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The ProphetsThe Prophets
Why the need for Prophets? Why the need for Prophets? Wasn’t God’s Word enough?Wasn’t God’s Word enough?
1.1. Persistent RebellionPersistent Rebellion
2.2. Religious CompromiseReligious Compromise
3.3. Moral Collapse, from top downMoral Collapse, from top down
4.4. Changing Social OrderChanging Social Order
5.5. Changing International SceneChanging International Scene
The ProphetsThe Prophets
Basic Premise of Prophecy:
There are 2 realms in the universe
1. Divine 2. Human
How will communication take place between them?
The ProphetsThe Prophets
Man’s Way: Reach to God Man’s Way: Reach to God
•Signs Signs
•Divination / MagicDivination / Magic
•Necromancy: communing with deadNecromancy: communing with dead
The ProphetsThe Prophets
God’s Way: God reaching to man.God’s Way: God reaching to man.
(See Numbers 12:6)
•VisionVision
•Dream (Joseph, Daniel)Dream (Joseph, Daniel)
•VoiceVoice
The ProphetsThe Prophets
What was a prophet?
1. Prophet (nabi): One who speaks for God
2. Seer (roeh): One who sees as God sees
The ProphetsThe Prophets
General Functions of a ProphetGeneral Functions of a Prophet
1. Forth-tellingForth-telling: Spokesmen for God
2. Fore-tellingFore-telling: Forecasters of future events
Role of Prophets vs. PriestsProphets:
1. Called for specific task1. Called for specific task2. Represents God to the 2. Represents God to the
peoplepeople3. Minister to the people in 3. Minister to the people in
the cities and countrysidethe cities and countryside4. Concerned with internal 4. Concerned with internal
righteousness of heartrighteousness of heart
5. Teachers as “Reformers”5. Teachers as “Reformers”
Priests:
1. Appointed for life1. Appointed for life
2. Represents the people 2. Represents the people before Godbefore God
3. Minister to the people in 3. Minister to the people in the Templethe Temple
4. Concerned with religious 4. Concerned with religious ritual of outward ritual of outward symbolssymbols
5. Teachers as “informers”5. Teachers as “informers”
The ProphetsThe Prophets
Prophetic BeginningsProphetic Beginnings
1. Abraham 1. Abraham Genesis 20:7Genesis 20:7
2. Moses2. Moses Deut 18;Deut 18; Exodus 20:18-21Exodus 20:18-21
3. Samuel3. Samuel 1 1 Sam 3:20Sam 3:20
The ProphetsThe Prophets
Classes of ProphetsClasses of Prophets
1.1. Oral (Speaking) ProphetsOral (Speaking) Prophets
Primarily: 10th-9th century B.C. Primarily: Prophets to the Kings
• Elijah 1 Kings 17-19
• Elisha 1 Kings 19
The ProphetsThe Prophets
2. Classical (Writing) Prophets2. Classical (Writing) ProphetsPrimarily: 8th & 7th century B.C.Primarily: Prophets to the people
•Major: Isaiah, Jeremiah
•Minor: Amos, Hosea, Micah
Themes of ProphetsThemes of Prophets
1.1. Ethical ThemesEthical Themes
• Repent / Return to God bWv (Joel 2:12ff)
• Personal Holiness: justice, mercy, humility (Micah 6:6-8; Is 1:10-17)
2. Eschatological Themes2. Eschatological Themes
• Coming of the “Day of the LORD” (Is 2, Joel 2)
• Coming of the Messiah / Messianic Age (Is. 9:1-7, 42:1-4, 52:13-53:12; Jer 31:31-34)
• Judgment on unbelievers /Salvation on God’s People
The United Monarchy
Dates (BC) Prophets of United Israel
1020-1000 Samuel
975-960 Nathan
The Divided Kingdoms
Dates (BC) Israel (Northern) | Judah (Southern) Dates (BC)
870-850 Elijah | x x
850-800 Elisha | x x
750-745 Amos | [Jonah] [740-730]
750-745 Hosea | x x
x x
| Isaiah of Jerusalem 742-700
| Micah 722-701
| Zephaniah 628-622
| Jeremiah 626-586
| Nahum 612
| Habakkuk 605
| Ezekiel 593-573
| Obadiah c. 586/5
| Isaiah 40-55 540
| Haggai 520-515
| Zechariah 520-515
| Isaiah 56-66 515-500
| Joel 500-350?
| Malachi 500-450
| Jonah 450-400
The Major Prophets
IsaiahIsaiah Jeremiah (and Book of Lamentations)Jeremiah (and Book of Lamentations) EzekielEzekiel DanielDaniel
Prophet: IsaiahProphet: Isaiah
NameName:
Isaiah means: The LORD is salvation
Dating of Events: Isaiah 1:1Dating of Events: Isaiah 1:1
•InternationallyInternationally, the setting was the rise of Assyria under Tiglath-Pileser, Sargon, Shalmanezer and destruction of Northern Israel in 722 B.C.
