The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America:

8/14/2019 The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America:

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Zmk Prbcask beKgrly Hmaljmbbj

Jkvklbpckotao Lgtao Gckrahg

goj tmk HgraddkgoKcalagog Ukfgs goj Luhrkhag Xgotadkz


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Zmk Prbcask be Kgrly HmaljmbbjJkvklbpckot ao Lgtao Gckrahg

goj tmk Hgraddkgo


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Zmk Prbcask beKgrly Hmaljmbbj

Jkvklbpckot aoLgtao Gckrahg goj

tmk Hgraddkgo

Kcalagog Ukfgs goj Luhrkhag Xgotadkz

watm

Dojahtk Lkrby jk lg Drark

Glkngojrb Hgdgllkrb

Nulako Glkxas Mgutakr

goj

Jbckokh Tuaz Jkvksg


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4070 Zmk Aotkrogtabogl Dgoi ebr Tkhbostruhtabo goj Jkvklbpckot / Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi7=7= M Xtrkkt OVVgsmaoftbo JH 40:88Zklkpmbok> 404-:68-7000

Aotkrokt> www.wbrljdgoi.brfK-cgal> [email protected]

Gll rafmts rkskrvkj

7 4 8 : 74 77 70 01

Zmas vbluck as g prbjuht be tmk stgee be tmk Aotkrogtabogl Dgoi ebr Tkhbostruhtabo goj Jkvklbpckot/ Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi. Zmk eaojaofs, aotkrprktgtabos, goj hbohlusabos kxprksskj ao tmas vbluck jb obtokhkssgraly rkelkht tmk vakws be tmk Kxkhutavk Jarkhtbrs be Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi br tmk fbvkrockots tmkyrkprkskot.

Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi jbks obt fugrgotkk tmk ghhurghy be tmk jgtg aohlujkj ao tmas wbri. Zmk dbuojgraks,hblbrs, jkobcaogtabos, goj btmkr aoebrcgtabo smbwo bo goy cgp ao tmas wbri jb obt acply goy

nujfkckot bo tmk pgrt be Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi hbohkroaof tmk lkfgl stgtus be goy tkrratbry br tmk kojbrsk-ckot br ghhkptgohk be suhm dbuojgraks.

Tafmts goj Pkrcassabos

Zmk cgtkragl ao tmas pudlahgtabo as hbpyrafmtkj. Hbpyaof goj/br trgoscattaof pbrtabos br gll betmas wbri watmbut pkrcassabo cgy dk g vablgtabo be gpplahgdlk lgw. Zmk Aotkrogtabogl Dgoi ebrTkhbostruhtabo goj Jkvklbpckot / Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi kohburgfks jasskcaogtabo be ats wbri goj wallobrcglly frgot pkrcassabo tb rkprbjuhk pbrtabos be tmk wbri prbcptly.

Ebr pkrcassabo tb pmbtbhbpy br rkpraot goy pgrt be tmas wbri, plkgsk skoj g rkqukst watm hbcplktkaoebrcgtabo tb tmk Hbpyrafmt Hlkgrgohk Hkotkr Aoh., 444 Tbskwbbj Jravk, Jgovkrs, CG 07148,[XG9 tklkpmbok> 16=-6;0-=:009 egx> 16=-6;0-::609 Aotkrokt> www.hbpyrafmt.hbc.

Gll btmkr qukraks bo rafmts goj lahkosks, aohlujaof sudsajagry rafmts, smbulj dk gjjrksskj tb tmk Beeahkbe tmk Pudlasmkr, Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi, 7=7= M Xtrkkt OV, Vgsmaoftbo, JH 40:88, [XG9 egx> 404-;44-4:449 k-cgal> [email protected].

AXDO> 16=-0-=478-66;1-= kAXDO> 16=-0-=478-=75:-1JBA> 70.7;15/16=-0-=478-66;1-=

Ladrgry be Hbofrkss Hgtglbfaof-ao-Pudlahgtabo Jgtg

Ukfgs, Kcalagog.Zmk prbcask be kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo / Kcalagog Ukfgsgoj Luhrkhag Xgotadkz.

p. hc.(Lgtao Gckrahgo jkvklbpckot ebruc skraks) Aohlujks dadlabfrgpmahgl rkekrkohks goj aojkx. AXDO 16=-0-=478-66;1-=AXDO 16=-0-=478-=75:-1 (klkhtrboah)

7. HmaljrkoLgtao GckrahgXbhagl hbojatabos. 4. HmaljrkoHgraddkgo GrkgXbhagl hbojatabos.8. Hmalj jkvklbpckotLgtao Gckrahg. :. Hmalj jkvklbpckotHgraddkgo Grkg. ;. Hmalj wklegrkLgtao Gckrahg. 5. Hmalj wklegrkHgraddkgo Grkg. A. Xgotadkz, Luhrkhag. AA. Vbrlj Dgoi. AAA.Zatlk.

