Lyndon Johnson

The Stormy Sixties 1960-1968

THE 60'Scollage

Kennedy & the Sixties1960s change:Sexual revolutionCivil rights revolutionFeminist revolutionCounter cultureWar in VietnamKennedys InauguralAsk not, what your country can do for you but what you can do for your countryAssembled a young cabinet (Robert Kennedy Attorney- General)Tried to adjust focus of FBI to fight organized crime & investigate Civil Rights violation.

PRESIDENT KENNEDY35th President of the U.S., 1961-63Served in WWIISenator from MassachusettsPopular presidentACHIEVEMENTS / EVENTSNew FrontierSpace race---put a man on the moonBerlin Wall builtAlliance for Progress and Peace CorpCuban Missile CrisisU.S. involvement in VietnamNegotiates first nuclear test ban treaty with SovietsAssassinated, Nov. 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald?Kennedys New Frontier*New Frontier (name of Kennedys social domestic programs).His programs were opposed by conservative Democrats & Republicans.JFK expanded the House Rules Committee- to thwart power of Republicans.* Medical & education bills stalled

Peace Corps- volunteer program by which Americans may help underdeveloped countries.Increased aid to education, aid to elderly, lower inflation, tax cuts, man on moon

JFK & THE Economy Problem: economy was stagnant from Eisenhower years- wanted to revitalize it.The Steel Negotiations Negotiated non-inflationary wage agreement with the steel industry1962.Steel companies initiated price increases (JFKs wrath= steel industry backed down)Economic policies used supply-side tax cuts to stimulate the economy JFK & European Economy Western Europe- prospering (due to Marshall Plan) & growth of the Common Market (free trade area that later became the European Union)Trade Expansion Act (1962)- promoted trade with the Common Market by cutting tariffs by 50%.US policy promoted a US/ Atlantic Community partnership blocked by Charles de Gaulle (French President) in 1963.De Gaulle deemed the US unreliable in crisis-developed small French atomic force. The Space RaceThe Soviet Unions launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957 inspired the United States to work toward placing a manned spacecraft in orbit.In April 1961, Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel in space. Americans worried that their technology was falling behind that of the Soviet Union.1960 JFK SETS GOAL OF PUTTING A MAN ON MOON Funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was increased. In 1961 and 1962, American astronauts made initial space flights ($24 Billion).On July 20, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.

JFK & Flexible ResponsePost WWII decolonization created some issues1954- Laos (free from the French) close to going communist (Eisenhower had spent millions to prevent this) 1960- Laotian civil war ragedKennedy could not send troops because of US commitments in Europe. Sec. of Defense (Robert McNamara) pushed idea of flexible response (develop an array of military options to meet a variety of crisis.Increased spending on conventional forces, special forces ( GREEN BERETS), & tripled nuclear forces.Effect: Lowered the level by which diplomacy would give way to troops on the groundMove away from massive retaliation

The De-Colonization of European Empires

Alliance for Peace statistics in Latin America.Crises over CubaThe Cuban DilemmaRevolutionary leader Fidel Castro declares himself communist- seizes U.S. properties; Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations 10% of Cuban population goes into exile; mostly to U.S.NEXTContinued . . .KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY**The Bay of Pigs InvasionCuban exiles, 1950s CIA planned invasion to topple CastroPlans go wrong; exile forces killed, taken prisonerJFK pays ransom in food, medicine; mission is public embarrassment

CIA operative to overthrow Fidel Castros dictatorshipU.S. feared Castro was becoming an ally with the Soviet Union.Failed invasion of Cuba in April of 1961.Embarrassment for President Kennedy because the U.S. tried to cover up their involvement.BAY OF PIGSCrisis over BerlinThe Berlin CrisisBy 1961 20% of Germans flee to West Berlin; economic drain on EastKhrushchev wants to close access roads to West Berlin; JFK refusesSoviets isolate West Berlin from East Germany with Berlin WallNEXTImageKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

BERLIN WALLTaking advantage of a demoralized US after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the U-2 spy plane incident, Khruschev orders Allies out of West Berlin.

BERLIN WALL

A young woman and her boyfriend talking to the womans mother, who is on the east side of the Berlin Wall (1962).Families and friends found themselves separated and most Berliners were lucky just to establish visual contact over the Wall. BERLIN WALL

Stretching for more than 100 miles, escape was virtually impossible because of mines, attack dogs and armed guards with shoot-to-kill orders.

