The Science of Interstellar

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Interstellar

Theatricalreleaseposter

Directedby ChristopherNolan

Producedby EmmaThomasChristopherNolanLyndaObst

Writtenby JonathanNolanChristopherNolan

Starring MatthewMcConaugheyAnneHathawayJessicaChastainBillIrwinEllenBurstynMichaelCaine

Musicby HansZimmer

Cinematography HoytevanHoytema

Editedby LeeSmith

Productioncompanies

LegendaryPicturesSyncopyLyndaObstProductions

Distributedby ParamountPictures(NorthAmerica)

Interstellar(film)FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Interstellarisa2014epicsciencefictionfilmdirectedbyChristopherNolan,starringMatthewMcConaughey,AnneHathaway,JessicaChastainandMichaelCaine.Thefilmfeaturesacrewofastronautswhotravelthroughawormholeinsearchofanewhomeforhumanity.BrothersChristopherandJonathanNolanwrotethescreenplay,mergingascriptJonathandevelopedin2007withChristopher'sideas.ChristopherNolanproducedthefilmwithhiswife,EmmaThomas,andLyndaObst.TheoreticalphysicistKipThorne,whoseworkinspiredthefilm,actedasscientificconsultantandexecutiveproducer.

WarnerBros.,ParamountPictures,andLegendaryPicturescofinancedthefilm,whileSyncopyandLyndaObstProductionsservedasproductioncompanies.CinematographerHoytevanHoytemashotthefilmonanamorphic35mmandIMAX70mmphotography.Filmingcommencedinlate2013inAlberta,CanadaIcelandandLosAngeles.Thefilmfeaturesanextensiveuseofpracticalandminiatureeffects,whileDoubleNegativecreatedadditionaldigitaleffects.

InterstellarpremieredonOctober26,2014,inLosAngeles.InNorthAmerica,itwasreleasedinfilmstocktotheatersstillequippedtoprojecttheformatbeforeexpandingtovenuesusingdigitalprojectors.Itwassuccessfulattheboxofficeandreceivedpositivereviewsfromcritics,whogaveparticularattentiontothefilm'sscientificaccuracy,musicalscoreandvisualeffects.Atthe87thAcademyAwards,thefilmreceivedfivenominationsBestOriginalScore,BestSoundMixing,BestSoundEditing,BestVisualEffectsandBestProductionDesign,aswellasseveralotherawardsandnominationsparticularlyforitsvisualeffects,cinematography,musicalscore,andMackenzieFoy'sperformance.

Contents

1Plot2Cast3Production



WarnerBros.Pictures(International)

Releasedates October26,2014(TCLChineseTheatre)

November5,2014(NorthAmerica)

November7,2014(UnitedKingdom)

Runningtime 169minutes[1]182minutes(Rerelease)

Country UnitedKingdom[2]

UnitedStates[2]

Language English

Budget $165million[3]

Boxoffice $671.9million[3]

3.1Developmentandfinancing3.2Writing3.3Casting3.4Filming3.5Productiondesign3.6Sounddesignandmusic3.7Visualeffects

4Influences5Scientificaccuracy6Marketing7Release

7.1Theatricalrun7.2Boxoffice

7.2.1NorthAmerica7.2.2Otherterritories

7.3Criticalresponse7.4Homevideo

8Accolades9Sequel10Seealso11Notes12References13Furtherreading14Externallinks

Plot

Inthefuture,cropblighthascausedcivilizationtoregressintoafailingagrariansociety.FormerNASApilotCooper(MatthewMcConaughey)runsafarmwithhisfamily.Murphy(MackenzieFoy),Cooper's10yearolddaughter,believesherroomishauntedbyaghosttryingtocommunicatewithher.TheydiscoveranIndiandroneandthe"ghost"isanunknownintelligencesendingcodedmessagesusinggravitationalwaves,leavingbinarycoordinatesinthedustthatdirectthemtoasecretNASAinstallationledbyProfessorJohnBrand(MichaelCaine).Brandrevealsthatawormhole,apparentlycreatedbyanalienintelligence,leadstonewplanetsthatmayofferhopeforsurvival.NASA's"Lazarusmissions"haveidentifiedthreepotentiallyhabitableworldsorbitingtheblackholeGargantua:Miller,Edmunds,andMann,namedaftertheastronautswhosurveyedthem.BrandrecruitsCoopertopilotthespacecraftEndurancetorecovertheastronauts'dataifoneoftheplanetsishabitable,humanitywillfollowonspacestations.Cooper'sdeparturedevastatesMurphy,andtheypartonbadterms.

OnEndurance,CooperjoinsBrand'sdaughter,biotechnologistAmelia(AnneHathaway)scientistsRomilly(DavidGyasi)andDoyle(WesBentley)androbotsTARSandCASE.TheyenterthewormholeandheadtoMiller,butdiscovertheplanetissoclosetoGargantuathatitexperiencessevere



gravitationaltimedilation:eachhouronthesurfaceissevenyearsonEarth.Ateamdescendstotheplanet,whichprovesinhospitableasitiscoveredbyashallowoceanroiledbyenormoustidalwaves.AsAmeliaattemptstorecoverMiller'sdata,awavehits,killingDoyleanddelayingtheshuttle'sdeparture.WhentheothersreturntoEndurance,23yearshavepassed.

OnEarth,theadultMurphy(JessicaChastain)isnowaNASAscientisthelpingBrandwithanequationthatwillenableNASAtolaunchthespacestationsviagravity.Withhislastbreath,Brandadmitshealreadysolvedtheproblemanddeterminedtheprojectisimpossible.Heconcealedhisfindingstokeephopealiveandputhisfaithin"PlanB":usingfrozenembryosaboardtheEndurancetostarthumanityanew.However,MurphyconcludesthatBrand'sequationcouldworkwithadditionaldatafromablackhole'ssingularity.

Lowonfuel,EndurancecanonlyvisitonemoreplanetbeforereturningtoEarth.Afteratensevote,theteamselectsMann'splanet,asMannisstilltransmitting.However,theydiscoveritisicyandinhospitableMann(MattDamon)alwaysknewPlanBwasthemission'struegoal,andfakeddataabouthisplanet'sviabilitysoEndurancewouldrescuehim.MannbreaksCooper'sspacesuitvisorandleaveshimtodie,andfleestoEnduranceonashuttleRomillyiskilledbyabombMannsettoprotecthissecret.AmeliarescuesCooperusingtheothercargoshuttle,andtheyarriveatEnduranceintimetowitnessManndockingimproperly.Theairlockexplodes,killingMannandcausingseriousdamage,butCooperusesthecargoshuttletogetEnduranceundercontrol.

Nearlyoutoffuel,CooperandAmeliaplantoslingshotEndurancearoundGargantuaonacoursetowardEdmundswhileyearspassonEarth.TARSandCooperdetachtheirshuttlesintotheblackhole,sacrificingthemselvestocollectdataonthesingularityandtopropelAmeliabydroppingtheship'smass.Theyemergeinanextradimensional"tesseract",wheretimeappearsasaspatialdimensionandportalsshowglimpsesofMurphy'schildhoodbedroomatvarioustimes.Cooperrealizesthatthewormhole'screatorsarefuturehumanstranscendingtimeandspace,whohaveconstructedthisspacesohecancommunicatewithMurphyasher"ghost"andsavehumanity.Usinggravitationalwaves,CooperencodesTARS'sdataonthesingularityintotheadultMurphy'swatch,allowinghertosolveBrand'sequationandevacuateEarth.CooperawakensaboardaNASAspacestationandreuniteswiththenowelderlyMurphy(EllenBurstyn),whohasledhumanity'sexodus.MurphyconvincesCoopertosearchforAmelia,whoisimplementingPlanBonEdmunds'splanet.

