The Second International Congress of Eugenics.By C. C. LITTIE, Sc.D., Carnegie Institution of Washington.*

I.-THE AIMS OF THE CONGRESS.Although many of the aims of the Second International Congress

of Eugenics have been clearlv and sufficiently outlined in the announce-ments issued prior to its commencement, certain matters of generalpolicy may perhaps be further emphasized to good advantage at itsclose.

These matters of poliev forced themselves upon the attention ofthe officers of the Congress because of the none too gentle criticismwhich during the past decade has been focussed upon the Eugenicsmovement.

The criticisms worthy of note and of elinmination (if possible)were chiefly the following:

(1) The criticism of biologists in general, and of experimentalgeneticists in particular, to the effect that eugenists knew too little ofthe foundation of their science, and were engaged in the creation of asuper-structure without sufficient attention to a firm base.

(2) The criticism of those, believing firmly in present marriageand social customs, to the effect that eugenists in too great a degreeapproved, or at least silently tolerated, belief in or practice of socialcustoms and relationship between the sexes of a type widely divergentfrom those at present existing.

(3) The criticism of the general public to the effect that Eugenics,as a science, was impractical and in the hands of "faddists," and thatit should therefore be treated only as a gigantic joke and its seriousphases be ignored.

To meet these criticisms an effort to build a strong programme forthe Congress in genetics and in anthropology was made. The person-nel of the general committee and of the reception and entertainmentcommittee was selected from those known to be free from thoseunbalanced radical tendencies which produce the faddist. The papersoffered for presentation were considered before presentation, and where-ever possible, sensationalismn eliminated. Finally pains were takento interest the representatives of the press who attended in making afair statement of fact and in avoiding jibes and distortions based onpartial information.

The following paragraphs will outline briefly the methods em-ployed in the organization and carrying out of the Congress. Forinterpretation of mnotives and expression of opinion the writer is, ofcourse, solely responsible. Since however, a mere statement of the

*Dr. Little acted as General Secretary to the Congress, a post he filled to theadmiration of all present.

facts would only repeat the text of the program, I have ventuired toinsert the personal viewpoint and hope that the readers of this articlewill recognize it as such and be charitable accordingly.

II.-PREPARATION.When the Second International Congress of Eugenics was officially

authorized by the National Research Council at Washington, those incharge in the United States namely, Doctors Osborn and Davenport,set to work.

The first step was the appointment of a general committee of approx-imately 113, and of a group of vice-presidents. For guidance, a listof members of a similar committee appointed in 1914, was available.

The general committee held an organization meeting in theAmerican Museum of Natural History in April, 1920. This meetingwas presided over by Doctor R. S. Woodward, then President of theCarnegie Institution of Washington.

At this meeting, matters of general policy were discussed and aSecretary-General and Chairman of the Finance Committee wereappointed. Later. the fact that the Finance Committee did not func-tion caused a shifting of its function to the treasurer, and still laterlead to a division of its work to (1) the raising of funds, handled bypersonal efforts of the officers of the Congress, and (2) the matters ofroutine finance, handled by the Secretary-General.

Memberships of two sorts, sustaining at $100,00. of which therewNNere seventeen, and active membership at five dollars, $5.00, ofwhich there were three hundred and seventy, added a considerableamount to the funds. The Carnegie Institution of Washingtoncontributed $400.00 towards the expenses of entertainments andfive patrons who contributed $500.00 each.

From the start it was planned to hold an exhibition in connectionwith the Congress, and for this most excellent purpose Mrs. E. H.Harriman, with her characteristic generosity, gave $2500.00. Thepreparation of this exhibition was in charge of an Exhibits Committee,of which I)r. H. H. Laughlin, Asst. Director of the Eugenics RecordOffice of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, was chairman.Doctor Clark Wissler and Mr. L. V. Coleman of the American Museumwere the other members of the Committee.

To aid the Secretary-Geineral in the preparation of the program,secretaries for eachi of the four sections of the Congress were appointed.Thus in the case of Section one, Hum-nan and Comparative Heredity,Dr. Helen Dean King of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology,was chosen. For Sectioni two, Eugenics and the Family, Dr. HowardJ. Banker, of the Eugenics Record Office, was secretary. In the caseof Section three, Human Racial Differences, the Secretary was DoctorClark Wissler of the American AMuseum of Natural History. DoctorF. L. Hoffman of the Prudential Life Insurance Company started asSecretary of Section four, Eugenics and the State. When he wasobliged to give up his duties, because of an unexpected trip to SouthAmerica, Dr. F. S. Crum of the same company succeeded him. DoctorCrum's tragic death from drowning, a short time before the opening of

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the Congress, left this section without a leader. At the eleventh hour,Doctor Louis I. Dublin, of the Metropolitan Insurance Company, tookup the duties and aided greatly during the Congress itself.AArrangements for the entertainment of delegates and members was

left to the Committee of Reception and Entertainment. Specialthanks are due to Mrs. C. C. Rumsey, Mrs. Walter Jennings, and toDr. and Mrs. Henry Fairfield Osborn, As will appear in the accountsof the Congress, Mr. Sherwood, the Executive Secretary of the AmericanMuseum of Natural History, most graciously and successfully handledthe lion's share of the work of preparation within the museum.

