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The Protestant Reformation
What is the Protestant Reformation?
• 1500-1648
• The splintering of Roman Catholicism into other Christian faiths
• End of religious unity in Western Europe
Factors leading to Protestant Reformation
1. By end of Middle Ages, many criticize corruption, wealth and power of Catholic Church
– Indulgences, Simony, Personal Faith in God, Anti-Theocractic beliefs
2. Humanist ideas from the Renaissance
Factors leading to Protestant Reformation
3. Political leaders (kings, princes) wanted more power & money (Germany, England)
4. Scholars began to read the Bible; many disagreed with Church practices (printing press)
The Timeline of the Reformation • Early 1500s: Pope Leo X
sought to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica; sold church positions & indulgences
• 1517: German monk Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses on church door in Wittenberg (northern Germany)
• Criticized simony, indulgences, other Church practices
The Timeline of the Reformation • 1520 - 21: Pope excommunicated Luther at the Diet
of Worms (Germany)• 1520s: Luther declared a heretic and outlaw
German prince hides Luther, while he translates Bible into German Creates new religion - Lutheranism
Martin Luther’s Message
• Opposed selling indulgences b/c no one but God could forgive sins
• Salvation by Faith alone only a strong belief in God can save someone, not their good works
• Only need a Bible to have a relationship with God Pope and priest not important
Why Does the Protestant Reformation Spread?
• Printing Press created by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 Easier to write and print books increases literacy
• Bible written in German, not Latin
• Princes and Kings want more power (Germany and England)
Spread of Reformation to England
• 1527: King Henry VIII petitioned Pope for divorce; Pope refused
• 1534: Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy– Made king head of the
English Church (Church of England)
– King closed monasteries & convents, seized Catholic lands
Results of Protestant Reformation
• Spread of new religions to England, Switzerland, Germany and the rest of Europe
• Greater divide between Protestants and Catholics lead to 150 years of religious warfare
• Catholic Counter-Reformation
Catholic Counter Reformation• What is it? Reaction of the
Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation
• Goal: Try to fix problems within Church to get back followers -> Council of Trent
• “Bonfire of the Vanities” Savonarola• Reforms:
– Inquisition (try to get rid of non-Catholics in certain regions – Spain, France, Italy)
– New Religious Orders – Jesuits– Stricter rules for Catholic officials
More Results of the Protestant Reformation
• Kings & rulers gained more political power from Germany
• Catholic Church lost power, prestige, and wealth • Period of intolerance between Catholics and
Protestants – Some create laws for religious tolerance– Edict of Nantes (France) – freedom to choose
religion• Greater focus on Education focus on secular, not
religious, ideas continues Renaissance humanism • Witch hunts throughout Europe