THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION THAT DISTRIBUTES POWER, THAT DISTRIBUTES POWER, SETS A SOCIETY’S AGENDA, SETS A SOCIETY’S AGENDA,

AND MAKES DECISIONSAND MAKES DECISIONS

AUTHORITYAUTHORITYPOWER THAT PEOPLE PERCEIVE AS POWER THAT PEOPLE PERCEIVE AS

LEGITIMATE, NOT COERCIVELEGITIMATE, NOT COERCIVE

TRADITIONALTRADITIONAL LEGITIMIZED THROUGH LEGITIMIZED THROUGH

TRADITIONTRADITION RATIONAL-LEGALRATIONAL-LEGAL

LEGITIMIZED THROUGH LEGITIMIZED THROUGH LAWLAW

CHARISMATICCHARISMATIC LEGITIMIZED THROUGH LEGITIMIZED THROUGH

PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

HUNTING AND GATHERINGHUNTING AND GATHERING LIKE FAMILY: SPECIALIZED ROLESLIKE FAMILY: SPECIALIZED ROLES

AGRARIAN SOCIETIESAGRARIAN SOCIETIES SMALL ELITE GAINING POWERSMALL ELITE GAINING POWER

POLITICAL STATESPOLITICAL STATES RESTRICTED GOVERNINGRESTRICTED GOVERNING

MODERN NATION-STATESMODERN NATION-STATES MODERN TECHNOLOGY BROUGHT ABOUT MODERN TECHNOLOGY BROUGHT ABOUT

LARGER-SCALE POLITICAL SYSTEMS REFERRED LARGER-SCALE POLITICAL SYSTEMS REFERRED TO AS NATION-STATESTO AS NATION-STATES

THE MONARCHYTHE MONARCHYRULE BY A SINGLE FAMILY OVER GENERATIONSRULE BY A SINGLE FAMILY OVER GENERATIONS

TYPICAL OF AGRARIAN SOCIETIESTYPICAL OF AGRARIAN SOCIETIES MODERN EXAMPLE: BRITAINMODERN EXAMPLE: BRITAIN ABSOLUTE MONARCHYABSOLUTE MONARCHY

RULERS MONOPOLIZING POWERRULERS MONOPOLIZING POWER CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIESCONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES

MODERN-DAY MONARCHIESMODERN-DAY MONARCHIES MORE FIGURE HEAD THAN RULERMORE FIGURE HEAD THAN RULER POLITICAL PRINCIPLES RULEPOLITICAL PRINCIPLES RULE ELECTED OFFICIAL ACTUALLY RULESELECTED OFFICIAL ACTUALLY RULES

POWER IS EXERCISEDPOWER IS EXERCISED BY PEOPLE AS A WHOLE BY PEOPLE AS A WHOLE

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACYREPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY AUTHORITY IN HANDS OF ELECTED AUTHORITY IN HANDS OF ELECTED

OFFICIALSOFFICIALS RATIONAL-LEGAL REASONING HAS RATIONAL-LEGAL REASONING HAS

TIES TO DEMOCRACIESTIES TO DEMOCRACIES USE OF EXTENSIVE USE OF EXTENSIVE

BUREAUCRACIESBUREAUCRACIES EXTENSIVE USE OF NEVER EXTENSIVE USE OF NEVER

ELECTED PETTY BUREAUCRATSELECTED PETTY BUREAUCRATS

THE POWER OFTHE BALLOTBOX ENSURESSOME AMOUNT OF INDIVIDUALPARTICIPATION!

