tendsin7B . C . asmaybeseenf romGroup10.

ularcoinagesse ldomoccur e ceptinspecia lissues. I giveatthis

e relativechronology.Thedetailscanbefoundin theGroup

theanonymousdenariiandthedenariiwithsymbols.Thenfol-

irstnames- f irst w ithonenameabbrev iated thenw iththef irst

w i th t w on a me s a n d fi n al l y wi t h th r ee ( I - I , 2 1 0- 1 6 B . C . . T h e

inarius v ictoria teandA sstopinGroup3. Thebron eareatf irst

graduallybecomemoreplentiful( 16 -119B . C . . Group4begins

edonly ine ceptiona lcases.

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17/78

bo in11 B . C . andendsw iththeL e C lodiaofca . 104B . C .

scharacteristicof thisgroup.Group5 withtheissuemarks

. C. t o t he L e P a p ir i a of 8 9 B . C .G r ou p 6 c om e s ne t a n d e t e n d s

isdatedvery roughlyat80-70B . C . There isaregularissueanda

rallel.The beginningofGroup8 isdatedappro imatelyat

specialissueof theaediles Ga lbaandP laetorius ite tendsto

nd10canbeclose lydated: Group9at49-41B . C . Group10at

bolsprecedesthis group.I tisunimportantforour pur-

tmakesit contemporarywithours.B utourgroupitself canbe

mately.

garded probablycorrectly asbadgesofthecoining officials.

beencustomaryinGreece.Theyare foundinthesi thandfifth

hefourthand thirdatCorinth.B estknownofallare thebadges

from229 B .C.Theseappeartogetherwiththenamesofthe mon-

otsurprising becauseoftheAthenianinfluenceuponthefirst

ouldbepossibletoestablishco llegesof triumv iri butthe

enestablished.Samwer-Bahrfeldt havedealtwiththeseearliest

em ongroundsofmetrology intothreesections-heavysilver

ghtsilverandse tantalA es l ightsilveranduncia lA es. B utthese

a lreadyshow n(p. 11f . a req uiteuncertain. Whatmaybegatheredfrom

verw asatf irst issuedinmass j ustbecause itw asnew . Thefirst

esofgold andsilverandnineteenofdenarii andbron e i.e.

ecollegesoftriumvirior perhaps eightcollegesoftriumviri

dsilverandtw oofdenariiandbron e andonepuresilverseries.

appearonlyinsections2 and3.Theycomprisethirty-nineissues

v iri- f ourinsilver three indenariiandbron e f ive inbron eand

lsomanyspecia lissues o fw hichI havetak ennoaccount. There

swhichmightbe considered.I ntheissuewiththe wheel we

serratus butitis anisolatedphenomenon alternatingwiththe

researchthis groupyieldsnoprofit.

neyers7

w iththeA thenianmodel(p. 51 thenamesof themoneyers

s thenareabbreviatedandfinallyarewrittenout infull.This

aprinciple ofarrangementforthegroup.O fcoursethedevel-

withmathematicale actness.F irstoneormore letterswereset

periment thenaname usua lly thecognomen af terw ardstheab-

sadded.Attheendofthe groupwefindthreenames.E veninthe

pswiththecessationof thev ictoria te 16 B . C cf . NC hr 1932 73.

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18/78

re lapsestowardsthef irstsystem but genera lly speak ing therise

e canbeclearlytraced.I tgoeswithoutsayingthatthe denarius

continuestoprefertheshorterforms. I nthisgroupseparateco l-

adybeclearlydistinguished e . g. no . 3w ith3quinarii no . 6w ith

ithDiana inbigano. 10andno. 17withV ictory inbigaandthe last

eenamesand thecognomenineachcaseon theobverse.I nthe

llegestherules whichwerementionedatthebeginning areof

psI andI I , everydenariiandbron eseriesisfo llowedbyasupple-

e fortheuseofbron e issti l lpredominant. I nthethirdsub-group

n thelegend eachdenariusseriesalternatesatfirstwith a

dstheendonlydenariiandbron eseriesare issuedandcontinue in

tgroup. Therefore fornos. 1-15achangeofco inagemustbe

p. 61 no . 29 inasmuchasthedivisionintoheavyandlightdenariihas

ercoinage( p.13 .ThedenariiwhichB ahrfeldtdesignatedheavy

k.Nowandthen victoriatesandq uinariialsoappearwhilethe

eseemtogodow ntotheuncia l. B utthee tentofanyparticular

einthepresentstateofthe coinevidence.Thecommonphenome-

ominations whichcontinuesintothethirdcenturyof theE mpire

e pressioninasupplementarydenariiseries( no . 5 andanissue

Tampilus.TheD ioscuriaredepictedonthe reversetypeforthe

bigaappears f irstdrivenbyDianaasthenationa lgoddess then

ub-groupse ist: ( 1 w ithmonograms ( 2 w ithsinglenames

ames.Thedistributionof themoneyersintotheseparatecolleges

aswasnoticedinthe beginning.I haveoftencollectedintoone

moneyer sname whichotherwritershaveseparated.B esides

vailsinregardto thereadingofthemonograms.

here isa lw aysadenariiandbron eserieswithoneinbron e

mentaryco llegeof I I I v irif o rdenariiandasupplement-

uinariioccursforthe firsttime.

arlie rpractice monogramplussymbol Q andA / O inthe

mesofcit ies. I nthedenariiandbron eseriesthe

stillimperfect.

l a ut ia X D i os cR O M AD A s -S ( U n c )

X D i os c R O M A D A s Q d

n X D i o sc R O M A D A s

nc t ia + A n c ho r R O M A A s- S

u r m + B u l l R O M A A s - U n c

V i c to r ia R O M A A s- U n c

ron ew ef indthef irstattempttoaddapraenomenanda

ram.One collegeoftriumviriisobvious becauseof

iththemonogramonits sidetwiceoutofthree times.

oticedthisconnection( I I I p. 77 . There isathird

rydenarii.

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19/78

nt ia X

S h i el d

M ae ni a X

erhasbeenaddedtothe monogram.One collegeoftrium-

atesis obvious.Thereisalsoasupplementaryissue

dq uinarii.D ianainthebigaappearsfor thefirst

a t i en a

aebia

V a l e ri a )

e mi l A p ul

ae vi a

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20/78

ia

t il

o r I t i l

C lo vi a

l

( C o rn el

names.

