The Sentence – Its Kinds• The major difference between a sentence and a phrase is that a sentence contains a verb but a phrase never contains a verb. EXERCISE The words given below

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The Sentence – Its Kinds

AComprehensive

Approach to English Grammar

Dr. Avinash Pratap Shrivastava(Principal, Harvest International School, Ludhiana )

Indra Publishing Housewww.indrapublishing.com

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A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar

Published by :

Indra Publishing HouseE-5/21, Arera Colony,Habibganj Police Station Road,Bhopal 462016Phone : +91 755 4059620, 4030921 Telefax : +91 755 4030921Email : [email protected]

Copyright © 2011 Indra Publishing HouseTitle : A Comprehensive Approach to English GrammarAuthor : Dr. Avinash Pratap Shrivastava

First Print : 2011

ISBN: 978-93-80834-39-9

` : 180/-

Printed & published by Mr. Manish Gupta for Indra Publishing House, E-5/21, Arera Colony, Habibganj Police Station Road, Bhopal 462016 INDIA

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the author and publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.Information contained in this work is obtained by the author and publisher from sources believed to be reliable. The publisher and its authors make no representation or warranties with respect to accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and shall not be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information. Dispute if any related to this publication is subject to Bhopal Jurisdiction.

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This book is dedicated

to

Lord BankeBihari, Vrindavan

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Preface

The pages of this book are the compilation of my classroom facilitation experience of English Language with the students. I believe that language learning is a process and this book will assist you to continue the process of English language learning.

The book is titled as “A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar” to give the learners an approach and confidence to find a comfortable place to explore English language learning. English Grammar concepts and rules are woven here with simplicity and clarity to provide the reader the most desired confidence to the language. Moreover, it is a workbook to be read and practiced daily with some pages to grasp the concepts of English Language.

In India English language has been associated with personality and social status but most of the learners hesitate to communicate in English. The reason is very simple that as the second language they struggle to understand the basic fundamentals of the language. Particularly, at the intermediate level (around 15 years age) learners mind look for reasons before every sentence construction. Though, the learner is not aware about the fundamen-tals of the language, so he/she evades English speaking people and zone. This book will assist you to have a concrete foundation for English Grammar on which you can develop your own castle of English language and communicate your ideas and thoughts into Eng-lish language well.

Along this book a learner should read and write relentlessly the literature of his or her interest. The literature could be any magazine or book of decent content in English language. A learner should not ignore the listening, which is the one of the most important aspects of language learning. English news channels and Cartoon Channels on the televi-sion and interviews are the some of the ways to acquaint with English through listening.

I would like to show gratitude to my dear students of Harvest International School, Ludhiana, The Sanskaar Valley School, Bhopal, and The Parvati Radhakishan Fomra

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School (PRFS), Mathura for their colossal support and encouragement for me to remain a learner of English language.

It is not supposable that in so delicate and difficult an undertaking there should be an entire freedom from errors and oversights. I shall gratefully accept any assistance in helping to correct mistakes.

Thank you.

Dr. Avinash Pratap Shrivastava

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Part - I Functional Grammar & Correct Use

1. The Sentence – Its Kinds 112. Subject and Predicate 143. Parts of Speech 164. The Noun 195. The Verb 236. The Adjective 347. The Adverb 438. The Pronoun 559. Determiners 6110. Conjunctions 6511. The Prepositions 6912. The Interjections 8313. The Noun Number 8514. The Noun Gender 91 15. The Noun Case 9416. Comparative Degrees 9717. Use of Articles 10418. The Tenses & Its Uses 11019. The Sequence of Tenses 14320. Active & Passive 14521. Correct Use of Some Adjectives 155 22. The Infinitive 15923. The Participle 16424. The Gerund 16625. Subject Verb Agreement 170

Content

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26. Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Verbs 17427. Direct & Indirect Speech 19128. Comparison of Adverbs 20029. Use of Some Adverbs & Adverb Phrases 20430. Noun Clauses 20631. Adverb Clauses 20832. Adjective Clauses 21333. Analysis of Sentences 21534. Simple, Compound & Complex Sentences 22235. Common Errors 22536. Punctuation Marks and Capital Letters 236

Part - II Vocabulary

1. Antonyms 2452. Synonyms 249 3. One Word Substitution 2534. Cries & Sounds 254 5. Sound of Objects 2556. Young Ones of Animals 2557. Occupations 2568. Groups or Collections 2579. Comparisons 25810. Homes 25911. Homonyms/Homophones 25912. Differenced In Sense 26113. Idioms & Phrases 26314. Proverbs 26515. Figures of Speech 284

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PART - I

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR &

CORRECT USE

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Let us have a look on the following group of words :

1. Dog is a pet animal.2. She writes a letter.

These group of words make a complete sense.

