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The Role of Prepositions in French Binominal Compounds Cecilia Hemming School of Humanities and Informatics, University College of Skövde Graduate School of Language Technology, Göteborg Barbara Gawronska School of Humanities and Informatics, University College of Skövde

The Role of Prepositions in French Binominal Compounds Cecilia Hemming School of Humanities and Informatics, University College of Skövde Graduate School

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The Role of Prepositions in French Binominal Compounds

Cecilia Hemming

School of Humanities and Informatics, University College of Skövde

Graduate School of Language Technology, Göteborg

Barbara Gawronska

School of Humanities and Informatics, University College of Skövde

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Problems with translation of compounds

From a Swedish n-n compound to a French equivalent:

chose among translation candidates which French preposition to use ?

oljekanal canalisation à huile [oil+duct] [duct prep. oil]

bränsleledning conduite de carburant [fuel+pipe] [pipe prep. fuel]

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Language specific production patterns

Swedish: binominal compound

noun+noun (modifier+head) oljekanal [oil+duct], bränsleledning [fuel+pipe]

French: post-modified prepositional compound

noun preposition noun (head + prep + modifier) canalisation à huile [duct prep. oil] conduite de carburant [pipe prep. fuel]

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Semantic connection between the head and the modifier

French: explicitly hinted at by the preposition conteneur de/en verre [glass container] (made-of) conteneur à verre (for)

(cf. Bassac & Bouillon, 2001:verre de vin ”glass of wine” [glass of wine].verre à vin ”glass for wine” [wine

glass])

Swedish: underspecified glasbehållare [glass container] (made of/containing glass)

SweCla Umeå - 2006

A previous study

4000 technical terms in Swedish-French parallel corpus + Web search

de outperforms other prepositions in technical terms

very few occurrences of terms with container-conductor concept [channel, tap, aperture…] formed with à

Exception: terms formed with the preposition à and modifiers expressing unbound masses e.g. eau [water] or air [air]

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Current investigation:

Material: medical texts from Cismef (http://www.chu-rouen.fr/cismef/cismef.html; a French variant of MeSH® (Medical Subject Headings) the controlled vocabulary thesaurus of the NLM (U.S. National

Library of Medicine)

Anatomie electronic files, Boutillier, B. version 1999 Scania’95, Scania Manuals version 1995

Investigated prepositions:á, de, en, par, pour, sur

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Classification: Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Semantic Relations Hierarchy

Associated_with

physically_ spatially_ functionally_ temporally_ conceptually_related_to related_to related_to related_to related_topart_of location_of affects co-occurs_with evaluation_of consists_of adjacent_to brings_about precedes method_ofcontains surrounds performs conceptual_part_ofconnected_to traverses occurs_in issue_ininterconnects uses degree_ofbranch_of manifestation_of analyzestributary_of indicates measurement_of

result_of measuresdiagnosesproperty_ofderivated_of

developmental._form_of

SweCla Umeå - 2006

“de” in medical and technical texts

Cismef

47%

27%

26%

Scania

<spatially_related_to><functionally_related_to><body_part/symptom_proper_name><conceptually_related_to><physically_related_to>

37%

29%

20%

9%5%

<functionally_related_to><physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to>

SweCla Umeå - 2006

“de” in medical texts (Cismef)concept %<location_of><has_location> 37

carcinome canalaire du sein

<body_part/symptom_proper_name> 20cellules de Sertoli

<affects><affected_by> 14syndromes de compression du nerf ulnaire

<occurs_in> 6syndromes d'apnées du sommeil

<part_of> 5

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Patterns found in medical texts, not present in technical texts

Body part + de + Proper Name Trompe d‘Eustache [Eustachian tube] Cellules de Langerhans [Langerhans’ cells] Glandes de Cowper [Bulbourethral glands] Gaine de Schwann [Neurilemma] Corps de Lewy [Lewy bodies]

Event (symptom) + de + Proper Name Sarcome d‘Ewing [Ewing’s sarcoma] Gangrène de Fournier [Fournier gangrene] Fièvre de Lassa [Lassa fever] Fracture de Pouteau-Colles [Colle’s fracture] Maladie de Basedow [Graves’ disease]

SweCla Umeå - 2006

82%

14%4%

46%

37%

11%6%

“à” in medical and technical texts

Cismef

Scania

<functionally_related_to><physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to><spatially_related_to>

<functionally_related_to><physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to>

SweCla Umeå - 2006

“à” in medical texts (Cismef)concept %<brings_about><brought_about_by> 67

glomérulonéphrite à dépôts d'IgA

<affects><affected_by> 11soins aux mourants

<has_property> 7adénocarcinome à cellules claires

<has_location> 5<consists_of> 4

SweCla Umeå - 2006

“en” in medical and technical textsCismef

Scania

51,5

26,522

0

20

40

60

%

<degree_of> (51,5%)<method_of><has_method> (26,5%)other (<conceptual_part_of>, <co-occurs_with>,

<brings_about>, <has_location>, <has_result>, <evaluation_of>, <occurs_in>, <performs>)

55,5

1411 8,5

12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

%

<consists_of> (55,5%)<conceptual_part_of> (14%)<method_of><has_method> (11%)<measurement_of>other (<caused_by>, <has_location>,

<occurs_in>, <result_of>)

<physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to>

SweCla Umeå - 2006

“par” in medical and technical texts

45,4

36,4

18,2

0

10

20

30

40

50

%

49,140

10,9

0

20

40

60

%

Cismef

Scania

concept %

<brought_about_by> 49

<has_method> 40

ex(<conceptual_part_of>, <has_conceptual_part>,<location_of>, <manifestation_of><uses>) 11

concept %

<has_method> 46

ex<brought_about_by> 36

<result_of> 18

<functionally_related_to><conceptually_related_to>

SweCla Umeå - 2006

“pour” in medical and technical texts

concept %

<affects> 75

<brings_about> 15

(<degree_of><measures) 10

<functionally_related_to><conceptually_related_to>concept %

<brings_about> 45

<used_by> 22

(<evaluation_of>

<has_conceptual_part>

<indicates>) 33

44,5

22,2

11,1 11,1 11,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

%

Cismef

75

1510

0

20

40

60

80

%

Scania

SweCla Umeå - 2006

“sur” in medical and technical texts

50

25

12,5 12,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

%

Scania

0

10

20

30

40

%

Cismef

<functionally_related_to><spatially_related_to><conceptually_related_to>

concept %

<conceptual_part_of> 34

<uses> 22

<affects> 22

<occurs_in>, <location_of> 22

concept %

<location_of> 50

<uses> 25

<method_of>, <traversed_by> 25

SweCla Umeå - 2006

P Physical relations Functional relations Conceptual relations Spatial relations

de

Part_of: Cadre du chassis, Came de frein, Corps d'essieuCol de la vessie,Osselets de l’oreilleconsists_of : Morceau de bois, Alliage d' aluminium

Affects: Changement de vitesse, Blocage de différentiel entre ponts , Masse d'équilibrage,Pied d’immersionBrings_about: Causes de décès, Eczéma de contact

Measurement_of:Intervalle de vidange, Largeur du chassis, Niveau de fluide , Nombre de cylindresConceptual _part: Isotypes des immunoglobulines, Maladie du charbon

Location of/has location:Abscès du foie,Adénom de la prostate

à

Has_part: Ressort à lame, Roue à rayon, Raccord à bride

Has_method? affected_by?Clé à frapper, Extracteur à chocs, performsContact à fermeture “For”coffre à batteries malaxeur à béton

Has_conceptual_part:Départ à froid, Proteins à domaine T-boxHas_property: Adénocarcinome à cellules claires

unfrequent

en

Consists_of:Pièce en plastique, Tuyau en acier

____________________ Degree_of:Carence en fer, Déficite en biotinidaseMethod_of/has method: Réaction en chaîneAnalyse en petite superficie, Verrouillage en rotation Cenceptual_part_of:Raccord en croix

___________

SweCla Umeå - 2006

PPhysical relations Functional relations Conceptual relations Spatial

relations

par

Unfrequent Brought_about_by: Renforcement par fer plat, Chauffage par eau, Plaies par armes à feu, Traumatismes par explosion

Has_method: Nettoyage par soufflage, Moulage par compression Traitement par acupuncture, Anesthésiques par inhalation

________

pour

Unfrequent Brings about (“towards a specific goal”)Clé pour filtre,Mastic pour joints,Programmes d’éducation pour la santé

Unfrequent ________

sur

_____________ Uses : Ralentisseur sur échappement, Electrophorèse bidimensionnelle sur gelAffects: Implications radiations sur santé

Conceptual_part_of : Mise sur marché médicament, Information sur le médicamentMethod_of : Essai sur grande échelle

Location_of : Prise sur collecteur, Charge sur essieu, Sites reconnaissance sur séquence ADN

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Results: <measurement_of>

de for definite quantities with clear limits

limite, distance, épaisseur, niveau diamètre de garniture distance de freinage

à for quantities with inherent movement

jeu, départ, résistance jeu aux culbuteurs départ à froid

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Results: <has_part – part_of>

noun de noun expresses “part -> whole” –relationship

Cadre du chassis [chassis frame], Came de frein [braking axle], Col de la vessie [bladder neck], Osselets de l’oreille [ear ossicles]

noun à noun expresses “whole -> part” –relationshipRessort à lame [PLATE SPRING], Roue à rayon [spoke wheel], unfrequent

in Cismef

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Results: <has_conceptual_part – conceptual_part_of>

noun de noun expresses “part -> whole” –relationship

Classe de châssis [chassis class], Croquis coté du châssis [lateral view of chassis], Image du corps [body image], Type de centrifuge [centrifuge type]

expresses “part -> type” –relationship Tandem de catégorie H [class H bogie], Diabète de type 1 [type 1 diabetes] , Glycogénose de type V

noun à noun expresses “whole -> part” –relationshipDouille à baïonnette [bajonett socket], Tandem à balancier [balance bogie], Protéine à

domaine T-box [T-box domain proteins]

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Results: en

en in technical texts expresses mainly physical –relationships

most frequently consists_of-relations Pièce en plastique [plastic part], Tuyau en acier [Steel pipe]

en in medical texts expresses mainly conceptual –

relationshipsCarence en fer [iron deficiency], Réaction en chaîne [chain reaction]

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Results: par and pour

par in both medical and technical texts expresses mainly functional and conceptual

relationships <brought_about_by> Chauffage par eau, Plaies par armes à feu

<has_method> Nettoyage par soufflage, Traitement par acupuncture

pour in both medical and technical texts expresses mainly functional relationships

<brings_about> towards specific goal Clé pour filtre, Programmes d’éducation pour la santé

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Results: spatial relations

unfrequent or nonexistent for most prepositions except for de and surCharge sur essieu [axle pressure], Abcès du foie [liver abscess]

SweCla Umeå - 2006

Anatomic texts

47

1713

105

2 2 30

10

20

30

40

50

%

"de" in medical texts (Boutillier-anatomie)<part_of><has_part>

<occurs_in><has_occurence>

<body_part/symptom_proper_name>

<location_of><has_location>

<has_property><property_of>

<affects>

<conceptual_part_of>

<performed_by><brings_about><consists_of>