The Shelter Cluster in Somalia Linking Relief ... · Shelter Cluster Somalia ShelterCluster.org Coordinating Humanitarian Shelter 16 MAIN CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS IN A SOMALIA CONTEXT

Shelter Cluster Somalia ShelterCluster.org

Coordinating Humanitarian Shelter

The Shelter Cluster in Somalia

Linking Relief Rehabilitation and Development

LRRD

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PART 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMANITARIAN

COORDINATION MODEL

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WHY DO WE COORDINATE?

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THE HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION MODEL

“When disaster strikes, empowered and accountable leadership is a prerequisite to an

effective humanitarian response”

“Coordination does not happen automatically”

“There is plenty of duplication , disagreement and inefficiency”



WHAT IS COORDINATION?

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THE HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION MODEL


Coordinating Humanitarian Shelter 5

THE HUMANTIARIAN REFORM PROCESS: the transformative agenda

The cluster

approach was

adopted in 2005,

following an

independent

Humanitarian

Response Review,

to address gaps

and to increase the

effectiveness of

humanitarian

response by

building

partnerships.



THE HUMANITARIAN REFORM PROCESS

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

1. Humanitarian responses are predictable and accountable 2. Strong leadership through clear division of labor 3. Stronger cooperation with other stakeholders and

authorities 4. Cluster approach should strengthen the other existing

coordination systems 5. Stronger role in preparedness



THE IASC TRANSFORMATIVE AGENDA




LESSONS LEARNED

1. We have not been able to get to levels of collaboration 2. It is a UN dominated coordination system, not sharing leadership 3. Partners remain driven by their own mandate and organizational-

specific activities (competition in-between agencies) 4. National actors are rarely included in coordination due to lack of

capacity, time, language and technology. 5. The system is very demanding on processes without concrete

added value (fatigue with partners) 6. Lack of importance of government involvement and handover

(clusters to strengthen the gov to take its responsibility)



IASC TRANSFORMATIVE AGENDA

The Project

Management

Cycle with a

strong emphasis

on preparedness.




TIPS: coordinating successfully

1. Don’t over-simplify tasks. The more complex the task, the more commitment you are asking.

2. It is easier to work with smaller groups 3. Bring organizations together with similar needs 4. Coordination should be done independently from the lead agency 5. De-centralize cluster coordination to the field 6. Agree upon roles and responsibilities 7. Good information management relieves coordination 8. Facilitation and social skills are key



PART 1b

INTRODUCTION TO

THE SOMALIA SHELTER CLUSTER

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PRESENTATION SHELTER CLUSTER SOMALIA

SOMALIA STATISTICS



SHELTER OBJECTIVES



SHELTER STATISTICS



Non- dedicated

Field coordinators

(international staff)

Community

liaison

Holding

meetings

Limited

Gov. liaison

Coordinator

Support Officer

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TASKS FIELD

COORDINATOR

STRENGHTENING THE SHELTER CLUSTER ARCHITECTURE

FORMER STRUCTURE IN 2013: ALL UNHCR STAFF



MAIN CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS IN A SOMALIA CONTEXT

*Weak commitment at field level for coordination purposes *Weak Secretariat at National level *No standardized tools for the shelter cluster partners *No data management of assessments, monitoring or evaluation. *Long process of humanitarian gap analysis (>4 months) *Static needs assessments - the rapid changes in displacement patterns often means our needs assessments are outdated when the aid arrives, *Difficult Access - getting materials and expertise to the interior of the South. *Lack of partners - in certain regions there are insufficient reliable partners

REMOTE MANAGEMENT



STRENGTHENING THE COORDINATION CAPACITY:

a step by step approach

* Regional coordinators were selected from the stronger agencies who were voluntary wanting to provide support to cluster coordination according to an agreed upon terms of reference. * Strong focus on capacity building. Since 2013, in total 8 trainings were provided to the regional coordinators (1-week trainings on coordination and other shelter cluster topics). Trainings are now held on a bi-annual basis. * Strong continuation of all regional coordinators (only 2 have changed)



30% dedicated

NON PAID

Field coordinators

(Shelter Partners)

Contingency

planning

Community

liaison

HLP advisor

PROTECTION

CLUSTER

Coordination

Advocacy

Gov. liaison

Coordinator

IM/GIS expert

Support Officer

Remote support

GENEVA 18

TASKS FIELD

COORDINATOR

SHELTER CLUSTER REFORM PROCESS A DE-CENTRALIZED CLUSTER SYSTEM in 2014

SYPD

FIELD OFFICES SECRETARIAT



NO MAIN CHANGES IN STRUCTURE COMBINED UN AND NGO LEAD FIELD STRUCTURES

SYPD

2013 2016

?





