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"The Role of Power Producing Buildings in the 21st Century
Energy Network."
Brian T. Patterson – IEEEPresident, EMerge Alliance
Track: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENTand STANDARDS
Wednesday, April 13, , 2016 3:05 - 4:20 pm
Smart GridEminent DomainSynchronizationFrequency ControlVoltage MaintenanceReactive Power (VARs)Spinning ReservesPeaking Turbines
Renewable Energy Sources (RES)Solar (PV) – Wind - Fuel CellsMicro-turbines - Combined Heat & Power Distributed Energy Resources (DER)Clean EnergyEnergy Storage
SSL - EfficiencySmart ControlsDigital Devices – IoTAC/DC Power ConversionFast Charge Electric VehiclesSmart BuildingsZero Net Energy (ZNE)
Remote Power AccessOff-gridIslandingMicrogridsLoad ShiftingDemand ResponseNet Metering
Power System ResiliencyElectro-Magnetic PulsesBrownouts-BlackoutsTerrorismExtreme WeatherPower QualityLinear Dynamic Failure
Over Dependency on Fossil Fuel SourcesCoal & Oil is leading to Increased Use of NG, Nuclear, Solar, Wind
Growing Problems of Quality and Resiliency There’s no easy answers for the existing grid
SANDY
Category 3
EMP
5KnT/min.
Building ServicesPower Storage & Control
Factory or WarehouseIndustrial Space
Outdoor SourcesOffice & Occupied Space
Data Center
Wind Farm
Solar Farm
Sub-station
Sub-station
Commercial Campus
Microgrid
Community Microgrids
Peaking Power Plant
Utility-Scale Microgrids
Utility Microgrids are Ener-connected into ‘Smart-Macro-Grids’
Base Load Power Plant
Base Load Power Plant
Base Load Power Plant
Base Load Power Plant
Utility Transmission Macrogrid
Combining ideal solutions with key virtues learned from the Internet
Resilient Infrastructure
The New Energy Marketplace
Nanogrids, Microgrids and Macrogrids Organized into an Increasingly
Expansive and Inclusive Tiered Framework
The ENERNET
Macrogrids
National
Tier 3Regional
MicrogridsCommunity
Tier 2Campus
Nanogrids Building Tier 1
Level, Room, Device Area
Transforming Traditional Power Gridsto an ENERNET Mesh Topology:
Integrated Mesh NetworkCluster Tree Network
But who will manage the Enernet?
Public Utility? Local Service Provider?
You?Cloud Service Provider?
All of the Above…
Your Public Utility? A Local Service Provider?
You?A Cloud Based Service Provider?
Predicted Transition to a market driven Transactive Energy Framework
Source: GridWise Architecture Council
Transactive Power Management Framework Timing
Private Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Basics…
High Voltage Loads• DC Power Distribution• High Voltage Bus• Hi Bay/Hi Output Lights• Ext. Lighting / Signage• EV Vehicle Charging• Data Centers• VFD Motor Drives
Low Voltage Loads• Office Lighting• Ceiling Grid• Wireless Controls• Pwr. Mgmt. / Monitor• Sensors• Fans• IT Access / Security
AC Power Sources• Utility Grid• AC Service Gen.• Transformers
DC Power Sources• Solar PV• Wind Turbine• Fuel Cell• Comb. Heat & Power• Micro-turbine Gen.• Battery Storage• Future Energy Harvest?
