THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION. Before 1500, people believed the Earth was the center of a universe and...
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION. Before 1500, people believed the Earth was the center of a universe and everything revolved around it- the geocentric theory
Before 1500, people believed the Earth was the center of a
universe and everything revolved around it- the geocentric
theory.
Slide 3
A Polish cleric named Nicolaus Copernicus said that the planets
and moons revolved around the sun.
Slide 4
This is known as the heliocentric theory.
Slide 5
Copernicus feared ridicule and delayed publishing his findings
until 1543- the last year of his life.
Slide 6
Why would he fear ridicule?
Slide 7
Tycho Brahe left a mountain of data about the movements of
heavenly bodies.
Slide 8
Johannes Kepler concluded from Brahes data that planets orbit
the sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits.
Slide 9
Galileo Galilei created a telescope to better study the
heavenly bodies.
Slide 10
He published a book describing Jupiters four moons, sunspots
and the moons uneven surface.
Slide 11
In 1616, the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to support
Copernicus ideas, fearing people would question all Church
doctrines.
Slide 12
Galileo went to Rome in 1632 to stand trial for his book that
supported Copernicus views.
Slide 13
Galileo read a signed confession that Copernicus was wrong and
was sentenced to house arrest. 12
Slide 14
These astronomical discoveries helped lead to the development
of the scientific method- a logical procedure for gathering and
testing ideas.
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This was furthered by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.
Slide 16
Bacon urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions-
empiricism.
Slide 17
Descartes developed analytical geometry- linking algebra and
geometry.
Slide 18
He believed that everything should be doubted until proved by
reason.
Slide 19
In 1687, Isaac Newton brought all of the astronomical ideas
together in a single theory of motion called universal
gravitation.
Slide 20
It explains that all motion is linked by a common thread.
Slide 21
He believed that the universe was like a giant clock, with all
its parts working together perfectly in ways that could be
expressed mathematically.
Slide 22
Many new tools were created during this time.
Slide 23
Zacharias Janssen invented the first microscope in 1590.
Slide 24
In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli made the first mercury
barometer- a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Slide 25
In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury
thermometer- showing water freezing at 32 degrees.
Slide 26
In 1742, Anders Celsius made a different thermometer that
showed water freezing at 0 degrees.
Slide 27
When Fahrenheit already had a thermometer, why would Celsius
create a new one?
Slide 28
Andreas Vesalius was the first to dissect a human body.
Slide 29
In the late 1700s, Edward Jenner introduced the first vaccine-
one to prevent smallpox.
Slide 30
Robert Boyle, considered the father of modern chemistry,
created a law that describes how the volume, temperature and
pressure of gas affect each other. 28
Slide 31
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
Slide 32
Because of the Scientific Revolution, people began to question
other aspects of society.
Slide 33
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that stressed
reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve
problems.
Slide 34
Thomas Hobbes believed that without government, anarchy would
reign.
Slide 35
To escape such a life, humans needed to give up their rights to
a strong ruler in exchange for law and order.
Slide 36
He called this situation the social contract.
Slide 37
In so saying, a monarchs power went from justification by
divine right to the consent of the governed.
Slide 38
believed differently.
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He said that people could learn from their experience and
improve themselves.
Slide 40
He believed we could govern our own affairs and be responsible
for the welfare of society.
Slide 41
Locke stated that all people were born equal with three natural
rights- life, liberty and property.
Slide 42
He said the purpose of a government is to protect those rights-
if they didnt citizens had the right to overthrow it.
Slide 43
Hobbes or Locke? Which is right?
Slide 44
It was Lockes ideas that inspired revolutions in Europe and
America. 41
Slide 45
In the mid-1700s, the Enlightenment spread to Paris, which
became the meeting place of philosophes- who wanted to discuss
politics and ideas.
Slide 46
Five concepts formed the core of philosophe belief.
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1. Reason- Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be
discovered through reason or logical thinking.
Slide 48
2. Nature- The philosophes believed what was natural was also
good and reasonable.
Slide 49
3. Happiness- They rejected the notion that people should find
joy in the afterlife and urged people to seek well-being in this
life.
Slide 50
4. Progress- They stressed that society and humankind could
improve.
Slide 51
5. Liberty- They called for the liberties that the English had
won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights.
Slide 52
Francois Marie Arouet- Voltaire published more than 70 books
targeting clergy, aristocracy and government.
Slide 53
Voltaire never quit fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of
religious belief and freedom of speech.
Slide 54
Baron de Montesquieu wrote about political liberty.
Slide 55
He believed that the separation of powers would keep anyone
from gaining too much control of the government.
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Power should be a check to power.
Slide 57
Another philosophe, Jean Jacques Rousseau was committed to
individual freedom.