Little publicity work of an organized nature was attempted.Through certain well recognized channels however a small amount ofadvance publicity was obtained. Since, however, the ExecutiveCommittee had disapproved of professional publicity work, thelimited amount of available funds necessitated only slight weight beinggiven to this phase.

III.-THE CONGRESS.Registration of the Congress began on Wednesday, September

21st, and continued until Wednesday, September 28th. A totalof 393 registered as members, In addition, the general publiccould, by application in person, obtain tickets of admission to thevarious scientific sessions of the Congress. About 900 tickets were thusdistributed.

On Thursday, Sept. 22nd, at three p.m. an informal assembly ofmembers was held in the Exhibition Hall on the ground floor of theMuseum. At that time members were able to visit not only the specialEugenics exhibits at the place of Assembly, but also racial exhibitsand those dealing with primitive culture, general biology, and generalanthropology in other halls.

At 8 p.m. in the large auditorium of the Museum with an atten-dance of approximately 600, the formal opening of the Congress washeld. Addresses were given by President Henry Fairfield Osborn,Major Leonard Darwin, and Doctor Charles B. Davenport. The threeaddresses forming a notable contribution to Eugenic thought, werereceived with enthuisiasm by the audience.

PROC RAM OF SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS.On Friday, September 23rd, the sessions for the reading of scien-

tific communications began. At 10 a.m. in the Hall of the Age ofMan, Doctor Lucien Cuenot, of the University of Nancy, Nancy,France, read the leading address of the Section on Human and Com-parative Heredity. His subject was "Adaptation and Modern GeneticConceptions." The list of papers given in the Appenidix show thbremaining program of this and all other sections. The support of theCongress by American geneticists was magnificent. Owing, as allgeneticists do, a great debt to Doctor Cuenot, for his early and clearexposition of the factor hypothesis, it seemed fitting that on his firstvisit to the tUnited States, the geneticists of that country should takcthe part they did in the program.

The importance of a strong genetic program to obviate criticism,

518

has been already mentioned. In this respect it was clear from theoutset that the co-operation of the experimental biologists had madesuccess complete and striking.

On Saturday, September 24th, two other sections of the Congressstarted their official sessions. In the morning at 10 o'clock, Dr. LucienMarch, Chief Statistician of the French Government, delivered theleading address before Section II, Eugenics and the Familv, on "TheConsequences of the War and the Birth Rate in France. " The sessionsof this section were enthusiastically attended by a large number ofmembers.

At 2-30 p.m. of the same day Major Leonard Darwin delivered theopening address of Section IV, Eugenics and the State, on "The Fieldfor Eugenic Reform. " Approximately 500 people attended.

Indeed from the outset this section, dealing as it did with theapplied and less technical phases of the subject, was largely attended.It was in this section that the appearance of faddists seemed mostprobable, Such fears, however proved to be unfounded. Discussionwas, at all times, unhampered but was constructive and free fromobjectionable propaganda, thus removing another of the prime sourcesof criticism.

The last section to open was the Racial Section (III.) On TuesdaySept. 27th at 10 a.m., Dr. G. V. de la Pouge, of Poitiers, France, oneof the most prominent anthropologists of his country, gave the leadingaddress on "Race among AMixed Populations." He was followed byDoctor Jon Alfred Mjoen of the University of Christiania, Norway,who spoke on "Harmonic and Disharmonic Matings or Crossings."

EXHIBITIONS.

A large general exhibition of research in Eugenics was held inconnection with the Congress. For its arrangement, Dr. H. H.Laughlin, of the Eugenics Record Office, was primarily responsible.Space does not permit me to describe adequately the remarkableoriginality and diversity of the various sub-divisions of the material.

Over 800 people registered as being particularly interested inEugenics and probably more thani ten times this number attended theexhibit. Through the courtesy of the American Museum it waspossible to keep the exhibition open until October 22nd.

EXPEDITIONS.

Following the lunicheon on Wednesday, Sept. 28th, at the PipingRock Club, Long Islanid, the members were taken by motor bus to theDepartment of Genetics, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. Hlere they were divided intogroups and visited the Station for Experimental Evolution and theEugenics Record Office.

