4
The Significance of Recent Research in Early Childhood in the U.K.: World Council (OMEP) Seminar, University of London 1972 MARGARET ROBERTS, U.K. The aim of the seminar was to consider dif- ferent types of action research* recently carried out in the U.K. with young children, and their significance for early childhood education. Twenty-five nations were represented by 160 participants at the seminar which was arranged to follow the meetings of the World Council of OMEP in London. The pro- gramme comprised lectures followed by dis- cussions; visits to schools and institutions (these were preceded by discussions WIth the appropriate head teacher), and distribution of research literature. The opening lecture was given by Professor W. Wall, Dean of the Institute of Education, University of London, with the World President of OMEP (Professor Gaston Mialaret) presiding. A brief survey of the English educational system was given by an offici, I of the Department of Education and Science (Mr L. J. Burrows). Schools Council Preschool Project The work of the Schools Council Pre- school Project was described by Miss E. M. Parry and Miss H. Archer. This paper attempted to docurrcnt exarr.ples of good practice in different areas of the country and to clarify the functions of the different types of preschool provision: to study the principles adopted and the technique and materials in use; and to draw out the implications for training of teachers and nursery nurses. In a presentation which included films, 101 slides and flow charts, Miss Parry described the method of investigation of the Preschool Project. She indicated that the final report, which will shortly be published, will assist in the expansion of preschool services and in the setting up of in-service courses. Styles of Child Rearing and their Implications for Early School Experience Elizabeth Newson described the results of the longitudinal study of parental attitudes and practice carried out in Nottingham. (See Newson and Newson: Four Years Old in an Urban Community. Allen & Unwin 1968.) She pointed out that although they did not set out to do a study of social class, this fact proved to be of primary importance. She evidenced the marked preference of middle class mothers for verbal reasoning in dealing with their children and the implica- tions of this for later learning. A Fresh Look at Children in Brief Separation The Robertson's film records of children in 'brief separation', in foster care and a residential nursery, restate the vulnerability of children, in the early years, to separation anxiety. It also shows how anxiety can be *Action research involves the researcher directly with the subjects of his inquiry. While documenting observations, tests and experiments, he seeks to gain information that will contribute to further under- standing in relation to the subjects, their welfare, development and education.

The significance of recent research in early childhood in the U.K.: World Council (OMEP) Seminar, University of London 1972

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

The Significance of Recent Research inEarly Childhood in the U.K.: WorldCouncil (OMEP) Seminar, University

of London 1972MARGARET ROBERTS, U.K.

The aim of the seminar was to consider dif­ferent types of action research* recentlycarried out in the U.K. with young children,and their significance for early childhoodeducation.

Twenty-five nations were represented by160 participants at the seminar which wasarranged to follow the meetings of the WorldCouncil of OMEP in London. The pro­gramme comprised lectures followed by dis­cussions; visits to schools and institutions(these were preceded by discussions WIth theappropriate head teacher), and distribution ofresearch literature.

The opening lecture was given by ProfessorW. Wall, Dean of the Institute of Education,University of London, with the WorldPresident of OMEP (Professor GastonMialaret) presiding. A brief survey of theEnglish educational system was given by anoffici, I of the Department of Education andScience (Mr L. J. Burrows).

Schools Council Preschool Project

The work of the Schools Council Pre­school Project was described by Miss E. M.Parry and Miss H. Archer. This paperattempted to docurrcnt exarr.ples of goodpractice in different areas of the country andto clarify the functions of the different typesof preschool provision: to study the principlesadopted and the technique and materials inuse; and to draw out the implications fortraining of teachers and nursery nurses.

In a presentation which included films,

101

slides and flow charts, Miss Parry describedthe method of investigation of the PreschoolProject. She indicated that the final report,which will shortly be published, will assist inthe expansion of preschool services and inthe setting up of in-service courses.

Styles of Child Rearing and their Implicationsfor Early School Experience

Elizabeth Newson described the results ofthe longitudinal study of parental attitudesand practice carried out in Nottingham.(See Newson and Newson: Four Years Oldin an Urban Community. Allen & Unwin1968.) She pointed out that although theydid not set out to do a study of social class,this fact proved to be of primary importance.She evidenced the marked preference ofmiddle class mothers for verbal reasoning indealing with their children and the implica­tions of this for later learning.