Cast

Astronautcrew

MatthewMcConaugheyasCooperAnneHathawayasAmeliaBrandDavidGyasiasRomillyWesBentleyasDoyleBillIrwinasthevoiceoftherobotTARSJoshStewartasthevoiceoftherobotCASE

OnEarth

JessicaChastainasMurphy"Murph"Cooper

MackenzieFoyasyoungMurphy



EllenBurstynaselderlyMurphy

MichaelCaineasProfessorJohnBrandCaseyAffleckasTomCooper

TimotheChalametasyoungTom

JohnLithgowasDonaldLeahCairnsasLoisCooper

TopherGraceasGetty[4]

DavidOyelowoasSchoolprincipalWilliamDevaneasWilliamsElyesGabelastheAdministratorColletteWolfeasMs.Hanley

Inspace

MattDamonasDr.Mann[5]

Production

Developmentandfinancing

ThepremiseforInterstellarwasconceivedbyfilmproducerLyndaObstandtheoreticalphysicistKipThorne,whocollaboratedonthe1997filmContactandhadknowneachothersinceCarlSaganoncesetthemuponablinddate.[6][7]BasedonThorne'swork,thetwoconceivedascenarioabout"themostexoticeventsintheuniversesuddenlybecomingaccessibletohumans",andattractedfilmmakerStevenSpielberg'sinterestindirecting.[8]ThefilmbegandevelopmentinJune2006,whenSpielbergandParamountPicturesannouncedplansforasciencefictionfilmbasedonaneightpagetreatmentwritten

ChristopherNolandirector,producer,writerJonathanNolanwriterEmmaThomasproducerLyndaObstproducerHoytevanHoytemacinematographerNathanCrowleyproductiondesignerMaryZophrescostumedesignerLeeSmitheditorHansZimmermusiccomposerPaulFranklinvisualeffectssupervisorKipThorneconsultant,executiveproducer



byObstandThorne.Obstwasattachedtoproducethefilm,whichVarietysaidwould"takeseveralyearstocometogether"beforeSpielbergdirectedit.[9][10]ByMarch2007,JonathanNolanwashiredtowriteascreenplayforthefilm,titledInterstellar.[11]

SpielbergmovedhisproductioncompanyDreamWorksin2009fromParamounttoTheWaltDisneyCompany,andParamountneededanewdirectorforInterstellar.JonathanNolanrecommendedhisbrotherChristopher,whojoinedtheprojectin2012.[12]ChristopherNolanmetwithKipThorne,thenattachedasexecutiveproducer,todiscusstheuseofspacetimeinthestory.[13]InJanuary2013,ParamountandWarnerBros.announcedthatChristopherNolanwasinnegotiationstodirectInterstellar.[14]Nolansaidhewantedtoencouragethegoalofhumanspaceflight.[15]Heintendedtowriteascreenplaybasedonhisownideathathewouldmergewithhisbrother'sscreenplay.[16]BythefollowingMarch,NolanwasconfirmedtodirectInterstellar,whichwouldbeproducedunderhislabelSyncopyandLyndaObstProductions.[17]TheHollywoodReportersaidNolanwillearnasalaryof$20millionagainst20%ofwhatInterstellargrosses.[18]Toresearchforthefilm,NolanvisitedNASAaswellastheprivatespaceprogramSpaceX.[13]

ThoughParamountandWarnerBros.aretraditionallyrivalstudios,WarnerBros.,whoreleasedNolan'sBatmanfilmsandworkswithNolan'sSyncopy,soughtastakeinNolan'sproductionofInterstellarforParamount.WarnerBros.agreedtogiveParamountitsrightstocofinancethenextfilmintheFridaythe13thhorrorfranchiseandtohaveastakeinafuturefilmbasedontheTVseriesSouthPark.WarnerBros.alsoagreedtoletParamountcofinance"atobedeterminedAlistWarnersproperty".[19]InAugust2013,LegendaryPicturesfinalizedanagreementwithWarnerBros.tofinanceapproximately25percentofthefilm'sproduction.AlthoughitfailedtorenewitseightyearproductionpartnershipwithWarnerBros.,LegendaryreportedlyagreedtoforegofinancingforBatmanvSuperman:DawnofJusticeinexchangeforthestakeinInterstellar.[20]

Writing

ScreenwriterJonathanNolanwashiredbySpielbergtowriteascriptforInterstellar,andheworkedonitforfouryears.[6]Tolearnthescience,hestudiedrelativityattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologywhilewritingthescript.[21]JonathansaidhewaspessimisticabouttheSpaceShuttleprogramendingandhowNASAlackedfinancingforamannedmissiontoMars.Thescreenwriterfoundinspirationinsciencefictionfilmswithapocalypticthemes,suchasWALLE(2008)andAvatar(2009).EntertainmentWeeklyhascommented:"Hesetthestoryinadystopianfutureravagedbyblightbutpopulatedwithhardyfolkwhorefusetobowtodespair."[12]Jonathan'sbrother,directorChristopherNolan,hadworkedonothersciencefictionscriptsbutdecidedtotaketheInterstellarscriptandchooseamongstthevastarrayofideaspresentedbyJonathanandKipThorne,pickingwhathefeltheasadirectorcouldget"acrosstotheaudienceandhopefullynotlosethem",beforehemergeditwithascripthehadbeenworkingonforyearsonhisown.[22][23]ChristopherkeptinplaceJonathan'sconceptionofthefirsthour,whichissetonaresourcedepletedEarthinthenearfuture.ThesettingwasinspiredbytheDustBowlthattookplaceintheUnitedStatesduringtheGreatDepressioninthe1930s.Christopherinsteadrevisedtherestofthescript,inwhichateamtravelsintospace.[6]Afterwatchingthe2012documentaryTheDustBowlforinspiration,ChristophercontacteddirectorKenBurnsandproducerDaytonDuncan,requestingpermissiontousesomeoftheirfeaturedinterviewsinInterstellar.[24]

Casting



TheSvnafellsjkullglacierinIcelandwasusedasafilminglocationforInterstellar,doublingforMann'splanet.

DirectorChristopherNolansaidhebecameinterestedincastingMatthewMcConaugheyafterseeinghiminanearlycutofthe2012filmMud,[25]whichhehadanopportunitytoseesincehewasfriendswithoneofitsproducers,AaronRyder.[6]WhileMcConaugheywasinNewOrleans,Louisiana,filmingfortheTVseriesTrueDetective,Nolaninvitedtheactortovisithimathishome.AnneHathawaywasalsoinvitedtoNolan'shome,whereshereadthescriptforInterstellar.[26]ParamountannouncedinApril2013thatbothactorswerecastinthefilm'sstarringroles.[27]NolancalledMcConaughey'scharacteraneverymanwithwhom"theaudiencecouldexperiencethestory".[28]JessicaChastainwascontactedwhileshewasfilmingMissJulieinNorthernIreland,andascriptwasdeliveredtoher.[26]

MattDamonwascastinlateAugust2013inasupportingroleandfilmedhisscenesinIceland.[5]

Filming

NolanfilmedInterstellarwithanamorphic35mmandIMAXfilmphotography.[4]CinematographerHoytevanHoytemawashiredforInterstellar,asWallyPfister,Nolan'scinematographeronallofhispastfilms,wasworkingonhisdirectorialdebut,Transcendence.[29]IMAXcameraswereusedforInterstellarmorethanforanyofNolan'spreviousfilms.Tominimizetheuseofcomputergeneratedimagery,thedirectorhadpracticallocationsbuilt,suchastheinteriorofaspaceshuttle.[25]VanHoytemaretooledanIMAXcameratobehandheldforshootinginteriorscenes.[6]Someofthefilm'ssequenceswereshotwithanIMAXcamerainstalledinthenoseconeofaLearjet.[30]

