THE TRANSFORMATION THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST, 1450 - 1750OF THE WEST, 1450 - 1750

An Era of ChangeAn Era of Change

PROTESTANT REFORMATIONPROTESTANT REFORMATION Precursors to LutherPrecursors to Luther

Jan Hus in Holy Roman Empire and Wycliffe in EnglandJan Hus in Holy Roman Empire and Wycliffe in England Both attacked aspects of church corruption, wealth, practicesBoth attacked aspects of church corruption, wealth, practices Both condemned by ChurchBoth condemned by Church Hus executed, but Wycliffe protected by King of EnglandHus executed, but Wycliffe protected by King of England Wycliffe had Bible translated into EnglishWycliffe had Bible translated into English

Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; called for reform Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; called for reform Argument reproduced with printing presses and widely read Argument reproduced with printing presses and widely read Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, princes, many cities Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, princes, many cities By mid-16By mid-16thth century, half Germans adopted Lutheranism century, half Germans adopted Lutheranism

Reform spread outside Germany Reform spread outside Germany Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities, NetherlandsProtestant movements popular in Swiss cities, Netherlands Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church as a rival Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church as a rival English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for divorceEnglish Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for divorce

John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the 1530s Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the 1530s Calvinist missionaries were successful in FranceCalvinist missionaries were successful in France Institutes of the Christian Religion-lInstitutes of the Christian Religion-laid out Protestantism viewsaid out Protestantism views

Zwingli leads Calvinist like reformation in SwitzerlandZwingli leads Calvinist like reformation in Switzerland John Know leads Presbyterian movement in ScotlandJohn Know leads Presbyterian movement in Scotland Martin Bucer writes pamphlets, lead to rise of Puritan movement in EnglandMartin Bucer writes pamphlets, lead to rise of Puritan movement in England

CATHOLIC REFORMATIONCATHOLIC REFORMATION Church reaction to Luther, ProtestantsChurch reaction to Luther, Protestants

Charles V, Church condemn, excommunicate LutherCharles V, Church condemn, excommunicate Luther King Henry VIII condemns Luther until goesKing Henry VIII condemns Luther until goesProtestantProtestant Inquisition unleashed against Protestants byInquisition unleashed against Protestants byFernando and IsabelFernando and Isabel

The Council of Trent, 1545-1563The Council of Trent, 1545-1563 Directed Catholic ReformationDirected Catholic Reformation Attacked corruptionAttacked corruption Reaffirmed tradition, Bible as co-equal Reaffirmed tradition, Bible as co-equal

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Founded 1540 by Ignatius LoyolaFounded 1540 by Ignatius Loyola High standards in educationHigh standards in education Combat Protestants with logic, faith, hard workCombat Protestants with logic, faith, hard work Saved S. Germany, E. Europe from Protestants Saved S. Germany, E. Europe from Protestants Became confessors, advisors to kings Became confessors, advisors to kings

Henry VIII I am, I amHenry VIII I am, I am Henry VIIIHenry VIII Catherine of Aragon((annulled after over 20 yrs)Catherine of Aragon((annulled after over 20 yrs) Mary I Mary I Anne Boleyn(Beheaded) Anne Boleyn(Beheaded) Elizabeth I Elizabeth I Jane Seymour(died in childbirth)Jane Seymour(died in childbirth) Edward VI Edward VI Anne of Cleaves(annulled)Anne of Cleaves(annulled) Catherine Howard(beheaded)Catherine Howard(beheaded) Katherine Parr(widowed)Katherine Parr(widowed)       Age of marriage Age of marriage Henry 18 Henry 18 Catherine of A. 24Catherine of A. 24 Henry 42Henry 42 Anne Boleyn 33Anne Boleyn 33 Henry 45Henry 45 Jane Seymour 25Jane Seymour 25 Henry 49Henry 49 Anne of Cleaves 25Anne of Cleaves 25 Henry 50Henry 50 Catherine Howard 19Catherine Howard 19 Henry 52Henry 52 Catherine Parr 31Catherine Parr 31   

