The Rise of The Rise of American American Industry.Industry.

Gross National Gross National ProductProduct(GNP)(GNP)

The total value of all The total value of all goods and services that a goods and services that a country produces.country produces.

ConsumerConsumer

A person who buys what A person who buys what is produced in an economy.is produced in an economy.

EntrepreneurEntrepreneur

People who risk their People who risk their money/capital to organize money/capital to organize and run businesses.and run businesses.

TariffTariff

A tax on imported goods.A tax on imported goods.

Laissez-FaireLaissez-Faire

Philosophy for Philosophy for government that believes in government that believes in little government regulation little government regulation in business. “Hands off” in business. “Hands off” government.government.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Began in England in the late 1700’s.Began in England in the late 1700’s. Reached the United States in the Reached the United States in the

early 1800’s.early 1800’s. Even so, most Americans still live on Even so, most Americans still live on

farms at the start of the Civil War. We farms at the start of the Civil War. We are still a rural based nation.are still a rural based nation.

Out of more than 30 million people in Out of more than 30 million people in the U.S., only 1.3 million work in the U.S., only 1.3 million work in industry. industry. Rural

Urban

Post Civil WarPost Civil War

American industry quickly expands.American industry quickly expands. Factories grow larger and more Factories grow larger and more

complex. Machines replace hand complex. Machines replace hand tools.tools.

By 1914, America’s Gross National By 1914, America’s Gross National Product (GNP) is Product (GNP) is EIGHT Time’sEIGHT Time’s!! !! greater than it was at the end of the greater than it was at the end of the civil war.civil war.

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources America is blessed with natural resources.America is blessed with natural resources.

Timber, coal, iron, copper, and oil.Timber, coal, iron, copper, and oil. Abundance of natural resources means Abundance of natural resources means

industries can get everything they need cheaply industries can get everything they need cheaply without importing from foreign countries.without importing from foreign countries.

Settlers/miners out west accelerate Settlers/miners out west accelerate industrialization, as well as the expansion of the industrialization, as well as the expansion of the railroad.railroad. Government policies supporting railroad construction Government policies supporting railroad construction

allowed the United States to industrialize very allowed the United States to industrialize very quickly following the Civil War.quickly following the Civil War.

Oil!Oil!

Edwin DrakeEdwin Drake Drilled first oil well near Titusville, Drilled first oil well near Titusville,

Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania. Oil industry is built on the demand Oil industry is built on the demand

for kerosene which is made from for kerosene which is made from petroleum.petroleum. Kerosene fueled lanterns to light homes Kerosene fueled lanterns to light homes

and factories, and stoves to heat them.and factories, and stoves to heat them.

An Industrial Sized An Industrial Sized WorkforceWorkforce

Between 1860 and 1910, the Between 1860 and 1910, the American population nearly American population nearly tripled.tripled. Two-fold effect of this Two-fold effect of this

population boom.population boom.1.) 1.) Abundant workforceAbundant workforce

2.) 2.) More consumers demanding More consumers demanding goodsgoods

Why the Population Why the Population Boom?Boom?

Larger familiesLarger families Better living conditions lead to lower mortality Better living conditions lead to lower mortality

rate and therefore a higher population.rate and therefore a higher population. Flood of immigrantsFlood of immigrants

Poor economic conditions in eastern Europe Poor economic conditions in eastern Europe and China convince many people to move to and China convince many people to move to America in hopes of having a better life.America in hopes of having a better life.

Religious persecution and oppressive Religious persecution and oppressive governments also bring immigrants here governments also bring immigrants here looking for freedom.looking for freedom.

Between 1870 and 1910, more than 17 million Between 1870 and 1910, more than 17 million people moved to the United States.people moved to the United States.

New New Inventions/TechnologyInventions/Technology

Three-fold effect of technology on Three-fold effect of technology on Industrial growth.Industrial growth. Improved productivityImproved productivity

Thomas Edison- Light BulbThomas Edison- Light Bulb Automatic loomsAutomatic looms

Improved transportationImproved transportation George Westinghouse- Airbrakes for trainsGeorge Westinghouse- Airbrakes for trains

Improved communicationImproved communication Alexander Graham Bell – TelephoneAlexander Graham Bell – Telephone Cyrus Field – Stretched a telegraph cable Cyrus Field – Stretched a telegraph cable

across the Atlantic ocean.across the Atlantic ocean.