C a lpurn

u t at i a

"

eseriesofdenariiandbron e. A tf irstwiththecon-

.Thereis anobviouscollegeoftriumviriwith

y threenamesw ithcognomenonobverse inc. f irst

sfather.

on

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21/78

s provedbythefactthat thelastissue withtheSemis-U ncia

dtothe initialseriesofthefourth group whichthengrowsgradually

r.E videntlyatthebeginningofour grouptherewerestill

e sothata llneedscouldatf irstbemetby themostimportantde-

drans. Thentheeverincreasinglack ofbron eproduceda largerissue.

nage isindeedveryuncertain asmaybeseenfromB ahr-

ationsandCorrigenda. Thepresentstateofourmateria l w hichgenerally

j ustifiesourarrangement. B utif f indsshouldcontributenew

tbemadeeveninthe casegiven.I nregardtothe separatecolleges

f indwiththee ceptionof the lastseriesthatthe leadingmoneyera lso

w hilehistw oco lleagueshavedenariionly. Tothisgroupbelonga llthe

forthissignisreplacedbyK inthene tgroup. F orthisreason

ertothisgroupaslateanissueasthatofA uil l ius.

ariiat si teenAssesalsotakesplaceat thisperiod.I thas

entsin theageofthe Gracchi bySydenhaminthedaysof the

w ithmoreprobabil ity inthetimeof theY ounger( cp. a lsono. 29n. 20

a l scene . Thenew designationofvalue X V I , appearsontw oseries

ntisaccepted givesplaceagainforashortt imetotheo ldandis

asK ubitschek hascorrectlyobserved(cp. Group4 .

determinationofthedenominationsandmarksofvalue.

ethestrict lyo f f icia lcontro lo f thequaestor. H ow ever inthechoice

eginstoappear.This hasalreadybeenstatedinB MCI .126

anychangesw eretakingplace notonly inthetypes but

amesandthe irposit ions andeveninthemark ofva lue. I nthis

egivenafreehand whichappearsfromtheirchoiceofmint

alwaysfamilybadges butmayhavedirectreferencetothemoneyers

angeconcernsonly thereverse onwhichtheD ioscuriaremore

deitiesi nchariotsandfinallydisappear.Twicereversesofthe

earerepeated namely theOath-Sceneandtheshe-w olfand

his groupwemeetwithanappealsceneand amonument.F or

erstrik estw otypes la ter thereareasmanyastenormore. The

change butonlyasaf irstattempt fortheheadofB e llonastil l

o l. F irsttheheadw asturnedtothe lef t then onlyonce replaced

nnovationsw eretheplacingof thenameofR O MA ontheobverse

nthereverse.Therevolutione tendedeventotheunchanging

umv irateofD omitius SilanusandC urtius No. 30 w iththeattributes

eadsappearontheobverse wereusedasthetype ofthereverse.

adingmoneyerdistinguishedhimselffromM2 andM3bystriking

rst timeasubstitutehasbeenappointedin thecollegeoftrium-

ssuedasecondseries. Hispredecessorhaddisappearedeitherfornatura l

rsuchanoccurrencehappensf re uently . F ina lly thef irstspecia l

ithE X SC13belongstothisgroup.Thestirring timesarereflected

gradualdissolutionofR epublicanformscanbetracedin it.

meanQuaestor. F ordeta ils seebelow onGroup5.

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22/78

iclearlyemerge fore ample no . 23 w ithR O MA andthe

andthefirst q uadrigae-asimultaneoussupportforthe order

sdenarii. Thentherearethetw oseriesw ithX V I , nos. 27A and2

no. 27 w ithtwoof themoneyersofno . 27A . F ina lly inno. 30 a ll

rthefirsttime ononecoin.

one.

F

P l a ut X

p-

S

I O X

) «

onobverseandX occasiona llyonreverse. F irstQuadrigae.

erse.Obviouslya triumvirate.

A B E O * R O M AJ u pp Q u ad r

ad r

)

R 1 5

C r e a




23/78

dQuadrans. Twoco llegesof triumv iriw ithX V I , thef irst

ementaryissuetothat precedingit hereasubstitute

f irstt ime forB aebius.

M ar s Q u a dr R O M A D S m T rQ d

li a X J u pp Q u a dr R O M A D

X A p o ll o Q u a dr R O M A D

a n d X V I .

A C X V i c t B i g a R O M A

l iu s X 1 V i c t B i ga R O M A

ga R O M A

C L O X R O M AV i ct B i ga

substituted.Supplementarydenarii.

ga

N O M

ga

ga

ga

ua dr

f irstt ime forA uil l ius.

V i c t B i ga

L , u na B i ga

M A

othdenariiandbron eseriesanddenariiseries then

esonly .

a llthreemoneyersappearononeco inand onthebron e

greverses w ithoutR O MA . M1strik esa lone M2and

Allthree togetherstrikebron e.

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24/78

M : Sm T r Q d S

AJ u p p Q u adr D

pp Q u ad rR O M AD

eserieswhichformthe pointofcontactwiththe

E B A N X J u pp Q u ad rR O M AD S m Tr Q d

X J u no Q u a dr R O M A D Sm T rQ d

S U nc

- X R O M A M on u me n t D S m T r Q d

thE X SC

X H o r s em an R O M AQ E X S C D

b. c.

ngementarethe following.Thenewsign X , isregularly

collegeoftriumviri.Atfirst becauseofthecontactwithGroup 3

plentiful buttheAs continuestobemissing.Graduallythe

carcer. I nthebeginningwef ind asattheendofGroup3 there

dbron eserieswithtwopure seriesofsupplementarydenarii

riusandbron eplustwodenarii.Thefirst sub-groupgoes

thesecondf romTriens thethirdf romQuadrans butthepresent

yshastobetak enintoconsideration. I nthisgroup too the

Theoccasionalspecial coinageoftheD odransandB esissur-

w emeettheo ldtypeof theDioscuriforthe lastt ime otherw ise

mon whilstnewreversesbecomeincreasinglyplentiful.The

sJ upiterinaq uadriga.Towardstheendofthisgroup thelegend

missingf romthedenarius inthene tgroupitdisappearsentire ly .

efirstissuemarksare foreshadowedintheissueofC.Serveilius

iouscollegesof triumviri nos.37 39and40.Asupplementary

bythedodransand bes whichcanhardlybedetachedfrom

eculiar.H ereagain onemoneyermusthavedroppedout.