AUTHORITARIANISMAUTHORITARIANISMDENIES POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENTDENIES POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT

ABSOLUTE MONARCIESABSOLUTE MONARCIES HEAVY CONTROLHEAVY CONTROL LITTLE OR NO VOICE IN GOVERNMENT FOR LITTLE OR NO VOICE IN GOVERNMENT FOR

MOST PEOPLEMOST PEOPLE GOVERNMENT IS OFTEN INDIFFERENT TO GOVERNMENT IS OFTEN INDIFFERENT TO

PEOPLE’S NEEDSPEOPLE’S NEEDS GOVERNMENT HAS NO LEGAL PROCESS TO GOVERNMENT HAS NO LEGAL PROCESS TO

REMOVE LEADERSHIPREMOVE LEADERSHIP EXAMPLES: SAUDI ARABIA AND KUWAITEXAMPLES: SAUDI ARABIA AND KUWAIT

““SOFT AUTHORITARIANISM”SOFT AUTHORITARIANISM” HEAVY-HANDED GOVERNMENT OFFERING A HEAVY-HANDED GOVERNMENT OFFERING A

“GOOD LIFE” TO PEOPLE (Singapore)“GOOD LIFE” TO PEOPLE (Singapore)

EXTENSIVE REGULATION OF PEOPLE’S LIVESEXTENSIVE REGULATION OF PEOPLE’S LIVES

CLOSE MONITORING OF CLOSE MONITORING OF PEOPLE PEOPLE

MASSIVE AND PROTECTED MASSIVE AND PROTECTED EFFORTS TO COLLECT HUGE EFFORTS TO COLLECT HUGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION ON POPULACEON POPULACE

PEOPLE ARE EXPECTED TO PEOPLE ARE EXPECTED TO ADHERE TO GOVERNMENT ADHERE TO GOVERNMENT WISHES AND ARE DENIED WISHES AND ARE DENIED BASIC AND HUMAN RIGHTSBASIC AND HUMAN RIGHTS

GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT INDOCTRINATION BEGINS AT INDOCTRINATION BEGINS AT AN EARLY AGEAN EARLY AGE

WALLS CAN BE BUILTTO KEEP PEOPLE IN, ASWELL AS TO PROTECTTHEM FROM EXTERNAL INFLUENCES.

POLITICS IN AMERICAPOLITICS IN AMERICACONCERNS AND ISSUESCONCERNS AND ISSUES

CULTURAL TIESCULTURAL TIES AMERICA’S BILL OF RIGHTSAMERICA’S BILL OF RIGHTS

THE POLITICAL SPECTRUMTHE POLITICAL SPECTRUM LIBERAL TO CONSERVATIVELIBERAL TO CONSERVATIVE

ECONOMIC ISSUESECONOMIC ISSUES DIFFERENCE OF OPINIONSDIFFERENCE OF OPINIONS

SOCIAL ISSUESSOCIAL ISSUES ““THE VALUE ISSUES DEBATE”THE VALUE ISSUES DEBATE”

MIXED POSITIONSMIXED POSITIONS RACE AND MONEY TALKRACE AND MONEY TALK

PARTY IDENTIFICATIONPARTY IDENTIFICATION WHY JUST TWO PARTIES?WHY JUST TWO PARTIES?

44.2

33.620.1

2.1

PERCENT

DEMOCRAT REPUBLICAN INDEPENDENT OTHER PARTY/NO RESP.

POLITICAL PARTY IDENTIFICATIONby Proportion of Respondents

General Social Surveys, 1972-2000

GETTING POSITIONS HEARD AND UNDERSTOODGETTING POSITIONS HEARD AND UNDERSTOOD

SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPSSPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS POLITICAL ALLIANCE OF PEOPLE POLITICAL ALLIANCE OF PEOPLE

INTERESTED IN SOME ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL INTERESTED IN SOME ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL ISSUEISSUE THE NRA, AARP, AFL-CIO, ETC.THE NRA, AARP, AFL-CIO, ETC.

POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEESPOLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES ORGANIZATIONS FORMED BY SPECIAL ORGANIZATIONS FORMED BY SPECIAL

INTEREST GROUPS, INDEPENDENT OF INTEREST GROUPS, INDEPENDENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES, TO PURSUE POLITICAL POLITICAL PARTIES, TO PURSUE POLITICAL AIMS BY RAISING AND SPENDING MONEYAIMS BY RAISING AND SPENDING MONEY

SOME THEORETICAL ANALYSISSOME THEORETICAL ANALYSISEXPLAINING POLITICAL POWEREXPLAINING POLITICAL POWER

PLURALIST MODELPLURALIST MODEL POWER IS DISPERSED AMONG MANY POWER IS DISPERSED AMONG MANY

COMPETING INTERESTS GROUPSCOMPETING INTERESTS GROUPS THE POWER-ELITE MODELTHE POWER-ELITE MODEL

““REAL” POWER IS CONCENTRATED REAL” POWER IS CONCENTRATED AMONG THE VERY RICH IN AMERICAAMONG THE VERY RICH IN AMERICA CAN THE WEALTHIEST IN AMERICA CAN THE WEALTHIEST IN AMERICA

EVER ENCOUNTER PRESSURE TO NOT EVER ENCOUNTER PRESSURE TO NOT ACT IN THEIR OWN BEST INTERESTS?ACT IN THEIR OWN BEST INTERESTS?

POLITICAL-ECONOMY MODELPOLITICAL-ECONOMY MODEL POWER IS DIVIDED ALONG THE LINES POWER IS DIVIDED ALONG THE LINES

OF A POLITICAL ECONOMYOF A POLITICAL ECONOMY BIAS IS ROOTED WITHIN THE NATION’S BIAS IS ROOTED WITHIN THE NATION’S

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONSSOCIAL INSTITUTIONS REVOLUTION IS THE ONLY ANSWERREVOLUTION IS THE ONLY ANSWER

YOU MEAN, I REALLYDON’T HAVE A REALSAY IN MY OWNGOVERNMENT?

THE OVERTHROW OF A POLITICAL ORDER IN THE OVERTHROW OF A POLITICAL ORDER IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A NEW ONEORDER TO ESTABLISH A NEW ONE

RISING EXPECTATIONSRISING EXPECTATIONS WHEN QUALITY OF LIFE IS IMPROVING, PEOPLE WANT MORE WHEN QUALITY OF LIFE IS IMPROVING, PEOPLE WANT MORE

AND ARE LESS WILLING TO WAITAND ARE LESS WILLING TO WAIT UNRESPONSIVE GOVERNMENTUNRESPONSIVE GOVERNMENT

DEGREE OF WILLINGNESS AND ABILTY TO REFORM TO MEET DEGREE OF WILLINGNESS AND ABILTY TO REFORM TO MEET DEMANDS OF PEOPLEDEMANDS OF PEOPLE

RADICAL LEADERSHIP BY INTELLECTUALSRADICAL LEADERSHIP BY INTELLECTUALS REVOLUTION IS OFTEN “UNIVERSITY CENTERED”REVOLUTION IS OFTEN “UNIVERSITY CENTERED”

ESTABLISHING NEW LEGITIMACYESTABLISHING NEW LEGITIMACY GUARDING AGAINST ATTEMPTS TO COUNTER THE GUARDING AGAINST ATTEMPTS TO COUNTER THE

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

REVOLUTIONS SHARE COMMON TRAITS

TERRORISMTERRORISM VIOLENCE, OR THE THREAT OF VIOLENCE, OR THE THREAT OF

VIOLENCE, EMPLOYED BY AN VIOLENCE, EMPLOYED BY AN INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP AS A INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP AS A POLITICAL STRATEGYPOLITICAL STRATEGY

STATE TERRORISMSTATE TERRORISM USE OF VIOLENCE, GENERALLY USE OF VIOLENCE, GENERALLY

WITHOUT SUPPORT OF LAW, WITHOUT SUPPORT OF LAW, AGAINST INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS AGAINST INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS BY A GOVERNMENT OR ITS BY A GOVERNMENT OR ITS AGENTSAGENTS

War AND peaceWar AND peace WARWAR – –

ORGANIZED, ARMED ORGANIZED, ARMED CONFLICT AMONG CONFLICT AMONG PEOPLE OF TWO OR PEOPLE OF TWO OR MORE NATIONS, MORE NATIONS, DIRECTED BY THEIR DIRECTED BY THEIR GOVERNMNETSGOVERNMNETS