Free Enterprise/Laissez-Free Enterprise/Laissez-FaireFaire

Laissez-FaireLaissez-Faire French phrase which means “let people French phrase which means “let people

do as they choose”.do as they choose”. Also known as Also known as ““Hands offHands off” ” government.government. Supporters of Laissez-Faire philosophy Supporters of Laissez-Faire philosophy

believe the government should not believe the government should not interfere in the economy other than to interfere in the economy other than to protect private property rights and protect private property rights and maintain peace.maintain peace.

Main argument for Main argument for “Laissez-Faire”“Laissez-Faire” government regulation leads to government regulation leads to

increased costs which eventually hurts increased costs which eventually hurts society more.society more.

Relies on Relies on supplysupply and and demanddemand to decide to decide prices and wages.prices and wages.

Competition leads to greater efficiency Competition leads to greater efficiency and more wealth for all.and more wealth for all.

The The “Laissez-Faire”“Laissez-Faire” approach by the approach by the United States government in the late United States government in the late 1800’s led to an explosive expansion 1800’s led to an explosive expansion in industry.in industry.

EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs

New industrial opportunities for New industrial opportunities for profit lured many new investors into profit lured many new investors into these new industries.these new industries.

Many bright industrialists built Many bright industrialists built financial empires in the favorable financial empires in the favorable conditions caused by the conditions caused by the “laissez-“laissez-faire”faire” government approach. government approach.

TariffsTariffs

A tax placed on imported/foreign goods A tax placed on imported/foreign goods in an attempt to protect local in an attempt to protect local manufacturers/producers.manufacturers/producers.

Morrill TariffMorrill Tariff Passed during the Civil WarPassed during the Civil War Nearly tripled tariffs in the U.S.Nearly tripled tariffs in the U.S. Meant to be a positive for Americans, but Meant to be a positive for Americans, but

was it? was it? How do you think foreign governments reacted? How do you think foreign governments reacted?

Overarching Overarching Question????Question????

What government economic policies What government economic policies allowed industries to expand after the allowed industries to expand after the Civil War?Civil War? The American government’s laissez-faire, The American government’s laissez-faire,

hands off approach to regulating industry hands off approach to regulating industry allowed for industries to expand quickly allowed for industries to expand quickly without regulation. Also, the government’s without regulation. Also, the government’s promotion of the railroads opened up the promotion of the railroads opened up the resources in the west for eastern industry. resources in the west for eastern industry. In addition, tariffs limited foreign In addition, tariffs limited foreign competition.competition.

Big BusinessBig Business

CorporationCorporation

An organization owned An organization owned by many people but treated by many people but treated by law as though it were a by law as though it were a separate person.separate person.

TrustTrust

A legal arrangement that A legal arrangement that allows one person to manage allows one person to manage another person’s property another person’s property (stocks). (stocks).

Economies of Economies of ScaleScale

Achieved when the cost Achieved when the cost of manufacturing is of manufacturing is decreased by producing decreased by producing goods quickly and in large goods quickly and in large quantities.quantities.

MonopolyMonopoly

When a single company When a single company achieves control of an entire achieves control of an entire market.market.

Vertical Vertical IntegrationIntegrationOccurs when a company Occurs when a company

owns all of the different owns all of the different businesses on which it businesses on which it depends for its operation.depends for its operation.

Horizontal Horizontal IntegrationIntegrationOccurs when a company Occurs when a company

grows by buying up its grows by buying up its competitors.competitors.

Changing the Face of Changing the Face of BusinessBusiness

Following the Civil War, large Following the Civil War, large Corporations developed which Corporations developed which consolidatedconsolidated various business various business functions (steps) to produce goods functions (steps) to produce goods more efficiently. more efficiently.

Manufacturing moved from small Manufacturing moved from small partnerships to big businesses which partnerships to big businesses which operated vast complexes of factories, operated vast complexes of factories, warehouses, and distribution facilities.warehouses, and distribution facilities.

