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The
Respiratory
System
Unit 12
Introduction
Of all the substances that cells and therefore the body as a whole must have to survive, oxygen is by far the most crucial. The average person will live 4-6 minutes without it!
Introduction
The respiratory system ensures that the oxygen is supplied to and carbon dioxide is removed from the body’s cells.
Introduction
The respiratory system:-filters-warms-humidifies-influence speech/sound-make olfaction possible
Respiratory SystemOrgans of the Resp. System-nose-pharynx-larynx -trachea-bronchi-lungs
Respiratory System
Alveoli – millions of thin-walled air filled sacs that are covered by capillaries, facilitating gas exchange via diffusion
Respiratory System
Respiratory Mucosa – membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the system – mucus
(over 125 ml of respiratory mucus is produced daily)
Respiratory System
Respiratory Membrane – separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries
The NoseOne of the ways air enters the respiratory tract through the external nares or nostrils. It then flows into the left and right nasal cavities. The partition in the nose is called the nasal septum.
Why you don’t run in the house with scissors…or forks.
The Nose
Nerve endings located in nasal mucosa send messages to the brain.
The NoseParanasal Sinuses:-Frontal-Maxillary -Sphenoidal-EthmoidalAssist in production ofsound and lighten skull
Pharynx
-The “throat.”-About 5 inches long-Divided into 3 portions
Pharynx
Divided into 3 portions- Nasopharynx: uppermost part behind nasal cavity
- Oropharynx: behind the mouth
- Laryngopharynx: lowest section above the larynx
Larynx
-”Voice Box”-located below the pharynx-made of cartilage-”Adams Apple”
Larynx
LarynxVocal Cords: two short fibrous
cords that stretch across the interior of the larynx. Muscles control pitch.
Tense – high pitchRelaxed – low pitchGlottis – space between vocal
cords
LarynxEpiglottis – partially covers opening of the larynx, serves as trap door, closing larynx during swallowing and preventing food from entering trachea.
Trachea-”Windpipe”-4.5 inches-extends from larynx to bronchi
-open passageway to lungs
Trachea-Made of 15-20 C-Shaped rings of cartilage placed on top of each other.
-Lined with respiratory mucosa and cilia moves this mucus upward toward pharynx
TracheaThe trachea can sometimes become occluded despite its strong cartilage rings by a tumor, enlarged lymph node or foreign body obstruction. For the foreign body obstruction:
Heimlich Maneuver
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
The trachea is divided into the left and right bronchus at it’s inferior end, also known as the primary bronchi.
Bronchi, Bronchioles, AlveoliThe primary bronchi also branch out into secondary bronchi. These also branch out into smaller tubes known as bronchioles, which then become alveolar ducts, holding the alveoli.
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
Surfactant – substance that covers the surface of the respiratory membrane which prevents the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.
Respiration
Definition – the exchange of gasses (oxygen & carbon dioxide) between living organism and its environment.
Respiration
The lungs provide a place where air and circulating blood can come close enough to each other for gas exchange to occur.
RespirationExternal Respiration – exchange of gases between air and lungs
Internal Respiration – exchange of gasses between blood and body cells
Mechanics of BreathingInspiration – inhalation, moving air into the lungs; enlarges the chest cavity
Expiration – exhalation, moving air out of the lungs
Mechanics of BreathingDiaphragm – dome-shaped muscle separating the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity; most important muscle of inspiration
Lungs
Left Lung – 2 lobes
Right Lung – 3 Lobes
Exchange of GasesIn the lungs – through external respiration – diffusion between blood and alveoli
In the tissues – through internal respiration – diffusion between capillaries and body cells
Volume of Air Exchange
Spirometer – special device used to measure the amount of air exchanged during respiration
Volume of Air Exchange
Tidal Volume – we take about 500ml (about a pint) of air into our lungs with each normal inspiration.
Volume of Air Exchange
Vital Capacity – the largest amount of air that we can breath out in one expiration
Regulation of RespirationNormal Respiratory Rate
12-24 Breaths/min(at rest)
Regulation of RespirationRespiratory Control Centers
Located in the pons and the medulla (Brain)
Regulation of RespirationRespiratory Control Centers
Two most important control centers are in the medulla:
Inspiratory CenterExpiratory Center
Regulation of RespirationCerebral Cortex
Controls voluntary changes in respirations.
(holding your breath)
Types of BreathingEupnea –Normal breathingHyperventilation – rapid, deep respirations
Hypoventilation – slow, shallow respirations
Apnea – Absence of respirations
Types of Breathing
Cheyne-Stokes BreathingAlternating apnea and
hyperventilation
(usually associated with critical condition)
Types of Breathing
Respiratory ArrestFailure to resume breathing
after a period of apnea
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Rhinitis – inflammation of the nasal mucosa and is often caused by nasal infections; irritants; allergies
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Pharyngitis – “sore throat”; inflammation or infection of the pharynx; pain, redness, difficulty swallowing; streptococcal infection
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Laryngitis – inflammation of the mucous lining of the larynx; edema of the vocal cords; hoarseness; loss of voice; overuse of voice, smoking
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Epistaxis – medical term for “nosebleed;” most common cause is trauma, but can also be caused by sustained increased blood pressure; rhinitis; brain injury
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Acute Bronchitis – acute inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by infection, can also be caused by irritant or allergy; nonproductive cough that progresses to deep cough – sputum.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Pneumonia – acute inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and bronchi become plugged with thick fluid (exudate); high fever, chills, headache, cough and chest pain
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Aspiration Pneumonia – Pneumonia as a result aspiration.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Tuberculosis – highly contagious; caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium Tuberculosis; transmitted through inhalation or swallowing of contaminated droplets.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Tuberculosis – fatigue, chest pain, pleurisy, weight loss, fever
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Atelectasis – total or partial collapse of the alveoli of the lung.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; irreversible obstruction of air flow
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Chronic Bronchitis; chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles; edema and excessive mucus production; smoking is major cause
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Emphysema; progression of chronic bronchitis; walls of alveoli rupture and fuse together
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Asthma; recurring spasms of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchial air passages; inflammation excessive mucus; stress, exercise, infection, allergens, irritants.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Lung Cancer – malignancy of pulmonary tissue; may spread (metastasis); 75% of lung cancer is associated with smoking
Increased exposure to “second hand” smoke also increases chances of lung cancer.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Lung Cancer – treatment;Lobectomy – surgical removal of one lobe of lung
Pneumonectomy – surgical removal of entire lung.
Respiratory System
PulmonologistAllergistEar Nose & Throat (ENT)Respiratory Therapist
End of Lecture