At the Station for Experimental Evolution were exhibitions ofMirabilis and Canna, by Mr. J. Belling; Variations in Datura, cor-related with changes in chromosome number, by Dr. A. F. Blakeslee;Inheritance of Susceptibilitv to Inoculable Cancer in Mice, and SplenicTransplants in Mice, by Dr. C. C. Little; Inheritance and General

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Metabolism of Sex in Birds by Dr. 0. Riddle; Inheritance of Mentaland Temperamiental Differences in Dogs, and Effects of Alcohol onWhite Rats, by Dr. E. C. MacDowell; Sheep of a peculiar Twin Pro-ducing Strain, by Dr. C. B. Davenport.

At the Eugenics Record Office, the members were shown the systemof filing and of family records, and cataloging by traits. There wasalso exhibits of the work of the Staff of the Record Office.

BUSINESS SESSION.

An International Congress is of necessity somewhat loosely organ-ized from a business point of view. There were, however, severalmeetings of small groups and one executive session of the Congress as.follows: This Session was held on Tuesday afternoon, Sept. 27th,1921, at 2 p.m., President Osborn presiding. He stated that at ameeting of the International Eugenics Committee, after advice of theCongress Executive Committee and representatives of foreign govern-ments, certain rules had been adopted for the forrnation of a PermanentInternational Eugenics Commission. Doctor Davenport was thencalled upon to read the proposed rules, which will be found in theappendix following the programme. These rules were adopted.

Doctor Davenport read the list of the officers proposed for thePermanent International Eugenics Commission, as follows:

Chairman, Major Leonard Darwin,Vice-Chairman, Henry Fairfield Osborn,Secretary, Dr. Albert Govaerts.

They were declared duly elected.Doctor Jon Alfred Mjoen then presented a resolution from the Con-

sultative Committee of Norway, which was referred to the InternationalCommission.

Doctor Irving Fisher presented a motion for the formation of anad interim Committee for the United States of America-to co-operatewith the International Commission, the said committee to be appointedby the President.

Doctor Little read the following resolution presented by DoctorHrdlicka and it was passed unanimously:

RESOLVED THAT: Considering the excellence and the greatgeneral value of the two addresses delivered bv Major Darwin beforethe Second International Eugenics Congress: And considering furtherthe high desirability of bringing these addresses to the attention of notmerelv the widest circle of the American public, but especially to thatof all students of both sexes in institutions of higher learning in thiscountry: Those participating in this Congress recommend that suitablesteps be taken bv the Organizing Committee not merely for assuringthe widest publicity for these addresses, but also and above all forplacing a copy or copies of the same in all the colleges and seats ofhigher learning in the United States, with the request that thev bebrought fully to the attention of the students.

Doctor Remos, the delegate from the State of Cuba, invited theCongress next to be held in the Western Hemisphere to meet in Havana.

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EUGENICS REVIEW.

This and other invitations were referred to the International Com-mittee.

Doctor Lucien March proposed and Doctor Mj6en seconded a voteof thanks. The session then adjourned.

ENTERTAINMENTS.Following the opening addresses of the Congress, delivered in the

Auditorium of the Museum on the evening of the twentv-second, areception was held under the auspices of the Committee on Receptionand Entertainment in the Hall of the Age of Man. The inspiring andbeautiful surroundings, the exhibition of anthropological material,and the mural decorations of prehistoric mammals and of Man, byKnight, helped to make the occasion a notable one.

On Friday the 23rd, over one hundred members attended a formaldinner at the Hotel Majestic. Dinner arrangements were in charge ofDr. C. B. Davenport. President Osborn presided. Brief after-dinneraddresses were given by Major Darwin, Doctor Mjoen, Doctor March,Doctor Govaerts, Doctor Ramos, and Doctor Davenport. The greatestgood will and friendliiness prevailed.

On Sunday, one group of members visited the New York ZoologicalPark. while a small number chose to visit the Metropolitan Museum ofArt. About sixty members were invited by Doctor and Mrs. Osbornto luncheon at their estate, Castle Rock, Garrison-on-Hudson, NewYork. After driving up the beautiful winding roadway to the topof the steep wooded hill on which Castle Rock is situated, the memberswere met by their host and hostess, here to admire for a time the magni-ficent outlook both up and down the Hudson. After luncheon, smallgroups walked about the grounds or chatted on the porches. At about4-30, all gathered together again while Major Darwin gave a delightful-speech of appreciation to Doctor and Mrs. Osborn, for the many plea-sures which the trip had afforded. After afternoon tea, the partyproceeded to New York by a special car, which arrived at about 7 p.m.

On Monday evening, Sections I and III, held an informal dinnerin the Restaurant of the American Museum. Doctor A. F. Blakesleeof the Carnegie Institution of Washington presided. Brief after-,dinner speeches were made by Doctors L. Cuenot, A. Govaerts, WoodsHutchinson, H. J. Muller, C. Zeleny, J. A. Harris, C. B. Davenport,G. H. Shull, E. M. East, C. C. Little, and others. The dinner beingattended chiefly by geneticists with a common interest, was mostgenial.