CorporationsCorporations

Made big businesses possible.Made big businesses possible. Considered to be its own entity (like its Considered to be its own entity (like its

own person).own person). Because of this, corporations can……Because of this, corporations can……

Own propertyOwn property Pay taxesPay taxes Make contractsMake contracts Sue and be sued Sue and be sued

(however it is the business being sued, not the (however it is the business being sued, not the owners, therefore the owners personal finances and or owners, therefore the owners personal finances and or property cannot be harmed)property cannot be harmed)

StockholdersStockholders

People who own a corporation.People who own a corporation. Own shares of ownership called Own shares of ownership called stockstock.. Issuing stock allows a corporation to Issuing stock allows a corporation to

raise large amounts of capital (money) raise large amounts of capital (money) for big projects while spreading out for big projects while spreading out the financial risk.the financial risk. The The stock marketstock market is where businesses is where businesses

peddle their stocks to interested investors. peddle their stocks to interested investors.

Economies of ScaleEconomies of Scale

Achieved when the cost of Achieved when the cost of manufacturing is decreased by manufacturing is decreased by producing goods quickly and in large producing goods quickly and in large quantities.quantities. Money raised from the sale of stocks Money raised from the sale of stocks

allowed corporations to invest in allowed corporations to invest in new technologies new technologies large workforceslarge workforces new machines which greatly increased their new machines which greatly increased their

efficiency.efficiency.

Making Businesses WorkMaking Businesses Work

Fixed CostsFixed Costs Costs a company has to pay, whether or Costs a company has to pay, whether or

not it is operating.not it is operating. Loans, mortgages, taxes, rent.Loans, mortgages, taxes, rent.

Operating CostsOperating Costs Costs that occur when a company is Costs that occur when a company is

operating.operating. Wages, supply costs.Wages, supply costs.

(Chart, page 195)(Chart, page 195)

Intense CompetitionIntense Competition

Companies lower prices to beat Companies lower prices to beat competitors.competitors.

This hurts profits and so businesses This hurts profits and so businesses organized organized poolspools which agreed to keep which agreed to keep prices at a certain level.prices at a certain level. Pools only last until one member cuts their Pools only last until one member cuts their

prices to steal business away from everyone prices to steal business away from everyone else.else.

By the 1870’s, competition had reduced many By the 1870’s, competition had reduced many industries to just a few large and highly industries to just a few large and highly efficient corporations.efficient corporations.

Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

Occurs when a company owns all of Occurs when a company owns all of the different businesses on which it the different businesses on which it depends for its own depends for its own product/operation.product/operation.

Saves money.Saves money. Made many companies bigger.Made many companies bigger.

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration

Occurs when one company grows by Occurs when one company grows by buying up its competitors.buying up its competitors.

Leads to Leads to MonopoliesMonopolies, where a , where a single company achieves control of single company achieves control of an entire market.an entire market.

New Business New Business OrganizationsOrganizations

By the late 1800’s, the government By the late 1800’s, the government was seeking to stop monopolies, was seeking to stop monopolies, which they felt hurt fair competition which they felt hurt fair competition and as a result prices.and as a result prices.

Many anti-monopoly laws were Many anti-monopoly laws were passed to prevent companies from passed to prevent companies from buying out their competition.buying out their competition.

TrustsTrusts

First formed in 1882 by John D. Rockefeller First formed in 1882 by John D. Rockefeller with his Standard Oil company.with his Standard Oil company. A legal arrangement that allows one person to A legal arrangement that allows one person to

manage another person’s property.manage another person’s property. Stockholders would give their stocks to a group Stockholders would give their stocks to a group

of of trusteestrustees who would then manage those stocks who would then manage those stocks from various companies as if they were one from various companies as if they were one large, merged company.large, merged company.

New way of merging businesses that did not New way of merging businesses that did not violate anti-monopoly laws because trustees violate anti-monopoly laws because trustees didn’t actually own the stocks they managed.didn’t actually own the stocks they managed.

Holding CompanyHolding Company

In 1889, a New Jersey law allowed In 1889, a New Jersey law allowed corporations chartered in New Jersey corporations chartered in New Jersey to own stock in other businesses.to own stock in other businesses.

This leads to formation of This leads to formation of holding holding companiescompanies..