MW614.L8U:: 4077 80;.48701641jh44

40010:0:45

Hbvkr jksafo> [LZTGjksafos.

Praotkj ao tmk [oatkj Xtgtks.


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v

Lgtao GckrahgoJkvklbpckot Ebruc Xkraks

Zmas skraks wgs hrkgtkj ao 4008 tb prbcbtk jkdgtk, jasskcaogtk aoebrcg-

tabo goj goglysas, goj hbovky tmk kxhatkckot goj hbcplkxaty be tmk cbsttbpahgl assuks ao khbobcah goj sbhagl jkvklbpckot ao Lgtao Gckrahg gojtmk Hgraddkgo. At as spbosbrkj dy tmk Aotkr-Gckrahgo Jkvklbpckot Dgoi,tmk [oatkj Ogtabos Khbobcah Hbccassabo ebr Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmkHgraddkgo, goj tmk Vbrlj Dgoi. Zmk cgoushrapts hmbsko ebr pudlahgtaborkprkskot tmk mafmkst quglaty ao kghm aostatutabos rkskgrhm goj ghtavaty but-put goj mgvk dkko sklkhtkj ebr tmkar rklkvgohk tb tmk ghgjkcah hbccuoaty,pblahy cgikrs, rkskgrhmkrs, goj aotkrkstkj rkgjkrs.

Gjvasbry Hbccattkk Ckcdkrs

Glahag Drhkog Adgrrg, Kxkhutavk Xkhrktgry, Khbobcah Hbccassabo ebrLgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo, [oatkj Ogtabos

Aos Dustallb, Jarkhtbr, Vgsmaoftbo Beeahk, Khbobcah Hbccassabo ebrLgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo, [oatkj Ogtabos

Nbs Luas Fugshm, Xkoabr Gjvaskr, Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo Tkfabo,Vbrlj Dgoi9 goj Prbekssbr be Khbobcahs, [oavkrsaty be Hglaebroag, Xgo

JakfbXgotagfb Lkvy, Uahk Prksajkot ebr Xkhtbrs goj Iobwlkjfk, Aotkr-GckrahgoJkvklbpckot Dgoi

Kjugrjb Lbrg, Praohapgl Gjvaskr, Tkskgrhm Jkpgrtckot, Aotkr-GckrahgoJkvklbpckot Dgoi

Luas Xkrvo, Tkskgrhm Cgogfkr, Jkvklbpckot Khbobcahs Uahk Prksajkohy,Vbrlj Dgoi

Gufustb jk lg Zbrrk, Hmake Khbobcast, Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk HgraddkgoTkfabo, Vbrlj Dgoi


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vaa

Zatlks ao tmk LgtaoGckrahgo Jkvklbpckot

Ebruc Xkraks

Jashracaogtabo ao Lgtao Gckrahg> Go Khbobcah Pkrspkhtavk (4070) dyMufb bpb, Gldkrtb Hmbof, goj Gojrkg Cbrb, kjatbrs

Zmk Prbcask be Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmkHgraddkgo(4070) dy Kcalagog Ukfgs goj Luhrkhag Xgotadkz

Nbd Hrkgtabo ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo> Zrkojs goj PblahyHmgllkofks (4001) dy Hgrcko Pgfs, Fgllk Pakrrk, goj Xtkegob Xhgrpkttg

Hmaogs goj Aojags Hmgllkofk tb Lgtao Gckrahg> Bppbrtuoaty br Zmrkgt2(4001) dy Jgoakl Lkjkrcgo, Cgrhklb Blgrrkgfg, goj Fuallkrcb K. Pkrry,kjatbrs

Jbks tmk Aovkstckot Hlacgtk Cgttkr2 Cahrbkhbobcah Ebuojgtabos beFrbwtm ao Lgtao Gckrahg (4001) dy Pgdlb Egnozyldkr, Nbsk Luas Fugshm,goj N. Mucdkrtb Lpkz, kjatbrs

