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The Role of Informal Science Programs on Middle School Students Perceptions of Science and Engineering Presentation at the Colloquium on P-12 STEM Education Research August 2011 Authors: Roxanne Hughes, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/Florida State University hughes@magnet.fsu.edu Kristen Molyneaux, University of Wisconsin, Madison Pat Dixon, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory This study was funded in part by the National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research through DMR 0654118.

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Underrepresentation in SE Women represent less than 1/3 of SE degrees and careers (NSF, 2007) This number is significantly lower for minority women and men (NSF, 2007) Research suggests that this is due, in part, to minority students inability to fully identify with science and engineering (AAUW, 2010; Carlone, 2003; Olitsky, 2006; Tan, Calabrese-Barton, 2008)

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Response to Underrepresentation Single gender programs have increased in number due to changes in NCLB and Title IX (Ferrara & Ferrara, 2008; Spielhagen, 2008) despite reservations from womens organizations like NOW and AAUW Informal education programs have also utilized this strategy along with other tactics to help address the inability of women and minorities to identify with science The goal of many informal education programs has been to expose students to STEM professionals of different races, ethnicities and genders so that all students can see themselves succeeding in STEM In the summer of 2010, the NHMFL ran two camps: an all- girls SE camp (AGSC) and a co-educational SE camp Both of these camps aimed to expose students to careers in SE and to help them better identify with SE by exposing them to many different SE professionals and their careers

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Research Questions How do these two informal science programs affect students views and perceptions of scientists/engineers and SE fields? How does a single gender program compare to a co-educational program in its effects on students views and perceptions of scientists/engineers and SE fields? Are there any lessons to be learned for other informal agencies regarding the activities that appear to be the most effective in increasing minority students persistence in SE?

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Cases Two camps summer of 2010 All-girls Science Camp (AGSC) Co-ed Science Camp (CEC); 13 girls, 14 boys Both camps introduced participants to scientists and engineers and their careers AGSC provided broader exposure CEC focused on sustainable engineering Students were selected based on level of interest (application) and teacher recommendation

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Middle School focus Middle school is crucial time when identity formations are occurring, particularly in academic disciplines (Tan & Calabrese Barton, 2008) Time when students try on different identities as they try to form their own view of themselves (Brickhouse, Lowery, & Schultz, 2000). School science can reproduce stereotypes of science (i.e. Albert Einstein) (Carlone, 2004) Informal Educational Programs can address perceptions and expose students to real SE professionals in ways that school science cannot (Watermeyer & Stevenson, 2010)

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Identity within Community of Practice Calabrese Bartons conception of liberatory science education Individuals who are marginalized by the culture of science can only become legitimate participants when they become liberated from the stereotypical view of science as white, middle class, heterosexual and male. Must have opportunity to challenge stereotypes, witness positionality in science, and gain practice using the language of science. Camps perceived as community of practice within SE (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998)

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Research Mixed methods Participant observations Pre and post survey Quantitative portion measured self-efficacy in science and engineering and science and engineering (SE) identity (AWE, 2008) Interviews with participants to represent varying ages, races, SE interest level, and SES

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Demographics CEC (n=27)AGSC (n=32) Public100%78% Private22% Grade completed 5 th grade completed22% 6 th grade completed11%28% 7 th grade completed52%25% 8 th grade completed37%22% 9 th grade completed3% Race/Ethnicity Asian American20%9% African American32%22% Hispanic16%3% White32%66%

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Pre-data Participants in both camps had similar levels of confidence regarding their ability to succeed in a science career and their confidence in solving math problems; interest levels in science and engineering Significant differences between camps regarding whether anyone had spoken to them about necessary required courses for success in STEM (CEC had more participants receive advice than AGSC) All of the participants from both camps said that the camp experience was positive

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Perceptions of Scientists Based on responses on the pre-survey, 37 of the total campers (57) had met a scientist before (65%). AGSC = 19/32 CEC 18/25 Students were asked to describe what they thought of when they pictured a scientist on the pre and post survey These responses were coded according to the following categories positive view (i.e. Just like me, affective, cognitive) stereotypical view (i.e. lab coat, test tubes, crazy hair) stereotype AND male.

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Perception of Scientists tallies Number of CEC Number of AGSC What do you think of when you picture a scientist/engineer? PrePostPrePost Positive View12 1321* Stereotype129146 Stereotype and male13*55

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Qualitative Evidence of Changes in Perceptions of Scientists for AGSC Participants Pre ResponsePost Response AGSC participant 1 A guy wearing a lab coat holding chemicals and wearing goggles. Now I picture a ordinary person who wants to do good in the world AGSC participant 2 A tall male figure with crazy white hair, a white lab coat, and white glowing gloves holding a test tube. A man or woman in a lab coat explaining what their job is. AGSC participant 3 A white coat and clear goggles. At first I imagined a man in a white coat with chemicals but now I see regular people outside testing water and just doing thing that we do on a normal basis but they take it a little further.

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Quantitative and Qualitative contradictions Perception of scientists Margo Pre survey response = Someone with a white lab coat, safety glasses, pulled back hair. Post survey response = A looming figure in a white lab coat, with a beaker. Post interview response to what type of person becomes a scientist: I think that you have to be observant, you pay attention, a perfectionist, and intelligent, of course All of which describe her and yet her description of a scientist does not sound like someone she would identify with. What does this contradiction say (if anything) about identity?

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Self-Efficacy and Science Identity CEC pre mean CEC post mean AGSC pre mean AGSC post mean Self Efficacy (score range 9-32) 27.3528.1327.0328.30* Science and Math Identity (score range 14-56) 44.0043.9545.9048.21* Only the AGSC participants had a positive significant difference in both their self-efficacy and science/math identity scores post camp. Alarmingly, the CEC participants, science/math identity score actually decreased after camp, although this result was not significant.

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Race/Ethnicity and gender No significant differences based on race/ethnicity (one-way ANOVA) When survey responses were separated by gender via t-tests, there was a positive significant difference between pre and post scores for the female participants in the following categories: self-efficacy, science and math identity.

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Conclusions Based on the data collected in this study, it would appear that AGSC was more effective in helping its participants better identify with science and see themselves as potential scientists On a whole, both programs were effective in helping female participants better identify with SE fields (It should be noted that the male participants had a significantly higher pre Self efficacy and SM identity score than the female participants, which mirrors larger studies on these concepts in the middle school population.)

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Implications This study adds to the current debate on single gender education. In our study, the single gender camp had a significant positive impact on students perceptions of scientists and engineers and their own perception of fitting in with these careers. This study also adds to the current dialogue regarding the role that informal science agencies can have on minority students (including womens) ability to identify with scientists and engineers. Exposing students, particularly female students to SE professionals (including women and minorities) and their careers can improve their ability to see themselves within these careers. The results indicate that the length of the camp, diversity of participants, and the diversity of participating scientists and engineers are important to a camps overall effectiveness in addressing students conceptions of SE and their ability to fit in with these fields

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