The Protestant Reformation

(1500-1648)

PROTEST

REFORM

Discuss with a neighbor what you believe these words mean…

Do Now

NOTES TIP:

New chapter: “Protestant Reformation”

The Pope was seen as…

• infallible (always right about everything)

• Christ’s representative on earth, and the supreme ruler of all religious and political matters (could give or take empires).

The Catholic Church(before the

Reformation)

The clergy

Clergy were thought to be more holy than average people

Church as part of the social hierarchy

The Catholic Church

Salvation (getting to heaven)…

People needed to conduct “good works” - that is, obey and do good things for the Church, as well as repent.

People who disagreed with the Church could be excommunicated (Church membership removed)

People who did not acknowledge the Church’s power were damned (denied salvation in the afterlife)

The Catholic Church

Penance & confession

People had to repent - public expression of guilt - to be forgiven for their sins. This especially applied to people involved in scandal.

Church officials (clergy) had the authority to forgive people who confessed to their sins.

The Catholic Church

Worship of saints

If a person practiced a lot of these “good works,” they could potentially become saints

Saints were worshiped - seen as mediators between God and humans.

The Catholic Church

Indulgences

For a price, Clergy would pray for a person to help them with their sins. This could buy out time that people might have spent in purgatory (place of suffering after death where sinners repent to reach heaven)

The Catholic Church

Luther

Watch a clip from the film Luther where the young monk travels to Rome…

Christian Humanism• Renaissance learning also sometimes focused on religion

•people during Renaissance complain that Church pays too much attention to people’s behavior than their intentions or feelings

• sale of indulgences suggested that the Church was more interested in making money than saving souls

Parable of the Good Samaritan

Christian HumanismREFORM - make changes in something in order to improve it

Desiderius Erasmus (Dutch scholar) promoted humanism - reform individuals and society through education. Believed the Church was corrupt, and that people were greedy and wanted power.

Erasmus’s

Praise of Folly (1509)

Christian HumanismThomas More - wrote about an imaginary world where…

• people pursued knowledge

• wealth was distributed equally

• few laws existed

• private property, politics, and war did not exist

This paradise seemed very different than real life in Europe! Thomas More’s Utopia

(1516)

What kind of language do you think people speak in a place called Wittenburg?

Can you find Germany on this map?

Why not?

Where is Rome?

How long do you think it takes to travel from Rome to Wittenburg?

The trigger…

Johannes Tetzel - Selling indulgences on the roadside in northern Germany

collecting $ to build St. Peter’s Basilica in RomeBanking agents are travelling with him (weird!) to also collect on what they let Albert (a bishop) borrow to pay for his position

Tetzel promising people salvation to those who buy an indulgence - but it really only gets you less time in purgatory!

The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

• German man, former lawyer, quits and becomes a monk

• feels a real sense of damnation

• convinced that no amount of good works for the Church could save his soul

• believes that through faith alone (good intentions) he can be saved

The Protestant Reformation

1517: Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to church door (like a bulletin board) in Wittenburg

Is written in Latin, intended to be a scholarly debate with the church

The 95 Theses is a list of all of his concerns, including…

• the sale of indulgences

• the power and abuses of the pope and priests

The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther,

95 Theses

Actively read these excerpts.

Respond to reading questions.

Do Now

Take out your homework reading from Martin Luther’s 95 Theses.

Respond to the reading questions on the worksheet.

Discuss…How are ideas and information

spread throughout the world today?

How have ideas and information been spread in the past?

Luther’s followers immediately translate his work to German and distribute.

This would have been impossible without the printing press! New technology at their disposal…

Also, spread anti-Catholic propaganda…

The Protestant Reformation

Luther’s main beliefs…

1. salvation through faith alone

2. leaders of the Protestant faith are ministers (ordinary people), abolish priests

3. come to know God through the Word (Bible) alone, not through good works… literacy and vernacular language are huge (the main reason why German and other languages would be written)

4. question transubstantiation (“Is the body of Christ actually the body of Christ, or a representation?”)

The Protestant Reformation

Luther

Watch this film clip of Luther responding to the sale of indulgences, posting the 95 Theses,

and the use of the printing press.