Microgrid Technology
Electric Function AC Microgrid Hybrid DC Microgrid
Power Sources(Solar / Wind / Fuel Cell / CHP/ grid)
AC + DC to AC DC + AC to DC
Power Storage(Battery / Thermal Electric)
IN: DC + AC DC + DC
OUT: DC to AC
IN: DC
OUT: DC
Distribution/Wiring(Conduit / Wiring / Circuit Protection)
AC + DC to AC DC
Loads/Devices/Outlets(Lighting / Motors / Pumps / IT
Security / Appliances / Desktop)
AC + AC to DC DC + DC to AC
Controls/Monitoring(Wired / Wireless)
AC to DC DC
Total Frequency Conversion Points 6 2
Microgrids Require Power Conversions
Notes: •Frequency conversions are generally much less efficient than simple voltage conversions•Conversion efficiency is almost always better at higher voltages and currents•Wire Size favors DC at equivalent voltages
Status Quo…
AC Grid
AC Bus
DC storage
AC
DC
Common Building
Loads (80%DC)
ACDC
DC
AC
ACDC
ACDC
ACDC
AC
DC
AC
Typical
Conversion
Loss
DC
AC
4% to
8% Loss
2% to 10%
loss
4% to
8% Loss
4% - 8%
4% to
8% Loss
12% to
20% loss
15% to
20% loss
3% to 10%
loss
V
F
D
A Better Way…
AC GridDC Bus
DC storage
DC
DC
DC / Semiconductor
Based Loads
DC
DC
• Higher Efficiency
• Minimal Conversion Loss
• Lower Operating Expense
• Safer
• Fewer Components
• More Reliable
• Less Real Estate
• Reduced Carbon Footprint
3% to 5%
loss
2% to 5%
loss
ACDCDC
ACDCDC
2% to 5%
loss
0% to 2%
loss
3% to 6%
loss
3% to 6%
loss
V
F
D 0% loss
ACDCDC
1% to 5%
loss
Significant US Standards
EXISTING LVDC CODES AND STANDARDSStandard Description Region Status
MANDATORY STANDARDS - apply to all electrical installations
NFPA 70 US Nat. Elec. Code - principles of protection for safety. LVDC (under 1000V). US 2014 version released
Article 250 Section VIII Grounding & Bonding - Direct Current Systems - Articles 250.160-250.169 2014 version released
Article 393 Low-Voltage Suspended Ceiling Power Distribution Systems US 2014 version releasedjn
Article 408 Switchboards, Switchgear, and Panellboards US 2014 version releasedjn
Article 480 Storage Batteries US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)
Article 690 PV Systems over 600 Volts US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)
NFPA 70E Standard for electrical safety in the workplace - Includes LVDC. US 2014 version released
NFPA 70B Recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance. US 2014 version released
GENERAL APPLICATION STANDARDS
EMerge Occupied Space V. 2.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. interiors 24, 48 & 360Vdc, Class 1 &2 Global Released
EMerge Residential V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for residential bldgs. 24, 48, 380 Vdc, Class 1 & 2 Global Scheduled Release 2016
EMerge Commercial Bldg. V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. and Campus 380-760 Vdc, Class 1 Global Scheduled Release 2016
EMerge Data/Telecom V.1.1 DC power distribution requirements in data centers/telecom Global Released
USB-PD Extra Low Voltage DC for Desktop and Personal Electronics 5-20Vdc, 100watts Global Released
PoE Extra Low Voltage DC for ICT Equipment 24 & 48 Vdc, 35 watts Global Released
European & Global Standards
EXISTING LVDC CODES AND STANDARDSStandard Description Region Status
MANDATORY STANDARDS - apply to all electrical installations
NFPA 70 US National Electrical Code Addresses fundamental principles of protection for safety. Applies to LVDC (under 1000V). US 2014 version released
Article 250 Section VIII Grounding & Bonding - Direct Current Systems - Articles 250.160-250.169 2014 version released
Article 393 Low-Voltage Suspended Ceiling Power Distribution Systems US 2014 version releasedjn
Article 408 Switchboards, Switchgear, and Panellboards US 2014 version releasedjn
Article 480 Storage Batteries US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)
Article 690 PV Systems over 600 Volts US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)
NFPA 70E Standard for electrical safety in the workplace - Includes LVDC. US 2014 version released
NFPA 70B Recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance. US 2014 version released
GENERAL APPLICATION STANDARDS
EMerge Occupied Space V. 2.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. interiors 24, 48 & 360Vdc, Class 1 &2 Global Released
EMerge Residential V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for residential bldgs. 24, 48, 380 Vdc, Class 1 & 2 Global Scheduled Release 2016
EMerge Commercial Bldg. V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. and Campus 380-760 Vdc, Class 1 Global Scheduled Release 2016
USB-PD Extra Low Voltage DC for Desktop and Personal Electronics 5-20Vdc, 100watts Global Released
PoE Extra Low Voltage DC for ICT Equipment 24 & 48 Vdc, 35 watts Global Released
DIN VDE 0100-100:2009-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions Europe Released
DIN VDE 0100-410:2007-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection against electric shock Europe Released