PART 2

INTRODUCTION TO

THE HUMANITARIAN DATA PARADIGM

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What is the main problem regarding information

management and communication in the humanitarian sector?

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ORGANIZATIONS SERVERS & CALL CENTRES

COMMUNITIES

SUPPLIERS PRIVATE PLATFORMS

LACK OF SHARING LACK OF COORDINATION LACK OF CONNECTIVENESS



Answer?

Data is Power. As the humanitarian sector is becoming more and more competitive, there is a lack of willingness to work together. Too many agencies have invested in organizational and

sectorial platforms.

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PART 2b

INTRODUCTION TO

THE SOMALIA SHELTER CLUSTER &

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

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HOW CAN WE GET BETTER BASELINE

DATA ‘JOINTLY’ ON INTERNAL DISPLACED

POPULATION GROUPS TO

BETTER ADVOCATE FOR THEIR NEEDS?

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PRESENTATION SHELTER CLUSTER SOMALIA GENEVA



* Standardization of tools and especially baseline data collection on IDPs -Infrastructure mapping exercise -SIRNA (Somalia Initial Rapid Needs Assessment) -Market survey tools -Monitoring tools (including 4W matrix) -Use of a Digital platform to facilitate the data collection

The Shelter Cluster as a CAPACITY BUILDER

* More than 500 people involved in collection of data since 2014 * More than 120.000 data points (GIS) collected with a database of more than 140.000 pictures in more than 20 urban centers * SIRNA tool adopted as an ICCG tool * Market surveys done in all major cities * Local Building Culture Assessment rolled out in parts of Somalia * More than 20 organizations trained on the new M&E framework



THE INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING EXERCISE

The mapping exercise provides a quick snap shot of the access that IDPs have to basic services based

on direct observation. It also provides general data from Key Informants and also levels of congestion

in the settlements.

On average it takes 12 persons to map out 60.000 IDPs within 10 days.

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COLLECTION OF BASELINE DATA

WATER&LATRINES

DENSITIES OTHER FACILITIES

KII&PERIMETER



AUTOMATION



OVERVIEW MAPPING

EXERCISES IN SOMALIA



VISUALIZATION: online maps and reports



THE DENSITY CHECKS, WHY?

One of the main problems in the Somalia context is updated figures on internal displaced population groups. Since 2011, more than 75% of the 1.1

million internally displaced populations have been categorized as the most vulnerable regarding

nutrition and food-security standards.

The figure of 1.1 million has been static for the last 6 years. Donors and other stakeholders would like

to see this number updated.

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LINKING THE DENSITY CHECKS WITH A HOUSEHOLD ESTIMATE?

There seems to be an interest from the DTM (displacement

tracking matrix) and the PRMN (Protection Return Monitoring Network) to user the data from the Mapping Exercise to link it

to a new update on household estimates. The University of Oxford has also shown a strong interest in supporting this.

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5 DIFFERENT CASE STUDIES

• OPTION 1: Random sampling of points within the Settlement with the use of the 7*30 methodology (UNICEF) – TOO COMPLEX AS SATELITE IMAGERY IS OUT OF DATE.

• OPTION 2: Random sampling of points within the Settlement with use of GPS device (diameter XXX meters) – TOO COMPLEX AS SATELITE IMAGERY IS OUT OF DATE AND COMPLEX TO WORK WITH GPS IN THE FIELD

• OPTION 3: Split up settlement into identifiable segments (roads) and randomly sample of segments. – PROVIDED AN INTERESTING UNDERSTANDING OF CONGESTION LEVELS, BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH FOR HH ESTIMATE

• OPTION 4: We tried a more subjective as we asked enumerators to categorize shelters in low, medium and high density. VERY INTERSTING BUT VERY SUBJECTIVE

• OPTION 5: Use a rope of 100 meters (800m2 surface area, diameter 32m) and random sample areas within a settlement. PROVIDED VERY INTERESTING DATA ON CONGESTION LEVELS. RESEARCH NEEDS TO BE DONE IN MAKING THIS MORE STATISTICAL.