Holy Roman Empire: a large empire in central Europe with lots of ethnic groups and languages

Holy Roman Emperor is elected by a number of princes

The prince where Martin Luther lives is Prince Frederick of Saxony, who protects him (see right)

Why might the prince of Saxony want to see Luther win a debate with the Church?

The Protestant Reformation

1519 - Charles V is elected Holy Roman Emperor

He is dealing with peasant revolts, and attacks by the French and the Turks. Ignores the rise of Luther…

The Protestant Reformation

Coronation of Charles V

Ceiling fresco at Palazzo Vecchio, Florence Italy

Read part of the transcript from the coronation

ceremony.

Respond to reading questions on the handout.

The Protestant Reformation

1520 - Pope Leo X issues a bull (official letter) threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his

statements.

Luther refused, and threw the Pope’s letter onto a bonfire while gathered with his students

Luther was excommunicated.

1521 - Diet of Worms (“deet of vawrms”)

•Luther forced by the Catholic Church to take back what he said.

•Luther refuses and challenges authority of the Pope and the Church, saying that their power is not backed by scripture (the Bible).

•Charles V declares it illegal for anyone to side with Luther, but it was too late and he could not enforce it…

The Protestant Reformation

Luther

Watch this film clip of the trial of Luther at the Diet of Worms.

Catholics vs. Protestants: Luther on

TrialUse the chart to…

• record differences in beliefs between those who followed the Catholic Church and those who followed Luther

Mr. Terry will assign you a theological (religious) perspective

Develop questions for Luther that represent your perspective. (ex: Do you believe that the Bible should be read in everyday language and by ordinary people?)

Remember, Catholics want to see him guilty, Lutherans want to see him found innocent. Develop your questions accordingly.

Martin Luther Trial Simulation

• meet with your groups (Catholic or Protestant)

• take out your questions for Mr. Terry (Charles V) to review before the trial

• one of you will be selected to be Luther, five of you will be selected for the jury

Martin Luther Trial Simulation

Martin Luther is on trial for the following…

1. Heretical preaching (a heretic is someone who has beliefs that are different from official Church teachings)

2. Getting members of the Catholic Church to rebel against the authority and teachings of the Church

3. Denial of the authority of the Pope and Catholic Church

Martin Luther Trial Simulation

The prosecution (Catholics):

• summarize your case against Martin Luther

• ask Luther four questions (try to make him look guilty)

The defense (Lutherans):

• summarize your case in defense of Luther

• ask Luther four questions (try to make him look innocent)

Martin Luther Trial Simulation

Jury…

• evaluate and rule on the evidence and arguments

• is Luther guilty of any charges?

• each jury member shall read one of the verdicts for a specific charge

• if he is guilty, chief jury member shall deliver sentence (excommunication + required to appear before civil trial)

• if the verdict is not unanimous, please present any dissenting opinions

Martin Luther Trial Simulation

Answer the following questions in a writing reflection of 1-2 pages:

1. What surprised you about the way the trial was conducted? What words would you use to describe it?

Why did the emperor act the way he did?

2. What did you learn about the beliefs of Protestants and Catholics that you didn’t know before? What do they have in common? What is different about their

beliefs? Why do you think that these differences could lead to conflict or war?

Do Now

What do we underline when we actively read?

How do we know what is important?

Active Reading

Collect the Clues!All readers must do this to discover information…

Who?

What?

When?

Where?

Why?

How?

Perspective?

Active ReadingSometimes the text gives us the exact answer.

Other times, it only gives hints.

In these cases, we must draw an inference…

INFERENCE - come to a conclusion based on related facts and evidence

Do Now

Take out your readings on the Peasant Wars.

Complete the task of “collecting the clues” for your active reading

assignment.

The Peasants’ War

Collect the clues as you read…Who?

What?

When?

Where?

Why?

How?

Perspective?

Is there always evidence in the text? Do we need to infer?

The Peasants’ War

Listen to this German folk song

(translated into English)

Read the lyrics along

Which of the lyrics do you think best relate to the main ideas of the Protestant Reformation? Why?

1529 - Charles V declares Catholic faith the only legitimate religion in the empire

“Protestants” were princes who had loyalty to reform and not the emperor or the Catholic Church.