A dinner of a similar type was held simultaneously at the HotelManhattan Square by members of Sections II and IV. This dinnerwas presided over by Doctor H. J. Banker, of the Eugenics RecordOffice, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and by Doctor A.H. Estabrook. Among the speakers -were Judge Harry Olson, C. E.Seashore, Dr. Lucien March, Miss Maude Minor, Prof. RoswellJohnson, Rev. Hugh Dogson, Mrs. Ruth Moxcy Martin, F. A.Woods, A. Ireland, Louis I. Dublin, and Doctor Woods Hutchinson.

On Wednesday, September 28th, as already mentioned, over 100members proceeded by motor busses from New York to the PipingRock Club, Glen Cove, Long Island. Arriving here, they were enter-

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tained at luncheon as guests of Mrs. C. C. Rumsey. Mrs. WalterJennings acted as hostess in Mrs. Rumsey's enforced absence. Im-mediately after luncheon the members were taken to Cold SpringHarbor, Long Island, where they made the detailed inspection of theEugenics Record Office and the Station for Experimental Evolution,already described. Afternoon tea was served in the grounds of theEugenics Record Office. at the invitation of the Long Island ReceptionCommittee, of which Mrs. Walter Jennings was Chairman. FinallyMajor Darwin spoke a few words on behalf of the members who werepresent, expressing gracefully and aptly their appreciation of thesuccess of the Congress and at the close Doctor Davenport in the absenceof President Osborn pronounced the Congress at an end.

PUBLICITY.After the first day of the Congress, the problems in connection with

publicity became chiefly those of controlliiig the material used by thepress. For this purpose, in addition to the ordinary precautions, Mr.C. M. Sheridan of the firm of Edward L. Bernay's Inc., was employed.The regular publicity channels of the American Museum were alsoused. On the whole, the press treated the communications seriously.This represents a distinct advance from the former well known attitude-of lampoonery. A few of the Hearst papers retained the primitiveattitude.

IV.--SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK.1. THE NEED OF A CONFERENCE.

From the outset, an effort was made to keep the Congress free fromthe Conference attitude and point of view. In this connection thestand was takeni that communications should whenever possible haveas their subject matter the results of accurate experimental or statisticalwork. Little or no provision was made for discussion of programs offuture work or policies. The executive session was purposely held asnear the close of the Congress as possible, and certain of the ExecutiveCommittee would have been glad to have had none at all.

The fact however, that the Conference attitude was in so far aspossible eliminated does not nmean that such a viewpoint is eithernegligible or without great value. Indeed it would seem that the callingof such a conference in the United States is a need of the immediate-future.

A conference of this type however, should be closed and by invita-tion only. It should give opportunity for a sane and unprejudicedcommittee to consider and if desirable. act upon, such matters as arehere treated under headings 2 to 4; and other mnore radical proposals.

The time is niot ripe for such a conference to be International.Rather it should be only National in scope. It could profitably occurat least once a year in order that its work could keep pace with thetimes.

The results of the research work initiated, encouraged, and perhaps.supported by organizations arising from these conferences would formthe type of legitimate material for consideration at the next Inter-national Congress.

EUGENICS REVlEW.

2. THE NEED OF A COMMITTEE ON TEACHING.The point of contact between the untrained and the trained eugenist

is where the highest standards of uniformity, accuracy, and efficiencyare needed.

The point of contact is of course the field of instruction in eugenicsas practised in Institutions of higher learning. Since Eugenics is ofnecessity a composite, resting upon a basis of genetics, medicine,anthropoloag, and sociology, it will be necessary to take particularpains that students either receive standardized instruction or a properpers)ective of their own training and limitations in relation to thefield as a whole.

A committee should be appointed therefore at any such coniferenceas that above suggested or by any National Organization properlyconstituted, such as the Euigenics Research Association; to collectinformation on, and to deal wiselIy with this matter.S. TIIE NEED OF AN INTERNATIONAL EtJGENIC RESEARCH ORGANISA-

TION .As research in Eugenics proceeds its field is bound to broaden anid

to conme to include studies of racial hybridization and of geographicdistribution or anthropology which lead the investigator into foreigncountries. The organization of these interested anid active in EugeiiicalResearch in the various couintries so as to forimi an International Organ-ization, would greatly facilitate the progress of a scientist of onecountry upon his arrival in another. Such an organisation could alsoprofitably putblish a jourrnal dealing with discoveries of InternatiolnalInterest.

The benefits or denmerits of racial inter-crossinig will become amatter of increasing interest and of clear international im)ort. Anorganization for International Research could not only further greatlythe collection of the data in this field but could also help gather the all-important facts of the biologv of the parent races in their natu-ralenvironmenit.

Matters of immigration and emigrationi could also be studied togreat advantage by such an organisation.4. AN ANNUAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE.