Worldwide missionariesWorldwide missionaries

RELIGIOUS CONFLICTRELIGIOUS CONFLICT Religious wars Religious wars

Between Protestants, Catholics during 16Between Protestants, Catholics during 16THTH century century Wars as much social, political as religiousWars as much social, political as religious Neither side is innocent of conflict Neither side is innocent of conflict

Civil war in France Civil war in France Between Huguenots (French Calvinists), Catholic LeagueBetween Huguenots (French Calvinists), Catholic League Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and noblesMonarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles Lasted thirty-six years (1562-1598) Lasted thirty-six years (1562-1598) Ended with new King and Edict of Nantes (rights to Ended with new King and Edict of Nantes (rights to Huguenots)Huguenots)

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada War between Catholic Spain (Phillip II), Protestant England (Elizabeth I), 1588War between Catholic Spain (Phillip II), Protestant England (Elizabeth I), 1588 Spill over from conflict in the NetherlandsSpill over from conflict in the Netherlands Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth

Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against rule of Catholic SpainProtestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against rule of Catholic Spain Originally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against SpainOriginally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against Spain Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland) Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland)

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) The most destructive European war up to WWI The most destructive European war up to WWI Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually involved most of Europe Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually involved most of Europe Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): lost one-third populationDevastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): lost one-third population Saw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy Roman EmpireSaw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy Roman Empire Ended with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an EmpireEnded with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an Empire

Scottish Presbyterians revoltScottish Presbyterians revolt Expel Catholic Queen (Mary) with England’s secret assistanceExpel Catholic Queen (Mary) with England’s secret assistance Regents raised her son as PresbyterianRegents raised her son as Presbyterian

NEW RELIGIOUS MAPNEW RELIGIOUS MAP

STATE BUILDINGSTATE BUILDING Italian city-states Italian city-states

Flourished with industries and trade Flourished with industries and trade Each with independent administration and army Each with independent administration and army Levied direct taxes on citizensLevied direct taxes on citizens More powerful absorbed smallestMore powerful absorbed smallest

France and England France and England Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)

Fought for control of French lands Fought for control of French lands Imposed direct taxes to pay the costs of war Imposed direct taxes to pay the costs of war Central government over feudal nobility Central government over feudal nobility

English War of the Roses leads to Tudor DynastyEnglish War of the Roses leads to Tudor Dynasty Louis XI reduces powers of feudal aristocracyLouis XI reduces powers of feudal aristocracy

Spain united Spain united By marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile By marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile Sales tax supported a powerful standing army Sales tax supported a powerful standing army Conquered Granada from Muslims Conquered Granada from Muslims Seized southern Italy in 1494 Seized southern Italy in 1494 Sponsored Columbus's quest for western route to ChinaSponsored Columbus's quest for western route to China

Competition among European states Competition among European states Frequent small-scale wars Frequent small-scale wars Encouraged new military and naval technology Encouraged new military and naval technology Technological innovations strengthened armiesTechnological innovations strengthened armies

NEW MONARCHSNEW MONARCHS New MonarchsNew Monarchs

Taxes, armies as instruments of national monarchies by late fifteenth centuryTaxes, armies as instruments of national monarchies by late fifteenth century Used feudal powers but added new powers to become dominant in societyUsed feudal powers but added new powers to become dominant in society

France, England and SpainFrance, England and Spain All three united after long warsAll three united after long wars Kings have new, broad powersKings have new, broad powers Nobles often weakened; new nobles created out of middle classesNobles often weakened; new nobles created out of middle classes

Enhanced royal, centralized powersEnhanced royal, centralized powers Wealthy treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees Wealthy treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees State power enlarged and more centralized State power enlarged and more centralized Reformation increased royal power Reformation increased royal power

Kings confiscate wealth, land of the ChurchKings confiscate wealth, land of the Church Kings sell off lands to middle class, making them loyal to stateKings sell off lands to middle class, making them loyal to state