This term will be used for all Christians who break from the Church.

The Protestant Reformation

Other Christian Reformers

What did you learn about Calvin from your research the other

day?

What did you learn about Zwingli?

Share what you learned with a neighbor.

Huldrych ZwingliSwiss man living in Zurich

1520 - like Luther, also criticizing the Catholic Church

Different from Luther in…

• views on the Eucharist (holy communion)

• attacks lay people who disagree with him

Starts new sect: the Anabaptists

• only adults have free will to understand Christianity and accept baptism

Anabaptism• followers refused to accept authority from Swiss courts or the Catholic Church

• spreads into southern Germany, where they are recreating society (abolishing private property, etc.)

• crushed by Catholic armies

• survive as the Mennonites

(Amish, Quakers, etc.)

Persecution of Anabaptists in Münster (1544)

John CalvinFrench man, doing work in Geneva (Switzerland)

• agreed with Luther and Zwingli: big change was necessary in religion

• no Christian can be certain of salvation

• predestination - God has already chosen who will be saved. Those who act and do good in this world believe they are saved.

Calvinism: “The Reformed Church”

• Calvinists defeat the Catholics in Geneva (1541) and establish new strict society based on religion

• Puritans who later settle in North America are of this faith

Watch this video clip on the spread of Calvinism

Do NowWrite some ideas,

then discuss with a neighbor:

How do you think the Protestant Reformation changed the way

people live in Europe?

The Protestant Reformation

• reformers want a Christian society with greater discipline in worship and behavior

• Bibles translated to German and French, encouraging more people to read for themselves

Martin Luther translating Bibles from Greek and Latin into German (1522-34)

The Protestant Reformation

• Protestant reformers establish state schools so people can be educated on new religious ideas

• Bible reading widespread in the 1600s

Reformed school AKA “gymnasium” in Germany

The Protestant Reformation

• marriage becomes more regulated and something that is legally registered with the state

• Protestant women expected to be obedient wives and loving mothers

Counter-Reformation

“COUNTER”

What does the word mean, as a verb?

Counter-Reformation• Catholic Church acts to defend itself (no books allowed to be printed without Catholic Church’s

approval)

• Council of Trent (1545-1563)

- re-establish church doctrine

- the clergy are to still have authority

- send missionaries around the world

Counter-Reformation• “Jesuits” - missionaries from Europe sent to Africa, Asia, and the Americas to convert peoples to Catholic faith

• when successful, they believed that God favored their version of Christianity

French (above) & Spanish (right) missionaries in the Americas

Reformation and Counter-Reformation

use the information in the

Atlas of World History (p. 92-93) to complete this

worksheet

Do Now

What “clues” should we try to collect when we actively read?

Review what you learned Monday with a neighbor.

The Church of England

Actively read - by collecting the clues - in this text on Anglicanism

The Church of England

What are the main tenets of the Anglican faith?

Make a list.

Do Now

Review with a neighbor:

What are the main tenets of the Anglican faith?

Henry VIII

• “Defender of the Faith” - worked with the Pope to oppose the Reformation

• 1527: was unable to get the Pope to approve of his divorce

• persuaded English Parliament to pass laws that cut English church from Rome

Anglican Church• known as the Church of England

• Act of Supremacy (1529): Henry is head of the church

• church is technically Protestant, but still has Catholic doctrine and ritual

cathedral in Canterbury

Mary Tudor

• becomes queen (1553) after Henry’s death and briefly brings back Catholicism

• has hundreds of Protestants executed (“Bloody Mary”)

• watch this clip from Elizabeth

Elizabeth I• re-establishes Church of England where Henry left off

• replaces Pope as head of the church

• appoints all bishops

• squashes Catholic uprisings

• watch this clip (crowning)

Puritans

• strict Calvinists in England

• believed Church of England seemed too Catholic

• Elizabeth often says “no” to their demands

• but they gradually gain influence (ex: King James Bible - new translation - 1604)

• Puritans urge Elizabeth to help Protestant cause in Europe

England & Spain• Elizabeth refuses to marry King Philip II of Spain

• Calvinist takeover in Scotland / Elizabeth orders her Catholic cousin (Queen Mary Stuart)’s beheading

• Pope pays Catholic army (led by Philip) to go on a crusade against Elizabeth and bring England back to Catholicism

Film clip: Queen Elizabeth leads English charge against Spain

England & Spain

• 1588: English ships defeat the Spanish Armada

• Spain’s world empire begins losing influence (film clip)

• Elizabeth puts England in position as the first Protestant state with power

• watch this film clip: “I am married to England.”