Holding companies don’t produce Holding companies don’t produce anything themselves, instead their anything themselves, instead their business is holding (owning) stock in business is holding (owning) stock in companies who do produce goods.companies who do produce goods.

UnionsUnions

UnionUnion

A group of workers who A group of workers who organize for the purpose of organize for the purpose of advancing its members’ advancing its members’ interests.interests.

DeflationDeflation

A decline in the amount of A decline in the amount of available money or credit that available money or credit that results in lower prices, and results in lower prices, and therefore an increase in the buying therefore an increase in the buying power of money.power of money.

Why did unions form?Why did unions form?

Industrial workers facedIndustrial workers faced Difficult/unsafe working conditions Difficult/unsafe working conditions Low wages Low wages Long hours Long hours

This led them to form unions in the This led them to form unions in the hope of forcing change.hope of forcing change.

What were their What were their problems?problems?

Dull, repetitive tasks.Dull, repetitive tasks. Workers breathed in dust, lint, and Workers breathed in dust, lint, and

toxic fumes.toxic fumes. Many injuries caused by new heavy Many injuries caused by new heavy

machines without safety devices.machines without safety devices. Long hours led to worker exhaustion Long hours led to worker exhaustion

and poor family life.and poor family life.

Child LaborChild Labor

Crowded and Repetitive Crowded and Repetitive JobsJobs

Poor Air QualityPoor Air Quality

Poor Safety - Triangle Shirtwaist Poor Safety - Triangle Shirtwaist Factory FireFactory Fire

DeflationDeflation

A A declinedecline in the amount of available money or in the amount of available money or credit that results in lower prices, and therefore credit that results in lower prices, and therefore an an increaseincrease in the buying power of money. in the buying power of money.

Why is this bad?Why is this bad? Falling prices between 1865 and 1897 > employers Falling prices between 1865 and 1897 > employers

cut wages to compensate.cut wages to compensate. Even though the workers money can now buy more Even though the workers money can now buy more

because of the increase in buying power, they because of the increase in buying power, they resented being paid less. (The industrial workforce resented being paid less. (The industrial workforce wasn’t the most educated of people)wasn’t the most educated of people)

Many workers decide they need a union to bargain for Many workers decide they need a union to bargain for them in order to increase wages and improve working them in order to increase wages and improve working conditions.conditions.

Types of UnionsTypes of Unions

Trade UnionsTrade Unions Union made up of workers with special Union made up of workers with special

skills and training. skills and training. (Machinists, stonecutters, printers, etc.)(Machinists, stonecutters, printers, etc.)

Industrial UnionsIndustrial Unions Union which united Union which united AllAll workers in a workers in a

particular industry, skilled and particular industry, skilled and unskilled alike.unskilled alike. (UAW, United Auto Workers)(UAW, United Auto Workers)

Company Opposition to Company Opposition to UnionsUnions

BlacklistsBlacklists List of “troublemakers” compiled by the List of “troublemakers” compiled by the

companies. companies. Those who were fired and found themselves on Those who were fired and found themselves on

the blacklist would find other companies the blacklist would find other companies unwilling to hire them.unwilling to hire them.

LockoutsLockouts Companies would lock workers out of the Companies would lock workers out of the

property and refuse to pay them.property and refuse to pay them. Replacements/StrikebreakersReplacements/Strikebreakers

New employees would be hired to replace New employees would be hired to replace striking workers who would then lose their striking workers who would then lose their jobs.jobs.

Government Opposition to Government Opposition to UnionsUnions

Unions were viewed as a conspiracy to Unions were viewed as a conspiracy to restrain trade.restrain trade. Un-American, even a communist plot to Un-American, even a communist plot to

disrupt American industry.disrupt American industry. Labor leaders fined and jailed.Labor leaders fined and jailed. Strikes crushed by police army intervention.Strikes crushed by police army intervention. Many union supporters felt violent means Many union supporters felt violent means

should be used to cause a change. should be used to cause a change. This obviously didn’t help gain government This obviously didn’t help gain government

support, or public support either.support, or public support either.