New law courts enhance royal powerNew law courts enhance royal power Kings tend to function above the law Kings tend to function above the law English Star Chambers – do not require warrants, trialsEnglish Star Chambers – do not require warrants, trials The Spanish Inquisition, Catholic court of inquiry, founded 1478 The Spanish Inquisition, Catholic court of inquiry, founded 1478

Intended to discover secret Muslims and Jews , hereticsIntended to discover secret Muslims and Jews , heretics

ATTEMPTED REVIVAL OF EMPIREATTEMPTED REVIVAL OF EMPIRE Charles VCharles V

Reigned 1519-1556Reigned 1519-1556 Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor

AustriaAustria Czech lands, SilesiaCzech lands, Silesia Hungary, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, CroatiaSlovenia, Croatia NetherlandsNetherlands Eastern FranceEastern France Milan, Northern ItalyMilan, Northern Italy

King of SpainKing of Spain CastileCastile NavarreNavarre CataloniaCatalonia Two Sicilies Two Sicilies Spanish American Empire, Philippines Spanish American Empire, Philippines

Inherited a vast empire of far-flung holdings through marriageInherited a vast empire of far-flung holdings through marriage Unable to establish a unified state Unable to establish a unified state

Disputes with German nobles, France, and Ottoman EmpireDisputes with German nobles, France, and Ottoman Empire German nobles resented his power and obstructed his every moveGerman nobles resented his power and obstructed his every move

Many nobles became Protestant as it was a tool against emperorMany nobles became Protestant as it was a tool against emperor Even Catholic nobles supported Reformation as it limited his religious influenceEven Catholic nobles supported Reformation as it limited his religious influence

France opposed Charles and supported Protestants, Charles’ enemiesFrance opposed Charles and supported Protestants, Charles’ enemies Charles main enemy was Ottoman EmpireCharles main enemy was Ottoman Empire

France, Protestants and Turks allied against CharlesFrance, Protestants and Turks allied against Charles Charles forces defeat Turks, block moves; unable to take advantage of strengthCharles forces defeat Turks, block moves; unable to take advantage of strength

CONTITUTIONAL AND CONTITUTIONAL AND ABSOLUTE MONARCHSABSOLUTE MONARCHS

Constitutional states of England and the Netherlands Constitutional states of England and the Netherlands Divine Right Monarchs limited by war, nobles, wealthyDivine Right Monarchs limited by war, nobles, wealthy

Characterized by Characterized by Powers limited by constitutions, bills of right, conventionPowers limited by constitutions, bills of right, convention No one is above the law, property is protected by lawNo one is above the law, property is protected by law Representative institutions: rights of oversight, taxation, review, vetoRepresentative institutions: rights of oversight, taxation, review, veto

Prominent merchant classes enjoyed unusual prosperity Prominent merchant classes enjoyed unusual prosperity Commercial empires overseas with minimal state interference Commercial empires overseas with minimal state interference

Dutch constitutional monarchy evolved out of religious warsDutch constitutional monarchy evolved out of religious wars England’s road to rightsEngland’s road to rights

Constitutional monarchy in England evolved out of a civil warConstitutional monarchy in England evolved out of a civil war English Glorious Revolution 1688’;beheading of Charles IEnglish Glorious Revolution 1688’;beheading of Charles I English Bill of Rights 1689English Bill of Rights 1689

Absolutism in France, Spain, Austria, and Prussia Absolutism in France, Spain, Austria, and Prussia Based on the theory of the divine right of kingsBased on the theory of the divine right of kings

Relied often on bureaucrats, professional armiesRelied often on bureaucrats, professional armies Great trappings of power especially palaces, imagesGreat trappings of power especially palaces, images Restricted power of aristocracy, legislatures and churchRestricted power of aristocracy, legislatures and church Relied on mercantilism to generate taxable wealth Relied on mercantilism to generate taxable wealth

Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu French chief minister 1624-1642French chief minister 1624-1642 Architect of French absolutismArchitect of French absolutism