U CandCND O Misimportant.I followtheviewsofK ubit-

. , w hof irstdiscussedtheq uestionandofMattingly ( NC hr. 1924 p. 45 ,

fthis denariuswiththefoundationofNarbo.21 Mattinglyseesin

R I C Ol D E D . Theonly recordwehaveisthattheyw erecensors

tcensorshavenothingtodowithco inage. B utthere isnoob ection

A w it h TR I G .

denariiforthefoundationofcoloniesseeR C.32.

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25/78

schekthattheyhadalreadyheldanoffice together 22especially

i ke t h at o f t he I I V I R I C O L D E D . A l l t h at w e k no w i s th a t L i c i ni u s

icationofthe colony.B utgenerallyspeakingthereweretwo

andC n. Domitiusw asaboutthesameageasL icinius. L icinius

w as T R I B P L E B i n 1o 7 a nd D o m it iu s wa s TR I B P L E B i n 1o 4.

ectiontothe irhav ingbeenco lleaguesinthispost. Theo lddate

ecteddecisivelybyMattingly (R C 43 . Thew holeearlierdevelopment

bable.MattinglybelievesthatthemoneyerswhouseX were

nQ ismissing. I nanycasethedenariiw eresupplementaryandform

asthereareonlytwomen involved.Thetransitionisclear.F irst

iwith theoldmarkX followedbysupplementarydenariiwith

meregular asK ubitschek [ loc. cit. hasadmirablynoted. I tarose

n mattersofbookkeepingtheambiguousX andindistinguishing

numberandassi denarii. Thisnew mark w asbroughtaboutby the

satsi teenasses w hich accordingtoMattinglyoccursinthe

reprobablyinthetimeof theyoungerGracchus.O urorderalso

ubitschek thatX V andX haveacloseconnection. 22

easoning the initia ldateofGroup4maybef i edat11 B . C .

ba inedf romthebeginningof thene tgroup w hichismark edby

nariia round1o4B . C .

serrati ( cp. Mattingly NC hr. 1924 w ithnamesofmoneyers

pearanceof few anonymous" serrati " w ithw heelasabadge see

ev iew thattheyw erestruck fore ternaltrade iscorrect theassumption

kfor Narbogainsfreshsupport.

ageforthefoundationofthe colonyofNarbo thereforeonly

errati . Thetriumv irio f themintsti lluseX , thesupplementary

ma r ke d L . I C : CN D O M .

mviri.

M O N C N X M ar s B i ga 23 D s er r

X M a rs B i g a — D s e rr

X M a r s B i g a - D s e rr

I C X M ar s B i ga — D s er r

S CA fl l X R O M A D s e rr

a nc i us 5 4 B . C . ( p . 3 7 , w h o we r e to g et h er T R I B P L E B i n 5 6 B . C . a n d

cally inGroup5onsomeof thedenariio fA lbinus j ustasX reappears

Group6 , a f termark sofdenominationhadceasedtobeused. P robably they

ark sof thedenarius butassymbols suchasw erefashionableatthetime( cp.

. 1oo . We meeta llthesemark sofvalue intheco inageof therebe lsintheMarsic

everse(she-w olfandtw ins Oath-scene — inadeliberate lyarcha isingstyle

en 6 3 C p . al s o th e d en a ri i o f L e n t ul u s Cu r w it h X , a s cr i be d t o Sp a in ( B M C I I .

useofH fordenariusintheEmpire seeKubitschek 55f f .

b it s ch e k N Z 1 9 1 3 2 2 3 f.

C r e a




26/78

ards.Thislinksupwiththe lastcollegeoftriumviriin Group3.

G ( u nt ei a X J u pp Q u a dr R O M A D S m Tr Q d S

I 2 4 X R O M A ~ V i c t Q u a dr D S m Tr Q d S

C ) X M on um en t R O M A D S m Tr Q d S

sacompleteissue theothertwosupplementone

asupplementarycoinageoftheleadingmoneyer

me. 25

( L L V S X R O M AJ up p B i ga D S m[ T r

]

A C A X T ib er ta s Q u a dr R O M A D

N R O M AS mT rQ d S

R O M A P a , B i ga S mT r Q d S

heo ldtypeof theDioscuri.

N V C X J u pp Q u ad rR O M AD S m Tr Q d

S M X H e r e Q u ad r R O M A D S m Tr Q d

s X D i o sc R O M A D S m T r Q d

ellonato le f t.

E ( C ae ci l X J u pp Q u a dr R O M A D S m Tr Q d 2 6

o r X V i c t B i g a R O M A D S m Tr Q d

R O M A V o t i ng S ce ne D S m Tr Q d

umv iri eachw ithtw oobversetypes: ( 1 Headof

adofA po llo . TheheadofB e llonaa lw ayshasacrossasa

f I 6 4 . S e rv e il i us h a s A B , - p r es u ma b ly m a rk s o f

bledenominations D odransandB es. A lsoa

T L L V S X R O M A M ac ed S hi el d D D o dr 27 S m

d

b ia X R O M A C o r nu c op i ae D S m T r Q d

L X R O M A C om ba t on D S m T r Q d

26there isasecondseriesw ithTriensandQ uadransbutw ithC NV M.

leolussometimeshasnameandbadge sometimesbadgeonly.Cp.Mamilius.

I . 1 0 0 a g re e s in t a ki n g th e A s ou t o f th i s gr o up . T he U n c i a i s d ou b tf u l ( B F .

to B F . I I I . i oo .

C r e a




27/78

M

R O M A

reattributedtwocollegesof triumviriwithsupplement-

M X V i ct Q u a dr R O M A D

: Q M i : X R O M A V i c t B i g a D

s thedenominationssteadilydecreaseinnumber.

, T r Q d S , U n c.

G M X M ar s Q u ad r R O M A D T r Q d S U n c

i c t Q u a dr R O M A D T r Q d S U n c

L I M X R O M AD i o sc D T rQ d S U n c

ron eseriesplus2denariiseries Tr Q d.

O M A

V i c t B i g a

X A p ol lo B i g a

X V e n us B i g a

A G

X M a rs Q u a d r

V S X H o r se ma n

d U n c . T he f i rs t m on e ye r h as X

H I L I P P V S M

X M

O L E P X R O M

C r e a




28/78

f tenomitted.