DIN VDE 0100-530:2011-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 530: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Switchgear and controlgear Europe Released
DIN VDE 0100-540:2012-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 5-54: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Earthing & protective conductors Europe Released
DIN EN 61557-2:2008-02 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures, Part 2: Insulation resistance Europe Released
DIN EN 61557-8:2007-12 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 8: Insulation monitoring - IT systems Europe Released
DIN EN 61557-9:2009-11 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 9: Insulation fault location - IT systems Europe Released
IEC 60050-614 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 614: Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity Global Released
IEC 60034-1 Rotating electrical machines - Part 1: Rating and performance Global Released
IEC 61362 Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine governing systems Global Released
IEC 60308 Hydraulic turbines - Testing of control systems Global Released
IEC 60038:2009 - Standard Voltages Global Released
IEC 61992 DC switchgear Global Released
IEC 62848-1 DC Surge arresters Global Released
IEC 62924 Stationary energy storage system for DC traction systems Global Released
IEC 62053-41/Ed1 ELECTRICITY METERING EQUIPMENT (DC) Global Released
IEC 61378-3 (2006-04-27) Convertor transformers - Part 2: Transformers for HVDC applications Global Released
IEC 62620 Performance of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released
IEC 62619 Safety of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released
IEC/TS 62735-2 D.C. Plugs and socket-outlets - indoor access controlled areas - Part 2: Plug and socket-outlet system for 5,2 kW Global Released
IEC 61869-14 Instrument Transformers- Part 14: Specific Requirements for DC Current Transformers (CDV) Global Released
IEC 61869-15 Instrument Transformers- Part 15: Specific Requirements for DC Voltage Transformers (CDV) Global Released
IEC 61180 /Ed1 HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIP. Definitions, test & procedure requirements, test equip. Global Released
IEC 60947-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 2: Circuit-breakers) Global Released
IEC 60947-3 Low-voltage switchgear & controlgear - Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors & fuse units. Global Released
IEC 61439-X LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES –Part X: Assemblies for photovoltaic installations Global Released
TELECOM and DATA CENTERS (Higher voltage DC - 380VDC)
GENERAL
ETSI EN 300 132-3-0 Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment Europe Released
ETSI EN 3061605 Earting and bonding for 400VDC systems Europe Released
ITU -T L.1200 Specification of DC power feeding interface Global Released
EMerge Data/Telecom V.1.1 DC power distribution requirements in data centers/telecom Global Released
YD/T2378-2011 240VDC systems China Released
YD/T XXXX-201X 336V direct current power supply systems for telecom China Approval process
ATIS -0600315.01.2015 Voltage levels for 400VDC systems US Released
PRODUCT SPECIFIC STANDARDS
IEC 62040-5-3 DC UPS test and performance standard IEC Scheduled release 2016
IEC 62040-5-1 Safety for DC UPS IEC Work started
IEC TS62735-1 400VDC plug & socket outlet IEC Released
YD/T 2524-2015 336V HF switchmode rectifier for telecommunication China Approval process
ELECTRICAL VEHICLE CHARGING
CHAdeMO DC fast charging Released
SAE/CCS DC charging Released?
Rail Transit DC Systems
BS EN 50163 (2007) Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems, IET Europe Released
IEC 60850 (2007) Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems (3rd ed.) Global Released
IEEE C2-2012 (2012) National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) Global Released
Marine DC Systems
ABYC E-9 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ON BOATS USA Released
GENERAL SAFETY STANDARDS - apply to all use cases (data centers, commercial and residential applications)
Existing safety standards (NEC in US and ICC, IEC- global) address both AC and DC installations today. Various
However, these standards were principally written for AC and are not explicit for DC. Updating for clarity is required. Various
IEEE Global StandardsIEEE SA - 1653.6-2013 - IEEE Trial-Use Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment ...
... Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment Enclosures in Traction Power ... Description: The grounding of dc equipment enclosures installed in dc traction power distribution facilities as ... testing of insulation used in dc traction facilities and further recommended...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1653.6-2013.html
IEEE SA - 2030.1.1-2015 - IEEE Approved Draft Standard Technical Specifications of a DC ...