Ckgsuraof Aokquglaty be Bppbrtuoataks ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgrad-

dkgo (4001) dy Tahgrjb jk Pgks Dgrrbs, Ergohashb M. F. Ekrrkarg, Nbs T.Cblaogs Ukfg, goj Ngack Xggvkjrg Hmgojuva

Zmk Acpght be Pravgtk Xkhtbr Pgrtahapgtabo ao Aoergstruhturk> Lafmts,Xmgjbws, goj tmk Tbgj Gmkgj (400=) dy Luas Gojrks, Nbsk Luas Fugshm,Zmbcgs Mgvko, goj Uavako Ebstkr

Tkcattgohks goj Jkvklbpckot> Lkssbos erbc Lgtao Gckrahg (400=) dyPgdlb Egnozyldkr goj N. Mucdkrtb Lpkz, kjatbrs

Eashgl Pblahy, Xtgdalazgtabo, goj Frbwtm> Prujkohk br Gdstaokohk2(4006)dy Fuallkrcb Pkrry, Luas Xkrvo, goj Tbjrafb Xuksho, kjatbrs


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vaaa btmkr tatlks ao tmk skraks

Tgasaof Xtujkot Lkgroaof ao Lgtao Gckrahg> Hmgllkofks ebr tmk 47stHko-tury(4006) dy Kcalagog Ukfgs goj Nkooy Pktrbw

Aovkstbr Prbtkhtabo goj Hbrpbrgtk Fbvkrogohk> Earc-lkvkl KvajkohkGhrbss Lgtao Gckrahg(4006) dy Gldkrtb Hmbof goj Elbrkohab Lpkz-jk-Xalgoks, kjatbrs

Zmk Xtgtk be Xtgtk Tkebrc ao Lgtao Gckrahg (4005) dy Kjugrjb Lbrg,kjatbr

Kckrfaof Hgpatgl Cgrikts goj Flbdglazgtabo> Zmk Lgtao Gckrahgo Kxpk-rakohk (4005) dy Gufustb jk lg Zbrrk goj Xkrfab L. Xhmcuilkr

Dkyboj Xurvavgl> Prbtkhtaof Mbuskmbljs erbc Mkgltm Xmbhis ao LgtaoGckrahg (4005) dy Hrastago H. Dgkzg goj Zrucgo F. Pghigrj

Ogturgl Tksburhks> Okatmkr Hursk obr Jkstaoy (4005) dy Jgoakl Lkjkr-cgo goj Vallagc E. Cglboky, kjatbrs

Dkyboj Tkebrcs> Xtruhturgl Jyogcahs goj Cghrbkhbobcah Uulokrgdalaty(400;) dy Nbs Gotboab Bhgcpb, kjatbr

Pravgtazgtabo ao Lgtao Gckrahg> Cytms goj Tkglaty (400;) dy GldkrtbHmbof goj Elbrkohab Lpkz-jk-Xalgoks, kjatbrs

Ikkpaof tmk Prbcask be Xbhagl Xkhuraty ao Lgtao Gckrahg (400:) dy Aojkr-cat X. Fall, Zrucgo F. Pghigrj, goj Nugo Qkrcb

Lkssbos erbc OGEZG> Ebr Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo (400:) dyJgoakl Lkjkrcgo, Vallagc E. Cglboky, goj Luas Xkrvo

Zmk Lacats be Xtgdalazgtabo> Aoergstruhturk, Pudlah Jkeahats, goj Frbwtm aoLgtao Gckrahg(4008) dy Vallagc Kgstkrly goj Luas Xkrvo, kjatbrs

Flbdglazgtabo goj Jkvklbpckot> G Lgtao Gckrahgo goj Hgraddkgo Pkr-spkhtavk (4008) dy Nbs Gotboab Bhgcpb goj Nugo Cgrtao, kjatbrs

As Fkbfrgpmy Jkstaoy2 Lkssbos erbc Lgtao Gckrahg (4008) dy Nbmo LuikFgllup, Glkngojrb Fgvarag, goj Kjugrjb Lbrg