? ( / v ) G M X S ol Q u ad r. D O d U n c

i o sc s t an d in g D

l X M a r s a dv a nc i ng D

pearanceoftheheadof Marsoccursoncoinsof L utatius

R O M A S hi p Q D U n c3 0

L V S X R O M A E X S CH o rs em an Q D 3 1

S X E X S C A ty s on G oa t D 3

S C R a m D

. C .

his groupcanbesurelyfi ed.TheAsis againstruck.H ere

of theUncia lstandard( supposingtheweightstobecorrect since

9B . C . introducedthesemi-uncia lstandard. Ourgroupthene tends

. C . I tsbeginningisdeterminedby thereintroductionof the is-

ny ( 33. 3.13 reports theV ictoria tew asaga inintroducedby the

snow e ualtotheQuinarii(Maecianus distrib. 45Hultsch Metr. script.

psthere issueof theA sw asa lsoprescribedby the law inamannersim ilar

hicha lsocontainedaddit ionalregulations. Thedateof theL e C lodia

heC lodiusisthesamepersonastheC . P ulcher tow homthe

C. r e fe r s ( p . 8 ) , w ho w a s A D C V R i n 9 9 B . C .a n d pr a et o r in 9 5 . A

. isascribedtohim( No. 46b . I f thisisright thedateof theL e

0 2 B . C .( K u b it s ch e k 3 , c p R E , S up p l. V I I . 3 3 . T h is d a te i s c on -

forthef irstQ uinariio fE gnatule iushavenosymbols andsymbols

fter100 B .C.TheQ onthishalf-pieceisread bymanyas

tschekhasgivengoodreasonsforbelievingthis interpretationim-

Theco inageofF undaniusismostinstructive . He hastheQ ondenarii

andso itmusta lw aysbereadas" Q uaestor " asonearlierissues

womeaningshadbeenpossible theywouldhavecausedconfusion.

llymarkedasaV ictoriate e ualsQ uinarius byitsreversetype

by itssi eandw eight. I invariably interpretQ asQ uaestor( sotoo

dclassa llQ uinariio fourgroupasspecia lco inages. I t is perhaps

ew denomination asaspecialissue w asatf irststruck by the

uinariio f thene tgroupno longerbearthemark Q.

a n d Q .

e rr a tu s , c p . B f . I . 7 3 .

C r e a




29/78

appearsonlysporadicallyandoccursoncein thene tgroup

withours X tooappearssporadicallyonafewdenariiof

osedthatthese signswerenolongerconsideredmarksof value.

yco insofP isoF rugi( Nos. 55. 69 x isonlyasurv iva l. F orC . P iso

arsidebyside andev identlyhadthesamemeaning. Thenumbersof

rea lsoarcha i ing. I ngenera l there isadef inite fa ll ingaw ay f romthe

was observedinthemake-upofthedenarius.F or apartfrom

endR OMA onthedenariiandtheheadofB e llonagrow steadily rarer

rarily.I tisobviousthatthe moneyerswereallowedmorelicense

sof thedenarius( sotoo inGroup4 above . H encethereversetypes

revaried theobversesalsodisplayallmannerofheads godsand

eleftbecomesincreasinglycommon.

w systemofcontro lw asintroduced w hichkeptondevelopingand

coinages.I nasmuchastheseinnovationscertainlyemanated

of ficia l thatistosay f romtheq uaestor theysupplyusw itha

hearrangement.Thefirstmarksofissueto beusedarethe

adybeenplacedonthe coinsintheearly periodasbadgesofthe

tterswhichhad alreadyappearedontheR omano-Campanian

gyptianmodel.WhetherA andB onthedenariusofC.Serveilius

enasprecursorsof these letters maybelef tundecided. F ina llynumbers

lthemarksareoften usedincombination.

principleofarrangement. In thef irstplace putthe

thelastofwhichtogetherwith marksofissuemustbearranged

Therearetwo divisions.Thefirstcontainfourcollegesof

arydenariiafteranoldmodelwithoutmarksof issue.O nlyin

dowefinda modestbeginningofsymbols.Thetransitionfrom

estforthe development.Theseconddivisionincludestheissues

rlieronesarestill withoutmarksofissue.Thelaterare introduced

tary issueofP iso -C aepio w hichalready ( accordingtoB f I I I . io i

ls. T radit iona lly 100B . C . usedtobetakenasaf i eddate(B MC I .

butSydenham( inNC hr. 1941 164f f . hasnow show ngoodreasonsfor

enow placesthesedenarii in96/ 95B . C . 32aI mustadmitthatI do

his assertionisbasedthatthecoinageof SilanusandP isois

. C . Thebron eofbothmoneyers especia llyo fP iso a lreadyhas

andthereforemusthavebeenissuedaf tertheL e P apiriaand

C . B utforourgenera lpicturethisiso fnogreatimportance. A ccording

eq uinariiofE gnatuleiusmusthavebeenstruckabout100B .C.

ainlyof q uinarii.

p4 i.e. denariiandbron eseriesplustwodenarii series

ow becomesscantieranddeclines arecontinuedintheregularco inage

. C . ifw efo llow thedatingofP iso -C aepio asita lreadyshows

e re n t vi e w s e e CA H . I X . 1 6 5 .

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estoppeddescribingthereversetypesinasmuchasthey are

I d o h o we v er q u o t e t he m a rk s of i s su e S B e u a ls " s y mb o l "

( g r . e u a ls " G r ee k ) , N e u a ls " n u mb e r . I f t h e ma r ks o f i ss u e ap p ea r

se I writeobv.andrev.Corr.Sb.meanstheobverseandreverse

r. Occasionallyw emeet" serrati aga in.

s.

outI M. F ourco llegesof triumv iri. I nthetw of irstonly the

MA .

O V L I 3 3R O M AV i c t B i ga D

R V i ct B i ga D

V i ct B i g aD

V R I L R o m a wi th T ro ph y R O M A D

N N u m a Sa c ri f ic i ng D

W D u e l D

V T L I F L A CV i ct B i ga D

L i be ra D

A D o g D

peseach.Allthreehave headofApolloonce.F irst

a st a r ( B f I I I , 1 0 0 ; s o t o o X i s u s e d as a s y mb o l.

lowith astaris derivedfromthemodelofM.

