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1

The Respiratory System

Use this ppt to complete notes pgs 1-4.Study the information as you go & discuss each

slide with each other.Ask me if you need any explanation or have a

question about the info.

Look at each part & see how they go together and what they

look like

Know your

basic parts

Major Function of Resp. System

• Supply the body with Oxygen

• Dispose of Carbon dioxide

Functional Anatomy –

2 zones

• Respiratory zone:

– Actual site of gas

exchange

– (some exchange -

Respiratory

bronchioles,

alveolar ducts)

alveoli (major site)

Functional Anatomy –

2 zones

• Conducting zone:

– Conduits – purify,

humidify, and warm

incoming air

– Include all other

respiratory

passageways

Nose – 5 functions• Provide airway for respiration

• Moisten & warm air

• Filter air (mucus & cilia) (breath in thru nose & out thru mouth)

• Site of olfactory (smell) receptors

• Resonating chamber for sound waves (hold your nose closed & see how you sound!)

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Cilia & Goblet CellsMucus traps the “junk” and the cilia sweeps it up toward your throat so you can swallow it or spit it out.

Smoking kills cilia so smoker’s constantly have to cough to clear the mucus out!

Cold day = Runny nose

• The cilia in your nose become sluggish & slow

when they are cold & do not move the mucus

down into your throat

• Mucus in the nasal cavity accumulates &

dribbles out

Nasal Conchae

• Nasal Conchae aka.

NasalTurbinates=

increase SA of mucosa

exposed to air to help

warm & filter it – also

increase turbulence

(mini tornado effect)

of air – more inhaled

particles swirled onto

mucus and trapped

Nasal Cavity

• Nasal cavity

separated from oral

cavity by the palate

(roof of mouth)

– Anterior – hard

palate

– Posterior – soft

palate

Paranasal sinuses functions

• Lighten skull

• Act a resonance chamber

• Produce mucus

Chronic Sinusitis

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Stop and be sure you completely

understand this page before you

move on

Check this out! (do not try this at

home or in this classroom!)• The Human Blockhead

Click through the different pages to see

all the info

Pharynx – 3 basic parts• Pharynx serves as common passageway for

food (& fluids) and air.

Color code the 3 parts of the pharynx

on the diagram in your notes

The names give you location clues!

Pharynx – 3 basic parts

• Nasopharynx – air only

– During swallowing, Soft palate & uvula rise

upward to close off nasopharynx which prevents

food & fluids from entering it

• Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx – food,

liquids & air

– Food will be directed posteriorly to the

esophagus

– Air will go anteriorly into the larynx

Tonsils (think about the name – it tells you the

location)

• Pharyngeal tonsils: aka. Adenoids – located in

nasopharynx

• Palatine tonsils: located in oropharynx

• Lingual tonsils: located at base of tongue

• All tonsils are lymph nodes & work with

immune system

• You will be labeling these on the back page

diagram

Larynx – 3 Functions

• Provides patent (open)

airway

• Act as a switching

mechanism (between

respiratory & digestive

systems)

• Voice production

(location of vocal cords)

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Adam’s apple

• Know this: Laryngeal prominence on the thyroid cartilage

• Seen externally as Adam’s apple

Larynx – Label diagram on pg 4 now

Epiglottis

• 9th cartilage

• When air is flowing into the larynx – free edge projects upward

• During swallowing:

– Larynx is pulled upward

– Epiglottis is tipped back and down to cover laryngeal inlet into trachea

– Routes food/fluid into esophagus

Cough Reflex

• Initiated if anything other than air enters the larynx

• Pressure from air moves object upward out of the larynx

– Reflex does not work when unconscious so not a good idea:

• To give fluids to an unconscious person

• Also a reason why people in an alcoholic coma often die from aspirating their own vomit.

Trachea (Windpipe)

• The ciliated mucosa

(mucociliary

escalator)

continuously propels

the mucus which

contains dust

particles and debris

to the throat so it can

be expelled or

swallowed.

Smoking

• Diminishes ciliary activity

• Coughing is ONLY method of preventing

mucus accumulation in the lungs

• Smokers should never be given medications

that INHIBIT the cough reflex.

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Some Effects of Smoking

Stop and be sure you completely

understand this page before you

move on

Reinforcement

• Trachea is reinforced internally by 16-20 C

shaped rings (Be able to explain – see diagram

on next slide also)

• Outer portion of C – causes trachea to stay

patent (open) and not collapse

• Inner portion (open part) of C – allow trachea

to be flexible and gives esophagus a place to

expand into upon swallowing.

Trachea

must be

flexible yet

stay patent

(open)

• Heimlich manuver is the same principle as a cough

• Used to press air out of lungs in case someone cannot inhale to initiate a cough

Tracheostomy

• -ostomy = cut a hole into

• Used in cases of:

– Abnormalities

– Cancers

– Obstructions

– Injuries to area

– Etc.

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Bronchial Tree

• Trachea divides into right and left primary

bronchi at the level of the sternal angle

(where manubrium and body of sternum

meet).

• Inhaled objects usually lodge in the right

primary bronchus since it is wider, shorter,

and at a more vertical angle

Lungs

• Left lung is smaller, consisting of 2 lobes and

contains a cardiac notch

• Right lung has 3 lobes

• FYI: Bronchopulmonary segments

– Served by own artery, vein, and individual

segmental bronchus

– Left lung has 8 segments while right lung has 10.

FYI: Important Info

• Respiratory therapists and surgeons use this

info about the different bronchopulmonary

segments so they can treat the patient as

needed

– Even to the point of removing the diseased

segment and leaving the good tissue

• The lungs weigh approximately

2.5 pounds

Pleurae: Review

• Parietal vs. visceral

• Function of pleural fluid

– Lubricate layers so they can slide across each

other

– Cause them to cling tightly to each other through

surface tension (helps maintain pressure

differences necessary for inhaling/exhaling)

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Respiratory Zone Structures

• Begins as the terminal

bronchioles which feed

into the respiratory

bronchioles which end

in the alveoli chambers

where gas exchange

(external respiration)

takes place.

Alveoli

• Composed of simple squamous – much thinner than a sheet of paper

• Membrane has gas on one side and blood on the other.

• Account for the largest portion of lung volume and provide a tremendous surface area for gas exchange

Alveoli• Gas exchanges occur through simple diffusion

• Approximate surface area = 50-70 square meters

(40x greater than skin SA)

• A moist membrane is required so the TYPE II

cuboidal cells secrete a substance called surfactant

that coats the membrane & interferes with surface

tension.

Page 4 diagram

• Use the lab book or the text book or the

internet to label the head diagram

• Label only the ones that have a dot on the

end.

• Be very specific about the structures.

• May check with me when done.

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Study for Quiz #1

Remember – it includes the

diagrams!!