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ax

Gdbut tmk Gutmbrs

Kcalagog Ukfgsas g Xkoabr Kjuhgtabo Khbobcast gt tmk Mucgo Jkvklbp-ckot Jkpgrtckot be tmk Vbrlj Dgoi. Juraof 40080=, smk wbrikj ao tmkDgois Lgtao Gckrahg goj Hgraddkgo Tkfabo. Ao tmas hgpghaty, smk gjvaskjtmk Hmalkgo goj [rufugygo gutmbrataks bo kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckotpblahaks goj aotkrvkotabos tb rgask tmk quglaty be dgsah goj skhbojgry kju-hgtabo. Xmk as tmk gutmbr be skvkrgl grtahlks ao pkkr-rkvakwkj nburogls gojaostatutabogl rkpbrts, cgoy be tmkc ebhusaof bo kjuhgtabo quglaty, tkghmkr

lgdbr cgrikts, goj tkghmkr aohkotavks. Mkr prkvabus dbbis aohlujk TgasaofXtujkot Lkgroaof ao Lgtao Gckrahg> Zmk Hmgllkofk ebr tmk 47st Hkotury(4006, Zmk Vbrlj Dgoi Prkss, hb-gutmbrkj watm Nkooy Pktrbw) goj Aohko-tavks tb Acprbvk Zkghmaof> Lkssbos erbc Lgtao Gckrahg(400;, Zmk VbrljDgoi Prkss, Kjatbr). Xmk mbljs g Jbhtbr be Kjuhgtabo jkfrkk erbc Mgrvgrj[oavkrsaty, go C.G. ao Pudlah Pblahy erbc Juik [oavkrsaty, goj g D.G. ao

Nburoglasc erbc Gojrs Dkllb Hgtmblah [oavkrsaty ao Hgrghgs, Ukokzuklg.

Luhrkhag Xgotadgkz as g pgrtokr gt Euojghao AJKG ao Ckxahb Haty, gobo-prbeat, aojkpkojkot tmaoi tgoi ebhusaof bo kjuhgtabo goj pudlah pbl-ahy goglysas. [otal 4001, smk wgs prbekssbr be pudlah pblahy gt tmk Hkotrbjk Aovkstafghao y Jbhkohag Khbocahgs (HAJK), wmkrk smk dkfgo wbribo tmas dbbi. Dkebrk tmgt, smk wgs g rkskgrhmkr gt tmk TGOJ Hbrpbrgtabo.Xmk mgs pudlasmkj kxtkosavkly bo tkghmkr aohkotavks, tkghmkr lgdbr cgrikts,kjuhgtabogl kvglugtabo, goj shmbbl quglaty. Xmk as g erkqukot hbosultgot ebrZmk Vbrlj Dgoi. Xmk mbljs g Pm.J. ao Kjuhgtabo, go C.G. ao Khbobcahs,goj go C.G. ao Lgtao Gckrahgo Xtujaks, gll erbc Xtgoebrj [oavkrsaty.


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xa

Hbotkots

Gdbut tmk Gutmbrs ax

Ghiobwlkjfckots xvaa

Gddrkvagtabos xax

Aotrbjuhtabo xxa

Goglytahgl Ergckwbri xxaa

Kvajkohk bo Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot xxaaZmk Grfuckot ebr Aovkstaof ao KHJ ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmkHgraddkgo xxav

Bvkrvakw be KHJ ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo Zbjgy xxvaPblahy Acplahgtabos xxvaaaBrfgoazgtabo be tmk Ubluck xxvaaaObtks xxax

7. Go Goglytahgl Ergckwbri ebr Kgrly Hmaljmbbj

Jkvklbpckot 7Kgrly Jkvklbpckot be tmk Drgao 7Zmk Hgsk ebr KHJ Aotkrvkotabos 8Go Goglytahgl Ergckwbri ebr KHJ Buthbcks :KHJ Pblahaks 78Ckgsuraof Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot Buthbcks 7:Obtks 75

4. Bvkrvakw be Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot ao Lgtao

Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo Zbjgy 76Zmk Cghrb Hbotkxt> Pbvkrty goj [okqugl KHJ Buthbcks 7=Zmk Cahrb Hbotkxt> Mkgltm, Egcaly Hmgrghtkrastahs, goj

Xbhabkhbobcah Dghifrbuoj 4:KHJ Pblahaks ao tmk Tkfabo> Go Bvkrvakw 88Xuccgry 81Obtks :0

8. Kvajkohk bo Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Aotkrvkotabos erbc

grbuoj tmk Vbrlj :8Aotkrvkotabos ao Jkvklbpkj Hbuotraks ::Aotkrvkotabos ao Jkvklbpaof Hbuotraks butsajk Lgtao Gckrahg ;0Xuccgry ;4Obtks ;4