Various StrikesVarious Strikes

The Great Railroad StrikeThe Great Railroad Strike Panic of 1873 leads to an economic scare, Panic of 1873 leads to an economic scare,

and results in wage cuts by various and results in wage cuts by various companies.companies.

July 1877, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad July 1877, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cuts wages for a third time.cuts wages for a third time.

Workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia Workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia walk off the job and block the tracks.walk off the job and block the tracks.

As word spreads, 80,000 railroad workers As word spreads, 80,000 railroad workers across the country follow the example.across the country follow the example.

ViolenceViolence Workers smash equipment, tear up track, and Workers smash equipment, tear up track, and

block rail service.block rail service. Many state governors call out the state militia Many state governors call out the state militia

and gun battles erupt between the militia and and gun battles erupt between the militia and strikers.strikers.

President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops to end what is declared to be an troops to end what is declared to be an “insurrection”. “insurrection”.

In the end more than 100 people are killed, and In the end more than 100 people are killed, and over $10 million in railroad property is over $10 million in railroad property is destroyed.destroyed.

The violent nature of this strike points out the The violent nature of this strike points out the need for more peaceful means to settle labor need for more peaceful means to settle labor disputes.disputes.

The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, led by Terrence Powderly.Founded in 1869, led by Terrence Powderly. Opposed strikes, instead preferred boycotts Opposed strikes, instead preferred boycotts

to pressure employers to make changes.to pressure employers to make changes. Also supported a third party negotiator to Also supported a third party negotiator to

help workers and employers reach an help workers and employers reach an agreement.agreement.

Pushed for….Pushed for…. An eight hour workday.An eight hour workday. Equal pay for women.Equal pay for women. An end to child labor.An end to child labor.

The Knights of Labor had initial The Knights of Labor had initial success which results in a dramatic success which results in a dramatic increase in union membership.increase in union membership.

However, However, violent strikesviolent strikes, such as the , such as the Haymarket Square RiotHaymarket Square Riot, undermine , undermine the Knights’ success.the Knights’ success.

Haymarket Square Riot Haymarket Square Riot (Chicago, 1886)(Chicago, 1886)

Supporters of an eight hour workday organize Supporters of an eight hour workday organize a strike on May 1a strike on May 1stst..

On May 3On May 3rdrd, picket line fights result in violence , picket line fights result in violence between police and strikers. Four people are between police and strikers. Four people are killed.killed.

AnarchistsAnarchists organize a protest on May 4 organize a protest on May 4thth over over the shootings. After the speeches are given the shootings. After the speeches are given and people begin to leave, someone throws a and people begin to leave, someone throws a bomb, killing one officer and wounding six bomb, killing one officer and wounding six more.more.

Violence erupts and about 100 people, Violence erupts and about 100 people, including 70 policemen, are injured.including 70 policemen, are injured.

This This violence leads to a steady declineviolence leads to a steady decline in the in the Knights of Labor membership.Knights of Labor membership.

New UnionsNew Unions American Federation of Labor (A.F.L.)American Federation of Labor (A.F.L.)

Dominant union in the late 1800’s.Dominant union in the late 1800’s. Led by Led by Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers.. Combined multiple trade unions together.Combined multiple trade unions together. Promoted the interests of skilled workers.Promoted the interests of skilled workers. Three main goals…Three main goals…

1.1. Convince companies to recognize unions and Convince companies to recognize unions and agree to agree to collective (group) bargaining.collective (group) bargaining.

2.2. Pushed for companies to only hire union Pushed for companies to only hire union members. members. (closed shop)(closed shop)

3.3. An eight hour workday.An eight hour workday.

Overarching Overarching Question????Question????

What factors resulted in the difficult struggle What factors resulted in the difficult struggle by unions to gain power and legitimacy?by unions to gain power and legitimacy? The fact that companies refused to recognize the The fact that companies refused to recognize the

legitimacy of unions led them to take various steps legitimacy of unions led them to take various steps to stop them. to stop them.

Blacklisting, lockouts, and the hiring of Blacklisting, lockouts, and the hiring of replacements/strikebreakers made the decision to join a replacements/strikebreakers made the decision to join a union very difficult for people who needed work.union very difficult for people who needed work.

