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Causes Renaissance emphasis on secular life and individuality challenged Roman Catholic Church Some rulers challenged Churches political power Wealthy merchants protested paying taxes to the church ·Printing press spreads secular ideas
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The ReformationThe Reformation
The Reformation: Germany and LutheranismThe Reformation: Switzerland and CalvinismThe Reformation: EnglandThe Counter-Reformation-Inquisition
CausesCauses• Renaissance emphasis on secular Renaissance emphasis on secular
life and individuality challenged life and individuality challenged Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church
• Some rulers challenged Churches Some rulers challenged Churches political powerpolitical power
• Wealthy merchants protested Wealthy merchants protested paying taxes to the churchpaying taxes to the church
• ··Printing press spreads secular Printing press spreads secular ideasideas
CriticismCriticism• Critics thought church leaders Critics thought church leaders
were corruptwere corrupt• Many popes lived extravagantly Many popes lived extravagantly
rich livesrich lives• Some popes had childrenSome popes had children• Poor priests were often illiteratePoor priests were often illiterate
Martin LutherMartin Luther• Martin Luther (1483-Martin Luther (1483-
1546) 1546) was an was an Augustinian monk and Augustinian monk and university lecturer in university lecturer in WittenbergWittenberg
• Took stand against Took stand against Johann Tetzel Johann Tetzel who sold who sold indulgencesindulgences
• Luther wrote Luther wrote 95 95 Theses, or statements Theses, or statements against churches against churches wrong doingswrong doings
Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings• Luther’s actions caused the Luther’s actions caused the
Reformation which led to Christian Reformation which led to Christian churches that were not Catholicchurches that were not Catholic
• People can win salvation by good People can win salvation by good works and faithworks and faith
• ·Christian teachings must be ·Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the popebased on the Bible, not the pope
• ·All people with faith are equal, ·All people with faith are equal, can interpret Bible without priestscan interpret Bible without priests
Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings• People could win salvation by faith in People could win salvation by faith in
God’s gift of forgiveness (Church God’s gift of forgiveness (Church taught that faith and good deeds led to taught that faith and good deeds led to salvation)salvation)
• All Church teachings should be clearly All Church teachings should be clearly based on the Bible—both Pope and based on the Bible—both Pope and Church teachings were false Church teachings were false authoritiesauthorities
• All people of faith were equal—priests All people of faith were equal—priests were not needed to interpret the Biblewere not needed to interpret the Bible
The 95 ThesesThe 95 Theses• ··Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Martin Luther protests Friar Johann
Tetzel’s selling of indulgencesTetzel’s selling of indulgences• ·Indulgence—a pardon releasing a ·Indulgence—a pardon releasing a
person from penalty for a sinperson from penalty for a sin• ·Luther’s theses circulate ·Luther’s theses circulate
throughout Germanythroughout Germany• ·Reformation rejects pope’s ·Reformation rejects pope’s
authorityauthority
Reaction to ThesesReaction to Theses• Pope threatened Luther w/ excommunication Pope threatened Luther w/ excommunication
unless Luther recanted (took back what he unless Luther recanted (took back what he said)said)
• Luther refused and Luther refused and was excommunicatedwas excommunicated• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V conducts Holy Roman Emperor Charles V conducts
trial where Luther again refused to recanttrial where Luther again refused to recant• Charles declares Luther a heretic and outlawCharles declares Luther a heretic and outlaw
—no one should help him—no one should help him• Frederic of Saxony hides and protects LutherFrederic of Saxony hides and protects Luther• Charles V allows local princes to decide Charles V allows local princes to decide
religion of their area (Peace of Augsburg) religion of their area (Peace of Augsburg)
Achievements Achievements – Luther translates Bible into GermanLuther translates Bible into German– Followers of Luther start new church Followers of Luther start new church
(Lutherans)(Lutherans)– German peasants apply ideas of German peasants apply ideas of
Luther to politics and rebelLuther to politics and rebel– German princes put down rebellion German princes put down rebellion
harshlyharshly– Luther does not support peasantsLuther does not support peasants– Christians who belong to non-Catholic Christians who belong to non-Catholic
churches become known as churches become known as ProtestantsProtestants