Prussia began to rise in late 17Prussia began to rise in late 17thth century century Based on absolutism and armyBased on absolutism and army Eventually will unite GermanyEventually will unite Germany

LOUIS XIV OF FRANCELOUIS XIV OF FRANCE King of FranceKing of France

Called the Sun KingCalled the Sun King Planets revolve around the sunPlanets revolve around the sun Sun gives light, warmth of the solar systemSun gives light, warmth of the solar system

Reigned 1643-1715 Reigned 1643-1715 BureaucracyBureaucracy

Used middle class for professional bureaucratsUsed middle class for professional bureaucrats Established intendants tp carry out wishes Established intendants tp carry out wishes

Model of royal absolutism: the court at VersaillesModel of royal absolutism: the court at Versailles Nobles reduced to serving king, stateNobles reduced to serving king, state Became generals, diplomats, ministersBecame generals, diplomats, ministers Lived at Versailles where king spied on them Lived at Versailles where king spied on them

Large professional standing army Large professional standing army Well trained, well paid, well equippedWell trained, well paid, well equipped Kept, enforced order Kept, enforced order

Mercantilism and ColoniesMercantilism and Colonies Minister Colbert was mastermind behind wealthMinister Colbert was mastermind behind wealth Promoted economic development: roads, canalsPromoted economic development: roads, canals Promoted industry, and exports especially luxuriesPromoted industry, and exports especially luxuries Built large French navy and colonies in North America, IndiaBuilt large French navy and colonies in North America, India

Rulers in Spain, Austria, Prussia, Russia saw France as modelRulers in Spain, Austria, Prussia, Russia saw France as model

EUROPEAN STATE SYSTEMEUROPEAN STATE SYSTEM The Peace of Westphalia (1648) The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the Thirty Years' War Ended the Thirty Years' War Promoted idea of independent sovereign states Promoted idea of independent sovereign states Abandoned notion of religion unity Abandoned notion of religion unity Did not end war between European statesDid not end war between European states

-Seven Years war largest in wake of Peace-Seven Years war largest in wake of Peace of Westphalia (1756)of Westphalia (1756)

The balance of power The balance of power Diplomacy based on shifting alliances Diplomacy based on shifting alliances Religion unimportant to determining alliancesReligion unimportant to determining alliances Destroy no nationDestroy no nation Make no permanent enemies Make no permanent enemies

Military development costly and competitive Military development costly and competitive New armaments (cannons and small arms)New armaments (cannons and small arms) New military tacticsNew military tactics Extremely intricate fortifications Extremely intricate fortifications

THE NATION-STATETHE NATION-STATE Nation-StateNation-State

Ethnic group with common language, cultureEthnic group with common language, culture Shared history, traditionsShared history, traditions Shared institutions (faith, politics)Shared institutions (faith, politics) Occupying a common territoryOccupying a common territory Ruled by a common governmentRuled by a common government Government’s job Government’s job

Insure domestic tranquility and happinessInsure domestic tranquility and happiness Assumed many of the Church’s old social rolesAssumed many of the Church’s old social roles

Multiple ethnic groups destroy nation-stateMultiple ethnic groups destroy nation-state Belief in Nation-state became new popular ideologyBelief in Nation-state became new popular ideology

Love of your nation above others is nationalismLove of your nation above others is nationalism Originated as an elite idea of the aristocracy, educated eliteOriginated as an elite idea of the aristocracy, educated elite Loyalty to state, king more important than loyalty to church, popeLoyalty to state, king more important than loyalty to church, pope

WAR AND PEACEWAR AND PEACE

ChangesChanges Population growth Population growth

American foods improved European nutrition, diets American foods improved European nutrition, diets Increased resistance to epidemics after 1650s Increased resistance to epidemics after 1650s

Life spans increasedLife spans increased Infant deaths decreaseInfant deaths decrease

Population growth Population growth European population increased from 81 million in 1500 to 180 million in 1800European population increased from 81 million in 1500 to 180 million in 1800