Nolan,whoisknowntokeepdetailsofhisproductionssecret,strovetoensuresecrecyforInterstellar.TheWallStreetJournalreported:"Thefamouslysecretivefilmmakerhasgonetoextremelengthstoguardthescriptto...Interstellar,justashedidwiththeblockbusterDarkKnighttrilogy."[31]Asonesecuritymeasure,InterstellarwasfilmedunderthenameFlora'sLetter,[32]FlorabeingoneofNolan'sfourchildrenwithproducerEmmaThomas.[13]

Thefilm'sprincipalphotographywasscheduledtolastforfourmonths.[5]ItbeganonAugust6,2013,intheprovinceofAlberta,Canada.[20]TownsinAlbertawherefilmingtookplaceincludedNanton,Longview,Lethbridge,andOkotoks.InOkotoks,filmingtookplaceattheSeamanStadiumandtheOldeTownPlaza.[32]Foracornfieldscene,productiondesignerNathanCrowleyplanted500acresofcornthatwouldbedestroyedinanapocalypticduststormscene,[12]intendedtobesimilartostormsexperiencedduringtheDustBowlin1930sUnitedStates.[13]AdditionalscenesinvolvingtheduststormandMcConaughey'scharacterwerealsofilmedinFortMacleod,wherethegiantdustcloudswerecreatedonlocationusinglargefanstoblowcellulosebasedsyntheticdustthroughtheair.[33]FilmingintheprovincelasteduntilSeptember9,2013,and

involvedhundredsofextrasaswellasapproximately130crewmembers,mostofthemlocal.[32]

FilmingalsotookplaceinIceland,whereNolanhadpreviouslyfilmedscenesforhis2005filmBatmanBegins.[34]Thecrewtransportedmockspaceshipsweighingapproximately10,000pounds(4,500kg)tothecountry,[13]whichwaschosentorepresenttwoextraterrestrialplanets:onecoveredinice,andonecoveredinwater.[6]AtwoweekIcelandshootwasscheduled[5]andacrewofapproximately



TheEndurancespacecraft(left)isbasedontheInternationalSpaceStation(right).

350people,including130locals,workedonit.LocationsincludedtheSvnafellsjkullglacierandthetownofKlaustur.[35][36]WhilefilmingawatersceneinIceland,actressAnneHathawayalmostsufferedhypothermiabecausethedrysuitshewaswearinghadnotbeenproperlysecured.[13]

AftertheIcelandshoot,thecrewmovedtoLosAngelestofilmfor54days.FilminginCaliforniawasrelativelyunusualsinceCalifornia'staxcreditwasnotavailableforfilmswithabudgetgreaterthan$75million.FilminglocationsincludedtheWestinBonaventureHotelandSuites,theLosAngelesConventionCenter,aSonyPicturessoundstageinCulverCity,andaprivateresidenceinAltadena.[37]

FilmingconcludedinDecember2013,andNolanstartededitingthefilmforitsreleasein2014.[38]Productioncompletedwithabudgetof$165million,$10millionlessthanwhatwasallottedbyParamount,WarnerBros.,andLegendaryPictures.[13]

Productiondesign

Interstellarfeaturesthreespacecraft:theRanger,theEndurance,andtheLander.TheRanger'sfunctionissimilartotheSpaceShuttle's,beingabletoenterandexitplanetaryatmospheres.TheEndurance,thecrew'smothership,hasacircularstructureformedby12capsules:fourwithplanetarycolonizationequipment,fourwithengines,andfourwiththepermanentfunctionsofcockpit,medicallabsandhabitation.ProductiondesignerNathanCrowleysaidtheEndurancewasbasedontheInternationalSpaceStation:"It'sarealmishmashofdifferentkindsoftechnology.Youneedanaloguestuffaswellasdigitalstuff,youneedbackupsystemsandtangibleswitches.It'sreallylikeasubmarineinspace.Everyinchofspaceisused,everythinghasapurpose."Lastly,theLandertransportsthecapsuleswithcolonizationequipmenttoplanetarysurfaces.Crowleycompareditto"aheavyRussianhelicopter".[6]

Thefilmalsofeaturestworobots,CASEandTARS.Nolanwantedtoavoidmakingtherobotsanthropomorphicandchoseafivefootquadrilateraldesign.Thedirectorsaid:"Ithasaverycomplicateddesignphilosophy.It'sbasedonmathematics.You'vegotfourmainblocksandtheycanbejoinedinthreeways.Soyouhavethreecombinationsyoufollow.Butthenwithinthat,itsubdividesintoafurtherthreejoints.Andalltheplacesweseelinesthosecansubdividefurther.Soyoucanunfoldafinger,essentially,butit'sallproportional."ActorBillIrwinvoicedandphysicallycontrolledbothrobots,buthisimagewasdigitallyremovedfromthefilmandhisvoicingforCASEwasreplaced.[6]

Sounddesignandmusic

GreggLandakerandGaryRizzoweresoundengineersforthefilm,taskedwithsoundmixing,whilesoundeditorRichardKingsupervisedtheprocess.[39]ChristopherNolansaidhesoughttomixthefilm'ssoundtotakemaximumadvantageofcurrentsoundequipmentintheaters.[40]Nolanpaidcloseattentiontodesigningthesoundmix,forinstancefocusingonwhatbuttonsbeingpressedwithastronautsuitgloveswouldsoundlike.[12]Thestudio'swebsitesaidthat"ThesoundonInterstellarhasbeenspeciallymixedtomaximizethepowerofthelowendfrequenciesinthemainchannelsaswellasinthe



subwooferchannel."[41]Nolandeliberatelyintendedsomedialoguetoseemdrownedoutbyambientnoiseormusic,causingsometheaterstopostnoticesemphasisingthatthiseffectwasintentionalandnotafaultintheirequipment.[42]

ComposerHansZimmer,whoscoredNolan'sBatmanfilmtrilogy&Inception,alsoscoredInterstellar.ZimmerandNolanstrivedtodevelopauniquesoundforInterstellar.Zimmersaid:"Thetextures,themusic,andthesounds,andthethingwesortofcreatedhassortofseepedintootherpeople'smoviesabit,soit'stimetoreinvent.Theendlessstring(ostinatos)needtogobythewayside,thebigdrumsareprobablyinthebin."[43]ZimmeralsosaidthatNolandidnotprovidehimascriptoranyplotdetailsforwritingmusicforthefilmandinsteadgavethecomposer"onepageoftext"that"hadmoretodowith[Zimmer's]storythantheplotofthemovie".[44]NolanhasstatedthathesaidtoZimmer:"Iamgoingtogiveyouanenvelopewithaletterinit.Onepage.It'sgoingtotellyouthefableatthecenterofthestory.Youworkforoneday,thenplaymewhatyouhavewritten",andthatheembracedwhatZimmercomposed.Zimmerconducted45scoringsessionsforInterstellar,whichwasthreetimesmorethanforInception.ThesoundtrackwasreleasedonNovember18,2014.[12]

Visualeffects

ThevisualeffectscompanyDoubleNegative,whichdevelopedeffectsforNolan's2010filmInception,workedonInterstellar.[45]VisualeffectssupervisorPaulFranklinsaidthenumberofeffectsinthefilmwasnotmuchgreaterthaninNolan'sTheDarkKnightRisesorInception,butthatforInterstellar,theycreatedtheeffectsfirst,sothatdigitalprojectorscouldbeusedtodisplaythembehindtheactors,ratherthanhavingtheactorsperforminfrontofgreenscreens.[6]Ultimatelythefilmcontained850visualeffectshotsataresolutionof5600x4000lines:150shotsthatwerecreatedincamerausingdigitalprojectors,andanother700werecreatedinpostproduction.Ofthose,620werepresentedinIMAX,whiletherestwereanamorphic.[46]