EnglandEngland• Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church so he can Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church so he can
remarry in hopes of having a male heir to his throneremarry in hopes of having a male heir to his throne• Henry VIII gets Parliament to pass Act of Henry VIII gets Parliament to pass Act of
Supremacy calling on people to take an oath Supremacy calling on people to take an oath recognizing his divorce and have him as head of recognizing his divorce and have him as head of England’s ChurchEngland’s Church
• Henry’s heirs (male and female) rule England for Henry’s heirs (male and female) rule England for over 60 years over 60 years
• Religious battle between his Catholic and Protestant Religious battle between his Catholic and Protestant childrenchildren
• Elizabeth eventually established Church of England Elizabeth eventually established Church of England (Anglican Church) as only legal church and with her (Anglican Church) as only legal church and with her as its leaderas its leader
• Elizabeth makes concessions to allow Catholics and Elizabeth makes concessions to allow Catholics and Protestants to peacefully coexistProtestants to peacefully coexist
Legacy of ReformationLegacy of Reformation• Protestant Churches flourishProtestant Churches flourish• New types of Christianity developNew types of Christianity develop• Roman Catholic Church became more Roman Catholic Church became more
unified and made some reformsunified and made some reforms• Emphasis on education became Emphasis on education became
important for Protestantsimportant for Protestants• Individual monarchs gain power as Individual monarchs gain power as
Church loses power and influenceChurch loses power and influence• Questioning of beliefs and authority set Questioning of beliefs and authority set
foundation for Age of Enlightenment in foundation for Age of Enlightenment in 1818thth Century Century
Other Reformation Other Reformation MovementsMovements
• John Calvin (Calvinism) wanted a John Calvin (Calvinism) wanted a theocracy to rule. theocracy to rule. Strict enforcement of Strict enforcement of rules but Geneva, Switzerland was rules but Geneva, Switzerland was highly moral placehighly moral place
• John Knox (Presbyterians) community John Knox (Presbyterians) community churches led by laymen, elders churches led by laymen, elders (presbyters) became official religion of (presbyters) became official religion of ScotlandScotland
• Anabaptists—people who believed that Anabaptists—people who believed that people should make informed decision people should make informed decision to join a church and were baptized againto join a church and were baptized again
Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation• Catholic Church saw need to repair Catholic Church saw need to repair
itselfitself– Ignatius of Loyola: spiritual prayers and Ignatius of Loyola: spiritual prayers and
meditation about Jesus would cleanse soulmeditation about Jesus would cleanse soul– Pope creates order of Jesuits from Pope creates order of Jesuits from
followers of Loyola to do three thingsfollowers of Loyola to do three things• Start schools of Classical and theological studyStart schools of Classical and theological study• Convert non-Christians by sending Convert non-Christians by sending
missionaries around the worldmissionaries around the world• Stop spread of ProtestantismStop spread of Protestantism
• Council of Trent—Catholic bishops and Council of Trent—Catholic bishops and Cardinals agree on important topics”Cardinals agree on important topics”– Church’s interpretation of Bible was finalChurch’s interpretation of Bible was final– Faith and good works needed for salvationFaith and good works needed for salvation– Bible and Church instruction were equal Bible and Church instruction were equal
authorities for guiding Christian livingauthorities for guiding Christian living– Indulgences were valid expressions of faithIndulgences were valid expressions of faith
• Index of Forbidden Books was created to Index of Forbidden Books was created to list books dangerous for Catholics to read list books dangerous for Catholics to read and many were burned in bonfires across and many were burned in bonfires across EuropeEurope
The Reformation's The Reformation's LegacyLegacy
• Along with the religious consequences of Along with the religious consequences of the Reformation and Counter-the Reformation and Counter-Reformation came deep and lasting Reformation came deep and lasting political changes. Northern Europe's new political changes. Northern Europe's new religious and political freedoms came at religious and political freedoms came at a great cost, with decades of rebellions, a great cost, with decades of rebellions, wars and bloody persecutions. The Thirty wars and bloody persecutions. The Thirty Years' War alone may have cost Germany Years' War alone may have cost Germany 40 percent of its population.40 percent of its population.