Government support for the companies also made union Government support for the companies also made union efforts difficult. Unions were seen as anti-American.efforts difficult. Unions were seen as anti-American.

Violence that resulted from strikes, caused many people Violence that resulted from strikes, caused many people to stay clear of, and even withdraw from, the unions.to stay clear of, and even withdraw from, the unions.

ImmigrationImmigrationIn the Late In the Late

1800’s1800’s

PovertyPoverty

The condition of being The condition of being extremely poor. Living in extremely poor. Living in poor conditions.poor conditions.

FamineFamine

Extreme scarcity/shortage of Extreme scarcity/shortage of food.food.

NativismNativism

The policy of protecting the The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or interests of native-born or established inhabitants against established inhabitants against those of immigrants.those of immigrants.

European ImmigrantsEuropean Immigrants Between 1865 and 1914 nearly 25 Between 1865 and 1914 nearly 25

million Europeans immigrated to the million Europeans immigrated to the United States.United States.

Reasons For ImmigratingReasons For Immigrating American industries offer many jobs.American industries offer many jobs.

While there were jobs in the cities in Europe While there were jobs in the cities in Europe too, poverty and social class restrictions too, poverty and social class restrictions caused many to look to America.caused many to look to America.

Some moved to avoid forced military service Some moved to avoid forced military service which many European countries would require which many European countries would require for many years.for many years.

Famine and high food prices.Famine and high food prices. Population pressure. (China)Population pressure. (China) Religious persecution. (especially Jewish Religious persecution. (especially Jewish

peoples) peoples)

European countries had made it European countries had made it easy to immigrate.easy to immigrate. Old laws had prevented certain Old laws had prevented certain

people from leaving or from taking people from leaving or from taking more than a certain amount of more than a certain amount of money with them if they did.money with them if they did.

Many of these laws had been Many of these laws had been repealed by the late 1800’s.repealed by the late 1800’s.

The Voyage Over the The Voyage Over the AtlanticAtlantic

Most immigrants booked their passages in the Most immigrants booked their passages in the cheapest accommodations on a steamship, called cheapest accommodations on a steamship, called steerage.steerage.

Journey would take 14 days.Journey would take 14 days. Most were processed at Ellis Island in New York Most were processed at Ellis Island in New York

Harbor.Harbor.

“ “Narrow, steep and slippery stairways lead to it. Crowds everywhere, ill Narrow, steep and slippery stairways lead to it. Crowds everywhere, ill smelling bunks, uninviting washrooms – this is steerage. The odors of scattered smelling bunks, uninviting washrooms – this is steerage. The odors of scattered orange peelings, tobacco, garlic and disinfectants meeting but not blending. No orange peelings, tobacco, garlic and disinfectants meeting but not blending. No lounge or chairs for comfort, and a continual babble of tongues – this is steerage. lounge or chairs for comfort, and a continual babble of tongues – this is steerage. The food, which is miserable, is dealt out of huge kettles into dinner pails The food, which is miserable, is dealt out of huge kettles into dinner pails provided by the steamship company.” provided by the steamship company.”

Quote fromQuote from World of Our Fathers World of Our Fathers

Ellis IslandEllis Island

A medical examiner inspected all A medical examiner inspected all incoming immigrants. incoming immigrants.

Any suspicious medical case would result Any suspicious medical case would result in that person being placed in a cage in that person being placed in a cage away from everyone else, and marked away from everyone else, and marked with chalk to indicate why they were with chalk to indicate why they were isolated.isolated.

People who failed inspection may be People who failed inspection may be separated from their families and separated from their families and returned to Europe.returned to Europe.

Immigrants in CitiesImmigrants in Cities

Many immigrants moving to America Many immigrants moving to America settled in the cities.settled in the cities.

Immigrants often settled into ethnic Immigrants often settled into ethnic communities in the cities, where they communities in the cities, where they were able to speak their own language, were able to speak their own language, recreated their own churches, recreated their own churches, synagogues, clubs, and newspapers.synagogues, clubs, and newspapers.

Those who had a useful skill or spoke Those who had a useful skill or spoke English, were better off than others.English, were better off than others.

Asian ImmigrantsAsian Immigrants ChineseChinese

In China, the population had reached 430 In China, the population had reached 430 million people by the mid-1800’s.million people by the mid-1800’s.