Urbanization Urbanization Rapid growth of major cities: Paris from 130,000 in 1550 to 500,000 in 1650 Rapid growth of major cities: Paris from 130,000 in 1550 to 500,000 in 1650 Cities increasingly important as administrative and commercial centersCities increasingly important as administrative and commercial centers

Agriculture changesAgriculture changes New technologies applied to farmingNew technologies applied to farming Draining swamps, animal breedingDraining swamps, animal breeding New tools to increase productivityNew tools to increase productivity

ManufacturingManufacturing Mass produced items common: textiles, metal productsMass produced items common: textiles, metal products Capitalism stimulates production as profitableCapitalism stimulates production as profitable New jobs caused people to move into manufacturing from agricultureNew jobs caused people to move into manufacturing from agriculture

New Social ClassesNew Social Classes Rise of entrepreneurial class with great wealthRise of entrepreneurial class with great wealth Rise of a technological managerial classRise of a technological managerial class

EARLY CAPITALISMEARLY CAPITALISM Profits and ethics Profits and ethics

Medieval theologians considered profit making to be selfish and sinful Medieval theologians considered profit making to be selfish and sinful Renaissance merchants supported changes, arts becoming influential in societyRenaissance merchants supported changes, arts becoming influential in society Protestant Reformation saw profit, success as signs of God’s FavorProtestant Reformation saw profit, success as signs of God’s Favor

Early capitalism Early capitalism Led to increased influence for urban middle classesLed to increased influence for urban middle classes

The Price RevolutionThe Price Revolution Use of money replaced barterUse of money replaced barter Imports of gold, silver led to trade imbalancesImports of gold, silver led to trade imbalances

Mercantilism demanded payments in gold, silverMercantilism demanded payments in gold, silver Spain, Portugal did not support manufacturingSpain, Portugal did not support manufacturing Both countries had to import goodsBoth countries had to import goods Northern Europeans demanded payment in gold, silverNorthern Europeans demanded payment in gold, silver

Too much money chasing too few goodsToo much money chasing too few goods Inflation resulted Inflation resulted Peasants, aristocrats Peasants, aristocrats

On fixed incomesOn fixed incomes Payment in kind economies sufferedPayment in kind economies suffered

Inflation drove real wages downInflation drove real wages down

GRAPHS OF THE DISASTERGRAPHS OF THE DISASTER

COMMERCIAL REVOLUTIONCOMMERCIAL REVOLUTION The nature of capitalism The nature of capitalism

Private parties sought to take advantage of free market conditions Private parties sought to take advantage of free market conditions Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments or nobility Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments or nobility Forces of supply and demand determined priceForces of supply and demand determined price New managerial skills and banking arrangements aroseNew managerial skills and banking arrangements arose

Joint-stock companies Joint-stock companies Dutch East Indies, English East/West Indies CompaniesDutch East Indies, English East/West Indies Companies Organized commerce on a new scale Organized commerce on a new scale Authorized to explore, conquer, colonize distant landsAuthorized to explore, conquer, colonize distant lands

Rise of ManufacturingRise of Manufacturing Adam Smith and The Wealth of NationsAdam Smith and The Wealth of Nations

Considered the founding father of capitalismConsidered the founding father of capitalism Society would prosper as individuals pursued their own interestsSociety would prosper as individuals pursued their own interests States were to support private interests, free tradeStates were to support private interests, free trade

SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROTESTSOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROTEST Rise of urban, rural working classRise of urban, rural working class

Referred to as proletariatReferred to as proletariat Paid low wages in horrible conditionsPaid low wages in horrible conditions At mercy of price revolutionsAt mercy of price revolutions Many peasants reduced to paid wagesMany peasants reduced to paid wages

Population growthPopulation growth Urbanization increased tensionsUrbanization increased tensions Growth increased povertyGrowth increased poverty

Social TensionsSocial Tensions Peasant revolts especially during ReformationPeasant revolts especially during Reformation

In France, Germany rose against landlordsIn France, Germany rose against landlords Many sought more radical forms of ProtestantismMany sought more radical forms of Protestantism