TheRanger,Endurance,andLanderspacecraftwerecreatedusingminiatureeffectsbyproductiondesignerNathanCrowleyincollaborationwitheffectscompanyNewDealStudios,asopposedtousingcomputergeneratedimagery,asNolanfelttheyofferedthebestwaytogivetheshipsatangiblepresenceinspace.Createdthroughacombinationof3Dprintingandhandsculpting,thescalemodelsearnedthenickname"maxatures"bythecrewduetotheirimmensesizethe1/15thscaleminiatureoftheEndurancemodulespannedover7.6m(25feet),whileapyrotechnicmodelofaportionofthecraftwasbuiltat1/5thscale.TheRangerandLanderminiaturesspanned14m(46feet)andover15m(50feet),respectively.TheminiatureswerelargeenoughforHoytevanHoytematomountIMAXcamerasdirectlyontothespacecraft,thusmimickingthelookofNASAIMAXdocumentaries.Themodelswerethenattachedtoasixaxisgimbalonamotioncontrolsystemthatallowedanoperatortomanipulatetheirmovements,whichwerefilmedagainstbackgroundplatesofspaceusingVistaVisioncamerasonasmallermotioncontrolrig.[47]NewDealStudio'sminiatureswereusedin150specialeffectsshots.[46]

Influences

DirectorChristopherNolansaidinfluencesonInterstellarincludedthe"keytouchstones"ofsciencefictioncinema:Metropolis(1927),2001:ASpaceOdyssey(1968),andBladeRunner(1982).[48]About2001,Nolansaid:"Themoviesyougrowupwith,thecultureyouabsorbthroughthedecades,becomepartofyourexpectationswhilewatchingafilm.Soyoucan'tmakeanyfilminavacuum.We'remakingasciencefictionfilm...Youcan'tpretend2001doesn'texistwhenyou'remakingInterstellar."HealsosaidthatStarWars(1977)andAlien(1979)influencedInterstellar'sproductiondesign:"Thosealways



KipThorne,theoreticalphysicist,servedasscientificconsultantandexecutiveproducerforthefilm.

stuckinmyheadasbeinghowyouneedtoapproachsciencefiction.Ithastofeelusedasusedandasrealastheworldwelivein."[49]AndreiTarkovsky'sTheMirror(1975)influenced"elementalthingsinthestorytodowithwindanddustandwater".[50]

NolancomparedInterstellartoTheTreasureoftheSierraMadre(1948),asafilmabouthumannature.[51]HealsosoughttoemulatefilmslikeStevenSpielberg'sJaws(1975)andCloseEncountersoftheThirdKind(1977).Hestated:"Whenyousayyou'remakingafamilyfilm,ithasallthesepejorativeconnotationsthatit'llbesomehowsoft.ButwhenIwasakid,thesewerefamilyfilmsinthebestsense,andtheywereasedgyandincisiveandchallengingasanythingelseontheblockbusterspectrum.Iwantedtobringthatbackinsomeway."HealsocitedthespacedramaTheRightStuff(1983)asanexampletofollow,andscreeneditforthecrewbeforeproduction.[6]Toemulatethatfilm,hesoughttocapturereflectionontheInterstellarastronauts'visors.Forfurtherinspirationgroundedinrealworldspacetravel,thedirectoralsoinvitedformerastronautMarshaIvinstotheset.[13]NolanandhiscrewstudiedtheIMAXNASAdocumentariesoffilmmakerToniMyersforvisualreferenceofspacefaringmissions,andsoughttoemulatethelookoftheiruseofIMAXcamerasintheenclosedspacesofaspacecraftinterior.[52]

ThesettingofthefarmintheMidwestwasinspiredbyClarkKent'supbringinginManofSteel.[53]

Outsideoffilms,NolandrewinspirationfromthearchitectureofLudwigMiesvanderRohe.[13]

Scientificaccuracy

TheoreticalphysicistKipThornewasascientificconsultantforthefilm,toensurethedepictionsofwormholesandrelativitywereasaccurateaspossible."Forthedepictionsofthewormholesandtheblackhole,"hesaid,"wediscussedhowtogoaboutit,andthenIworkedouttheequationsthatwouldenabletracingoflightraysastheytraveledthroughawormholeoraroundablackholesowhatyouseeisbasedonEinstein'sgeneralrelativityequations."[54]

Increatingthewormholeandasupermassiverotatingblackhole(whichpossessesanergosphere,asopposedtoanonrotatingblackhole),ThornecollaboratedwithvisualeffectssupervisorPaulFranklinandateamof30computereffectsartistsatDoubleNegative.Thornewouldprovidepagesofdeeplysourcedtheoreticalequationstotheartists,whothenwrotenewCGIrenderingsoftwarebasedontheseequationstocreateaccuratecomputersimulationsofthegravitationallensingcausedbythesephenomena.Someindividualframestookupto100hourstorender,andresultedin800terabytesofdata.TheresultingvisualeffectprovidedThornewithnewinsightintotheeffectsofgravitationallensingandaccretiondiskssurroundingblackholes,andwillleadtothecreationoftwoscientificpapers,onefortheastrophysicscommunityandoneforthecomputergraphicscommunity.[55]

ChristopherNolanwasinitiallyconcernedthatascientificallyaccuratedepictionofablackholewouldnotbevisuallycomprehensibletoanaudienceandwouldrequiretheeffectsteamtounrealisticallyalteritsappearance.However,Nolanfoundthefinishedeffecttobeunderstandable,providedthathe



Computermodelofthesupermassiveblackhole"Gargantua"thissimulationisapproximatelywhatapersonwouldseeinrealitymadefromequationsofgeneralrelativityforthefilm.

maintainedconsistentcameraperspectives."Whatwefoundwasaslongaswedidn'tchangethepointofviewtoomuch,thecameraposition,wecouldgetsomethingveryunderstandable".[56]

Theportrayalofwhatawormholewouldlooklikeisconsideredscientificallycorrect.Ratherthanatwodimensionalholeinspace,itisdepictedasasphere,showingadistortedviewofthetargetgalaxy.[57]TheaccretiondiskoftheblackholewasdescribedbyThorneas"anemicandatlowtemperatureaboutthetemperatureofthesun,"allowingittoemitappreciablelight,butnotenoughgammaandXraystothreatennearbyastronautsandplanets.[58]

Earlyintheprocess,Thornelaiddowntwoguidelines:"First,thatnothingwouldviolateestablishedphysicallaws.Second,thatallthewildspeculations...wouldspringfromscienceandnotfromthefertilemindofascreenwriter."[10]Nolanacceptedthesetermsaslongastheydidnotgetinthewayofthemakingofthemovie.Atonepoint,ThornespenttwoweekstryingtotalkNolanoutofanideaaboutacharactertravelingfasterthanlightbeforeNolanfinallygaveup.[10][59]AccordingtoThorne,theelement

whichhasthehighestdegreeofartisticfreedomisthecloudsoficeononeoftheplanetstheyvisit,whicharestructuresthatprobablygobeyondthematerialstrengththaticewouldbeabletosupport.[10]

AstrobiologistDavidGrinspoonpointsoutthatevenwithavoraciousblightitwouldhavetakenmillionsofyearstodrawdowntheatmosphere'scontentofoxygen.Healsonotesthattheicecloudsshouldhavebeenpulleddownbygravityandtheplanetorbitingtheblackholehadsunlightinthefilmwhenitshouldnot.[60]However,asThornementionedabove,thiskindofrotatingblackholehasanaccretiondiskthathasatemperaturesimilartothatofthesun,sothattheemissionoflightreachingtheplanetislikelyduetosuchanenergetic/radiatingaccretiondiskofmatterapproachingtheblackhole'seventhorizon.Additionally,aneutronstarismentionedinthemoviebyCooperaspartofthesystem.