OPTION 1: Random sampling of points within the Settlement with the use of the

7*30 methodology (UNICEF)

• Process • The field teams collect information on a random sampling of clusters of 7

households and measure how much space they occupy (red is main shelter and green is second shelter). Total size = 18*16 big steps = 288 m2. So each household occupies 41m2/household.

• Possible problems • If the Perimeters are not taking properly, this will give us a very in-accurate

household estimate as we will still not know the total amount of built up area.

• Recommendations • Not to be used in this exercise.



OPTION 2: Random sampling of points within the Settlement with use of GPS device

• Process • After the first phase of the project, we will randomly select points where

the persons will need to go back and capture everybody within a radius of XXX meters. GPS devices can be programmed to beep/vibrate when you enter or exit a circle.

• Computer programs can be used to randonly select points within a given area and get very precise probability estimates.

• Possible problems • It will be very difficult to pre-programme all GPS devices with this software

(beep/vibrate) and therefore it will be difficult to use this methodology.

• Recommendations • See with MFIELDWORK if this could be done in the future.



RANDOM DENSITY CHECKS

OPTION 2



OPTION 3: Split up settlement into identifiable segments of similar size and random sampling of

segments.

• Process • After the first phase of the project, we will split up the settlements into

identifiable segments of similar size. • We will randomly select segments and map out everybody living in that

segment.

• Possible problems • What should be the perfect size of a segment? Minimum XXXm2/segment? • Is this random enough to get a good confidence interval?

• Recommendations and Action • For example, there are around 60.000 IDP persons in 40 settlements living

in Bossaso . They occupy (perimeter surface area) 158 hectares (1.580.000m2).

• We could divide the settlements into segments of approximately 0.8 hectares (10.000m2). This would mean that we would have around 200 segments. In each segment, on average 300 persons will live in each segment (50 families).



RED=SAMPLED

BLUE=NON SAMPLED

OPTION 3



OPTION 3: segments that the coordinators had taken were not very convincing.



OPTION 4: Subjective way of looking at shelter density: LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH shelter density

• Process • Data to be collected on full enumerations in 10% of the settlements

(URBAN-RURAL) and random sampling in the rest. • People had received guidance on what low, medium and high shelter was

and how to classify them.

• Possible problems • All enumerators will look at shelter density differently. One person looking

at all settlements.

• Recommendations and Action • Very interesting, but statistically not good enough.



LOW SHELTER DENSITY

HARGEYSA GAALKACYO MOGADISHU



MEDIUM SHELTER DENSITY

HARGEYSA BOSSASSO MOGADISHU



HIGH SHELTER DENSITY

HARGEYSA BOSSASSO MOGADISHU






OPTION 5: Go back to the stone age, use a rope

• Process • Random sampling of different areas in each settlement • Take a rope of 100 meters and make a circle • Sample all people inside the circle.

• Possible problems • Seems to be the easiest to roll out

• Recommendations and Action • How can we make this more systematic and statistical






PART 3

The Shelter Cluster and

STRATEGIC PROGRAMMING

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“Question: Although progress has been

made in providing more longer term housing solutions, we have not been able to

scale-up this approach in Somalia. Why?

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PROBLEM STATEMENT



REASONS:

“Low humanitarian funding (global and Somalia)”

“Somalia = linked to food-security crisis”

“Durable Solutions is linked to Development Programming”

“High cost of the shelter”

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PROBLEM STATEMENT



SUSTAINABLE SHELTER SOLUTIONS





SHELTER IS MORE THAN JUST A ROOF CONSIDER SHELTER AS A PROCESS AND NOT A PRODUCT PROVISION OF INFORMED CHOICES INCLUSION OF BENEFICIARIES LINKING BACK TO CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS LOCAL AREA BASED APPROACHES

Strong link with livelihoods,

especially in urban centres






Question: Have people been brainwashed that cement-based products are better and

more durable?

