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The Role of Prepositions in French Binominal Compounds
Cecilia Hemming
School of Humanities and Informatics, University College of Skövde
Graduate School of Language Technology, Göteborg
Barbara Gawronska
School of Humanities and Informatics, University College of Skövde
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Problems with translation of compounds
From a Swedish n-n compound to a French equivalent:
chose among translation candidates which French preposition to use ?
oljekanal canalisation à huile [oil+duct] [duct prep. oil]
bränsleledning conduite de carburant [fuel+pipe] [pipe prep. fuel]
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Language specific production patterns
Swedish: binominal compound
noun+noun (modifier+head) oljekanal [oil+duct], bränsleledning [fuel+pipe]
French: post-modified prepositional compound
noun preposition noun (head + prep + modifier) canalisation à huile [duct prep. oil] conduite de carburant [pipe prep. fuel]
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Semantic connection between the head and the modifier
French: explicitly hinted at by the preposition conteneur de/en verre [glass container] (made-of) conteneur à verre (for)
(cf. Bassac & Bouillon, 2001:verre de vin ”glass of wine” [glass of wine].verre à vin ”glass for wine” [wine
glass])
Swedish: underspecified glasbehållare [glass container] (made of/containing glass)
SweCla Umeå - 2006
A previous study
4000 technical terms in Swedish-French parallel corpus + Web search
de outperforms other prepositions in technical terms
very few occurrences of terms with container-conductor concept [channel, tap, aperture…] formed with à
Exception: terms formed with the preposition à and modifiers expressing unbound masses e.g. eau [water] or air [air]
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Current investigation:
Material: medical texts from Cismef (http://www.chu-rouen.fr/cismef/cismef.html; a French variant of MeSH® (Medical Subject Headings) the controlled vocabulary thesaurus of the NLM (U.S. National
Library of Medicine)
Anatomie electronic files, Boutillier, B. version 1999 Scania’95, Scania Manuals version 1995
Investigated prepositions:á, de, en, par, pour, sur
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Classification: Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Semantic Relations Hierarchy
Associated_with
physically_ spatially_ functionally_ temporally_ conceptually_related_to related_to related_to related_to related_topart_of location_of affects co-occurs_with evaluation_of consists_of adjacent_to brings_about precedes method_ofcontains surrounds performs conceptual_part_ofconnected_to traverses occurs_in issue_ininterconnects uses degree_ofbranch_of manifestation_of analyzestributary_of indicates measurement_of
result_of measuresdiagnosesproperty_ofderivated_of
developmental._form_of
SweCla Umeå - 2006
“de” in medical and technical texts
Cismef
47%
27%
26%
Scania
<spatially_related_to><functionally_related_to><body_part/symptom_proper_name><conceptually_related_to><physically_related_to>
37%
29%
20%
9%5%
<functionally_related_to><physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to>
SweCla Umeå - 2006
“de” in medical texts (Cismef)concept %<location_of><has_location> 37
carcinome canalaire du sein
<body_part/symptom_proper_name> 20cellules de Sertoli
<affects><affected_by> 14syndromes de compression du nerf ulnaire
<occurs_in> 6syndromes d'apnées du sommeil
<part_of> 5
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Patterns found in medical texts, not present in technical texts
Body part + de + Proper Name Trompe d‘Eustache [Eustachian tube] Cellules de Langerhans [Langerhans’ cells] Glandes de Cowper [Bulbourethral glands] Gaine de Schwann [Neurilemma] Corps de Lewy [Lewy bodies]
Event (symptom) + de + Proper Name Sarcome d‘Ewing [Ewing’s sarcoma] Gangrène de Fournier [Fournier gangrene] Fièvre de Lassa [Lassa fever] Fracture de Pouteau-Colles [Colle’s fracture] Maladie de Basedow [Graves’ disease]
SweCla Umeå - 2006
82%
14%4%
46%
37%
11%6%
“à” in medical and technical texts
Cismef
Scania
<functionally_related_to><physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to><spatially_related_to>
<functionally_related_to><physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to>
SweCla Umeå - 2006
“à” in medical texts (Cismef)concept %<brings_about><brought_about_by> 67
glomérulonéphrite à dépôts d'IgA
<affects><affected_by> 11soins aux mourants
<has_property> 7adénocarcinome à cellules claires
<has_location> 5<consists_of> 4
SweCla Umeå - 2006
“en” in medical and technical textsCismef
Scania
51,5
26,522
0
20
40
60
%
<degree_of> (51,5%)<method_of><has_method> (26,5%)other (<conceptual_part_of>, <co-occurs_with>,
<brings_about>, <has_location>, <has_result>, <evaluation_of>, <occurs_in>, <performs>)
55,5
1411 8,5
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
<consists_of> (55,5%)<conceptual_part_of> (14%)<method_of><has_method> (11%)<measurement_of>other (<caused_by>, <has_location>,
<occurs_in>, <result_of>)
<physically_related_to><conceptually_related_to>
SweCla Umeå - 2006
“par” in medical and technical texts
45,4
36,4
18,2
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
49,140
10,9
0
20
40
60
%
Cismef
Scania
concept %
<brought_about_by> 49
<has_method> 40
ex(<conceptual_part_of>, <has_conceptual_part>,<location_of>, <manifestation_of><uses>) 11
concept %
<has_method> 46
ex<brought_about_by> 36
<result_of> 18