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xaa hbotkots

:. Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot Prbfrgcs ao Lgtao

Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo ;;

Tkfabogl Aovkstckot ao KHJ ;;Bvkrvakw be KHJ Prbfrgcs ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo ;=Outratabo Prbfrgcs 50Outratabogl goj Pgrkotaof Prbfrgcs 58Cgtkrogl goj Hmalj Mkgltm Prbfrgcs 55Prkshmbbl Prbfrgcs 65Aotkfrgtkj Cultaskrvahk Prbfrgcs 61Prbfrgcs Zmgt Xuppbrt tmk Tkkotry be Cbtmkrs aotb tmk Vbriebrhk =;Xuccgry =5Obtks =6

;. Aohrkgsaof Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot Prbfrgc

Hbvkrgfk ao tmk Tkfabo> Zmk Okkj ebr Hbcprkmkosavk

Gpprbghmks 17

Xtgtus be Hbcprkmkosavk KHJ Pblahaks ao tmk Tkfabo 14Dualjaof g Hbcprkmkosavk KHJ Pblahy> Zmk Dgsah Xtkps 18Kxpgojaof KHJ Xkrvahks ao tmk Tkfabo 70=Xuccgry 774Obtks 77:

5. Hbohlusabo 77;

Hurrkot Keebrts goj Zmkar Zrghi Tkhbrj 775Zmk Tbgj Gmkgj> Kxpgojaof KHJ Xkrvahks ao tmk Tkfabo 776Xtkppaof aotb tmk Euturk 740

Gppkojaxks 747

Gppkojax 7. Jgtg bo Kgrly Hmalj Jkvklbpckot Aojahgtbrs ao LgtaoGckrahg 747

Gppkojax 4. Jktgalkj Jkshraptabos be Kgrly Hmaljmbbj JkvklbpckotPrbfrgcs 786

Mkgltm, Myfakok, goj Outratabo Aotkrvkotabos 7:0Kjuhgtabogl Aotkrvkotabos 7:8Pbvkrty Gllkvagtabo Aotkrvkotabos 7:=Obtks 7;7

Tkekrkohks 7;;

Aojkx 76;


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hbotkots xaaa

Dbxks

Dbx 8.7 Aotkrprktaof Kxastaof Xtujaks be KHJ Aotkrvkotabos :;Dbx :.7 Hurrahuluc be go Kgrly Xtaculgtabo Prbfrgc ao Ngcgahg 5;Dbx :.4 Prbfrgc Kvglugtabo> Mbfgrks Hbcuoatgrabs jk Dakokstgr

Egcalagr, Hblbcdag 60Dbx :.8 Prbfrgc Wuglaty be Mbfgrks Hbcuoatgrabs, Fugtkcglg 64Dbx ;.7 Cultalkvkl Euojaof be KHJ ao BKHJ Hbuotraks 16Dbx ;.4 Zmk Kckrfkohk be tmk Xwkjasm Prkshmbbl Xystkc 11Dbx ;.8 Acpght Kvglugtabo goj KHJ Kxpgosabo ao Tab jk Ngokarb 70;

Eafurks

Eafurk 7.7 Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot> Goglytahgl Ergckwbri ;Eafurk 4.7 Pkrhkotgfk be Hmaljrko Lkss Zmgo Eavk Qkgrs Blj Vmb

Grk Pbbr, dy Tkfabo, 400: 71Eafurk 4.4 Pbvkrty Tgtks Ckgsurkj dy FJP pkr Hgpatg, 4006 71Eafurk 4.8 Pkrhkotgfk be tmk Obopbbr Pbpulgtabo Gfkj 4; Qkgrs

Zmgt Mgs Hbcplktkj Xkhbojgry Xhmbbl, dy Hbuotry goj FJP pkrHgpatg, 400;05 47

Eafurk 4.: Pkrhkotgfk be tmk Pbbr Pbpulgtabo Gfkj 4; Qkgrs Zmgt MgsHbcplktkj Xkhbojgry Xhmbbl, dy Hbuotry goj FJP pkr Hgpatg,400;05 47

Eafurk 4.; Pkrhkotgfk be Kcplbykj Vbcko ao tmk Aoebrcgl Xkhtbr, dyHbuotry goj FJP pkr Hgpatg 48

Eafurk 4.5 Prkvglkohk be [ojkrwkafmt Hmaljrko Gfkj 0 tb ; Qkgrs, dyHbuotry goj FJP pkr Hgpatg, 4004 45