... which can accept high current DC charge, and the DC supply equipment which provides it ... as “Fast Charging”, “Fast Charger”, “DC Charger”, “Quick Charger”, etc. DC charging and AC charging vary ... AC current is converted to DC current. For typical DC charging, the current is converted ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/2030.1.1-2015.html
IEEE SA - 802-1955 - AIEE Proposed Trail Use Test Code DIRECT -- CURRENT CARBON -- PILE ...
It is the purpose of this code to define uniform acceptable methods of making tests to determine that the rating, performance and other characteristics of generator voltage regulators for aircraft comply with ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802-1955.html
IEEE SA - 485-2010 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for ...
... Stationary Applications Description: Methods for defining the direct current (dc) load and for sizing a lead-acid ... this recommended practice. Design of the dc system and sizing of the battery ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/485-2010.html
IEEE SA - 1709-2010 - IEEE Recommended Practice for 1 kV to 35 kV Medium-Voltage DC Power ...
... to 35 kV Medium-Voltage DC Power Systems on Ships ... effective maintenance of medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) electrical power systems ... Working Group: 1709_WG - DC Power Systems on Ships ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1709-2010.html
IEEE SA - 460-1988 - IEEE Standard for Electrical Measuring Transducer for Converting AC ...
... Measuring Transducer for Converting AC Electrical Quantities into DC Electrical Quantities Description: This standard ... factor, phase angle or frequency to a direct current or voltage. Within the effective range ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/460-1988.html
IEEE SA - 1277-2010 - IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Code for Dry-Type and Oil ...
... Dry-Type and Oil-Immersed Smoothing Reactors for DC Power Transmission Description: The electrical ... type aircore smoothing reactors for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) applications are specified. Test code ...
Total of 120+ Standards Generally related to DC power
Special Application Standards
EXISTING LVDC CODES AND STANDARDSStandard Description Region Status
MANDATORY STANDARDS - apply to all electrical installations
NFPA 70 US National Electrical Code Addresses fundamental principles of protection for safety. Applies to LVDC (under 1000V). US 2014 version released
Article 250 Section VIII Grounding & Bonding - Direct Current Systems - Articles 250.160-250.169 2014 version released
Article 393 Low-Voltage Suspended Ceiling Power Distribution Systems US 2014 version releasedjn
Article 408 Switchboards, Switchgear, and Panellboards US 2014 version releasedjn
Article 480 Storage Batteries US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)
Article 690 PV Systems over 600 Volts US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)
NFPA 70E Standard for electrical safety in the workplace - Includes LVDC. US 2014 version released
NFPA 70B Recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance. US 2014 version released
GENERAL APPLICATION STANDARDS
EMerge Occupied Space V. 2.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. interiors 24, 48 & 360Vdc, Class 1 &2 Global Released
EMerge Residential V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for residential bldgs. 24, 48, 380 Vdc, Class 1 & 2 Global Scheduled Release 2016
EMerge Commercial Bldg. V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. and Campus 380-760 Vdc, Class 1 Global Scheduled Release 2016
USB-PD Extra Low Voltage DC for Desktop and Personal Electronics 5-20Vdc, 100watts Global Released
PoE Extra Low Voltage DC for ICT Equipment 24 & 48 Vdc, 35 watts Global Released
DIN VDE 0100-100:2009-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions Europe Released
DIN VDE 0100-410:2007-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection against electric shock Europe Released
DIN VDE 0100-530:2011-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 530: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Switchgear and controlgear Europe Released
DIN VDE 0100-540:2012-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 5-54: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Earthing & protective conductors Europe Released
DIN EN 61557-2:2008-02 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures, Part 2: Insulation resistance Europe Released
DIN EN 61557-8:2007-12 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 8: Insulation monitoring - IT systems Europe Released
DIN EN 61557-9:2009-11 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 9: Insulation fault location - IT systems Europe Released
IEC 60050-614 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 614: Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity Global Released