Thesamearcha i ingfactorisfoundforP iso - rugi

A. ( L ) 3 5 1. H e a do f Ap ol lo R o m aw it h V i c t D

A

r ri or D

S S F 1 . Sb ( S t ar an dX ) , D

os c R O M A

s:

b ( S t ar o r R o ma w it h D

nt ) H e ad V i ct R O M A

paratesthismoneyerf romtheonew hoissuestheQ u. B uthecerta inly struck

eNC hr. 1924. 36. n. 3. and1941. 169.

0 . t h er e i s al s o A w i th f a mi l y ba d ge ( h a mm e r ; b u t co n tr a st B f . 1 5 9 . I t i s s u g -

sstruck forthefoundationofEporedia R C . 33.

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estors.

t I M.

V ? 3 6

?

\ C F Q

.

al p : Q A v: S b

v l 3 7

.

N O b v: L

b v :

e tt ia O b v + R e v: h

ttheendofGroup4 w ithdenariusandbron eplustw o

bo lssti llappearatfirst butla terthereareonly theL, st i l l

ndR O MA appear. Severa lmoneyersstrik e" serrati .

C N X O b v + R e v: S bR O M A

,

C TO R X O b v + R e v : R O M A

A A O b v: L , R e v: Sb

b v: L

A p pu l R e v : L

S B A B V S R ev :h

M AO b v R e v: L

X O b v R e v a ls o

A G O b v R e v: 1 .

D ) P P i s t ak e n to m ea n " P e n at e s P u b l ic i .

C ) R e v: L D s er r As S mQ d

R e v : l D

D R e v : L D

. L X X I a s p ec i al c o in a ge f o r th e c or n -l a w of M L i v iu s D r u s us . B u t o n t he

sof triumv iri( series39 40 w eshouldpreferto f indthreenames( cp. Eck hel

1 9 9 n. I . .

96-95B . C cp. I ntroductiontoGroup5.

I I . 122theUnciadoesnotbelonghere .

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F C A S A R O b v+ R e v :L

C N O b v: A- ,

C .

bythehe P apiriaof8 9B .C.F orthislawand itscontents

entumpublicum ( p. 5 ) . I t ise presslymentionedontheanony -

raresestertius.F romthislawtherestem thefollowingreforms:

emi-uncia lstandard. 2. I ssueofsesterti i . 3. C o inageoutof the" ar-

pecia lco llegesof triumv iri w hichserveassupplementsand in

mously.Actuallywehaveoccasionallymetsuchcollegesbefore.

bedby lawandcontinueintothe ne tgroup.Thedisturbancesof

ythenumeroussupplementaryissues withtheirvariousspecial

h su c h de s cr i pt i on s o f of f ic e a s A D C V R a n d P T B , a n d P R A T O R ,

aronlyhere . 2. B yarichco inageofdenarii. F ore amplethe

I . 1 4 g iv e s fr o m th e F i n d o f F i e s ol e 1 2 5 fo r S il a nu s 2 1 1 fo r P i s o

t iu s 5 o f or V i b iu s P a n s a f r om t h e F i n d of M . Co d ru z o 6 7 f or S i la n us

253forT . Sabinus 3o forC n. Lentulus 167fortheanonymous

194fortheanonymouscoinsthatfollow " Garg. " O guln.

f these inC arbonaria I ) . Moreoverthenumerousmarksof issue among

curandpreponderate especiallyinGroup7 areevidenceof

wthesamemoneyerusesanumberof types.U ndertheinfluence

theco inageofbron erisestoanabundantissue thenfa llstothebare

omR omeuntilthedaysof Augustus.I tisremarkablethat

rksof issue. Mark sof issue ontheotherhand aremissinginsome

minationofthedenominationsofbron eishere againvery

oranisolatedappearanceofX , seetheintroductiontoGroup5.

sthenumberof specialcollegesoftriumviri( fiveofthem

tothe normalissues 393oftenstrikewiththesame typesand

hethirdmoneyer.Twocontinueanonymouslywiththesametypes

ntiful thanthenormal.Thisprovidesimmediatelycertainlinks

es.

followingobservations.Atfirstthreedenariiandbron e

sinGroup5 i. e . A s SemisandQ uadrans. A noccasiona lappearance

uitecerta in butpossible. I nthesecondsection only the leading

orit isaddedsupplementarily . Tow ardstheclose it too disappears.

ommoninthene tgroup begintoappear.

p7.

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bron eincontinuationofGroup5.

mis Q uadrans: TheTriensisuncerta in.

ikesQ uinariiandSestertii.

I SO F R V G X s ome ti mes Sb L , N D Q u S As Sm Q d

a ls o R O M R A

S C F P A NS AS b I , , N on As R O M A D A sS mQ d

S b h N on As R O M A D As Sm Q d

issuemark sondenarius butontheA sforM1.

T R e v : Sb o nA s D Q u A s Sm Q d 3 9

I D O S S N D Q u As Sm Q d

L ( C or ne l D Q u A s Sm [ Q d

theA s: There isasupplementarycoinagew ithQuinariiand

eginningofspecia lco inagew ithA R G P V B .

rikesS.M3 supplementaryQuinarius andthe

bstitutew ithSupplementarybron e.

S L ANV S F Sb L , N R O M A on D SAs

E L P

( C or ne l R O M A -O b v + R e v : gr . D A s

c ia R O M D

I , , N Q u

) S mTr Q d

mentarycollegeoftriumviriwitha changeofM :

ypes.

v e P — R e v : S b D

M A P — E S C O b v +

C F K G P V B - R ev: L D

ppl.issue.

A B I C O b v:g r. hD A s

R I L F S AB I N R ev :Sb or L , or ND A s

L I C F O b v: Q - A R e v :A -X D

Sometimesw ithoutissueQ u

or

sS mT rQ d

bove( ib .

B f . I l l 8 7 b u t it i s u nc e rt a in .

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sa bo ve E X A V - R e v: D

— D

I L I - P D

oneyera lonecontinuestostrik etheA s attheendonlyD enarii

o -calledHeadofV e iovis no issuemark s.

O f T I C ^ ( R o ma ? ) s om et im es 40 D A s

V S F MAC R D

supplementarycoinage.