Severe unemployment, poverty, and famine Severe unemployment, poverty, and famine caused great suffering.caused great suffering.

In 1850, the Taiping Rebellion caused even In 1850, the Taiping Rebellion caused even more suffering for the Chinese people.more suffering for the Chinese people. Thousands of Chinese leave for America.Thousands of Chinese leave for America.

During the early 1860’s, many Chinese are During the early 1860’s, many Chinese are drawn to the job opportunities provided by drawn to the job opportunities provided by the Central Pacific Railroad and the building the Central Pacific Railroad and the building of the Transcontinental Railroad. of the Transcontinental Railroad.

JapaneseJapanese Immigration from Japan soared Immigration from Japan soared

between 1900 and 1910 due to between 1900 and 1910 due to economic problems related to economic problems related to Japan’s own industrialization.Japan’s own industrialization.

NativismNativism The Flood of immigrants in the late 1800’s The Flood of immigrants in the late 1800’s

leads to leads to extreme resentment of immigrants extreme resentment of immigrants by many native-born Americansby many native-born Americans..

Protestant Americans fear the influx of Protestant Americans fear the influx of Catholics from Europe.Catholics from Europe.

Labor unions Labor unions feared the competition for feared the competition for jobsjobs.. Immigrants would work for low wages and Immigrants would work for low wages and

accept accept strikebreakerstrikebreaker jobs. jobs. Anti-immigrant organizations became Anti-immigrant organizations became

popular.popular.

Government Responses to Government Responses to ImmigrationImmigration

While several presidents had vetoed While several presidents had vetoed legislation that would have limited legislation that would have limited immigration, some laws were still immigration, some laws were still influenced by anti-immigrant feelings.influenced by anti-immigrant feelings.

Literacy testsLiteracy tests To reduce the number of immigrants To reduce the number of immigrants

entering the country, congress passed a entering the country, congress passed a law requiring immigrants to be literate in law requiring immigrants to be literate in order to enter.order to enter.

Chinese Exclusion Act of Chinese Exclusion Act of 18821882

Anti-Chinese sentiment in the west Anti-Chinese sentiment in the west led to theled to the Chinese Exclusion Act Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).(1882). This law banned Chinese immigration This law banned Chinese immigration

for 10 years, and prevented the Chinese for 10 years, and prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming already in the country from becoming citizens.citizens.

This law would be in place until the This law would be in place until the 1940’s1940’s

UrbanizationUrbanization

Political MachinePolitical Machine

An informal/corrupt An informal/corrupt political group designed to political group designed to gain and keep power.gain and keep power.

The Growth of CitiesThe Growth of Cities

Between 1870 and 1900, the population Between 1870 and 1900, the population of the U.S. grew from 10 million to 30 of the U.S. grew from 10 million to 30 million people.million people. New York went from 800,000 to 3.5 million New York went from 800,000 to 3.5 million

people.people. Chicago grew from 109,000 to 1.6 million Chicago grew from 109,000 to 1.6 million

people.people. In 1840 the U.S. had only 131 cities with In 1840 the U.S. had only 131 cities with

populations of 2,500 people or more. By populations of 2,500 people or more. By 1900, there were 1,700 cities of that size.1900, there were 1,700 cities of that size.

Why Did People Migrate to Why Did People Migrate to the City?the City?

ImmigrantsImmigrants Lacked the money to buy farmland and Lacked the money to buy farmland and

lacked the education to obtain high paying lacked the education to obtain high paying jobs, so they settled in cities where jobs, so they settled in cities where factories were expanding and offered jobs.factories were expanding and offered jobs.

Rural AmericansRural Americans Better paying jobs were more plentiful in Better paying jobs were more plentiful in

the city.the city. City life also offered new conveniences City life also offered new conveniences

such as electric lights, running water, and such as electric lights, running water, and indoor plumbing.indoor plumbing.

Changes in the City’s Changes in the City’s LookLook

Land prices in cities increased due Land prices in cities increased due to demand for places to live.to demand for places to live.

