The Reformation

SOL WHII.3

Causes of The Reformation Ch. 1 Sec. 3

• Ren. Emphasized secular & individual ideas which challenged the Church’s authority

• Began in Germany then spread onto Europe

• Gutenberg Printing Press spread these ideas!

• Rulers resented the Pope’s authority (too much involvement in politics)

• Merchants resented paying church taxes to

Problems in the Catholic Church:

• Corrupt church leaders

• Ren. Popes patronized the arts, spent lots of $ on personal pleasures (secular popes!)—lavish lifestyle

• Monks & Priests poorly educated, broke vows w/marriage & gambling, excess drinking

• Loss of faith in the Church (during the plague)

Problems in the Catholic Church: (cont.)

• Increased fees for religious services (marriages/baptisms)

• Sold indulgences—bought a pardon for sins

• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination

• Wealthy merchants challenged the Church’s view of usury

The Reformation• John Wycliffe• Called for

Reform in England in the late 1300s & early 1400s

• Dissenter

The Reformation• John Huss • Called for Reform in

Bohemia• Said: Pope didn’t

have worldly powers

• Bible had more authority than the church leaders

• Dissenter

The Reformation• Indulgence • Released a sinner

from performing sin penalties

• Tetzel gave people impression they could $ their way into heaven

• He was selling them to rebuild the church

Martin Luther• Outraged over

sale of indulgences

• Monk who taught scripture

• Began the Reformation

• Wrote the 95 Theses or formal statements attacking the “pardon-merchants”

• Posted, Printed & spread all over Germany

Reformation-a movement for religious reform

• Luther’s 3 main ideas! • People could win

salvation only by faith

• All church teachings should be clearly based on the Bible

• All people equal: can interpret the Bible

Martin Luther’s Basic Principles:

• Indulgences are not in the Bible

• Bible was the only source of Religious truth

• Christians saved through faith

• Rejected the idea that clergy had special powers

• Religious education for boys and girls

• Banned confessions; prayers to saints

• Abolished the Mass; focused on sermon

• Banned 5 of 7 sacraments b/c not mentioned in the Bible (religious rituals)

• Renounced the authority of the Pope

The Reformation• What happened

to him?• Excommunicate

d b/c he wouldn’t take back his statements

The Reformation• Edict of Worms:

• Issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles

• Declared Luther an outlaw & a heretic, no one was to aide him, burn his books

• A Prince gave him shelter while he translated the New Testament into German

The Reformation• Lutherans • Luther & his

followers became a separate religious group

The Reformation• Protestants • German Princes

who supported Luther & signed a protest against the anti-Luther Princes

• Christians who belonged to non-Catholic Churches

The Reformation• Conflicts between the Protestants

and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (one example would be the Thirty Years’ War)

• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church

The Reformation• Peace of

Augsburg • Signed in 1555, religious settlement stating:

• Each German state’s religion would be set by its ruler

• N. Germ=Lutheran• S. Germ=Catholic

England becomes Protestant!

• Henry VIII • Catholic King of England, wife Catherine of Aragon, daughter Mary

• Wanted an annulment

• Pope refused

The Reformation• Reformation

Parliament• Set laws to end

the Pope’s power in England

The Reformation• Anne Boleyn • Married Henry

VIII in 1533• Parliament

annulled/divorced Henry & Catherine

• Imprisoned by Henry & beheaded

The Reformation• Act of

Supremacy• Made the English

King, not the Pope the official head of England’s Church

The Reformation• Henry VIII then

marries Jane Seymour-his heir is born—Edward; Jane dies as a result of child birth

• Henry VIII then marries Anne of Cleves (German) they divorce (she was too ugly)

• Wife #5-Catherine Howard (17 yrs old) Beheaded

• Wife #6-Catherine Parr—survived Henry!

The Reformation• Queen Elizabeth I• Set up a national

church-the only legal church

• Parliament declared her head of the Anglican Church

The Reformation Continues: Ch. 1 Sec. 4

• John Calvin • Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion: his ideas about God, salvation, & human nature

• French Priest; Lawyer

The Reformation• Calvinism

• John Calvin asked to set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland– Moral society,

extremely strict

• Men were sinful by nature; Salvation through faith

• Bible only source of truth

• God chooses few people to save

• Predestination• Religion education for

Boys and girls

The Reformation• Theocracy • Calvin: Ideal gov’t

• Gov’t controlled by religious leaders

• Calvin ruled Geneva, Switzerland strictly

The Reformation• Presbyterians • John Knox,

Scotland• Visited Geneva

made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion

The Reformation• Huguenots • French followers

of Calvin• Hatred btwn

Catholics & Huguenots

The Reformation• Anabaptists • Had to be old enough to

decide to be baptized; rejected infant baptism

• Separation of church & state

• Refused to fight in wars• Shared their possessions

(Mennonites & Amish)• Influenced Quakers &

Baptists

The Catholic Reformation-Reforming the Catholic Church• Ignatius • Catholic

reformer; Loyola, Spain

• Wrote Spiritual Exercises– Day-by-day

plan for prayer & meditation

The Catholic ReformationThe Counter Reformation

• Jesuits• Revive the

moral authority of the church

• Society of Jesus• Ignatius’ followers• Goals: • Clean up the

Catholic Church• Slow/stop

Protestant movement

Catholic Reformation cont.• Council of Trent—1545

– Guided the Catholic Reform movement– Challenged Protestant preaching

Catholic Reformation cont.• Inquisition—search for heretics (church

court)• Missionaries—religious order-Society of

Jesus—Jesuits—founded by Ignatius Loyola– Spiritual and moral discipline– Rigorous religious training– Absolute obedience to the church

Reforming PopesPaul III 1. directed investigation of

indulgence selling & other abuses in church

2. Approved Jesuit order3. Inquisition: to find &

punish heresy in papal territory

4. Meeting of Church leaders in Trent (Northern Italy)

Failures of the Catholic Reformation

• Catholic Reformation did reform, but Europe remained divided.

• This period fostered a great deal of religious intolerance

• Persecution:– Anabaptists– Witch Hunt– Jews-forced into ghettos (segregated communities)

• Lands were taken, synagogues burned• Marked by a yellow badge in Germany when traveling

outside of ghetto• Many left and went towards Poland

Council of Trent

1545-1563

1. Church’s interpretation of Bible is final!

2. Christians need faith, good works for salvation

3. The Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life

4. Indulgences were valid expression of faith (banned false selling)

Legacy of the Reformation• Protestant Churches flourished• Religion no longer united Europe• Church power decreased as

individual monarchs & states gained power

• This paved the way for nation states b/c Reformers revolt was successful-laid the groundwork for a rejection of Christian belief later in Western cultures