V L I B V R S O S b T ( al so syl la bl es D

N V S O b v : N D

C F R e v: N D

nagewiththetypesalreadyknownandwith suppl.

u r s io O b v :S b— E X A D «

X A — D 4 2

r4 3 R e v : L — E X S C A s

mviri.TheleadingmoneyerhasAs withissuemarks.

s.Again onanonymousspecialcoingaewiththe

:O G £ : £ R R e v: L D As

on y - D

umv iri. F irst a llstrik etogether theneacha lone.

arius attheclosedenariiserrati.

N SO R I N: P R e v: Z D

M TAN

C N SO R O b v : Sb + R e v: I . R e v .D

w ithoutissuemarks

b L , N i n c om bi na ti on D

A NO b v: L D s e rr

o N o .5 5 .

I . 126there isa lsoauni ueco in notdescribed butf romitsw eightan

especimenasQu: A ccordingtoB f . I I I . 122it isonlyasmalldenarius.

s.

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eadtothene tgroup.

R V F P V D serr

A . B S C- O b v: R e v :L P R 4 4

issuesof thisGroup.

T A D P L - A D

E S L F E X S CO b v: - D

R e v : h D S S 4 5 D

S S 45 A s

I V S A D C V R - D

ndfivespecialcollegesoftriumviri whichwerecloselyat-

ge.I nthisgroupsuch collegesbecometherule.Thereisone

eriesineachof whichanormalissuecorrespondstoa specialissue.

to runparalleltoeachother asthee ampleofMarius( cp.p.62

on eco inageisnow lacking andw ithitw elostanimportantprin-

plentifulissuesofserrati intheseriesof bothkindsissurprising.

mentarydenariiofM. V olteiuswhichwereissuedaccordingto

n. 451 , forthef iveprincipa lgames. Only the lastissueforthegames

rmula butit isveryweak numerica lly asitsrareappearance in

I I . S u rv e y of F i n ds .

ro f theMarianparty w asdefeatedandk il ledbySulla slegate L . P hil ippus

p. 8 6 . Sincehestruck inR ome hisco inagemusthavebeenissuedayearearlier

adlongbeen defacto biennia l sothatthefirstyearw asspentinR omeand

romSullaon(8 1B . C . itw assodej ureasw ell. I fB a lbusstruck asgovernor

p e ct P R O P R . f o r th a t fo r mu l a is o l d d a ti n g ba c k at l e as t t o th e S C D E

I . 1 ao f. ; i n ra re c as es h ow ev er " p r a et or s ta nd s fo r P R O P R . ( S tR . I I , 2 40 5 ,

n coins.Acoinagein Sardiniaisonthewholeout oftheq uestion.To

e C a ve d on i ( c p . B M C. I , 3 4 5 n . u s ed t h e in f or m at i on i n V a l . M a . V I I . 6 . 4 .

fmoney templefurnitureofthepreciousmetalswasmelted down.I nany

cessity.

thata praetorwasentrustedwiththecoinageis surprising.I tisthe only

ecompetenceofthe praetorwasalmoste clusivelylegal.E venwhenre-

sabsenceheseems accordingtoMommsen( StR . I I . 236 , tohavehadno

ium . I tw asnotti l la fterthebattleofA ctiumthatA ugustusappo inted

i. whow eretak enf romamongthepraetorii( StR . I I , 55 ) , andin23B . C .

et o re s a er a ri i ( o p . ci t . I I . 2 0 2 , w h o la s te d t il l C la u di u s A . D . 4 4 . I n o u r ca s e

n thee ceptionallytroubledtimesthenprevailinginR ome.

e na t us s e nt e nt i a " m u ch t h e sa m e t h en a s " e s e n. c o ns u lt o ( S t R . I I .

. 8 0 1 . P i c ks v i ew ( i n B f . I I I . 1 6 2 — t h a t t he f o rm u la r e fe r s to t h e re v er s e ty p e —

ormulaappearsa lsoontheA s w here itcanhavenoreferencetothetype

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B L I C Q F O b v+ R e v :L D s e rr

6 /b ( V o l t ei a O b v: L D s er r

B A T O b v + R e v : co rr . Sb D s e rr

B A _B S C O b v: R e v : L o r R e v : N D s er r

T F f it N S CR e v : No r A + N D s er r

nt S CO b v: L D s e rr 6

ara lle lissueofMarius.

R I C F C A I T O bv+ R e v: l- X X I I I I D s er r

b v + R e v : co rr . Sb D s e rr

R ( E I M F ) R O C V S O b v+ R e v :S b h D s er r

e O b v + R e v : F r o m X X V u p wa r ds D s e r r

: NS C

S A B I N V S S C -D s e r r

I F S C- Ty pe 1 D

othingbutdenarii.

N AT V S C N F C N N T yp e 1 w it h ou t i ss u e ma r ks D s e r r

a n d 3 R e v : I , o r N D

T T R I O T y p e 1 wi t ho u t is s ue m ar k s

S O b v : N ( s o me t im e s wi t ho u t D

ii lef t

A R SV L E I M N SO R S CO b v+ R e v: ND

F N AS O S C O b v + R e v :P a r a ll . ND

N I R V F V S SC R e v: Sb + N D

threverseswhichreferto thefiveprincipalgames.

sonlyon type5.

T I M F R e v: Sb - + R e v. :+ S b O b vg r. N D

nType5

uaestors whoseofficeisherementioned.

R I L F S C - R e v :S b s om et im es D

L N Q S C D

MW . 620 n. 451 as" SC dethesauro : acontributiontothegamesof

epublicchest. I f thisisso w eshouldhaveanissue coveredpartlyby the

aefunds. Thisishardtobe lieve. I canf indnoev idencethat" thesaurus can

apsD Treferstothe" senatusconsultum.

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f orthef irstt imethedesignationofo f fice I I I V TR , atf irst

waysinfull. I t iscarriedby the leadingmoneyer. In thene tgroupthetit le

tionwiththe groupissuppliedbythe marksofissue which

me intw oco llegesof triumviri thesecondofw hichaga inissues

llegetheseserratiarestruck forthe lastt ime. Thene tsi co lleges

rminedeitherin theircompositionorintheir relativese uence.

ofstylemighthelpin forminggroupsbutcaremustbe takenin

hasremark edthatlargeandsmallheadsappearof tensidebyside

any possiblee planation.P erhapstwodiecutterswithdifferent

ayhavebeenat work.Theheadtotheleft nowbecomesthe

egininthisperiod withdirect[ referencetoeventsofcon-

rste ample isthato fScaurusandHypsaeusin5 B . C . C erta in

eregularcoinage.Atbest thedenariiofF austusSullamaybe

heotherhand forthespecia lco inages w edohavesuchdates—for

0-69B . C . fo rScaurusandH ypsaeus5 , forP lautiusandP lancius

scuruleaediles thesecondandthirdpa irsatthesametime. One

esameassumptionforthefirst pairwhichMommsen( MW 621f.