Eafurk 4.6 Jastradutabo be Xtuotkj Hmaljrko Gfkj 0 tb ; Qkgrs, dyHbuotry goj FJP pkr Hgpatg, 4004 46

Eafurk 4.= Aoegot Cbrtglaty Tgtks (Jkgtms pkr 7,000 Lavk Dartms) dyHbuotry goj FJP pkr Hgpatg, 400; 80

Eafurk 4.1 Pkrhkotgfk be Hmaljrko Gfkj 0 tb 5 Qkgrs Lavaof ao PbbrMbusaof Hbojatabos 87

Eafurk 4.70 Ugragohk ao Xtujkot Lkgroaof Buthbcks Kxplgaokj dyEgcaly Harhucstgohks, 4000 PAXG 84

Eafurk 4.77 Pkrhkotgfk be Hmaljrko uojkr Xax Qkgrs ao tmk Tkfabo watmGhhkss tb Mkgltm Aosurgohk, dy Hbuotry goj FJP Pkr Hgpatg 8;

Eafurk 4.74 Frbss Korbllckot ao Prkpracgry Kjuhgtabo Vbrljwajk,7111400: 85

Eafurk 4.78 Frbss Prkpracgry Kjuhgtabo Korbllckot dy Hbuotry gojFJP pkr Hgpatg, 400: 86

Eafurk 4.7: Kxpkhtkj Qkgrs be Prkpracgry Kjuhgtabo dy Hbuotry, 400: 8=Eafurk 8.7 Javkrsk Cultaskhtbrgl Pblahaks Zmgt Hgo Geekht KHJ ::Eafurk :.7 Prkpracgry Kjuhgtabo Kxpkojaturk gs Xmgrk be Zbtgl

Kjuhgtabogl Kxpkojaturk, 400: (Pkrhkot) ;5


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xav hbotkots

Eafurk :.4 Pudlah Kxpkojaturk bo Prkpracgry Kjuhgtabo gs g Xmgrkbe FOP, 400: (Pkrhkot) ;6

Eafurk :.8 Pudlah Aovkstckot ao KHJ gs g Pkrhkotgfk be FJP aoBKHJ Hbuotraks, 4006 ;=

Eafurk :.: Dgsklaok Ckgsurkckots ebr Tbvaof Hgrkfavkrs Prbfrgc aoXt. Luhag 55

Eafurk G7.7 Hmaljrko Gfkj 7= Qkgrs br Qbuofkr Lavaof dklbw tmkTklgtavk Pbvkrty Laok (Pkrhkot) 744

Eafurk G7.4 Pbvkrty Tgtks dy Hbuotry (Pkrhkot) 748Eafurk G7.8 Mbuskmbljs goj Hmaljrko Lavaof ao Pbbr Mbusaof

Hbojatabos, dy Hbuotry (Pkrhkot) 74:Eafurk G7.: Hmaljrko watm Ghhkss tb Klkhtrahaty, Vgtkr, goj Myfakoah

Tkstrbbcs gt Mbck (Pkrhkot) 74;Eafurk G7.; Hmaljrko Gfkj 05 Qkgrs dy Aohbck Jkhalk (Pkrhkot) 745Eafurk G7.5 Aojafkobus Hmaljrko goj Pbpulgtabo, dy Hbuotry (Pkrhkot) 74=Eafurk G7.6 Xbhabkhbobcah Jaeekrkohks bo Hmalj Jkvklbpckot ao

Xt. Luhag 741Eafurk G7.= Vbcko Kcplbykj ao tmk Aoebrcgl Xkhtbr, dy Hbuotry

(Pkrhkot) 787Eafurk G7.1 Prkpracgry Frbss Korbllckot Tgtks, dy Hbuotry, 400:

(Pkrhkot) 787Eafurk G7.70 Hmaljrko Vmb Kotkr Frgjk 7 goj Tkghm Frgjk ;, dy

Tkfabo (Pkrhkot) 784Eafurk G7.77 Korbllckot Tgtks dy Aohbck Wuaotalk (7st goj ;tm),

Hmaljrko uojkr Xax Qkgrs Blj 784Eafurk G7.74 Tgtab be Xhmbbl Korbllckot Tgtks, Earst tb Eaetm Wuaotalk 788Eafurk G7.78 KHJ Korbllckot Tgtks dy Gfk goj Ktmoah Frbup,

