The ReformationThe ReformationObjective: Analyze the causes, course, and Objective: Analyze the causes, course, and

effects of the Reformationeffects of the Reformation

77thth grade World History grade World History

The Weakening of the Catholic The Weakening of the Catholic ChurchChurch

• By the late Middle By the late Middle Ages, two major Ages, two major problems were problems were weakening the weakening the Catholic Church: Catholic Church:

1.1. CorruptionCorruption within within the Churchthe Church

2.2. Political conflict Political conflict between the between the monarchy and monarchy and papacypapacy

Criticism of the ChurchCriticism of the Church

• The Church owned 1/5 to The Church owned 1/5 to 1/3 of all the lands of 1/3 of all the lands of Europe and Church Europe and Church leaders needed large leaders needed large sums of money to sums of money to maintain such a large maintain such a large institutioninstitution• Many people were Many people were

angered by some of the angered by some of the ways in which the ways in which the Church earned and Church earned and spent its money…spent its money…

• Corruption: Too often, Corruption: Too often, clergyclergy failed to live up to failed to live up to their roles as spiritual their roles as spiritual leaders and many broke leaders and many broke their vows while some their vows while some seemed to ignore seemed to ignore Christian values and Christian values and morals altogether.morals altogether.

Criticism of the Church: Criticism of the Church: How they earned MoneyHow they earned Money

• Europeans paid taxes to the Europeans paid taxes to the Church, while the Church did not Church, while the Church did not have to pay any taxes to the have to pay any taxes to the monarchymonarchy

• Objection to the sale of Objection to the sale of indulgencesindulgences, pardons from sins., pardons from sins.

• Objection to Objection to simonysimony,, the buying the buying and selling of spiritual or holy and selling of spiritual or holy thingsthings

• Critics did not like how the Church Critics did not like how the Church spent large sums of money on arts spent large sums of money on arts and their own personal pleasures.and their own personal pleasures.

Criticism of the Church: Criticism of the Church: corruptioncorruption

• During the Middle Ages, the church was a political During the Middle Ages, the church was a political and economic institution as well as a religious one. and economic institution as well as a religious one. By the 1300s, many Catholics felt that the church By the 1300s, many Catholics felt that the church had become far too had become far too wordlywordly and and corrupt.corrupt.

• Many priests, monks, and nuns broke their holy Many priests, monks, and nuns broke their holy vowsvows not to marry or have children not to marry or have children

• Some church leaders behaved like royalty instead of Some church leaders behaved like royalty instead of humble servants of God, living in elegant palaces humble servants of God, living in elegant palaces and wore jeweled robes.and wore jeweled robes.

Political Conflict:Political Conflict:The Great SchismThe Great Schism

• In 1305, Clement V was In 1305, Clement V was elected pope and moved the elected pope and moved the center of the Church to center of the Church to Avignon, FranceAvignon, France

• Since then, most of the popes Since then, most of the popes were Frenchwere French

• Other Europeans and many Other Europeans and many church officials felt the French church officials felt the French king was controlling the pope king was controlling the pope and wanted to move the and wanted to move the center back to Rome.center back to Rome.

The Split…The Split…• The church split into two sides, one with a The church split into two sides, one with a

center at Rome and the other at Avignon.center at Rome and the other at Avignon.

• Each side elected a pope who had same Each side elected a pope who had same powerspowers

• This caused confusion and doubt among This caused confusion and doubt among the Christians and weakened the Churchthe Christians and weakened the Church

• In 1417 the two popes resigned and In 1417 the two popes resigned and church officials elected a new pope based church officials elected a new pope based in Rome who began to unify the Church in Rome who began to unify the Church againagain

Reformers…Reformers…

• John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe in England in England questioned the popequestioned the pope’’s right s right to levy taxes and appoint to levy taxes and appoint church officials without the church officials without the kingking’’s approval. He was s approval. He was the first to translate the the first to translate the Bible into English Bible into English vernacularvernacular..

• Desiderius Erasmus,Desiderius Erasmus, a a humanisthumanist from Holland, from Holland, criticized the criticized the clergyclergy for for neglecting Christian values, neglecting Christian values, but also criticized reformers but also criticized reformers for trying to divide the for trying to divide the Church.Church.

Martin Luther Confronts the ChurchMartin Luther Confronts the Church

Martin LutherMartin Luther was a was a German monk and German monk and scholar who believed scholar who believed that people could only be that people could only be saved through faith in saved through faith in Christ and disapproved Christ and disapproved of the sale of of the sale of indulgencesindulgences

In 1517 in Wittenberg, In 1517 in Wittenberg, Martin LutherMartin Luther wrote all wrote all his complaints against his complaints against the Catholic Church in the Catholic Church in his his Ninety-Five ThesesNinety-Five Theses and nailed it to the door and nailed it to the door of the Castle Churchof the Castle Church

LutherLuther’’s Ninety-Five Thesess Ninety-Five Theses

• Main Ideas of Main Ideas of LutheranismLutheranism• The Bible is the only The Bible is the only

source of religious truth source of religious truth and everyone should have and everyone should have access to itaccess to it

• People do not need the People do not need the clergy to interpret the Bibleclergy to interpret the Bible

• Salvation can be gained Salvation can be gained through faith in Christ (through faith in Christ (NOTNOT the sale of indulgences)the sale of indulgences)

ProtestantsProtestants

• In 1529, some German Princes In 1529, some German Princes made an agreement to unite made an agreement to unite against Martin Luther and stay against Martin Luther and stay loyal to the Catholic Churchloyal to the Catholic Church

• Other Princes who supported Other Princes who supported Luther and signed a Luther and signed a ““protestprotest”” to to the agreement became known as the agreement became known as ““ProtestantsProtestants””, a term that became , a term that became the name for any Christians who the name for any Christians who broke away from the Catholic broke away from the Catholic Church.Church.

The Printed WordThe Printed Word

• Printing the Bible from Printing the Bible from Latin to Latin to vernacularvernacular (common local (common local languages), as a result languages), as a result people could read and people could read and interpret the Bible for interpret the Bible for themselves (they did themselves (they did not need the not need the clergyclergy to to interpret it for them interpret it for them anymore)anymore)

LutherLuther’’s Ideas Spread…s Ideas Spread…

• PriestsPriests who agreed with who agreed with Luther preached his ideasLuther preached his ideas

• MerchantsMerchants spread Luther spread Luther’’s s ideas along trade routesideas along trade routes

• PeasantsPeasants used Luther used Luther’’s s ideas to justify revolts ideas to justify revolts (humanism)(humanism)

The Reformation GrowsThe Reformation Grows

• CalvinismCalvinism

• John CalvinJohn Calvin believed in believed in predestinationpredestination – the belief – the belief that a personthat a person’’s s salvationsalvation is is determined before birth determined before birth and cannot be changedand cannot be changed

• The Church of EnglandThe Church of England (The Anglican Church)(The Anglican Church)

• King Henry VIIIKing Henry VIII wanted to wanted to divorce his wife, the pope divorce his wife, the pope would not grant his divorce, would not grant his divorce, so Henry rejected the so Henry rejected the power of the pope and power of the pope and founded the founded the Church of Church of England (Anglican England (Anglican ChurchChurch

Church DivisionsChurch Divisions

Eastern Orthodox Catholicism

Protestantism

Christianity

Lutheran CalvinistAnglican