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PROBLEM STATEMENT



Just look at the strength of advertisement…

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PROBLEM STATEMENT



Questions: Why should we promote more

local building techniques compared to cement-based techniques?

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PROBLEM STATEMENT



REASONS:

“Cement = very high carbon footprint”

Majority of poor population groups have always lived in earth construction houses.

“Local Building Culture = more livelihoods”

More resources are put at the bottom part of the construction triangle

“Cement materials = expensive”

Beneficiaries receiving cement based products are not able to expand their house with the same construction material

making the product less sustainable.

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The construction pyramid: OWNER VERSUS CONTRACTOR DRIVEN

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MEDIUM COMPAINIES

SMALL TRADERS

BIG COMPANIES

SKILLED LABOURERS

UN-SKILLED PERSON



HOW CAN THE SUSTAINABLE SHELTER SOLUTIONS BE

TRANSLATED INTO PRACTICAL ACTIONS TO SCALE UP LONGER

TERM SOLUTIONS?

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LOCAL BUILDING CULTURE

HOW CAN WE MAKE THE SHELTER PROJECTS MORE SUSTAINABLE AND LOCALLY SUITABLE? 1. It is generally known that we have promoted construction techniques that are not sustainable as they are not adapted to the purchase capacity of the beneficiaries. For example: less than 5% of the beneficiaries who received a cement block house were able to expand their house with the same construction technique.

2. A thorough study of local building culture needs to be done, linking this to the access to natural building resources like sand, rock and soil. 3. Using and understanding LBC helps to reduce the cost of the shelter.




HOUSING LAND AND PROPERTY

HOW CAN WE ENSURE THAT FULL HOUSING LAND AND PROPERTY RIGHTS ARE INCLUDED? . 1. HLP is not only the plot of land that the people own. 2. IDPs (willing to locally integrate) also need access to the natural resources surrounding the relocaiton site (grazing lands, access to boreholes/berkads, agricultural land…) 3. IDPs should also have access to natural building materials that surround the relocation site (sand quarry, natural rock, soil…)




OWNER DRIVEN APPROA CHES

HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND INCREASE OWNERSHIP? . 1. It is generally known that owner driven housing projects have a better value for money compared to contractor driven approaches. 2. To ensure quality, a strong component of capacity building needs to be incorporated. 3. A strong focus should be made on providing the beneficiaries with informed choices. Everybody has different needs and capacity.




BUILDING BACK SAFER

HOW CAN WE MAKE OUR SHELTER PROJECTS BETTER VALUE FOR MONEY? It is generally known that many buildings can be reduced in cost with simple components of building back safer. 1. Invest in a good foundation and a good hat to protect your building. This should be done with water-resistant materials. 2. Use local building cultures (non-cement based materials) for the construction in-between the roof and foundation. 3. Disaster Risk Reduction: choose the locaiton of the building properly 4. Include localized constraints in technical solutions: termites, water-barrier, bracing of building for high winds…



PILOT PROJECT KISMAAYO



PART 4

LINKING RELIEF REHABILITATION AND

DEVELOPMENT

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WORKING IN AN INTEGRATED MISSION IN SOMALIA, IT IS

CRUCIAL TO LINK THESE EFFORTS TO THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PLAN (NDP) LED BY THE GOVERNMENT.

THE PRIVATE SECTOR IS LEADING

THIS PROCESS NOW…

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WORKING IN AN INTEGRATED MISSION IN SOMALIA, IT IS

CRUCIAL TO LINK THESE EFFORTS TO THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PLAN (NDP) LED BY THE GOVERNMENT.

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HOW CAN WE GET THE DEVELOPMENT ACTORS ON BOARD TO CONTRIBUTE TO LONGER TERM

SOLUTIONS?

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BURKINA FASO 2010

A CASE STUDY







For more information

www.sheltercluster.org/response/somalia

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http://www.sheltercluster.org/response/somalia

Documents

The Shelter Cluster in Somalia Linking Relief ... · Shelter Cluster Somalia ShelterCluster.org Coordinating Humanitarian Shelter 16 MAIN CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS IN A SOMALIA CONTEXT