Khugjbr 788Eafurk G7.7: Hmaljrko Qbuofkr tmgo Xax Qkgrs watm Ghhkss tb Mkgltm

Aosurgohk, dy Hbuotry (Pkrhkot) 78:Eafurk G7.7; Tgtab be Mkgltm Aosurgohk Hbvkrgfk Tgtks be tmk Earsttb tmk Eaetm Wuaotalk, dy Hbuotry 78:

Eafurk G7.75 Prkogtgl Hgrk goj Drkgstekkjaof Aojahgtbrs, dy Hbuotry(Pkrhkot) 78;

Eafurk G7.76 Hmaljrko Qbuofkr tmgo Xax Qkgrs Tkhkavaof Ughhaogtabos,dy Hbuotry (Pkrhkot) 78;

Eafurk G7.7= Mbuskmbljs Zmgt Dkokeat erbc Pbvkrty GllkvagtaboPrbfrgcs, dy Aohbck Wuaotalk goj Hbuotry (Pkrhkot) 785


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hbotkots xv

Zgdlks

Zgdlk 7.7 Cbst Hbccboly [skj Psyhmbcktrah Zksts ao KHJKvglugtabos 7;

Zgdlk 4.7 Hbcpgrgtavk Outratabo Aojahgtbrs ebr Jkvklbpaof Tkfabos,400; (Pkrhkot) 4;

Zgdlk 4.4 Aoegot goj Hmalj Cbrtglaty Tgtks dy Hbuotry (pkr ZmbusgojLavk Dartms), 71504006 4=

Zgdlk 4.8 Xuccgry be Hbotkxtugl goj KHJ Ekgturks ao LgtaoGckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo, dy Hbuotry (400;, 4005 brLgtkst Gvgalgdlk Qkgr) :7

Zgdlk ;.7 Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Kjuhgtabo Xkrvahks, Xklkht BKHJ Hbuotraks 707Zgdlk ;.4 KHJ Pblahaks ao Xklkhtkj BKHJ Hbuotraks 701Zgdlk G7.7 Pbvkrty grbuoj tmk Vbrlj (Pkrhkot be Pbpulgtabo) 747Zgdlk G7.4 Pbvkrty goj Kjuhgtabo Aojahgtbrs, dy Hbuotry 746Zgdlk G7.8 Prkvglkohk be Xklkhtkj Outratabogl Jkeahakohaks ao

Hmaljrko Gfkj 0:, dy Tkfabo 741Zgdlk G7.: Kcplbyckot Aojahgtbrs ebr Vbcko, dy Hbuotry 780Zgdlk G4.7 Xklkhtkj Prbfrgcs 786Zgdlk G4.4 Iky Ekgturks be Xklkhtkj Prbfrgcs 78=


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18/222

xvaa

Ghiobwlkjfckots

Zmas dbbi wgs prkpgrkj dy g tkgc be Vbrlj Dgoi stgee goj hbosultgotsuojkr tmk fuajgohk be Kvgofklaok Ngvakr (Jarkhtbr ebr Mucgo Jkvklbp-ckot), Gufustb jk lg Zbrrk (Hmake Khbobcast, Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmkHgraddkgo Tkfabo), Ikatm Mgosko (Mkgltm Xkhtbr Cgogfkr), Mklkog Tadk(Xbhagl Prbtkhtabo Xkhtbr Cgogfkr), Kjugrjb Ulkz-Dustallb (KjuhgtaboXkhtbr Cgogfkr), goj Nkooak Latvghi (Lkgj Khbobcast ebr Mucgo Jkvkl-bpckot). Nksib Mkotshmkl (Xkhtbr Lkgjkr ebr Mucgo Jkvklbpckot) prb-

vajkj tkhmoahgl fuajgohk ao tmk aoatagl stgfks be tmk dbbi.Zmk tkgc aohlujkj Kcalagog Ukfgs (Xkoabr Kjuhgtabo Khbobcast, ZgsiZkgc Lkgjkr, LHXMK), Luhrkhag Xgotadkz (Hbosultgot, EuojghaoAJKG, Ckxahb), Dojahtk Lkrby jk lg Drark (Xkoabr Xbhagl PrbtkhtaboKhbobcast, LHXMX), Glkngojrb Hgdgllkrb (Qbuof Prbekssabogl, LHXMK),Jbckokh Tuaz-Jkvksg (NPG, LHXMJ), goj Nulako Glkxas Mgutakr (Hbosul-tgot, LHXMK). Gjg Tavkrg, Uavagog G. Fbozglkz, goj Ogtglag Cbohgjg(Prbfrgc Gssastgots, LHXMJ) prbvajkj suppbrt ao tmk prkpgrgtabo gojprbhkssaof be tmk jbhuckot. Zmk dbbi as dgskj bo skvkrgl dghifrbuojpgpkrs gutmbrkj dy Kraig Juoikldkrf9 tmk Ckxahgo Ogtabogl Aostatutk be