NeildeGrasseTysonhasexploredthesciencebehindtheendingofInterstellar.[61]

Dr.MichioKakupraisedthefilmforitsscientificaccuracyandhassaidInterstellar"couldsetthegoldstandardforsciencefictionmoviesforyearstocome."Likewise,TimothyReyes,aformerNASAsoftwareengineer,said,"Thorne'sandNolan'saccountingofblackholesandwormholesandtheuseofgravityisexcellent."[62]

LawrenceKrausshascalledthescienceinInterstellar"miserable",andusedtheblightasanexample.[63]

Marketing



TheteasertrailerforInterstellardebutedDecember14,2013andfeaturedclipsrelatedtospaceexploration,accompaniedbyavoiceoverbyMatthewMcConaughey'scharacterofCooper.[64]ThetheatricaltrailerdebutedMay5,2014attheLockheedMartinIMAXTheaterandwasmadeavailableonlinelaterthatmonth.FortheweekendingMay19itwasthemostviewedmovietrailer,withover19.5millionviewsonYouTube.[65]

ChristopherNolanandMcConaugheymadetheirfirstappearancesatComicConinJuly2014topromoteInterstellar.Inthesamemonth,ParamountPictureslaunchedacomplexinteractiveInterstellarwebsite.ItreportedthatonlineusersuncoveredastarchartrelatedtotheApollo11moonlanding.[66]

InOctober2014,ParamountpartneredwithGoogletopromoteInterstellaracrossmultipleplatforms.[67]

Thefilm'swebsitewasrelaunchedtobeadigitalhubhostedonaGoogledomain.[68]Thewebsitecollectedfeedbackfromfilmaudiences,andlinkedtoamobileapp.[68]Theappfeaturedagameinwhichplayerscouldbuildsolarsystemmodelsanduseaflightsimulatorforspacetravel.[69]TheParamountGooglepartnershipalsoincludedavirtualtimecapsulecompiledwithusergeneratedcontenttobeavailablein2015.TheinitiativeGoogleforEducationwillalsousethefilmasabasisforpromotinglessonplansformathscienceinschoolsaroundtheUnitedStates.[67]

ParamountisprovidingavirtualrealitywalkthroughoftheEndurancespacecraftusingOculusRifttechnology.Ithostedthewalkthroughsequentiallyinfourtheaters,inNewYorkCity,Houston,LosAngeles,andWashington,D.C.,fromOctober6throughNovember19,2014.[70][71]ThepublisherRunningPressreleasedInterstellar:BeyondTimeandSpace,abookbyMarkCottaVazaboutthemakingofthefilm,onNovember11,2014.[72]OnNovember7,2014,W.W.Norton&CompanyreleasedTheScienceofInterstellar,abookbyKipThorne.[73]

OnNovember18,2014WiredreleasedatieinonlinecomictitledAbsoluteZero,writtenbyChristopherNolananddrawnbySeanGordonMurphy.ThecomicservesasaprequeltothefilmfollowingMann.[74]

Release

Theatricalrun

PriortoInterstellar'spublicrelease,ParamountCEOBradGreyhostedaprivatescreeningonOctober19,2014atanIMAXtheaterinLincolnSquare,Manhattan.[75]ParamountthenshowedInterstellartosomeoftheindustry'sfilmmakersandactorsinafirstlookscreeningattheCaliforniaScienceCenteronOctober22,2014.[76]Onthefollowingday,thefilmwasscreenedattheTCLChineseTheatreinLosAngeles,Californiaforover900membersoftheScreenActorsGuild.ActorsMcConaughey,Chastain,andHathawayappearedafterwardforaQ&Asession.[77]ThefilmofficiallypremieredonOctober26,2014attheTCLChineseTheatreinLos,Angeles,California.[78]ItpremieredinEuropeonOctober29,2014atLeicesterSquareinLondon.[79]

InterstellarwasreleasedearlyonNovember4invarious70mmIMAXfilm,70mmfilmand35mmfilmtheatersandhadalimitedreleaseinNorthAmerica(UnitedStatesandCanada)onNovember5,2014andawidereleaseonNovember7,2014.[80]ThefilmwasreleasedinBelgium,France,andSwitzerlandonNovember5,2014andinadditionalterritoriesinthefollowingdays,includingtheUnitedKingdomonNovember7,2014.[81]ForthelimitedNorthAmericarelease,Interstellarisprojectedfrom70mm



TheTCLChineseTheatreinLosAngeles,Californiahada70mmIMAXprojectorinstalledtoshowInterstellar.

and35mmfilmin249theatersthatstillsupportthoseformats,includingatleast4170mmIMAXtheaters.[nb1]A70mmIMAXprojectorwasinstalledattheTCLChineseTheatreinLosAngeles,Californiatodisplaytheformat.Thefilm'swidereleaseexpandedtotheatersthatshowitdigitally.[82]ParamountPicturesisdistributingthefilminNorthAmerica,andWarnerBros.willdistributeitintheremainingterritories.[4]Thefilmwasexpectedtobereleasedinover770IMAXscreensworldwide,whichwouldhavebeenthewidestglobalreleaseinIMAXcinemas.[83][84]However,thefilmwasreleasedtoonly574IMAXtheatersworldwide.[85]

InterstellarisanexceptiontoParamountPictures'goaltostopreleasingfilmsonfilmstockandtodistributethemonlyindigitalformat.[86]AccordingtoPamelaMcClintockofTheHollywoodReporter,theinitiativetoprojectInterstellarfromfilmwouldhelppreserveanendangeredformat,[82]aninitiativesupportedbyChristopherNolan,J.J.Abrams,QuentinTarantino,JuddApatow,PaulThomasAnderson,andotherfilmmakers.[87]McClintockreportedthatseveraltheaterownerssawtheinitiativeas"backward",asnearlyalltheatersintheUnitedStateshavebeenconvertedtodigitalprojection.[88]

Boxoffice

AsofFebruary13,2015,Interstellarhasearned$186,959,681inNorthAmericaand$484,700,000inotherterritoriesforaworldwidetotalof$671,659,681,againstaproductionbudgetof$165million.[3]ThefilmsetanIMAXopeningrecordworldwidewith$20.5millionfrom574IMAXtheaters,surpassingthe$17.1millionrecordheldbyTheHungerGames:CatchingFireandisalsothebestopeningforanIMAX2D,nonsequelandNovemberIMAXrelease.[85]Thefilmhadaworldwideopeningof$132.6millionwhichisthetenthlargestopeningof2014.[89]Itreachedamilestoneof$200millionin6days,$300millionin10days,[90]$400millionin17days[91]$500millionin24days[92]

and$600millionin37days.[93]Itisthetenthhighestgrossingfilmof2014.[94]Interstellaristhefourthfilmtogrossover$100millionworldwidefromIMAXticketsales.IttrailsAvatar,TheDarkKnightRisesandGravityintotalIMAXboxofficerevenue.[95][96][97]

NorthAmerica

InterstellarandBigHero6openedthesameweekend(November79,2014)inNorthAmerica.Bothwereforecasttoearnbetween$55millionand$60million.TheWrapsaidthepairingwas"potentiallyacloserace".ScottMendelsonofForbescalledtheracebetweenthetwofilmsa"tightone"andcomparedittocompetitionsbetweenShrek2andTheDayAfterTomorrowaswellasMonstersUniversityandWorldWarZ.[98]FandangoreportedthatpresalesforInterstellarwereoutpacingChristopherNolan'searlierfilmInception,aswellasDawnofthePlanetoftheApes,releasedearlierin2014.

