the Reformation

Essential Question: “How are cultures diffused and to what extent can the outcomes of

cultural diffusion be evaluated?”

Setting the Stage..

The rise of Christian Humanism, an interpretation of christianity inspired by Renaissance ideals, led to a new questioning of the Catholic Church.

The Reformation - the protestant break from the Catholic church - is another example of the impact of cultural diffusion on history.

The Reformation

On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, posted his criticism of the Catholic church on door of the castle church in Wittenberg. He openly criticized the church from within, as well as, provide new teachings to reform the Christian Church.

The Reformation

By 1580, five prominent Protestant sects had developed from Luther’s initial criticisms, the Catholic Church had reformed their church, and Europe began a long struggle pitting Catholics against Protestants for the next two hundred years.

1. What were the causes of the Reformation?

2. How and why did it spread?

3. What were the effects of the Reformation?

4. How is the Reformation an example of cultural diffusion that impacted society?

Essential Questions

The Protestant Reformation

Do Now: Come up with two questions you have about the reformation after reading yesterday

Causes of The Reformation

1. Abuses of the Catholic Church

2. Renaissance Ideas

3. Political climate

4. Technological Innovations

Abuses of The Catholic Church

Uneducated priests with illegitimate kids

Church focused on “worldly” matters and finances

• Ex. Patrons of arts and architecture, Built St. Peter's Basilica

Renaissance popes concerned with Italian politics

• Leaders of Papal States, Julius II-“Warrior-Popes”

Catholic Church Abuses

Church leaders need for money led to increasing corruption

Simony - selling church offices

Pluralism - one person holding multiple offices

Absenteeism - church officials ignored duties

Indulgences - selling “get out of hell free” card

Stop and Summarize!

• Take a moment to summarize the abuses of the Catholic Church in your notes. Write one to two sentences that sum up what we have just discussed! After your sentences include a cartoon that will help you remember the information. When you are finished, turn to one of your neighbors and share your summary and doodle.

Renaissance Influence

Better educated, critical, urban populace

Renaissance monarchs impatient with church power

Christian Humanism and focus on inward spirituality

Translation of works from latin to vernacular (common language i.e English, Italian, Dutch etc.. )

Stop and Summarize!

• In one to two sentences, summarize how the Renaissance influenced the Reformation. After summarizing, create a graphic organizer (chart) showing how these elements of the Renaissance influenced the Reformation

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Political Climate: Henry VIIIKing of England

Henry VIII - needs an heir to create political stability

He is married to Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, who cannot have more children (they have one girl)

Needs an annulment to re-marry and have a boy, but the pope will not grant one

Political Climate: Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V - Young, insecure and attempting to govern huge decentralized area

Faced attacks from outside - France and Turks

Circumstances within HRE favor Luther

Holy Roman Empire

Stop and Summarize!

• Take a minute to summarize the political climate of the time in one to two sentences. After you summarize, come up with a characteristic you use to summarize each political leader that will help you remember the information!

Technological Innovation

1450 - Invention of Movable Type by Johann Guttenburg

Cheaper and faster to make paper documents - for indulgences, anti catholic works, bibles

Led to the quicker spread of ideas - such as questioning the church

Stop and Summarize!

• Summarize why technology was important to the spread of the Renaissance in two sentences. Now make a 4 line poem about the impact of Guttenburg and the printing press.

Early Calls for Reform• Early 1400‘s -John Wycliffe of England and

John Huss of Bohemia

• Importance of the Bible over church leaders and against worldly popes

• 1490’s- Girolamo Savonarola

• Called for people of Florence to burn worldly possessions --> one year later, he was killed for heresy

1500’s - Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More

More

Erasmus

Huss

Wycliffe

MoreMore

Savonarola

Who is Martin Luther?Martin Luther was a monk from Germany troubled with church abuses and the sale of indulgences

Friar Tetzel - selling indulgences in Luther’s town of Wittenberg in 1517

Luther wrote the 95 theses - posted on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

These listed Luther’s complaints and drew him into a heated debate

“Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone)

good works and sacraments not needed - only faith to get to heaven.

“Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) - Bible is only authority, not the pope.

The Priesthood of All Believers

All people equal to interpret bible

Luther’s Beliefs

The Reluctant Revolutionary

Luther Continues to fight...

As Luther’s 95 Theses spread, Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther

Diet of Worms (1521) - Charles V put Luther on trial for beliefs

Edict of Worms (1521) - Luther declared an outlaw

But, Luther has developed followers throughout the HRE (Germany)

Various German princes protect him as his ideas continue to spread

Peace of Augsburg

After years of war with the German princes who follow Luther, Charles V is forced to come to an agreement for peace.

Peace of Augsburg (1555) - the ruler of each German state determined the religion (Protestant or Catholic) of his state

This leads to further division of Germany between Catholics and Protestants

The Reformation...After Luther

• Throughout Luther’s years in hiding in Germany, he continues to write influential attacks against the Catholic Church

• Others begin to read these works or hear about Luther’s successes and are inspired to break from the church for their own reasons.

• In addition, some Catholics, instead of being pulled away from the church, renew their interest and devotion to their faith.

New Sects Spread

The Effects of the Reformation

Catholic Reformation• Ignatius of Loyola -> Started the Jesuits

• Goals: Education, spread Catholicism, stop Protestantism

• Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

• 1. Investigated abuses

• 2. Approved Jesuits

• 3. Inquisition

• 4. Called for Council of Trent

The Inquisition - a Catholic judicial system designed to prosecute heretics

Council of Trent• 1545-1563 - when church officials agreed on

reforms/doctrines

• 1. Church interpretation of bible was final

• 2. Faith and good works for salvation

• 3. Bible and Church tradition equally important

• 4. Indulgences were valid but false selling was banned

Council of Trent• Index of Forbidden

books

• 10,000 books burned in one day in Venice a

The six wives of Henry VIII

1. Catherine of Aragon - Divorced - Child: Mary

2. Anne Bolyen - Beheaded - Child: Elizabeth

3. Jane Seymour - Died - Child: Edward VI

4.Anne of Cleves - Divorced - Child: None

5. Catherine Howard - Beheaded - Child: None

6.Catherine Parr - Survived (Henry died first) - Child:None

England During and After Henry VIII

• Religious turmoil during reign of Edward VI (Protestant) and Mary I (Catholic)

• Elizabeth I inherited throne in 1558

• Re-established Anglican church

• Compromised between Catholics and Protestants

Long Live the Queen!

Spanish Armada

• Philip II of Spain to attack England on July 29, 1558

• Spanish Armada - 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers

• England defeated Spain

• “Protestant winds”

Effects of the Reformation

France

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

French calvinists called Huguenots were killed for their beliefs

Edict of Nantes

Huguenots were granted rights by Henry IV

Legacy of The Reformation:

Big ideas• 1. Religion no longer united Europe

• 2. Growth of monarchs and modern nation states over the Church

• 3. Groundwork for the rejection of Christian beliefs and continued questioning of the world around us

Connecting to Essential Questions

Where did the Reformation spread?

How did the Reformation spread?

Why did the Reformation spread?

Impact?