FACTORS PROMOTING WARFACTORS PROMOTING WAR PERCEIVED THREATSPERCEIVED THREATS

THREATS TO PEOPLE AND TERRITORYTHREATS TO PEOPLE AND TERRITORY SOCIAL PROBLEMSSOCIAL PROBLEMS

INTERNAL PROBLEMS AND FRUSTRATIONINTERNAL PROBLEMS AND FRUSTRATION POLITICAL OBJECTIVESPOLITICAL OBJECTIVES

SHOW OF FORCE AND PROTECTING ONE’S SHOW OF FORCE AND PROTECTING ONE’S OWN PROPERTYOWN PROPERTY

MORAL OBJECTIVESMORAL OBJECTIVES RALLYING PEOPLE AROUND MORALITYRALLYING PEOPLE AROUND MORALITY

ABSENCE OF ALTERNATIVESABSENCE OF ALTERNATIVES LIMITED OPTIONSLIMITED OPTIONS

COSTS ARE OFTEN FOUND WELL BEYOND THE COSTS ARE OFTEN FOUND WELL BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELDS AND LONG AFTER THE WARBATTLEFIELDS AND LONG AFTER THE WAR

$5 TRILLION SPENT ANNUALLY$5 TRILLION SPENT ANNUALLY $1,000.00 FOR EVERY PERSON ON EARTH$1,000.00 FOR EVERY PERSON ON EARTH

ANOTHER BILLION HERE, ANOTHER MILLION THERE...ANOTHER BILLION HERE, ANOTHER MILLION THERE... HOW MUCH SUFFERING GOES ON BECAUSE NEEDED FUNDS MUST BE DIVERTED? HOW MUCH SUFFERING GOES ON BECAUSE NEEDED FUNDS MUST BE DIVERTED?

WOULD IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE IF THE FUNDS WERE AVAILABLE FOR OTHER WOULD IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE IF THE FUNDS WERE AVAILABLE FOR OTHER NEEDS?NEEDS?

THE POLITICS OF WARTHE POLITICS OF WAR MILITARY INDUSTRAIL COMPLEXMILITARY INDUSTRAIL COMPLEX

THE CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, THE MILITARY, THE CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, THE MILITARY, AND THE DEFENSE INDUSTRYAND THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY

FOLLOW THE MONEY AND THE CAREERS OF PENTAGON OFFICIALS AFTER THEY LEAVE FOLLOW THE MONEY AND THE CAREERS OF PENTAGON OFFICIALS AFTER THEY LEAVE THE MILITARY AS SEE WHERE THE TWO END UP!THE MILITARY AS SEE WHERE THE TWO END UP!

NUCLEAR WEAPONSNUCLEAR WEAPONS ARE THINGS ESCALATING AGAIN WITH THE CHANCE OF SUCH WEAPONS ARE THINGS ESCALATING AGAIN WITH THE CHANCE OF SUCH WEAPONS

BEING USED BY 3RD WORLD MILITARIES?BEING USED BY 3RD WORLD MILITARIES? PAKISTAN AND INDIAPAKISTAN AND INDIA

REDUCING CHANCES FOR WAR AND REDUCING CHANCES FOR WAR AND INCREASING CHANCES OF PEACEINCREASING CHANCES OF PEACE

DETERRENCEDETERRENCE BALANCE OF POWER BETWEEN SOCIETIESBALANCE OF POWER BETWEEN SOCIETIES

HIGH-TECHNOLOGY DEFENSEHIGH-TECHNOLOGY DEFENSE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVESTRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE

DIPLOMACY AND DISARMAMENTDIPLOMACY AND DISARMAMENT KEEP TALKING ABOUT REDUCING ARMSKEEP TALKING ABOUT REDUCING ARMS

RESOLVING UNDERLYING CONFLICTRESOLVING UNDERLYING CONFLICT INCREASE SPENDING ON PROMOTING PEACE RATHER INCREASE SPENDING ON PROMOTING PEACE RATHER

THAN BUILDING UP MILITARYTHAN BUILDING UP MILITARY