3-2-1 Exit Ticket

• 3 things you learned

• 2 questions you have

• 1 connection you made to something you had previously known

Do Now

Why might differences in religious beliefs between people lead to

conflict?

Why might it not lead to conflict?

Religious WarsIn Central Europe: secular leaders (kings, princes, etc.) become

attracted to Protestantism as a tool against the Pope & the Emperor

Europe falls to war between Catholics and Protestants…

1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Charles V’s army loses and settles for peace… princes of the provinces can choose the religion for

their people

Religious Wars

But the peace will not last…

• Lutheranism, Catholicism, and Calvinism competing for converts in Central Europe

• Catholic (Ferdinand II) becomes king of Bohemia (1617) and Holy Roman Emperor (1619) and takes away religious freedom for Protestants

“Defenestration” 1618: crowd of angry Protestants storms the

castle in Prague and throw Catholic deputies out the window

Thirty Years’ War• Czechs in Bohemia form a Protestant assembly to revolt

against Catholics

• When Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor, the Czechs choose a Calvinist to replace him

• The Empire beats the Czechs in battle at White Mountain (1620) - becomes a symbol of Czech

independence struggle for 300 years!

Thirty Years’ WarMeanwhile…

• Ferdinand is hiring mercenary armies to terrorize Protestant parts of Germany

• Lutheran king of Denmark sends his own troops into Germany to protect the Protestants

• Empire wins again / Calvinism banned in Germany / Lutheran property taken by Catholic Church

German Protestant propaganda on Catholic

terrorism

Thirty Years’ War• Gustavus Adolphus (Lutheran, Swedish king) marches with troops into Germany

• wanted to fight Catholics / Holy Roman Empire and conquer all of northern Europe

Thirty Years’ War

• Adolphus even makes a deal with Catholic France, who hoped to gain land and power as well from a war with other Catholics (Holy Roman Empire and Spain)

• Adolphus defeats HRE and conquers parts of Germany, but killed soon after

Thirty Years’ War• France officially in the war against Spain (1635)

• France = allies with the Dutch who are seeking independence from Spain

• Rebellions against Spanish rule in Netherlands and Portugal successful

• Spain and France exhausted by 1640s and want peace

Thirty Years’ WarFallout…

• many towns under siege and in poor conditions

• plague often breaks out

• as many as 1/3 of population dies in some areas of Germany and Bohemia

• governments could not provide for the masses of troops

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• first time ever a diplomatic assembly tries to resolve an international problem in Europe

• all parties were there, not just two or three at a time

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• France and Sweden get the most (land, etc.)

• France becomes most powerful nation on continent, replaces Spain

• Habsburgs (ruling family of Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire) lose the most (Netherlands, Switzerland, German principalities)

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• Holy Roman Empire still exists, but has no authority over religion any more

• Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Catholicism would become major religions in different parts of the empire

• interests of the state now more important than interests of religion in Europe

Watch…

A clip from A History of Christianity: Part 4 (Reformation) on the Thirty Years’ War

Name three things that the Protestant Reformation did that shook all of

Europe.

Exit Ticket

The Protestant Reformation

LONG TERM EFFECTS

1. political leaders (popes, priests, emperors, etc.) not thought to be divinely chosen…

2. new stress on the individual (read the Bible on your own, don’t accept the authority of a priest)

3. new idea of what it means to be religious (not about being a monk or priest, but about being a father, husband, etc.)

4. birth, marriage, death, etc. are no longer sacraments - become secular and civil… marriage is a human contract

5. REDEFINES RELIGION: about private individuals and their beliefs, not about ceremonies, sacraments, works…

What was the most important consequence of the printing

press?

What was the most important consequence of the printing

press?

Transfer the information from your graphic organizer to an essay format,

on a clean sheet of paper.