Sentence : A group of words that gives meaningful and complete sense, is called a Sentence.

Key Points :

• A sentence always starts with a capital letter.• It always ends with a full stop (.)

Types of Sentences :

1. Declarative or Assertive 2. Interrogative3. Imperative 4. Exclamatory

(1) Declarative Or Assertive Sentence :

A sentence, which makes an assertion or a statement is called a Declarative or Assertive sentence.e.g. (i) The class is making a noise. (ii) The earth revolves around the Sun.

Key Point :

• These types of sentences always end with a full stop (.)• Affirmative and Negative are two types of Declarative Sentences.

Chapter 1The Sentence - Its Kinds

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(2) Interrogative Sentence :

A sentence which asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence.e.g. (i) Why are you all shouting? (ii) Has he gone to the market? (iii) What are you eating? (iv) Which is your favourite colour?

Key Points :

• These types of sentences are always followed by a question mark (?)

(3) Imperative Sentence :

A sentence which expresses a command, a desire or a request is called an Imperative sentence.e.g. (i) Please clean this room. (Request) (ii) Ramu, open the door. (Command) (iii) Please let me go outside. (Request)

Key Points :

• These types of sentences always end in a full stop (.)

(4) Exclamatory Sentence :

A sentence which expresses some sudden or strong feeling is called an Exclamatory sentence. e.g. (i) It’s a beautiful flower! (ii) What a shame! (iii) May God bless you!

Key points :

• These types of sentence always end with an exclamatory mark (!)

Apart from these there are some groups of words that make sense but not complete sense, such group of words is termed as a PHRASE.

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Phrase : A group of words which make some sense but not a complete sense is called a Phrase.

e.g. At office, on the chair, in the north, at the weekend, in a room, of silver, during the night.

These can be used in sentences such as:(a) The cat is sitting on the chair.(b) They kept him in a room.(c) This jewellery is made of silver.

Key Points :

• The major difference between a sentence and a phrase is that a sentence contains a verb but a phrase never contains a verb.

EXERCISE

The words given below have been jumbled. Put them in their correct order so as to make them a sentence.

1. Cat, is, the, milk, drinking.2. flag, colours, contains, Our, three.3. is, playing, her, friends, with, Sita.4. east, Sun, the, in, rises, the.5. birds, in, sky, The, flying, are.6. purchased, I, a, dress, have, new.7. is, good, player, a, Sania, tennis.8. beautiful, You, are, looking, very.

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Every sentence has two parts :-1. Subject2. Predicate

Subject : The name of the person or thing which is referred in the sentence is called the Subject.

Predicate : The matter which is said in relation with the subject is called the Predicate.

The easiest way to find the subject in the sentence is to ask question like 'who?' or 'what'?

e.g. 1. Sita is riding a bicycle. Subject : Sita (ask a question – who is riding a bicycle.) Predicate : is riding a bicycle.

2. A bad workman quarrels with his tools. Subject : A bad workman. Predicate : quarrels with his tools.

3. The dogs barked at the thief. Subject : The dogs. Predicate : barked at the thief.

4. The bomb blast resulted in heavy destruction. Subject : The bomb blast. Predicate : resulted in heavy destruction.

Key points :

1. Generally the subject appears first in a sentence but occasionally it is put at the end i.e. after the predicate.

e.g. Sweet are the fruits of hard work. Subject : hard work.

2. In Imperative sentences (which express a command or request) the subject is generally left out.

Chapter – 2Subject and Predicate

A Comprehensive Approach to EnglishGrammar By Dr. Avinash Pratap

Shrivastava

Publisher : Indra Publishing ISBN : 9788192491684 Author : Dr. Avinash PratapShrivastava

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The Sentence – Its Kinds• The major difference between a sentence and a phrase is that a sentence contains a verb but a phrase never contains a verb. EXERCISE The words given below