IEC 60034-1 Rotating electrical machines - Part 1: Rating and performance Global Released
IEC 61362 Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine governing systems Global Released
IEC 60308 Hydraulic turbines - Testing of control systems Global Released
IEC 60038:2009 - Standard Voltages Global Released
IEC 61992 DC switchgear Global Released
IEC 62848-1 DC Surge arresters Global Released
IEC 62924 Stationary energy storage system for DC traction systems Global Released
IEC 62053-41/Ed1 ELECTRICITY METERING EQUIPMENT (DC) Global Released
IEC 61378-3 (2006-04-27) Convertor transformers - Part 2: Transformers for HVDC applications Global Released
IEC 62620 Performance of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released
IEC 62619 Safety of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released
IEC/TS 62735-2 D.C. Plugs and socket-outlets - indoor access controlled areas - Part 2: Plug and socket-outlet system for 5,2 kW Global Released
IEC 61869-14 Instrument Transformers- Part 14: Specific Requirements for DC Current Transformers (CDV) Global Released
IEC 61869-15 Instrument Transformers- Part 15: Specific Requirements for DC Voltage Transformers (CDV) Global Released
IEC 61180 /Ed1 HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIP. Definitions, test & procedure requirements, test equip. Global Released
IEC 60947-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 2: Circuit-breakers) Global Released
IEC 60947-3 Low-voltage switchgear & controlgear - Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors & fuse units. Global Released
IEC 61439-X LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES –Part X: Assemblies for photovoltaic installations Global Released
TELECOM and DATA CENTERS (Higher voltage DC - 380VDC)
GENERAL
ETSI EN 300 132-3-0 Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment Europe Released
ETSI EN 3061605 Earting and bonding for 400VDC systems Europe Released
ITU -T L.1200 Specification of DC power feeding interface Global Released
EMerge Data/Telecom V.1.1 DC power distribution requirements in data centers/telecom Global Released
YD/T2378-2011 240VDC systems China Released
YD/T XXXX-201X 336V direct current power supply systems for telecom China Approval process
ATIS -0600315.01.2015 Voltage levels for 400VDC systems US Released
PRODUCT SPECIFIC STANDARDS
IEC 62040-5-3 DC UPS test and performance standard IEC Scheduled release 2016
IEC 62040-5-1 Safety for DC UPS IEC Work started
IEC TS62735-1 400VDC plug & socket outlet IEC Released
YD/T 2524-2015 336V HF switchmode rectifier for telecommunication China Approval process
ELECTRICAL VEHICLE CHARGING
CHAdeMO DC fast charging Released
SAE/CCS DC charging Released?
Rail Transit DC Systems
BS EN 50163 (2007) Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems, IET Europe Released
IEC 60850 (2007) Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems (3rd ed.) Global Released
IEEE C2-2012 (2012) National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) Global Released
Marine DC Systems
ABYC E-9 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ON BOATS USA Released
GENERAL SAFETY STANDARDS - apply to all use cases (data centers, commercial and residential applications)
Existing safety standards (NEC in US and ICC, IEC- global) address both AC and DC installations today. Various
However, these standards were principally written for AC and are not explicit for DC. Updating for clarity is required. Various
Issues with Current Standards
• Written for AC
• Reflect historical applications
• Generally “equipment, safety, test” oriented
• Tend to penalize direct current
• New standards are developed slowly
Potential Remedies
• “Vanguard” Standards
• Early product commercialization
• Inter-SDO collaboration
• Industry led effort
• Champion projects
IEEE Partnership
• Extensive collaboration
• Joint standards-development
• Roadmap for hybrid AC/DC technologies
• Mutual publication
• Remote Access DC Microgrid Standard
100+ Test, Beta, & Production SitesCommercial, Residential, Data Center Applications
NextHomeCampion HomesDetroit. MI
PNC Banking on Net Zero
Uses 50% of traditional branch – annually produces a surplus of electric energy
Bedrock (Quicken Loans – Detroit, MI)
• 3 Floors of Class A
Office Space
• 14th Floor:T8 Fluorescent – No Controls
• 15th Floor:LED Retro Tube – No controls
• 16th Floor:LED Retro Tube – W IPv6
controls
• Dramatic Energy
Savings
75%!
• Recognized by
Americas Green
Challenge
(White House Initiative)
System Case Studies
State of Michigan – Flint Office Bldg.
• Deep Renovation of 7 Story Office Bldg.
• 110,000sf of 24v DC LED Lighting
• 70,000sf of DC Energized Ceiling
• IPv6 Wireless Lighting Control
• Complete Early 2016
System Case Studies
NextEnergy Center – Detroit …
380v DC Microgrid
380v DC Bus
380v DC Data Center
30kW Rectifier
23,300sf of 24v DC Lighting
IPv6 Wireless Controls
16kW of PV Solar
High Bay Lighting
System Case Studies