•NationallyNationally, Death of King Uzziah (740B.C.), Jotham, rise of King Ahaz (743-728 B.C.), and Hezekiah (728-697).
Prophet: IsaiahProphet: Isaiah
Book OutlineBook Outline:
Isaiah 1-39 Book of Judgment
Isaiah 40-66 Book of Comfort
Important Passages:Important Passages:
Call of Isaiah 6
Sign of Immanuel 7-9
Comfort 40
Servant Songs 40-53
Prophet: JeremiahProphet: Jeremiah
Name:
Jeremiah means: The LORD appoints
Dating of Events: Jeremiah 1:1-3In the 13th Year of Josiah 640-609 B.C.[Jehoahaz; not mentioned] 3 month reignIn the Days of Jehoiakim 609-598 B.C.[Jehoichin; not mentioned] 3 month reignUntil the 11th year of Zedehiah 598-587 B.C.
•Jeremiah served from 627-587 B.C.
Prophet: JeremiahProphet: Jeremiah
•Overview of Jeremiah
Prophetic UtterancesProphetic Utterances (Poetry) Jeremiah the Preacher
Chap 1-25
Chap 26-29
Chap 30-31
Chap 32-45
Chap 46-51
Chap 52
AutobiographicalAutobiographical (Prose) Jeremiah the Person
Prophet: JeremiahProphet: Jeremiah•The Call Chap 1:4-10
•The Warnings of Israel’s Sin Chap 2
•The Temple Sermon Chap 7 Chap 26
•Five Laments11:18-12:6 Plot against Jeremiah
15:10-21 Prosperity of Wicked
17:14-18 Jeremiah’s Loneliness
18:18-23 Another Plot
20:7-18 Jeremiah’s Call
Prophet: JeremiahProphet: Jeremiah•The False Prophets Chap 27-29
•The New Covenant Chap 30-31
Prophet: EzekielProphet: Ezekiel
Name Ezek: Be Strong
El: God
Either as a prayer; May the Lord Strengthen
Or
A statement;The Lord will strengthen
Prophet: EzekielProphet: Ezekiel
Vocation
Priest
Dating and Place of Ministry
•It is interesting that the entire ministry of Ezekiel takes place outside of the boundary of Palestine in Babylon (597-571 B.C.) . . . But there are times when he speaks (or has a vision) as if he was in Jerusalem.
Prophet: EzekielProphet: Ezekiel
Visions of God’s Glory
Chap 1-3 Vision of God as He sits on the throne
Chap 8-11 Vision of God departing the Temple
Chap 40-48 Vision of God returning to New Temple
Prophet: EzekielProphet: Ezekiel
Outline of Ezekiel
Chap 1-3 Call of Ezekiel
Chap 4-24 Oracles of Judgment against Judah/Jerusalem
Chap 25-32 Oracles against other Nations
Chap 33-48 Prophecies of Hope to exiles
Prophet: DanielProphet: Daniel
NameName:
Daniel means: God is judge
Dating of Events: Dating of Events: •Dan 1:1 Dan 1:1 606 B.C.606 B.C. Daniel’s deportationDaniel’s deportation
•Dan 2:1Dan 2:1 603603 Daniel’s interpretationDaniel’s interpretation
•Dan 5:31Dan 5:31 539539 Daniel’s handwritingDaniel’s handwriting
•Dan 6:1Dan 6:1 538538 Daniel in Lion’s denDaniel in Lion’s den
•See also 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1See also 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1
Daniel - TraditionalDaniel - TraditionalDaniel - TraditionalDaniel - Traditional
6:28 7:1Chap 1 12:13
Material:
Historical
Material:
Prophetic
Prologue
2:1
Daniel - TraditionalDaniel - TraditionalDaniel - TraditionalDaniel - Traditional
6:28 7:1Chap 1 12:13
Activity:
Daniel Interprets Others’ Dreams
Activity:
Angel Interprets Daniel’s Dreams
CausationCausation
Prologue
2:1
DanielDanielDanielDaniel
2:1 6:28 7:1Chap 1 12:13
History: Theology of History
Visions: Theology of
Eschaton
Prologue
God has acted graciously to the faithful and punished the proud
We can wait faithfully, for God holds the future
Big Picture QuestionBig Picture Question: Precisely, how does 2-6 relate to 7-12?