A Fresh Look at Children in BriefSeparation

The Robertson's film records of childrenin 'brief separation', in foster care and aresidential nursery, restate the vulnerabilityof children, in the early years, to separationanxiety. It also shows how anxiety can be

*Action research involves the researcher directlywith the subjects of his inquiry. While documentingobservations, tests and experiments, he seeks to gaininformation that will contribute to further under­standing in relation to the subjects, their welfare,development and education.

102 MARGARET ROBERTS

mitigated by the less stressful circumstancesof young children in good foster homes forthe period of separation. The film of Johnin a residential nursery for eight days is arecord of the gradual deterioration of ayoung child overwhelmed by grief andanxiety. The organization of staff based ongroup care and shift working hours is seenas one of the main contributory factors. Thelong-term effect of this kind of emotionalstress was considered together with ways ofalleviating children's distress in terms offurther education for staff.

Three Groups of Three Year Olds in SouthLondon

Dr Margaret Pollack described her studyof three-year-old West Indian children inSouth London. She herself administeredGesell tests to the children in their homes,together with medical examinations, parentalinterviews and case histories. The two controlgroups were (a) other immigrant but non­West Indian children and (b) a similarlyaged group of English children. In the threegroups social class by occupation of fatherswas similar and no significant differences

Ce seminaire se proposait d'exarniner divers types derecherche directe (action research) auxquels on s'estrecemment livre sur de jeunes enfants en Grande­Bretagne et les enseignements qu'on pourra en retirerpour l'education prescolaire. (Par 'recherche directe',on entend celie qui arnene Ie chercheur a intervenirdirectement aupres des enfants qui en font I'objet, envue de parvenir a une meiIleure comprehension deces enfants et de tout ce qui se rap porte a leur bien­etre, a leur developpement et a leur education.)

Le seminairc-i-qui faisait suite aux reunions tenuespar Ie Conseil mondial de I'OMEP a Londres-s-arassemble 160 participants, representant 25 nations.Le programme comportait des conferences, suivies dediscussions; des visites d'ecoles et d'instit.itions(precedees de discussions avec leurs direcre.irs): ladistribution de documents et compte, rendus derecherche.

La conference inaugurale a ete faite par M. leProfesseur W. Wall, doyen de l'Institut pedagogiquede I'Universite de Londres; M. Ie Professeur GastonMialaret, President mondial de I'OMEP, occupait Ie

were found in case history material or motordevelopment. However, West Indian childrenscored noticeably lower than the other twogroups in tests of personal-social develop­ment, language development and adaptivebehaviour.

The historical background of the WestIndian was considered in relation to theirpresent situation. Differences were mostmarked in child-rearing methods and theway in which money was spent. Marriagehad remained an ideal rather than a realityand was often postponed until later life. Thelack of strong and stable parental influences,the absence of stimulation and of meaningfuloutside contact and, above all, the paucity ofinteraction both in time and emotional depthwere considered to be possible explanatoryfactors in the West Indian children's develop­mental retardation. Consideration was givento possible preventive measures in terms ofhome-based preschool programmes such ashave been tried out in America.

Margaret Roberts is a lecturer at the University ofLondon Institute of Education, 18 Woburn Square,London W.Cn., and is Chairman of the U.K. Com­mittee of OMEP.

EI fin del seminario era considerar diferentes tipos deinvestigaci6n en accion, * lIevada a cabo reciente­mente en el Reino Uni-te con ninos de corta edad, ysu significaci6n en 10 referente a la educaci6n de lainfancia.

Veinticinco naciones estaban representadas por los160 participantes en el seminario organizado comocontinuaci6n de las reuniones del Consejo Mundialde la OMEP en Londres. EI programa cornprendiaconferencias seguidas de comentarios; visitas aescuelas e instituciones (estas estaban precedidas porcomentarios con el apropiado maestro director); dis­tribuciones de literatura relativa a labores deinvestigaci6n.

*'Investigaci6n en accion' pone al investigador enrelaci6n directa con los objet os de su investigaci6nAI mismo tiempo que documenta observaciones, testsy experimentos, trata de obtener informaci6n quepueda contribuir a una meier comprensi6n en relaci6na esos objetos, su bienestar. desarrollo y educaci6n.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RECENT RESEARCH IN EARLY CHILDHOOD 103

fauteuil presidentiel. Une rapide presentation dusysreme educatif anglais a etc faite par un delegue duministere de l'Education et de la Science, Mr. L. J.Burrows.