Because of the distinct and diverse nature of the foundiation sciencesof Eugenics, and because of the rapidity of progress in research in theBiological and Medical Sciences, and annual digest, review. and biblio-graphy of literature bearing on Eugenics would be of the greatestvalue.

The preparation of such a volume could rightly be a function of anInternational Research Organization. Not only would such a workbe of aid to the student desirous of obtaining training in Eugenics, butit would hell) greatly the research worker, who has specialized in onefield, to become acquainted with the work and progress in alliedfields, and it would be a useful place in which to hunt references ofpast work for a Eugenist of any and all types.

All the above suggestions need funds and personnel for theirpractical development. They also undoubtedly need modification.

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IBoth funds and advice might well result directly or indirectly from a-well-planned conference by properly trained individuals. Such aconference in each of the larger nations is therefore a tnatter greatly tobe desired and one which I hope, may see rapid aid successful ful--filnent.

APPENDIX.

PROGRAMME.SECTION I,

Sessions for presentation of papers in Human and Comparative Heredity.Friday, September 23. 11 a.m. to I p.m.

Dr. A. Franklin Shul!, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. "Sex Deter-mination in Rotifers."

Dr. A. M. Banta and Mr. L. A. Brown Carnegie Institution of Washington, ColdSpring Harbor, Long Island, N.Y. "Some Data on Control of Sex inCladocera.

Dr. T. H. Morgan, Columbia University, New York City. "Physical Basis ofInheritance."

Dr. H. J. Muller, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. "Mutation."Dr. E. G. Conklin, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. "The Role of Cyto-

plasm in Heredity."Dr. Louis Legrand, Tunis, Africa. "A Simple Explanation of the Hereditary

Mechanism."Friday, September 23. 2-30 p.m. to 5 p.m.

Dr. H. S. Jennings, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. "Inheritancein Unicellular Organism."

Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor,Long Island, N.Y. "Variations in the Jimson Weed (Datura Stramonium)Caiused by the Difference in the Number of Chromosomes."

Mr. J. Belling, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, LongIsland, N.Y. "The Attraction Between Homoloaous Chromosomes."

Dr. C. S. Bridges, Columbia University, New York City. "Abnormal Behaviourof Chromosomes."

Dr. C. E. McClung, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. "Evolution ofthe Chromosome Complex."

Dr. George H. Shull, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. "Linkage withLethal Factors, the solution of the Oenothera Problem."

Dr. J. A. Detlefsen, TJniversity of Illinois, Urtana, Ill. "Variable LinkageValues and Selection."

Dr. P. W. Whiting, The Iowa Child Welfare Research Station, State University ofIowa, Iowa City, la. "The Analysis of Genetic Differences through HaploidParthenogenesis."

R. A. Fisher, M.A., Joint Honorary Secretary, Eugenics Education Society,London, England, and Statistician at Rothemsted Experimental Station,Harpenden, England. "Darwinian Evolution by Mutations."

Saturday, September 24. 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.Dr. Halsey J. Bagg, Dept. of Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New

York City, and Huntingdon Fund for Cancer Research. "Disturbances inMammalian Development Produced by Radium Emanation."

Dr. E. C. MacDowell, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor,Long Island, N.Y. "The Genetic Significance of the Alcoholic Treatment ofWhite Rats."

Dr. C. R. Stockard, Cornell University Medical College, New York City. "ASummary of the Effects of Excessive Alcohol Treatment on Heredity andDevelopment in Mammals."

Dr. R. Ruggles Gates, University of London, King's College, London, England."A New Type of Variability in Plants."

Dr. -Sewall Wright, Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Washington, D.C. "Effects of Inbreeding on Guinea Pigs."

520 ]UGXNICS RRVIIXW.

Saturday, September 24. 2-30 p.m. to 5 p.m.Dr. Henry A. Cotton, Medical Director, New Jersey State Hospital, Trenton, N.J.

"Inheritance in Mental Disorders."Dr. Abraham Myerson, 483, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. "Inheritance of MentaI.

Diseases."Dr. A. J. Rosanoff, Clinical Director, Kinas Park State Hospital, Kings Park,

Long Island, N.Y. "Inheritance of Mental Disorders."Dr. R. J. Terry and Dr. Lee D. Cady, Washington University School of Medicine,

St. Louis, Mo. "Comparison of the Incidence of the Supracondyloid Processin Groups with Normal and Abnormal Mentality."

Dr. Leo Loeb, Department of Comparative Pathology, Washington University, St.Louis, Mo. "The Inheritance of Cancer in Mice."

Dr. C. C. Little, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, LongIsland, N.Y. "Inheritance of a Predisposition to Cancer in Man."

Monday, September 26. 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.Dr. Paul A. Lewis and Dr. Sewall Wright, The Henry Phipps Institute, the Univer-

sity of Pennsylvania, and the Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S. Dept. ofAgriculture, Washington, D.C. "Inheritance of Resistance to Tuberculosis."