At least 2.7 million people attempted to escape by climbing, vaulting, tunneling or crashing through checkpoints. Others attempted to swim the canals or stow away in cargo shipped across the border.

BERLIN WALLUnsuccessful attempts resulted in death, mostly at the hands of East German guards. Official figures show that more than 400 people have died trying to escape from East Germany; human rights activists, however, estimate the figure to be closer to 800.

BERLIN WALL

Kennedy/wallBERLIN WALLPresident Kennedy speaking to West Berliners urging the Soviets to tear down the Berlin Wall.

On the evening of Nov. 9, 1989, restrictions between the two Berlins were lifted. Celebrations around the world culminated with Germany being reunified as one country on Oct. 3, 1990.NEXTCrises over Cuba*The Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962)Nikita Khrushchev sends weapons to Cuba, including nuclear missilesOct. 1962- US spy photos reveal Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Oct 22, 1962- JFK issues a quarantine of Cuba & JFK demanded removal of the missiles.Any attack on the US would be regarded as coming from the USSR -- US navy patrolled Cuban coast.For a week, Soviet ships approached Cuba with missiles.InteractiveKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

CUBAN MISSILE CRISISThis U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.Courtesy of CIA cuban missile2

Low altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot taking this shot flew at an altitude of about 250 feet, and at the speed of sound.

cuban missile2

cuban missile2

Photographed from an RF-101 Voodoo, this view of a Soviet SA-2 (surface-to-air) missile pattern provided additional evidence of the Russian arming of Cuba.

The crisis developed as the U.S. demanded the Soviets to dismantle missiles in Cuba or the U.S. would invade Cuba.

Soviets refused to dismantle missile sites unless U.S. dismantled missile sites in Turkey.cuban missile2

Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations in November 1962.

cuban missile2

President Kennedy in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions. Third from the left is Major Richard Heyser who took the first photos of Cuban missiles.

U.S. and Soviets prepared for war..U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to break through the blockade. The Soviets sent their Naval fleet to protect Cuba.cuban missile2

Last minute decision made: Soviets would dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for U.S.not invading Cuba.U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in Turkey..Not part of original deal.

cuban missile2Effects of Cuban Missile CrisisKhrushchev lost a face off with US HURT HIS REPUTATION- RUN OUT OF KREMLIN.USSR- launched massive military spending program1963- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- prohibited trial nuclear explosions in the atmosphere.1963- Installation of Moscow-US hotline instant teletype communications.June 1963- Kennedy speech at American University advocated peaceful coexistence start of dtente.

Kennedy and Khruschev both realized how close they came to nuclear war.The monster of nuclear war must never be released.Both leaders vowed to better communicate with one another.US and Soviet Union would sign their first nuclear arms limitation treaty in 1963.Kennedy & Vietnam1961- Increased number of US advisors from 150 to 15,000 start of escalation- to prop up S. Vietnam govt led by Diem.500,000 US troops sent by time of LBJ presidency. Nov. 1963- US gave consent for a coup (overthrow) of Diem Encouraged South Vietnam to take responsibility to fight the war.JFK & Civil Rights JFK proceeded slowly with Civil Rights (placate Southern Democrats)1961- The Freedom Riders- set out to end segregation in facilities serving interstate busing. Freedom riders attacked- federal marshals sent to protect riders.1963-Robert Kennedy (Attorney-General) ordered wire tap of MLKs phones (concern over communist affiliations) The Voter Education Project (1963)- led by SNCC; organized to register blacks in the South to vote. The Struggle for African American Suffrage

1865Civil War ends Reconstruction begins1870sReconstruction ends. 15th Amendment1950s-1960sCivil Rights movement begins.1890s-1950s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from votingPlessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960sAfrican American Vote After SlaveryVoting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950s