9. I nStR I I 5 8 , no . 2 MommsenseesinP laetoriustheco lleague

ingf romC icero P roC luentio 45 126 andtak estheyear67B . C .

t it iscertainlynotprovedthatthisP laetoriusisidentica lw ithour

stianus.

austusSullaisusuallyconnectedwithhis q uaestorshipin

essarily correct. B abelon( I I . 513 hashimstrik ew ithMessalla .

n53B . C . butinI . 422B abelonadherestothetradit ionw hichgives

thecaseofMessa lla it isuncerta inw hethertheconsulshipofhis

eDenarius fe ll in61or53B . C . aMessallaw asconsulinbothof

sfollows:F irstcomethetwocollegesof triumviriwithissue

ingthem thethirdw ithserrati thencomesi co llegesinuncerta in

upisroundedof fby thespecia lco inagesinchrono logicalorder. The

pmust befittedwouldthereforehaveforits beginningthe

es Ga lbaandP laetorius ca . 70B . C . ( the lastappearanceof issue

ywell , f o ritsend theD enariusofP lautiusandP lancius perhaps

. C . Sincethene tgroupprobablybeginsin49B . C . ourtimelim its

s. 71and72 M2andM3strik etogether inNo. 72eacha lsostrik es

rueofNo. 7 .

ppearanceanarchaismunderM. Mettius seeGroup9.

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G N ( C as si a O b v: . - I I I V D

F R ( V G ) O bv + R ev :S b L , N D

S ( A e mi l ia O b v : so m et i me s S b. D

rk 49partlyDserr.

S D I C F G T AI I I V I R - D a nd D se rr

S N A _ B l N D s e rr

F R V G O b v . : s om e ti m es S b . D

graphicalreverselegends.

V I L A W F /W N I I I V I R - R e v: S C L D s er r

N , R e v: CO R D I R e v: R O I A .D s er r

rse

NT I V S F CA I T O I I I V I R D

L E P I D V S ( A emi l D

cr ib on D

er.

R Q V A T ( M a nl ia - I I I V I R D

N M V S AD

D

ndone name.

S ( C oe li a - I I I V I R D

u ni a D

C o rn e l D

V R I CN F B R O C CH I I I I V I R - D

E I Q F ) R V F ( I ) D

D

AC L I V S - I I I V I R D

V S ( M ar ci a D

C N V S 0 -I I I V I R D

D

ge see inf raP laetorius.

I I V I R , ina specia lissuesharedw iththepraetorC oponius. A ccording

note1 itbe longstotheEast. I nanyeventit isanirregularco inage.

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ogicalorder.

7oor69.

S ul pi c S C- / D C V R D

O R I V S5 1M F C A S T A NV S O b v: Sb A D C V R 52 E X SC D

64-66 .

N o n ia S C - D

N O N A N S C- D

P l a ut ia S C- D

O b v: E X S CA D C V R D

V S R e v: A D CV R

S A D C V R S C- D

D C V R S C- D

ca. 53.

C — D

V a l e ri a - S CD

M F ( L j c in S C-

ghtof recordedhistory . Quiteanumberof f i eddatesare

coinagethe numberofmoneyersincreasestofour.Thisis reported

1 butw ithoutmentionof theyear. A lso D io( 41. 4. 4. te llshow

antedtherightto placehisportraituponthe coinage. 3Sincethe

uallyshowsthe portraitofCaesar thee tensionofthecollege

he triumviricapitales isrightlyplacedin thesameyear.54There

w honow producetheportra ito fC aesar. Tw oof them B ucaand

signatethemselvesq uattuorv iri. O urprev iousresearchhasshow nthat

yerwhobearsthetitleof office.Thesetwothenmustbelongto

ofthesemoneyersgiveindicationsthatmayserve asdates.Mettius

tions.

periumioA uctoritas C ambridge 1946. 15 , givesanew andw ronginter-

in D i o . D i o s a y s 7i a Te p a- r e oc u t > v x r f i rc a rp t So s e 7 i v 6 f a a av x a l e l t o c vo x t a f a r a

an t p ro p os e s to a p pl y T O X T p a t o o t o x a p a T- r w. ' O v o x d c ^ c o l i ke a l l ve r bs o f a pp e ll a ti o n t a ke s

isthee ternalaccusative thesecondispredicative showingw hatorto

F atheroftheCountry isheresucha predicativeaccusativeandcannot

nse beappliedtox ap^Tto . WiththisverbwemustsupplyA ut6vasref feringto

p t h e su b st a nt i ve f o rm o f x < * P < * r c a> . G r a nt a p pe a ls t o e ar l i er p o rt r ai t s of C ae s ar o n

tthathasnosignificance forintheGreek E asttheuseof theportra ithadbeen

theDiadochi andtothatE astB ithyniabe longs. In anycasethisdating

ogy forthecollege issecure ly f i edby thefactsthatitrecords.

I . 1 6 7 a n d B a b e lo n . I . X X X V I , f o l l ow i ng h i m b e l ie v e th a t th e e nd o f 4 5 B . C .

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, B u c aD I C P E R P E T V O , M ac er an dM ar id ia nu sP A R E N SP A T R I A . Al l

eontheyear44B . C . I nspitethenofvariousdiscrepancies w hich

fN 1 95 1 2f f . it isun uestionablethatthisco llegew ork edin

cerhasanothertypewhichshowsAntonyin mourningandwhich

desofMarch. 55A ne tensionofhisactiv ityasmoneyerovertwo

proposes isouto f thequestion inv iew ofa llthefactsw hichhave

continuestostrikewiththeportrait ofCaesarinanotherseries

r es s ly d e si g na t es h i ms e lf I I I I V I R P R I F L . I t i s t he o n ly o c cu r re n ce

sav ita lone. Hisco llege issuesdenariionly supplementarydenarii

4B . C . H erethentwoco llegesareactive inthesameyear( cp. p. 64 .

areofcoursefre uentenough.

ivenby theco llegeofV arus Mussidius R egulusandC lodius.