Dr. Lucien Howe, 520, Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y. "Hereditary Defects ofthe Eve."

Dr. C. H. Danforth, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Mo. "TheFrequencv of Mutation and the Incidence of Hereditary Traits in Man."

Mr. E. J. Lidbetter, London, England. "Pedigrees of Pauper Stocks."R. A. Fisher, M.A., Joint Honorary Secretary, Eugenics Education Society,

London, England, and Statistician at Rothemsted Experimental Station,Harpenden, England. "New Data on the Genesis of Twins."

Major C. C. Hurst. Burbage, Leicestershire,England. "The Genetics of Fecundity-in the Domestic Hen."

SECTION II.Sessions for presentation of papers on Eugenics and the human family.

11 a.m. to 1 p.m.Dr. Helen Dean King, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pa.

"Is Inbreeding Injurious?"Mrs. Ruth Moxcey Martin, Woo'lbury, Conn. "Intermarriage of Blood Relatives

in Three Old New England Communities."Dr. Herbert J. Spinden, Peabody Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

"Formal Inbreeding in Human Society with South American Examples."Prof. W. S. Anderson, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. "The Effect on-

the Germ Plasm of isolation in a Mountain Section."Dr. Howard J. Banker, Eugenics Record Office, Carnegie Institution of Washington,

Long Island, N.Y. "An Ideal Family History."Miss Sarah Louise Kimball, State Registrar, D.A.R., San Francisco, Calif. "The-

Mayflower Pilgrims."Saturday, September 24. 2-30 p.m. to 5 p.m.

Dr. David Starr Jordan, Leland Stanford Junior Universitv. Stanford University,Calif. "Same Scientifc Aspects of Genealogy."

Dr. J. J. Izquierdo, M.S.A., Mexico City, Mexico. "A Brief Genealogical.Sketch of the Izquierdo Family."

Dr. E. L. Thorndike, Columbia University, New York City. "Measurement ofFamily Resemblances in Intellect."

Miss Hazel Stanton, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Ia. "An ExperimentalInvestigation of Musical Inheritance."

Dr. Howard J. Banker, Eugenics Record Office, Carnegie Institution of Washing-ton, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. "The Learned Blacksmith-An Aristogenic-Type."

Dr. Frederick Adams Woods, Lecturer on Biology, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Boston, Mass. "The Conification of Social Groups; Evidence-from New England Families."

Dr. Corrado Gini, Editor of "Metron," Rome, Italy. "The War from the Eugenic-Point of View."

THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ElJGENICS. 521

Dr. Frederick S. Crum, Assistant Statistician, The Prudential Insurance Companyof America, Newark, N.J. "The Size of Families in the United States from1680 to 1890."

Prof. W. F. Willcox, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. "Distribution and In-crease of Negroes in the United States."

Monday, September 26. 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.Dr. Hilda Herrick Noyes and George Wallingford Noyes, A .B., Kenwood, N.Y.

"The Oneida Communitv Experiment in Stirpiculture."Dr. Amos W. Butler, Secretary, Board of Charities, Statc of Indiana, Indianapolis,

Ind. "Some Families as Factors in Anti-Social Conditions."Dr. Arthur H. Estabrook, Eugenics Record Office, Carnegie Institution of Washing-

ton, Cold Spring Harbor, N .Y. "The Tribe of Ishmael; a Study in Cacogenics."Miss Elizabeth Greene, Waverley House, New York City. "A Study of 150

Adolescent Runaways."Dr. Wilhelmine E. Key, Race Betterment Foundation, Battle Creek, Michigan.

"Heritable Factors in Human Fitness and Their Social Control."-Dr. Roswell H. Johnson, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburghi, Pa. "Mate

Selection."SECTION III.

Sessions for presentation of papers on Human Racial Differences.Tuesday, September 27. 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Dr. Jon Alfred Mjoen, Christiania, Norway. "Harmonic and DisharmonicMatings or Crossings (Nordic race types and hybrids with Lapps)."

Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman, Third Vice-President and Statistician, The PrudentialInsurance Company of America, Newark, N.J. "Race Amalgamation inHawaii ."

Dr. Leslie C. Dunn, Storrs Agriculture Experiment Station, Storrs, Conn. "SomeResults of Race Mixture in Hawaii."

Dr. Maurice Fishberg, New York City. "Intermarriage Between Jews andChristians ."

Dr. Radcliffe N. Salaman, Barley, Herts., England. "Some Notes on the JewishProblem."

Dr. Paul Radosavljevich, New York University, New York City. "EugenicProblems of the Slavic Race."