Le Projet Prescolaire de Conseil de l'EnseignementMiss E. M. Parry et Miss H. Archer ont fait Ie

point des etudes effectuees dans Ie cadre de ce Projet ;elles se sont attachees, entre autres choses, it: donnerquelques exemples de bonnes choses qui se font dansIe dornaine de l'education prescolaire dans diversesregions d'Angleterre et definir Ies roles. des diverstypes d'etablissements et de services prescolaires;etudier les principes adoptes et les techniques etmateriaux utilises; tirer de tout cela les enseigne­ments utiles pour la formation des educatrices et despuericultrices.

En s'appuyant sur des films, des projections et desgraphiques, Miss Perry a decrit la methode dinvesti­gation utilisee dans Ie Projet prescolaire. Elle a preciseque Ie rapport final, qui paraiira sous peu, devraitfaciliter le developpement des services prescolaireset I'organisation de la formation en cours d'ernploi.

Les Diverses Manii'~1 es d'Elever un Enfant et leursConsequences pour l'Education prescolaire

Elizabeth Newson a rappele les resultats d'uneetude longitudinale des attitudes et des methodes desparents effectuee it Nottingham (Newson & Newson:Four Years Old in an Urban Community. Allen &Unwin 1968). Encore que I'intention des chercheursn'ait pas etc, au depart, de se livrer a une etude desclasses sociales, eel element s'est revele absolumenlcapital. On a constate l'existence, chez les meres desclasses moyennes, d'une preference marquee pour Ieraisonnement verbal dans les rapports avec les en­fants ; c'est un fait dont iI faudra tenir compte dans[a suite des etudes.

Reexamen du Probleme des Separations de courteDuree

Les documentaires des Robertson sur les enfantsmornentanement separes de leur famille. soit enplacement nourricier. soit en internat maternel,revelent it nouveau route l'anxiete qui peut resulterde ces separations pour les tout petits. lis montrentaussi que cette epreuve de la separation peut etrerendue moins douloureuse par l'atrnosphere plusfamiliaJe qui regne dans les bons foyers nourriciers,Le film sur les huit jours passes par John dans uninternat maternel retrace l'alteration progressive del'etat physique et moral d'un tout petit mine par Iechagrin et I'anxiete. L'une des principales raisons decette faiJIite de l'internat reside, semble-t-il, dans lefait que le travail du personnel (primo) est axe surles soins de groupe et (secundo) s'effectue par roule­ment. Les effets it long terme de ces perturbationsemotionnelles ont ete examines, ainsi que la possibilitede rendre l'epreuve plus supportable aux enfants parune meilleure formation du personnel.

La conferencia inaugural fue pronunciada por eCatedratico W. Wall, Decano del Institute de Educa­cion de la Universidad de Londres, bajo la presidenciadel Presidente Mundial de Ia OMEP (CatedraticoGaston/Mialaret). Un miembro del Departmento deEducaci6n y Ciencia (Mr. L. J. Burrows) expuso unbreve panorama del sistema educative Ingles,

Proyecto Pre-escolar del Consejo de las EscuelasMiss E. M. Parry y Miss H. Archer expusieron el

trabajo del Proyecto Pre-escolar del Consejo de lasEscuelas. Este trabajo trataba de documentar ejern­plos de correcta aplicaci6n practica en diferentesareas del pais y de aclarar las funciones de los diversostipos de provision pre-escolar ; de estudiar los prin­cipios adoptados y la tecnica y rnateriales en uso yde extraer las implicaciones para la preparacion demaestros y enfermeras de guarderias.

Con la ayuda de peliculas, diapositivas y graficas defluctuacion, Miss Parry describio el rnetodo de in­vestigacion del Proyecto Pre-escolar. Afiadio que elinforme final, que se publicara en breve, ayudara a laexpansion de los servicios pre-escolares y al estable­cimiento de cursos de servicio interno.

Formas de Educacion del Nino y sus Implicaciones enRelacion con la Experiencia de los Primeros afiosEscolares

Elzabeth Newson describio los resultados delestudio longitudinal sobre las actitudes y practicasde los padres, llevado a cabo en Nottingham (Newsonand Newson: Nines de cuatro afios de edad en unaComunidad Urbana; Allen and Unwin, 1968).Realz6 el que, aunque no pensaron hacer un estudiode clase social, el hecho resulto ser de primordialimportancia. Puso de manifiesto la marcada prefer­encia de las madres de la clase media per el razona­miento verbal en las relaciones con sus hijos y lasimplicaciones de este hecho en 10 que se refiere alaprendizaje posterior.