gular coinage butparticularlyinthespecial issues thiscollege

rtraitso f the I I I v iriR . . C . I placethemthereforeaf terthetreaty

er 43B . C . , i . e . in42B . C . The irspecia lco inagebearstheo ldformula

p t o b e re a d as " a u ro p u bl i co ) , w i th F ( " f e ri u nd o ) a d de d . F r o m no w

ulerbecomesthenormalform.

ofdatearegivenby thespecia lco ingae. F or49B . C . Nerius

isf i edby theconsuls. Theco inageofC aesarinaure i denariiand

thef if ty -secondyearofhisage isveryprobablyof49B . C . ( B MC . I ,

co n d go l d co i na g e of C a es a r wi t h D I C T I T i s p la c ed i n 4 7 B . C . H i r ti u s

usin45areq uitecerta in. Here forthef irstt ime w emeettheprae-

esar asdictator 46-45B . C . appointedf romsi toe ightsuch

fortheaerariuminplaceofq uaestors astherewasascarcityof

e ( S T R . I . 6 6 . n . 2 f o ll o wi n g D i o c p . ST R I I , 7 2 9 . A p ar t f ro m

w ehaveothersuchpraefectiasC estiusandNorbanus w homI include

tein45B .C.Theyear44B .C.bringsthegoldcoinageof Caesarwith

I I . Wehaveyetonemorepraefectusurbi whohadearlierbeenfunctioning

usR egulus. Octav ianprobablyappo intedhimtohiso f f ice beforehe

ew asatthesametimeamoneyer—q uiteayoungman—neednot

w eree presslychosenbymagistratestorepresentthem j ust

lificationsw erere uired(C p. StR , I . 671 especia llyn. 3 . R egulus

I . 172 hasthestrangeidea thatA ntonywasmourningforhisbrother.

e seep. 65 be low.

etheraPR A F V R B I waspossibleatthist imemustbefaced. Mommsen

think sthatR egulus " P raefurbi " mayhavebeenthefatherofourmoneyer. B ut

ronotherco inswith" P raef. urbi there isnomoneyer sname. Hemust then

slf . Now w ek now f romTacitus A NN. 6. I I ( StR . I . 663note3 thatthe

urbi deve lopedoutof theo ldof fice C aesar asw ehaveseenabove pavedthe

sa idtohavebeeninchargeof thecityunderC aesar( Gardth 4 another

e . I I I . 66 . F or34B . C too D ioreportsthatOctav ianappo intsprefectsof

S t R . I . 6 6 . n . 4 . M a ec e na s i n 36 t o 3 1 B . C . h el d a s im i la r o ff i ce ( G a rd t h 76 6

d soonafterwards 26or25B . C the imperia l" praefecturaurbis developedoutof

mefortheE astin42B . C suchanappo intmentwouldbe ineveryw aypos-

hyR eguluscopiedthereversetypesofCaesar stw o" praefecti C estiusand

. cit. 66 n. 4. po intsoutthat" the I I I v iri( R . p. c. hadacomplete ly f ree

fofficials.

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41/78

se llacurulis( asC estiusandNorbanushad w ithoneortw ofasces

efectusurbi( StR , I . 672 ; butonthoseofhisfather w how as

rectlyhassi .

whichdetermineourarrangementarethefollowing.

re-introduced— firstissuedonlybythe leadingmoneyer then

the lasto f theseco lleges in44B . C . Maridianusstrik esthedenarius

ewayforthepuredenarii coinagewhichfollows.Asregardscoinage

struck a lmostregularly . Underthe I I I v iriR . . C . co inagew as

ularmoneyersat R ome thenbyeachpotentateinhis own

isdefectiveand showsonlytheportraitofO ctavian.Thetension

hadgrownacute.Theleadingmoneyer Gracchus stilldesignates

R , b u t we k no w o f no c o ll e ag u e of h i s e c e pt V i t ul u s. T h e tw o o th e rs d i d

causeeachpotentatebynowwasissuingaurei anddenariiinhis

acewefind thespecialissuesofthe firsttwomoneyers.Theselast

emselvesasq uaestoresdesignati butmayneverthelesshavebeen

metime themagistratesdesignategenerallycontinuedtorank

tR . I . 59o . H encethespecialco inageise presslymarkedSC .

ha t t he t i tl e o f O c t av i an D I V F , g i ve s u s an i n di c at i on o f d at e a s

nthecoinsaf ter37B . C . B utB MC . I I . 4observesthatOctav ian s

accordingtoC aesar stestamentin44B . C . L ik ewiseC A H. X . 22mak es

thebeginningof thetit le. Noreasoncanbeseenthenw hy thistit le

ncoins. O therwisetherewouldbeanine plicablegapbetween

nisolatedreturnofthe moneyerstogoldcoinageisimprobable.

arsenatoria lco inagecomestoanendforthetimebeing. Each

strik esforhimself—O ctav ianinGaul A ntony intheE ast L epidusin

esystemof datinghereproposedoccurswithV ibiusP ansa.

trib. pi. asearlyas51B . C . buthisactiv ityasmoneyerinv iew ofhis

r.W hetherthereisanirregularityhere inthecursushonorum

notthe samepersonastheothercannot atpresentbedecided.

ststill describeshimselfbyhistitle onpartofthe denarii

acesthedescriptiononhisquinarii. Withthe introductionofgo ldthe

tcompletely:A F pointstoaspecialcoinage outofthestate

A now appearsforthef irstt imeonagroupofdenariio f

onlytobe usedasanornamentinthe reversetype.R emarkableis

marks j ustonce inthedenariiseriesofMettius. I tgivesan

haism like X andX earlier.Themoneyersusuallyemployall

enameandthecognomenbeingwrittenout infull.

h isgrouptoassignanissuetoeachyearafter4 B . C . anda

veryyear. 573F or49B . C . if ourchrono logy iscorrect w ecanonly

eI f thisisso thisisthef irstgroupw hichconsistso fannualissues.

eshallsee isthefinalcoinage bytheregularmoneyersunder

annualcoinagebecomestherule.

markedby thee ponentnumber D 2e ualstwotypesofdenarius.

op. cit . p. 6 noSC occursbetw een49and45B . C .

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8/9/2019 The triumviri monetales and the structure of the coinage of the Roman Republic /

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The triumviri monetales and the structure of the coinage of the Roman Republic / by Karl Pink