Tuesday, September 27. 2-30 to p.m. 5 p.m.Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. "The Physical

and Physiological Characteristics of Old Americans."Dr. Earnest A. Hooten, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. "Observations

and Queries as to the Effect of Race Mixture on Certain Physical Characterr-istics."

Miss E. M. Vicari, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, LongIsland, N.Y. "Genetic Basis of Behavior in a Racial Cross of JapaneseWaltzing and Albino Mice."

Dr. Robert Bennett Bean, University of Virginia, University, Va. "The Distri-bution of Human Types "

Dr. Louis I . Dublin, Statistician, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New YorkCitv. "Mortality of Foreign Race Stocks."

Dr. C. E. Seashore, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. "Racial Differ-ences in Musical Ability."

Prof. W. McDougall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. "The CorrelationBetween Native Ability and Social Status."

Dr. Emery Filbey, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. "Vocational Problemswith Respect to Racial Groups."

SECTION IV.Sessions for presentation of papers on Eugenics and the State.

Saturday, September 24. 8-30 p.m. to 5 p.m.Dr. Raymond Pearl, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. "Some Eugenic

Aspects of the Problem of Population."MDr. E. M., East, Bussey Institution, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Boston

Mas. "Population in Relation to Agriculture.''

522 ZUGHNICS RXVIEW.Dr. D. F. Ramos, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba. "Homiculture in ite

Relation to Eugenics in Cuba."Dr. Ladislav Haskovec, President, Eugenics Society of Prague, Prague, Bohemia.

"The Eugenic Movement in the Czecho-slovak Republic."Mr. Paul Popenoe, Thermal, Claif. "Eugenics and Islam."

Monday, September 26. 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.Dr. Rudolph M. Binder, New York University, New York City. "Health and

Eugenics.Dr. S. Adolphus Knopf, 16, West 95th St., New York City. "Eugenics in its

Relation to the Tuberculosis Problem."Dr. Horatio M. Pollock, Statistician, New York State Hospital Commission,

Albany, N.Y. "Eugenics as a Factor in the Prevention of Mental Disease."Dr. Sante Naccarati, New York City. "The Morphologic Characteristics of

Psychoneurotics and their Prophvlactic Teaching."Dr. Wm. S. Sadler, Professor at the Post-Graduate Medical School of Chicago,

Senior Surgeon to Columbus Hospital, Director Chicago Therapeutic Institute,Chicago, Ill. "Endocrines, Defective Germ-Plasm, and Hereditarv Defective-ness."

Dr. S. J. Holmes, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. "The Selective-Elimination of Male Infants under Different Environmental Influences."

Dr. Bird T. Baldwin, Research Professor in Educational Psychology and Directorof Iowa Child Welfare Research Station, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Ia."The Scientific Prediction of the Physical Growth of Children."

Dr. Harriette A. Dilla, Smith College, Northampton, Mass. "Parenthood inRelation to Eugenics."

Monday, September 26. 2-30 o.m. to 5 p.m.

Dr. Louis I. Dublin, Statistician, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New YorkCity. "The Higher Education of Women and Race Betterment."

R. A. Fisher, M.A., Joint Honorary Secretary, Eugenics Education Society,London, England, and Statistician at Rothemsted Experimental Station,Harpenden, England. "The Evolution of the Conscience in Civilized Com-munities in Special Relation to Sexual Vices."

Milton Fairchild, Chairman, The Character Education Institution, Washington,D.C. "Pure Science Work in Higher Eugenics as Related to Education."

Sir Bernard Mallet, K.C.B., Late Registrar General for England, London, Eng-land. "Registration in Relation to Eugenics."

Dr. A. B. Wolfe, Universitv of Texas, Austin, Texas. "Eugenics and SociatAttitudes."

Mr. Alleyne Ireland, Catskill, N.Y. "The Nature-Nurture Issue in Its- BearingUpon Government."

Dean W. R. Inge, St. Paul's Cathedral, Lonidon, England. "The Interest of theState in ER,ugenics."

Dr. M. P. E. Groszmann, Educational Director, Nationial Association for the Studyand Education of Exceptional Children, New York City. "Some Limitationsof Present Theories."

Tuesday, September 27. 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.Dr. Arthur Wallace Calhoun, White Plains, N.Y. "The Economic Factor in the

Problem of Eugenics."E-. A. Bedwell, Honorary Secretary, Society of Comparative Legislation, London,

England. "Eugenics in International Affairs "George Adami, C.B.E., F.R.S., Cice-Vhancellor, University of Liverpool, Eng-

land. "The True Aristocracy."Prof. W. McDougall, Harvard Univeristy, Cambridge, Mass. "A National Fund

for a New Plan of Remuineration as a Eugenic Measure."Dr. H. H. Laughlin, Eugenic^s Record Office, Carnegie Institution of Washington,

Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N.Y. "Nativity of Institutional Inmatesin Relation to Social Adequacy."