Urban citizens also tended towards ProtestantismUrban citizens also tended towards Protestantism Persecution of witchesPersecution of witches

Elite and Mass CultureElite and Mass Culture Prior to Reformation, there were two cultures, elite and commonPrior to Reformation, there were two cultures, elite and common Two rarely intermixed or cooperatedTwo rarely intermixed or cooperated Mass culture such as entertainmentMass culture such as entertainment Faith often became elite cultureFaith often became elite culture

The nuclear family strengthened by capitalism The nuclear family strengthened by capitalism Families more independent economically, socially, and emotionally Families more independent economically, socially, and emotionally Love between men and womenLove between men and women Parents and children became more importantParents and children became more important

GENDER ISSUESGENDER ISSUES Witch-hunts in Europe Witch-hunts in Europe

Theories, fears of witches intensified in 16Theories, fears of witches intensified in 16 thth century century Reformation fed hysteria about witches and devil worship Reformation fed hysteria about witches and devil worship About sixty thousand executed, 95 percent of them womenAbout sixty thousand executed, 95 percent of them women

Commercial, Capitalist RevolutionCommercial, Capitalist Revolution Women needed often to support family by outside workWomen needed often to support family by outside work Many women merchants very successfulMany women merchants very successful Women assumed new economic rolesWomen assumed new economic roles

Education and WomenEducation and Women Education was one of few avenues open to womenEducation was one of few avenues open to women Aristocratic women often educatedAristocratic women often educated

Enlightenment saw first major victories for women’s rightsEnlightenment saw first major victories for women’s rights Women ran intellectual salons of FranceWomen ran intellectual salons of France Many very prominent as philosophes: Madame de Stael Many very prominent as philosophes: Madame de Stael

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONSSCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS The re-conception of the universe The re-conception of the universe

The Ptolemaic universeThe Ptolemaic universe A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres Could not account for observable movement of the planets Could not account for observable movement of the planets Compatible with Christian conception of creationCompatible with Christian conception of creation

The Copernican universe The Copernican universe Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe, 1543 Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe, 1543 Implied that the earth was just another planetImplied that the earth was just another planet On the Revolutions of Heavenly SpheresOn the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution Science becomes the new authority and challenges faith for controlScience becomes the new authority and challenges faith for control Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated planetary orbits elliptical Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated planetary orbits elliptical Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon Theory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated modern law of inertiaTheory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated modern law of inertia Tried by Inquisition as his ideas challenged Papal infallibilityTried by Inquisition as his ideas challenged Papal infallibility

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1686 in 1686 Mathematical explanations of laws govern movements of bodies Mathematical explanations of laws govern movements of bodies GravityGravity

ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT Enlightenment Enlightenment

Thinkers called philosophesThinkers called philosophes Sought natural laws that governed human society Sought natural laws that governed human society Center of Enlightenment was FranceCenter of Enlightenment was France Apply reason/science to society, government, law Apply reason/science to society, government, law

Voltaire (1694-1778) Voltaire (1694-1778) Champion of religious liberty and individual freedom Champion of religious liberty and individual freedom Prolific writer; father of EnlightenmentProlific writer; father of Enlightenment

John LockeJohn Locke Life, Liberty and Property; 1689 English Bill of Rights Life, Liberty and Property; 1689 English Bill of Rights Allowed persons to revolt against an oppressive rulerAllowed persons to revolt against an oppressive ruler

Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand determine price Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand determine price Montesquieu: checks, balances, balanced government Montesquieu: checks, balances, balanced government Deism Deism

Popular among thinkers of EnlightenmentPopular among thinkers of Enlightenment Accepted existence of a godAccepted existence of a god Ordered the universe according to rational and natural lawsOrdered the universe according to rational and natural laws

Impact of Enlightenment Impact of Enlightenment Weakened the influence of organized religion Weakened the influence of organized religion Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation Subjected society to rational analysis, promoted progressSubjected society to rational analysis, promoted progress