Una Nueva Consideraelon de los Niiios en Periodos de'Separacion Breve'.

Los documentos cinernatograficos de Robertsonacera de niiios en periodos de 'separacion breve', bajocuidado ajeno y en una guarderia residencial, con­firman la vulnerabilidad de los nirios en su primerainfancia a la ansiedad que produce la separaci6n.Muestra tambien como esta ansiedad puede sermitigada por las circunstancias rnenos lensas detener a los nirios en buenos hogares adoptivos duranteeI periodo de separaci6n. La pelicula de John enuna guarderia residencial por un periodo de ochodias, es una prueba del gradual deterioro de un ninopequefio abrumado de pena y ansiedad. La organ­izacion del personal basada en cuidado grupal yturnos en las horas de trabajo se considera como unode los factores contributivos. Se considero el efectoprolongado de este tipo de ansiedad emocional juntocon la forma de aliviar la angustia de los nifios, enrelacion con una rnejor formacion del personal.

104 MARGARET ROBERTS

Etude de Trois Groupes de Petits Londoniens Ages de3 Ans

Le Dr Margaret Pollack a rendu compte d'uneetude qu'elle a faite de petits Antillais ages de 3 anshabitant la banlieue sud de Londres. EIle s'est rendueau domicile de ces enfants, les a soumis aux tests deGesell et a des examens medicaux, a interviewe lesparents, etabli un dossier con tenant tous les antece­dents. II y avait deux groupes temoins, I espectivementconstitues de petits immigrants non antilIais et depetits Anglais du meme age, Les enfants des troisgroupes appartenaient, en gros, aux memes couchessociales (deterrninees par la profession du pere),et ils ne se distinguaient pas non plus par leursantecedents ou leur niveau de developpernent moteur.Par centre, les tests devaient placer les petits AntiJIaistres nettement derriere les deux autres groupes en cequi concerne le developpernent personnel-social, ledeveloppement linguistique et Ie comportementadaptif.

Le passe des AntiIlais a ete examine par rapport itleur situation presente. Les differences les plus mar­quees s'observent dans la facon d'elever les enfantset de depenser l'argent. Le rnariage reste un idealsouhaite plutot qu'une realite effective, et n'intervientsouvent qu'a un age assez avance. Le manque d'in­fiuences parentales fortes et stables, l'absence destimulation et de reels contacts avec I'exterieur, etsurtout l'insuffisance des echanges et leur super­ficialite effective sont apparus comme des causespossibles du retard developpernenral des petitsAntillais. A titre de prevention, on pourrait organiserune action prescolaire it domicile, comme cela a eteessaye aux Etats-Unis,

Tres Grupos de Niiios de Tres Aiios en el Sur deLondres

La Doctora Margaret Pollack expuso su estudio deninos indio-occidentales de tres anos de edad en elSur de Londres. Ella misrna en persona adrninisrrotests de Gesell a los nines en sus propias casas, juntocon reconocirnientos medicos, entrevistas con lospadres e interrogatorio casuistico. Los dos grupos decontrol eran a) otros nines inrnigrantes pero no de lasIndias Occidentales y b) un grupo de edad semejanre,de nines ingleses. En los tres grupos la clase socialasumida por Ia ocupaci6n de los padres era similar yno se hallaron diferencias signiricativas en el materialcasuistico 0 en el desarrollo motriz. No obstante, losninos de las lndias Occidentaies aportaron resultadossignificativarnente mas baios que los otTOS dos gruposen tests de desarrollo persono-social, desarrollo delenguaje y conducta de adaptacion. Las circunstanciashistoricas de los indio-occidentales fueron con­sideradas en relacion con su situacion actual. Seobservaron senaladas diferencias en los metcdos deeducacion de la infancia y en la manera en que segastaba el dinero. El matrimonio continuaba siendoun ideal, mas que una realidad, y se retrasaba amenudo hasta una edad mas madura. La carencia deuna energica y estable influencia paternal, la ausenciade estimulo, la falta de contactos exteriores significa­tivos y sobre todo, la escasez de interaccion en tiempoy profundidad emocional fueron consideradas comoposibles factores responsables del retraso en eldesarrollo de los ninos indio-occidentales. Se otorg6consideracion a la posibiJidad de medidas preventivasen forma de programas pre-escolares basados en eIhogar, como los que se han probado en America.