<functionally_related_to><conceptually_related_to>
SweCla Umeå - 2006
“pour” in medical and technical texts
concept %
<affects> 75
<brings_about> 15
(<degree_of><measures) 10
<functionally_related_to><conceptually_related_to>concept %
<brings_about> 45
<used_by> 22
(<evaluation_of>
<has_conceptual_part>
<indicates>) 33
44,5
22,2
11,1 11,1 11,1
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
Cismef
75
1510
0
20
40
60
80
%
Scania
SweCla Umeå - 2006
“sur” in medical and technical texts
50
25
12,5 12,5
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
Scania
0
10
20
30
40
%
Cismef
<functionally_related_to><spatially_related_to><conceptually_related_to>
concept %
<conceptual_part_of> 34
<uses> 22
<affects> 22
<occurs_in>, <location_of> 22
concept %
<location_of> 50
<uses> 25
<method_of>, <traversed_by> 25
SweCla Umeå - 2006
P Physical relations Functional relations Conceptual relations Spatial relations
de
Part_of: Cadre du chassis, Came de frein, Corps d'essieuCol de la vessie,Osselets de l’oreilleconsists_of : Morceau de bois, Alliage d' aluminium
Affects: Changement de vitesse, Blocage de différentiel entre ponts , Masse d'équilibrage,Pied d’immersionBrings_about: Causes de décès, Eczéma de contact
Measurement_of:Intervalle de vidange, Largeur du chassis, Niveau de fluide , Nombre de cylindresConceptual _part: Isotypes des immunoglobulines, Maladie du charbon
Location of/has location:Abscès du foie,Adénom de la prostate
à
Has_part: Ressort à lame, Roue à rayon, Raccord à bride
Has_method? affected_by?Clé à frapper, Extracteur à chocs, performsContact à fermeture “For”coffre à batteries malaxeur à béton
Has_conceptual_part:Départ à froid, Proteins à domaine T-boxHas_property: Adénocarcinome à cellules claires
unfrequent
en
Consists_of:Pièce en plastique, Tuyau en acier
____________________ Degree_of:Carence en fer, Déficite en biotinidaseMethod_of/has method: Réaction en chaîneAnalyse en petite superficie, Verrouillage en rotation Cenceptual_part_of:Raccord en croix
___________
SweCla Umeå - 2006
PPhysical relations Functional relations Conceptual relations Spatial
relations
par
Unfrequent Brought_about_by: Renforcement par fer plat, Chauffage par eau, Plaies par armes à feu, Traumatismes par explosion
Has_method: Nettoyage par soufflage, Moulage par compression Traitement par acupuncture, Anesthésiques par inhalation
________
pour
Unfrequent Brings about (“towards a specific goal”)Clé pour filtre,Mastic pour joints,Programmes d’éducation pour la santé
Unfrequent ________
sur
_____________ Uses : Ralentisseur sur échappement, Electrophorèse bidimensionnelle sur gelAffects: Implications radiations sur santé
Conceptual_part_of : Mise sur marché médicament, Information sur le médicamentMethod_of : Essai sur grande échelle
Location_of : Prise sur collecteur, Charge sur essieu, Sites reconnaissance sur séquence ADN
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Results: <measurement_of>
de for definite quantities with clear limits
limite, distance, épaisseur, niveau diamètre de garniture distance de freinage
à for quantities with inherent movement
jeu, départ, résistance jeu aux culbuteurs départ à froid
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Results: <has_part – part_of>
noun de noun expresses “part -> whole” –relationship
Cadre du chassis [chassis frame], Came de frein [braking axle], Col de la vessie [bladder neck], Osselets de l’oreille [ear ossicles]
noun à noun expresses “whole -> part” –relationshipRessort à lame [PLATE SPRING], Roue à rayon [spoke wheel], unfrequent
in Cismef
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Results: <has_conceptual_part – conceptual_part_of>
noun de noun expresses “part -> whole” –relationship
Classe de châssis [chassis class], Croquis coté du châssis [lateral view of chassis], Image du corps [body image], Type de centrifuge [centrifuge type]
expresses “part -> type” –relationship Tandem de catégorie H [class H bogie], Diabète de type 1 [type 1 diabetes] , Glycogénose de type V
noun à noun expresses “whole -> part” –relationshipDouille à baïonnette [bajonett socket], Tandem à balancier [balance bogie], Protéine à
domaine T-box [T-box domain proteins]
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Results: en
en in technical texts expresses mainly physical –relationships
most frequently consists_of-relations Pièce en plastique [plastic part], Tuyau en acier [Steel pipe]
en in medical texts expresses mainly conceptual –
relationshipsCarence en fer [iron deficiency], Réaction en chaîne [chain reaction]
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Results: par and pour
par in both medical and technical texts expresses mainly functional and conceptual
relationships <brought_about_by> Chauffage par eau, Plaies par armes à feu
<has_method> Nettoyage par soufflage, Traitement par acupuncture
pour in both medical and technical texts expresses mainly functional relationships
<brings_about> towards specific goal Clé pour filtre, Programmes d’éducation pour la santé
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Results: spatial relations
unfrequent or nonexistent for most prepositions except for de and surCharge sur essieu [axle pressure], Abcès du foie [liver abscess]
SweCla Umeå - 2006
Anatomic texts
47
1713
105
2 2 30
10
20
30
40
50
%
"de" in medical texts (Boutillier-anatomie)<part_of><has_part>
<occurs_in><has_occurence>
<body_part/symptom_proper_name>
<location_of><has_location>
<has_property><property_of>
<affects>
<conceptual_part_of>
<performed_by><brings_about><consists_of>