civil rightsCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

FREEDOM SUMMER AND RIDERS During the summers of 1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded buses bound for the South to register African Americans to vote.JFK & Civil RightsIntegrating Southern Universities- some integrated painlessly-other did not.Oct. 1962 University of Mississippi- James Meredith (former Air Force) was refused admissionKennedy sent 400 federal marshals & 3,000 troops to enroll MeredithThe March on Birmingham (1963) MLK launched campaign against discrimination in Birmingham Alabama (blacks almost half the citys population but only 15% of city voters).Previous attempts= 50 cross burnings & 18 bomb attacks- BombinghamMLK & marchers were attacked by police & attack dogs caught on TV! JFK issued a TV speech (June 1963) called for new civil rights legislation Medgar Evers Killed in Mississippi Sept. 1963- Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama- killed 4 black girls (Sunday School lesson- The Love that Forgives) Letter From a Birmingham JailKing, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama.The letter was in response to a letter sent to him by eight Alabama Clergymen called, A Call For Unity.The men recognized that injustices were occurring in Birmingham but believed that the battles for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in not in the streets.In the letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, King justified civil disobedience by saying that without forceful action, true civil rights would never be achieved. Direct action is justified in the face of unjust laws.

The most important aspect of the Letter From Birmingham Jail is that it is Kings justification of Civil Disobedience. The letter was written in response to a letter written to king by a group of White clergymen. The clergymen recognized that African Americans were subject to unfair treatment, however they argued that instead of causing public havoc, King should fight the injustices in the court. King responded by stating that no change would possible without the protesting action that King and his followers were taking.

Picture: www.Drmartinlutherkingjr.com

Letters From a Birmingham Jail (cont.)In the letter King justifies civil disobedience in the town of Birmingham.I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.

There can be no gain saying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.

The eloquent language of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is evident in the letter. He used compassion and sternness together in a wise combination that validates all of his points.Letters From a Birmingham Jail (cont.)Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself.

We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressed. Wait has almost always meant 'never.The eloquent language of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is evident in the letter. He used compassion and sternness together in a wise combination that validates all of his points.Kennedy Is Assassinated

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot while riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. He had traveled to Texas to mobilize support for his upcoming reelection campaign.Shots fired from the sixth-floor window of the empty Texas School Book Depository mortally wounded Kennedy, making Vice President Lyndon Johnson the new President.The prime suspect in Kennedys murder, Lee Harvey Oswald, was murdered by a man named Jack Ruby two days later, while being transferred from one jail to another.*The Warren Commission determined that Oswald had acted alone. However, theories that Oswald and Ruby had belonged to a conspiracy persisted.lbj sworn inJFK & his wife Jacyln

lbj sworn inView Towards Book Depository Building

Lee Harvey Oswald & his deathLee Harvey Oswald, the lone gunman, killed JFK..Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby two days after JFKs murder..

lbj sworn inLBJ IS SWORN IN ON AIRFORCE ONE

assassination1THE NATION MOURNS

assassination3THE NATION MOURNS

assassination3THE NATION MOURNSLyndon JohnsonVP Lyndon B. Johnson took over after President Kennedy was assassinated Populist Liberal Democrat (not a Boll Weevil) from Texas; former leader of Democrats in Senate (wheeler dealer) (Johnson treatment)Lyndon Johnson pushed & Congress passed 1964 Civil Rights Act.*1964 Civil Rights ActBanned discrimination in most private facilities that was open to the public (theaters, hospitals, restaurants)Strengthened ability of federal government enforce integration of public schoolsCreated the EEOCEliminate discrimination in hiringTitle VII- powerful tool to fight gender & racial discrimination1965- Executive Order- created affirmative action; later backlash regarding reverse discrimination. The 1964 Election Democrats met in Atlantic City- nominated LBJ to run for president on a liberal platform.Republicans met in San Francisco & nominated Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater; rock ribbed Republican attacked federal income tax, Social Security, TVA, Civil Rights, nuclear test ban treaty.IssuesLBJ & Dems portrayed Goldwater as trigger happy-daisy ad **Gulf of Tonkin Incident (Aug. 1964)- LBJ announced that 2 US destroyers had been fired upon by North Vietnam (unclear what really happened).LBJ ordered the bombing of North Vietnam bases**The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- Congress gave Johnson a blank check in Vietnam- gave him their war powers!These Gulf of Tonkin issues helped Johnson appear presidential during the campaignJohnson won election easily = 61% of popular vote & 2/3 majority in Congress1964 Election Campaign ADS

A poster urging voters to elect Lyndon B. Johnson for president and Hubert Humphrey for vice-president.PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSONWWII served in Navy as a lieutenant commanderwon Silver Star in the S. PacificMember of U.S. House of Representatives, 1937- 49 United States Senator, 1949 - 61 Vice President, 1961- 6337th President, 1963 69Democrat, VP Hubert HumphreyPRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON

PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSONMajor EventsCivil Rights MovementCivil Rights Act, 1964 Voting Rights Act, 1965 War On Poverty = "Great Society" Anti-Poverty Act, 1964 Education reform Cold War = US involvement in Vietnam

PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSONLBJ is re-elected by a landslide in the 1964 Presidential election.Johnsons War on Poverty & great SocietyJohnson pushed Kennedys tax bill through Congress & $1 billion dollar **war on poverty.Johnson especially concerned about Appalachia. **The Great Society name given Johnsons domestic programs Big Four Programs of the Great Society Aid to education- gave aid to students not schools= parochial schools benefitted*Project Head Start federally funded aid for preschool programs Medicare- government funded healthcare for elderlyMedicaid- government funded healthcare for low income families Medicaid & Medicare= entitlements Immigration Reform- abolished the National Origins Act (1921).doubled the number of immigrants allowed in the US Immigration shifted more heavily Hispanic

GREAT SOCIETYWAR ON POVERTY

Great SocietyUnder President Johnson War on Poverty in the 1960s, the welfare programs of FDRs New Deal were greatly expanded. It was LBJs Great Society programs that created the modern American welfare state.

LBJ's Great Society

Head Start(1965)

Provided poor, disabled, and minority kids with extra academic assistance through pre-school in order to ensure educational success.

Job Corps(1966)

Provided training for poor, minority inner-city youth in order to cultivate job skills.

Medicare(1965)

Extended Social Security benefits by providing health insurance for the elderly.

Medicaid(1966)

Provides health insurance for the poor and disabled.

VISTA(1966)

Volunteers In Service To America; Organized youth volunteers to work in economically depressed areas.

Effects of the Great SocietyEffects on PovertyDuring the 1960s and early 1970s, the number of Americans living in poverty in the United States was cut in half.However, some Americans complained that too many of their tax dollars were being spent on poor people. Others criticized the way Great Society antipoverty programs expanded the size of the federal government.The End of the Great SocietyJohnson received both praise and criticism for Great Society reforms.A conflict in Southeast Asia, later to become the Vietnam War, began to consume the resources Johnson needed for his domestic programs.The Great Society came to an end when Johnson failed to contain the Southeast Asia conflict.

GREAT SOCIETYGREAT SOCIETY

GREAT SOCIETY

Voter DiscriminationSouthern states still discriminated in voting & voter registrationPoll taxes & literacy tests were still usedIn southern states like Mississippi black voter registration was low1964- *24th Amendment- abolished poll taxes in federal elections. June 1964- 3 Civil Rights workers (Voter Registration Project) were killed FBI investigated & arrested 21 white Mississippi citizens (sheriff also).1965- MLK took up Voter Registration campaign on Montgomery, Alabama = March to Selma= beatings by police, attacked by dogs4. *1965 Voting Rights Act- outlawed literacy tests & sent federal registrars to the South. white southerners began to court black votes African-Americans began to migrate back to the SouthThe End of a civil rights eraAfter passage of the Voting Rights Act, the Civil Rights Movement changed moved from non-violent protest led by Martin Luther King Jr. to violent protest.Civil Rights had achieved end of segregation & voting rights ---but blacks still struggled economically.The Watts Riot (1965)- 31 blacks dead- 3 whites; 100s of buildings destroyed Riots in Detroit (42 dead) , Tampa, Newarkall over the country.Black NationalismEmphasized black identity, pride, power- even separatism (like Garvey in the 1920s). black is beautiful adopted African names, stylesThe Nation of Islam (USA)- est. by Elijah Muhammad (Elijah Poole); 1960s spokesman Malcolm X (Malcolm Little).Malcolm X- advocated black self-reliance & separatism; civil rights by any means necessary1965-Malcolm X gunned down by Nation of Islam members The Black Panther Party- Huey Newton; located from California to Chicago- carried weapons. SNCC member Stokely Carmichael advocated black Power focused on economic demands*MLK assassinated April 4, 1968- in Memphis, Tenn. by James Earl Ray (white man).Impact of Civil rights & black power Black voter registration in the south shot up= 1960 100s of blacks held office in the South.

1972- of all black children attended integrated schools= more schools in the south were integrated than in the North.