Prof. A. E. Jenks, Director of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minne.apolis, Minn. "Some Aspects of Amalgamation in America."

THE SECOIND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EUGENICS.

Tuesday, September 27. 2-30 p.m. to 5 p.m.Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman, Third Vice-President and Statistician, The Prudential

Insurance Company of America, Newark, M.J. "The Problem of Negro-White Intermixture and Intermarriage."

Otto E. Koegel, D.C.L., Associate Counsel, United States Veterans' Bureau,Washington, D.C. "Common Law Marriage and Its Development in theUnited States."

Dr. H. H. Laughlin, Eugenics Record Office, Carnegie Institution of Washington,Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N.Y. "Eugenical Sterilization in theUnited States."

Dr. Stewart Paton, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. "Medical Training andCentre Essential for the Students of Eugenics."

Dr. A. F. Tredgold, F.R.S., Edinburgh, Scotland. "Educability and Inherit-ance.*"

Miss D. B. Johnson, Fort Smith, Ark. "Life Stories of a Class of 27 High-SchoolGraduates in Relation to Longevity and Social Progress."

Dr. V. Giuiffrida-Ruggeri, University of Naples, Naples, Italy. "The Height-Weight Index of Build amongst the Italian Adolescents of 50 Years Ago.'"

PROPOSED RULES."WHEREAS the advancement of eugenical science and education demands

-a permanent international organisation which shall provide for international con-gresses in eugenics, and undertake such other duties as may be imposed upon it byany such Congress: be it

"THEREFORE RESOLVED, by the Second International Congress of Eugen-ics, held in New York City, Sept. 1921, that a permanent International Com-mission of Eugenics be, and hereby is, established and constituted as follows:

1. The Permanent International Commission of Eugenics shall consist of a-Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, and Secretary, and not more than three members fromeach of the co-operating countries, of which the present list is given in paragraph 7.

2. The business of the International Commission of Eugenics shall be todetermine the place and time of the next ensuing Congress. It shall also functionas an interim Committee, authorized to act on other international eugenical matters-that require action in the interval'between Congresses.

3. The Chairman and Secretarv of the International Commission of Eugenicsshall be elected at each International Congress of Eugenics by the members thereof;and they shall hold office until their successors are elected. These two officers mayreside in different countries. Thev shall not be ineligible for re-election by suc-cessive Congresses. Vacancies in the chairmanship or secretaryship may be filledby the Commission. The President of the Congress at which the election of officersoccurs shall be, ex-officio, Vice-Chairman of the Commission until the assembling-of the next succeeding Congress.

4. The country in which the Chairman of the Commission resides shall be,designated the headquarters of the International Commission of Eugenics.

5. It shall be the duty of the Chairman of the International Commission ofEugenics to call a meeting of the Commission at least once in each calendar year(except the year of the Congress) and at such other times as may appear desirable.*The Chairman shall decide to what extent the business of the Commission shall becarried on by correspondence.

6. The Secretary of the Commission shall as soon as possible after the close ofthe Congress send an invitation to the leading national eugenical society and theleading national eugenical institution in each co-operating country to nominateone person each as a member of the commission; provided that each such societyand institution was qualified to nominate for membership to the Commission at theassembly of the last precedina Congress, and that no motion had been brought beforesuch Congress and carried by a 4/5ths vote to the effect that such society or institu-tion should not be invited to nominate to the Commission. When in any co-opera-ting country no society or institution was thus qualified to nominate to the Com-mission, the Commission shall ascertain which is the leading eugenical society orinstitution; and an invitation to nominate to the Commission shall as soon as pos-sible after such decision has been made be sent to the selected society or institution.A decision as to which is the leading national society or institution in any co-opera-

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524 EUGENICS REVIEWW.

ting country shall be made by vote of the Commission upon presentation of thefacts of the case by the Secretarv, advice of a leading disinterested scientific societyor such co-operating country (e.g., a national academy of science) or the govemmenttherefore being taken wherever possible. One, or at the most, two other personsfrom each country may be nominated to the Commission by the Chairman andSecretary of the Commission; they may be added to the Commission by a majorityof the members voting; advice in this case also being sought in a similar mannerfrom the co-operating country.

7. The following countries are hereby considered as qualified for representa-tion on the International Commission and are named as "Co-operating Countries."tIn Europe, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy,Netherlands, Norway, Sweden; In America, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Columbia,Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela, United States of America. Also Australia and NewZealand.

The Commission may add to this list in request of three members of the Com-mission by a 8/5ths vote of the Commission, or drop from the list of a 4/5ths vote,n both cases of the votes cast.

S. For meeting the expenses of correspondence and of consultations with theChairman, each Secretary is authorized to make requisition of not to exceed fivedollars or one pound sterling, or their approximate equivalent, upon each societyor institution represented on the Commission. He shadl make a report of hisinancial transactions to the Congress next following his election."