InNorthAmerica,thefilmisthe10thhighestgrossingfilmthatneverhit#1,withatoprankof#2itsopeningweek.[99]InterstellarhadanearlylimitedreleaseintheUnitedStatesandCanadainselectedtheatresonNovember4,2014at8:00pm,coincidingwiththe2014USmidtermelections.[100]Thefilm



toppedtheboxofficethefollowingdayonWednesdayearning$1.35million(whichincludesitsgrossfromTuesdaynight)from249theatres(42ofwhichwereIMAXscreens)forwhichIMAXaccountedfor62%ofitstotalgross.[101]240ofthosetheatresplayedin35mm,70mm,andIMAX70mmfilmformats.[102]Thefilmearned$3.6millionfromThursdaylatenightpreviewforapreviewstotalof$4.9million(TuesdayThursday).[103][104][105]ThefilmwaswidelyreleasedonNovember7andtoppedtheboxofficeonitsopeningdayearning$17million(whichincludestheThursdaypreviewhaulbutnottheTuesdayWednesdaygrosswhichwouldmakeupto$19.15million)aheadofBigHero6($15.8million).[106]Thefilmplayed52%maleand75%over25yearsold.[107]

Initsopeningweekendthefilmearned$47,510,360[nb2]from3,561theatres($13,342pertheatre)debutinginsecondplaceafteraneckandneckcompetitionwithDisney'sBigHero6($56.2million).[109][110][111]IMAXcomprised$13.2million(28%)ofitsopeningweekendgross,[112]whileotherpremiumlargeformatscreenscomprised$5.25million(10.5%)ofthegross.ItisNolan'sfirstfilmtonotdebutatnumberonesince2002,whenInsomniadebutedatnumbertwo.[113][114]Commentingabouttheheatofcompetitionbetweenthetwofilmsandtheirsubsequentresults,PhilContrino,vicepresidentandchiefanalystatBoxOffice.comsaid,"It'sgoodforthemarketplace".Headded:"Theprogrammingthisweekendwasveryintelligent,andwedidn'thavealotofthatthisyear.Neithermoviehurttheotherone.Theywerebothoperatinginseparatecampsandtheybothfoundanaudience."[115]InitssecondweekendthefilmfelltonumberthreebehindoldrivalBigHero6andnewcomerDumbandDumberToanddropped39%earning$29.12millionforatwoweekendtotalof$97.8million.[116][117]

Itearned$7.4millionfromIMAXtheatresfrom368screensinitssecondweekend.[118][119]Initsthirdweek,thefilmearned$15.1millionandremainedat#3,belownewcomerTheHungerGames:MockingjayPart1andBigHero6.[120]

Otherterritories

Interstellarwasreleasedin35marketsonNovember6includingmajormarketslikeGermany,Russia,AustraliaandBrazilandearned$8.7millionintotal.[121]InitsopeningweekendInterstellarearned$82.9millionfrom11.1admissionsonover14,800screensin62markets.[122]Itearned$7.3millionfrom206IMAXscreens,atanaverageof35,400pertheatre.[123]ThefilmwentnumberoneinSouthKorea($14.4million),[124]Russia($8.9million)andFrance($5.3million).OtherhighopeningsincludeGermany($4.6million),Italy($3.7million),Australia($3.7million),Spain($2.7million),Mexico($3.1million)andBrazil($1.9million).[125]IntheUnitedKingdomthefilmdebutedatnumberoneearning5.37million($8.6million)initsopeningweekendwhichwaslowerthantheopeningsofTheDarkKnightRises(14.36million),Gravity(6.24million)andInception(5.91million).[126]InterstellarwasreleasedinChinaonNovember12andearned$5.4milliononitsopeningdayonWednesdaywhichisNolan'sbiggestopeninginChinasurpassingthe$4.61millionopeningrecordofTheDarkKnightRises.[127][128]Itwentontoearn$41.7millioninitsopeningweekend,accounting55%ofthemarketshares.[129][130]ItisNolan'sbiggestopeninginChina,WarnerBros'biggest2Dopening[131]andthestudio'sthirdbiggestopeningofalltimebehindTheHobbit:TheBattleoftheFiveArmies($49.5million)[132]andPacificRim($45.2million).[133][134]

IttoppedtheboxofficeoutsideofNorthAmericafortwoconsecutiveweekendsbeforebeingovertakenbyTheHungerGames:MockingjayPart1initsthirdweekend.[131]31daysafteritsrelease,thefilmbecamethe13thmostsuccessfulfilmand3rdmostsuccessfulforeignfilminSouthKoreawith9.1



millionadmissionstrailingonlybehindAvatar(13.3millionadmissions)andFrozen(10.3millionadmissions).[135]ThefilmcloseddownitstheatricalruninChinaonDecember12,2014(onFriday,31daysafteritsinitialrelease)withatotalrevenueof$122.6million.[93][136]

Criticalresponse

Interstellarreceivedgenerallypositivereviewsfromcritics.Ithasascoreof72%onreviewaggregatorwebsiteRottenTomatoesbasedon281reviews,witharatingaverageof7outof10.Thesite'scriticalconsensusreads:"Interstellarrepresentsmoreofthethrilling,thoughtprovoking,andvisuallyresplendentfilmmakingmoviegoershavecometoexpectfromwriterdirectorChristopherNolan,evenifitsintellectualreachsomewhatexceedsitsgrasp."[137]OnMetacritic,anotherreviewaggregator,thefilmhasascoreof74outof100onbasedon46critics,indicating"generallyfavorablereviews".[138]

ScottFoundas,chieffilmcriticatVariety,saidthatInterstellaris"asvisuallyandconceptuallyaudaciousasanythingNolanhasyetdone"andconsideredthefilmmorepersonalthanNolan'spreviousfilms.[139]ClaudiaPuigofUSATodaypraisedthevisualspectacleandpowerfulthemes,whilecriticizingthe"dull"dialogueand"tediouspatchesinsidethespacevessel".[140]DavidStrattonofAttheMoviesratedthefilmfourandahalfstarsoutoffive,praisingthefilm'sambition,effectsand70mmIMAXpresentation,thoughcriticizingthesoundforbeingsoloudastomakesomeofthedialogueinaudible.Conversely,cohostMargaretPomeranzratedthefilmthreeoutoffive,asshefeltthehumandramagotlostamongstthefilm'sscientificconcepts.[141]HenryBarnesofTheGuardianscoredthefilmthreeoutoffivestars,callingit"agloriousspectacle,butaslightdrama,withfewcharactersandtoorareflashesofhumour."[142]

OliverGettell,writingforLosAngelesTimes,reportedthat"FilmcriticslargelyagreethatInterstellarisanentertaining,emotionalandthoughtprovokingscifisaga,evenifitcanalsobeclunkyandsentimentalattimes."[143]JamesDyer,reviewingthefilmforEmpire,awardedthefilmafullfivestars,describingitas"Brainy,barmyandbeautifultobehold...amindbendingoperaofspaceandtimewithasoulwrappedupinallthescience."[144]DaveCalhounofTimeOutLondonalsograntedthefilmamaximumscoreoffivestars,statingthatitis"abold,beautifulcosmicadventurestorywithatouchofthesurrealandthedreamlike".[145]NewYorkPostcriticLouLumenickdeemedInterstellar"asoulful,mustseemasterpiece,oneofthemostexhilaratingfilmexperiencessofarthiscentury."[146]RichardRoeperofChicagoSunTimesawardedthefilmafullfourstarsandwrote,"ThisisoneofthemostbeautifulfilmsIhaveeverseenintermsofitsvisuals,anditsoverridingmessageaboutthepowerfulforcesoftheonethingweallknowbutcan'tmeasureinscientificterms.Love."[147]