The need to maximize space led to The need to maximize space led to the building of the first skyscrapers. the building of the first skyscrapers. (Chicago’s ten story Home Insurance (Chicago’s ten story Home Insurance

Building, built in 1885, was the first Building, built in 1885, was the first skyscraper)skyscraper)

The need to move many people The need to move many people around quickly, leads to various around quickly, leads to various mass transit (transportation) mass transit (transportation) systems.systems. Horse Cars – railroad cars pulled by Horse Cars – railroad cars pulled by

horses through the city.horses through the city. Cable Cars – Pulled along by Cable Cars – Pulled along by

underground cables.underground cables. Electric Trolley Cars – First electric Electric Trolley Cars – First electric

trolley opened in Richmond Virginia in trolley opened in Richmond Virginia in 1887.1887.

Congestion became so bad Congestion became so bad that ways to move mass that ways to move mass transit off the street were transit off the street were developed.developed. Chicago built an elevated railroad Chicago built an elevated railroad

over its streets.over its streets. New York and Boston built the New York and Boston built the

first subway systems.first subway systems.

Social Classes in the CitySocial Classes in the City

Upper ClassUpper Class High SocietyHigh Society Business ownersBusiness owners Owned lavish homesOwned lavish homes Many servantsMany servants Spent money on social activities and Spent money on social activities and

entertainmententertainment

Middle ClassMiddle Class Doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, Doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers,

social workers, architects, and teachers.social workers, architects, and teachers. Lived on the edges of cities thanks to Lived on the edges of cities thanks to

commuter rail lines. (called street car commuter rail lines. (called street car suburbs)suburbs)

Nice homesNice homes Most had at least one servant.Most had at least one servant. Women formed social clubsWomen formed social clubs

Working classWorking class Most could not own a home, instead Most could not own a home, instead

they lived in tenements (apartments).they lived in tenements (apartments). These were usually over-crowded with These were usually over-crowded with

multiple families in each apartment. (Quote multiple families in each apartment. (Quote page 225)page 225)

Most working class families relied on Most working class families relied on more than one working family member. more than one working family member. In some families, the whole family In some families, the whole family worked including the children.worked including the children.

$ Wage Differences in $ Wage Differences in Society $Society $

White native-born men White native-born men earned the highest wagesearned the highest wagesFollowed by African American Followed by African American

menmenNext immigrants Next immigrants

Finally women.Finally women.

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems CrimeCrime

Pick pockets, swindlers, and thieves thrived in Pick pockets, swindlers, and thieves thrived in the crowded cities.the crowded cities.

From 1880 to 1900, the murder rate From 1880 to 1900, the murder rate quadrupled!quadrupled! Alcohol contributed to violence and trouble Alcohol contributed to violence and trouble

inside and outside of the home.inside and outside of the home. DiseaseDisease

Improper sewage disposal contaminated Improper sewage disposal contaminated drinking water and triggered outbreaks of drinking water and triggered outbreaks of typhoid fever and cholera.typhoid fever and cholera.

PollutionPollution Horse manure piled up in the streets.Horse manure piled up in the streets. Factories spewed out smoke, soot, and ash.Factories spewed out smoke, soot, and ash.

Machine PoliticsMachine Politics Political machines, run by party bosses, Political machines, run by party bosses,

form in the absence of adequate government form in the absence of adequate government organization.organization. Cities had grown faster than their governments, Cities had grown faster than their governments,

resulting in inadequate aid for new city dwellers.resulting in inadequate aid for new city dwellers. New city dwellers needed jobs, housing, food, heat, New city dwellers needed jobs, housing, food, heat,

and police protection.and police protection. Political machines offered all these things in exchange Political machines offered all these things in exchange

for votes in the elections.for votes in the elections. Many machine politicians grew rich through Many machine politicians grew rich through

fraud and other corrupt dealings.fraud and other corrupt dealings. Bribes and inside building contract deals were Bribes and inside building contract deals were

common.common.

Tammany HallTammany Hall

The most infamous political machineThe most infamous political machine New York City Democratic party New York City Democratic party

political machine.political machine. Lead by Lead by William “Boss” TweedWilliam “Boss” Tweed.. Tweed’s corruption finally led to Tweed’s corruption finally led to

prison in 1874.prison in 1874.

Boss TweedBoss Tweed