1/3 of black families rose to the middle class but 1/3 or more remained poor.Escalation in VietnamFeb. 1965- Viet Cong attacked Pleiku (US airbase in South Vietnam)= LBJ ordered bombing raids on North Vietnam & 1st time ordered combat troops to land in Vietnam.March 1965- Operation Rolling Thunder- regular bombing of North Vietnam.1965- 185,000 US troops involvedLBJ & Advisors pushed escalation to drive the enemy to defeat.The war became Americanized19641968= 15,000 to 500,000 troops sentAnnual bill for war $30 billion = inflationLBJ tried to provide guns & butter but Opposition to US involvement in Vietnam growsThe world grew hostile to US involvement in Vietnam1965- teach- ins conducted on college campuses Draft protests- mainly lower class & working class young people were drafted; most other Americans did not want to go- fled to Canada.1967- LBJ ordered CIA to spy on antiwar activistsOpposition in Congress- Senator William Fulbright- led Senate Committee on Foreign Relations- held TV hearings.Sec. of Defense Robert McNamara-complained about how the war was going was replaced A credibility gap began to emerge- leaders told US public that the enemy was close to defeat- TV images & events suggested otherwise. Casualties= 100,000; bombs dropped more than WWII*The Tet OffensiveJan. 1968- Viet Cong launched a surprise? attack on 27 key S. Vietnamese cities including the capital Saigon.The attack was a military failure for the enemy--- but a political success ! US military leaders asked for additional 200,000 troopsTop news anchor Walter Cronkite spoke out about the winnability of the warOutcome/Significance:Increased the credibility gap in the US-citizens demanded end to the warLBJ was challenged within his party for the Democratic nomination in 1968 (Bobby Kennedy & Eugene McCarthy)March 31, 1968- LBJ announced that he would not seek nomination & would not run in 1968.Announced troop levels would be frozen & bombing scaled back= peace negotiations began in Paris.

1968 Election Democrats spilt over the war:Hubert Humphrey (VP) to LBJ- continue the war honorable peace Eugene McCarthy (Dove Dem)- Robert Kennedy- (Dove)-Bobby Kennedy won California primary seemingly on the way to the presidency;Robert Kennedy killed by Arab assassin Sirhan Sirhan- after his victory speech.1968 Humphrey- won Dem. nomination at Chicago convention (huge anti-war protest turns to violence) Election 1968Democratic candidate- Hubert HumphreyRepublican candidate- Richard Nixon American Independent Party- George Wallace (former Governor of Alabama- segregationist) Nixon runs on law & order platformGeorge Wallace- won 3rd most votes by 3rd party candidate ever!! Had it gone to the HOUSE he might have won!Nixon won= 43% of vote= minority presidentH. Humphrey= 42% voteG. Wallace= 15% Cultural Change 1960sProblems: racism, poverty, war in Vietnam, gender inequalityYouth displayed negative attitude about authority- dont trust anyone over 30 Weekly church going declinedTraditional institutions could not build trust for young peopleBaby boom generation- revolt against tradition & conformity ; disillusioned with materialism & conformity (similar to 1920s)1950s BEATS- Alan Ginsberg & Jack Kerouac**Pop Art: 1950s-1960s; art movement challenged tradition by asserting that an artists use of mass-produced visual commodities of popular culture is fine art.

Richard Hamilton (1956) Just What It IsThat Makes Todays Homes So Different, SoAppealing?

**Andy WarholCampbells Soup 1(1968)

Andy Warhol- Campbells TomatoJuice Box, 1964

Andy Warhol (1928-1987)--- Marylyn Monroe Print1960s Movements1962- Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)- were activists; anti-poverty anti-war. The Weathermen- a spinoff group of SDS (terrorists) later resorted to violent methods to bring change.1964- Free Speech Movement (led by Mario Savio) UC-Berkeley ; used sit-ins to protest campus limits on speech.Counter Culture Movement- hippies, free love- the pill , drug use (LSD, marijuana) *Stonewall Inn Riot- police attack gays; led to 1st gay rights march NYC 1970.The 1960s Overview1960s upheavals attributed to the 3 Ps:Youthful populationProtests against racism & VietnamPermanence of prosperity By mid 1970s- Counter culture morphs into a competing child rearing middle class= excess in 1980s which focused on money!!! What happened?