DescribingNolanasa"merchantofawe",TimRobeyofTheTelegraphfeltInterstellarwas"agonisingly"closetoamasterpiece,highlightingtheconceptualboldnessandthe"deepdiggingintelligence"ofthefilm.[148]ToddMcCarthy,reviewingforTheHollywoodReporter,said,"Thisgrandlyconceivedandexecutedepictriestogiveequalweighttointimatehumanemotionsandspeculationaboutthecosmos,withmixedresults,butisneverlessthanengrossing,andsometimesmorethanthat."[149]RichardCorlissofTimegavethefilmapositivereview,callingit"amusttakeridewithafewnarrativebumps".Heconcededthat"Nolan'sreachoccasionallyexceedshisgrasp"butacceptedthisoccurrence.[150]InhisreviewforTheAssociatedPress,JakeCoylepraisedthefilmforits"bigscreengrandeur",whilefindingsomeofthedialogue"clunky".Hefurtherdescribeditas"anabsurdendeavor"and"oneofthemostsublimemoviesofthedecade".[151]ScottMendelsonofForbeslistedInterstellarasoneofthemostdisappointingfilmsof2014,statingthatthefilmhasalackofflow,loss



ofmomentumfollowingtheclimax,clumsysoundmixing,and"thincharacters"despiteseeingthefilmtwiceinorderto"giveitasecondchance".MendelsonwritesthatInterstellar"endsupasastrippeddownandsomewhatmutedvariationonanynumberof'gointospacetosavetheworld'movies."[152]

NewYorkTimescolumnistDavidBrooksconcludesthatInterstellarexplorestherelationshipsamong"scienceandfaithandscienceandthehumanities"and"illustratestherealsymbiosisbetweentheserealms."[153]WaiCheeDimock,intheLosAngelesReviewofBooks,writesthatNolan'sfilmsare"rotatableat90,180,and360degrees,"andthat"althoughthereisconsiderablemagicalthinkinghere,makingitalmostanantiscififilm,holdingouthopethattheendoftheplanetisnottheendofeverything,itreversesitself,however,whenthatmagicfallsshort,whenthepoeticlicenseisnakedandplainforalltosee.Inthosemoments,itsuddenlydawnsuponusthattheoceanthatrisesup90degreesandcomesatuslikeawallisnotjustaspecialeffectonsomefarawayplanet,butascenarioalltooclosetohome."[154]

Homevideo

InterstellarwillbereleasedonhomevideoMarch31,2015.[155]

Accolades

InterstellarwasnominatedforOriginalScorefortheHollywoodMusicinMediaAwards,contendingwithsixotherfilms.TheadvisoryboardreceivedafiveminutetrailerforthefilmthatincludedHansZimmer'smusic.[156]

ListofAccoladesAward/FilmFestival Category Recipient(s) Result

AcademyAwards[157]

BestOriginalScore HansZimmer PendingBestSoundEditing RichardKing Pending

BestSoundMixingMarkWeingarten,GaryRizzo,GreggLandaker

Pending

BestProductionDesign NathanCrowley,GaryFettis Pending

BestVisualEffectsPaulFranklin,AndrewLockley,IanHunter,ScottFisher

Pending

AllianceofWomenFilmJournalists[158] BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema

Nominated

AmericanFilmInstituteAwards[159] MoviesoftheYear

EmmaThomas,ChristopherNolan,LyndaObst(sharedwithAmericanSniper,Birdman,Boyhood,Foxcatcher,TheImitationGame,IntotheWoods,Nightcrawler,Selma,Unbroken,and

Won(shared)



Whiplash)

ArtDirectorsGuild[160] ExcellenceinProductionDesignforaFantasyFilm NathanCrowley Nominated

BlackReelAwards[161] OutstandingBreakthroughPerformanceMale DavidGyasi Pending

BritishAcademyFilmAwards[162][163]

BestOriginalMusic HansZimmer NominatedBestCinematography HoytevanHoytema Nominated

BestProductionDesign NathanCrowley,GaryFettis Nominated

BestSpecialVisualEffectsPaulFranklin,ScottFisher,AndrewLockley

Won

CentralOhioFilmCriticsAssociation[164]

ActoroftheYearJessicaChastain(AlsoforTheDisappearanceofEleanorRigby,MissJulie,AMostViolentYear)

Nominated

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestScore HansZimmer Nominated

ChicagoFilmCriticsAssociation[165]

BestDirector ChristopherNolan Nominated

BestArtDirection NathanCrowley,GaryFettis Nominated

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestOriginalScore HansZimmer Nominated

CinemaAudioSocietyAwards[166]OutstandingAchievementinSoundMixingforaMotionPictureLiveAction

MarkWeingarten,GaryRizzo,GreggLandaker,AlanMeyerson,ThomasJ.OConnell,MaryJoLang

Nominated

CostumeDesignersGuild[167] ExcellenceinContemporaryFilm MaryZophres Pending

Critics'ChoiceMovieAward[168][169]

BestYoungPerformer MackenzieFoy NominatedBestCinematography HoytevanHoytema Nominated

BestArtDirection

NathanCrowley(ProductionDesigner),GaryFettis(SetDecorator)

Nominated

BestEditing LeeSmith NominatedBestVisualEffects Nominated

BestSciFi/HorrorMovie WonBestScore HansZimmer Nominated

DallasFortWorthFilmCriticsAssociation[170]

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema 2ndPlaceBestOriginalScore HansZimmer WonBestDirector ChristopherNolan Nominated



DenverFilmCriticsSociety[171] BestScienceFiction/HorrorFilm

Nominated

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema Nominated

FloridaFilmCriticsCircle[172][173]

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema WonBestVisualEffects WonBestArtDirection/ProductionDesign

NathanCrowley,GaryFettis Runnerup

BestScore HansZimmer NominatedGayandLesbianEntertainmentCriticsAssociation[174]

VisuallyStrikingFilmoftheYear Nominated

GeorgiaFilmCriticsAssociation[175][176]

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema Nominated

BestProductionDesign NathanCrowley,GaryFettis Nominated

BestScore HansZimmer Won

BreakthroughAwardDavidOyelowo(AlsoforDefault,AMostViolentYear,Nightingale,Selma)

Won

GoldenGlobeAwards[177] BestOriginalScore HansZimmer Nominated

HoustonFilmCriticsSociety[178]BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestOriginalScore HansZimmer Nominated

InternationalOnlineFilmCritics'Poll[179]

BestOriginalScore HansZimmer NominatedBestVisualEffects Nominated

LasVegasFilmCriticsSocietyAwards[180]

BestVisualEffects Won

MakeUpArtistsandHairStylistsGuild[181]

BestContemporaryMakeUp

LuisaAbel,JayWejebe Nominated

BestContemporaryHairStyling

PatriciaDeHaney,JoseL.Zamora Nominated

MotionPictureSoundEditorsGoldenReelAwards[182]

FeatureEnglishLanguageEffects/Foley RichardKing Nominated

FeatureMusic AlexGibson Nominated

NevadaFilmCriticsSociety[183]BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema WonBestVisualEffects HansZimmer Won

NorthTexasFilmCriticsAssociation[184]

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema Won

PhoenixFilmCriticsSociety[185][186]

BestOriginalScore HansZimmer NominatedBestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestFilmEditing LeeSmith NominatedBestProductionDesign NathanCrowley Nominated

BestVisualEffects AndrewLockley,IanHunter Won

BestPerformancebya MackenzieFoy



YouthFemale Nominated

SanDiegoFilmCriticsSociety[187]BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestProductionDesign NathanCrowley Nominated

SatelliteAwards[188]

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestOriginalScore HansZimmer Nominated

BestVisualEffectsAndrewLockley,IanHunter,PaulFranklin,ScottFisher

Nominated

St.LouisGatewayFilmCriticsAssociation[189][190]

BestSupportingActress MackenzieFoy NominatedBestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestVisualEffects WonBestMusicScore HansZimmer Nominated

VisualEffectsSocietyAwards[191][192]

OutstandingVisualEffectsinaVisualEffectsDrivenPhotoreal/LiveActionFeatureMotionPicture

PaulFranklin,KevinElam,AnnPodlozny,AndrewLockley,ScottFisher

Nominated

OutstandingCreatedEnvironmentinaPhotoreal/LiveActionFeatureMotionPicture

TomBracht,GrahamPage,ThomasDhlen,KirstyClark(forTesseract)

Won

OutstandingVirtualCinematographyinaPhotoreal/LiveActionMotionMediaProject

FarazHameed,StephenPainter,HoytevanHoytema,DorianKnapp(forTesseract)

Nominated

OutstandingCompositinginaPhotoreal/LiveActionFeatureMotionPicture

RaphaelHamm,IsaacLayish,SebastianVonOverheidtm,TristanMyles(forWater)

Nominated

WashingtonD.C.AreaFilmCriticsAssociation[193]

BestArtDirection

NathanCrowley(ProductionDesigner),GaryFettis(SetDecorator)

Nominated

BestCinematography HoytevanHoytema NominatedBestEditing LeeSmith NominatedBestOriginalScore HansZimmer NominatedBestYouthPerformance MackenzieFoy Nominated

WomenFilmCriticsCircle[194] AWoman'sRighttoMaleRolesinMovies JessicaChastain Won

Sequel

OnthepossibilityofpotentialsequelMcCounaugheysaid,"Itsteedupforthatpossibility."[195]



Seealso

BlackholesinfictionBootstrapparadoxInterstellarspacecraftInterstellartravelListoftimetravelsciencefictionWormholesinfictionListoffilmsfeaturingdrones

Notes

1. ^Thesequencesshoton65mmIMAXfilmaredisplayedintheirfull1.43:1aspectratioon70mmIMAXscreens(the5mmdifferenceisduetotheadditionoftheaudiotrackonthefilmprint),butarecroppeddowntoaslargeas1.9:1ondigitalIMAXscreens,downto2.20:1onregular70mmscreens,anddownto2.35:1tomatchthe35mmanamorphicfootageon35mmfilmandallotherdigitalscreenings.

2. ^TheopeningweekendgrossdoesnotincludetherevenueitearnedfromTuesdayandWednesdaynightpreviews.Intotalthefilmearned$2,151,453fromthetwolatenightshowingswhichwouldbringitsopening

weekendgrossto$49,661,813.[108]

References

1. ^"Interstellar"(http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/interstellarfilm).BritishBoardofFilmClassification.October20,2014.RetrievedOctober20,2014.

2. âb"Interstellar(2014)"(http://explore.bfi.org.uk/5452c65e2de78).BritishFilmInstitute.RetrievedDecember10,2014.

3. âbc"Interstellar(2014)"(http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=interstellar.htm).BoxOfficeMojo.RetrievedFebruary15,2015.

4. âbcFleming,Mike(August13,2013)."ChristopherNolanStarts'Interstellar' "(http://www.deadline.com/2013/08/christophernolanstartsinterstellar/).Deadline.com.RetrievedAugust13,2013.

5. âbcdJagernauth,Keith(August28,2013)."Exclusive:MattDamonJoinsChristopherNolan's'Interstellar,'LinesUpDirectorialDebut'TheForeigner' "(http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/exclusivemattdamonjoinschristophernolansinterstellarlinesupdirectorialdebutamurderforetold20130828).ThePlaylist(IndiewireNetwork).RetrievedNovember18,2013.

6. âbcdefghijJolin,Dan(November2014)."TheUltimateTrip".Empire.7. ^"HowBuildingABlackHoleFor'Interstellar'LedToAnAmazingScientificDiscoveryWired"

(http://www.wired.com/2014/10/astrophysicsinterstellarblackhole/).WIRED.8. ^Fernandez,JayA.(March28,2007)."Writerwithrealstarsinhiseyes"

(http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/28/entertainment/etscriptland28).LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedMay14,2014.

9. ^Fleming,Michael(June14,2006)."SpacechasepiconParlaunchpad"(http://variety.com/2006/film/news/spacechasepiconparlaunchpad1200337693/).Variety.Retrieved



(http://variety.com/2006/film/news/spacechasepiconparlaunchpad1200337693/).Variety.RetrievedOctober1,2014.

10. âbcd"PhysicistwhoinspiredInterstellarspillsthebackstoryandthescenethatmakeshimcringe"(http://news.sciencemag.org/peopleevents/2014/11/physicistwhoinspiredinterstellarspillsbackstoryandscenemakeshim).

11. ^Fernandez,Jay(March24,2007)."Spielberg,Nolanplanscifiproject"(http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/24/entertainment/etquick24.6).LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedOctober1,2014.

12. âbcdeJensen,Jeff(October16,2014)."Inside'Interstellar,'ChristopherNolan'semotionalspaceodyssey"(http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/10/16/interstellarchristophernolanannehathaway/).EntertainmentWeekly.RetrievedOctober16,2014.

13. âbcdefghiGalloway,Stephen(October22,2014)." 'Interstellar's'ChristopherNolan,StarsGathertoRevealSecretsoftheYear'sMostMysteriousFilm"(http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/interstellarschristophernolanstarsgather742727).TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedOctober22,2014.

14. ^Sneider,Jonathan(January9,2013)."Nolanintalksfor'Interstellar' "(http://variety.com/2013/film/news/nolanintalksforinterstellar1118064459/).Variety.RetrievedOctober1,2014.

15. ^Fritz,Ben(July24,2014)."DirectorChristopherNolanCausesStirWhilePromoting'Interstellar'atComicCon"(http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/07/24/directorchristophernolancausesastirwhilepromotinginterstellaratcomiccon/).WallStreetJournal.RetrievedJuly25,2014.

16. ^Fleming,Mike(January10,2013)."TheMigratoryHabitsOf800PoundGorillaOscarDirectorsAndTheFilmsTheyMake"(http://www.deadline.com/2013/01/themigratoryhabitsof800poundgorillaoscardirectorsandthefilmstheymake/).Deadline.com.RetrievedAugust14,2013.

17. ^Hayden,Erik(March8,2013)."It'sOfficial:ChristopherNolan's'Interstellar'tobeWarnerBros.,ParamountCoProduction"(http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heatvision/officialchristophernolansinterstellarbe426889).TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedOctober1,2014.

18. ^Staff(October2,2014)."HollywoodSalariesRevealed,FromMovieStarstoAgents(andEvenTheirAssistants)"(http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hollywoodsalariesrevealedmoviestars737321).TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedOctober24,2014.

19. ^Kit,BorysMasters,Kim(June5,2013)."WarnerBros.GivesUp'Fridaythe13th'RightstoBoardChristopherNolan's'Interstellar' "(http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heatvision/christophernolansinterstellarwarnerbros562879).TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedOctober1,2014.

20. âbSiegel,TatianaGalloway,Stephen(August14,2013)."LegendaryScoresChristopherNolan's'Interstellar'inWarnerBros.Divorce"(http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/legendaryscoreschristophernolansinterstellar605010).TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedOctober1,2014.

21. ^WhatDoesAShowrunnerBringToADesertedIsland?(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QD1Bj1egE3U)(Televisionproduction).LarryKingNow.OraTV.April15,2014.Eventoccursat3:48.RetrievedMay27,2014.

22. ^StephenGalloway." 'Interstellar's'ChristopherNolan,StarsGathertoRevealSecretsoftheYear'sMostMysteriousFilm"(http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/interstellarschristophernolanstarsgather742727).TheHollywoodReporter.

23. ^"ChristopherNolanUncut:On'Interstellar,'BenAffleck'sBatman,andtheFutureofMankind"(http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/10/christophernolanuncutoninterstellarbenafflecksbatmanandthefutureofmankind.html).TheDailyBeast.

24. ^Rosenberg,Alyssa(November6,2014)."HowKenBurns'surpriserolein'Interstellar'explainsthemovie"



(http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/actfour/wp/2014/11/06/howkenburnssurpriseroleininterstellarexplainsthemovie/).TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedNovember8,2014.

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Documents

The Science of Interstellar