Pudlah Mkgltm9 Kcaly Ugrfgs-Dgro9 goj Mkroo Vaoilkr. Zmk tkgc glsbdkokeatkj erbc mklpeul hbcckots goj suffkstabos dy Hmrastaok Lgb Pkg(Xkoabr Mucgo Jkvklbpckot Khbobcast, LHXMM), Glkssgojrg Cgraoa(Khbobcast, LHXMX), Hmrastkl Ukrckkrshm (Khbobcast, LHXMK), goj Obr-dkrt Xhmgjy (Xkoabr Khbobcast, JKHTF). Ogzuca Zgikjg (Hbosultgot,LHXMJ) goj Pkffy ChAokroy (Hbosultgot, MJOKJ) mklpkj ao kjataof tmkcgoushrapt ebr pudlahgtabo.

Zmk tkgc as cbst frgtkeul tb tmk pkkr rkvakwkrsMarb Qbsmaigwg (Prb-ekssbr be Kjuhgtabo, Mgrvgrj Frgjugtk Xhmbbl be Kjuhgtabo), Uahkotk

Pgqukb (Hbuotry Xkhtbr Hbbrjaogtbr, KGXMJ), goj Cgry Kcaof Qbuof(Lkgj Xpkhaglast, MJOHQ)wmbsk vglugdlk hbcckots frkgtly hbotrad-utkj tb acprbvaof kgrly jrgets be tmk dbbi.


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20/222

xax

Gddrkvagtabos

DHF Dghallk Hglckttk Fukrao (vghhaok)HHH Hmalk Frbws watm Qbu (Hmalk Hrkhk Hbotafb)HHE-A Hmrastago Hmaljrkos Euoj AotkrogtaboglHKJLGX Hkotrb jk Kstujabs Jastradutavbs Lgdbrglks y Xbhaglks,

[oavkrsajgj Oghabogl jk Lg Plgtg, GrfkotaogHAOJK Hkotrb Aotkroghabogl jk Kjuhghao y Jksgrrbllb MucgobHCP Hbccuoaty Cbtmkrs Prbfrgc

JKHTF Jkvklbpckot Tkskgrhm Frbup, tmk Vbrlj DgoiJAOKZE Ogtabogl Jarkhtbrgtk ebr Aoatagl goj Pracgry KjuhgtaboJPZ japtmkrag, pkrtussas, goj tktgous (vghhaok)KGXMJ Mucgo Jkvklbpckot Jkpgrtckot, Kgst Gsag goj tmk Pghaeah

Tkfabo, tmk Vbrlj DgoiKHHJ Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Hgrk goj JkvklbpckotKHHK Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Hgrk goj Kjuhgtabo HkotkrsKHJ Kgrly Hmaljmbbj JkvklbpckotKHA Kgrly Hmaljmbbj AotkrvkotaboKHLX-I Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Lbofatujaogl XtujyIaojkrfgrtko Hlgss

KEG Kjuhgtabo ebr GllKMX Kgrly Mkgj XtgrtKPPK Keekhtavk Prbvasabo be Prkshmbbl Kjuhgtabo PrbnkhtEG Egcalaks ao GhtaboEZA Egst-Zrghi AoatagtavkE[OJKD Euojb jg Kjuhgb DsahgFJP frbss jbckstah prbjuhtFKJ fkokrgl kjuhgtabogl jkvklbpckotFKT frbss korbllckot rgtk

MJOHQ Hmaljrko goj Qbutm [oat, Mucgo Jkvklbpckot Jkpgrtckot,tmk Vbrlj Dgoi

MX mafm shmbbl


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xx gddrkvagtabos

MBCK Mbck Bdskrvgtabo ebr Ckgsurkckot be tmk Kovarbockot,g rgtaof shglk

AGJD Aotkr-Gckrahgo Jkvklbpckot Dgoi

NPG Nuoabr Prbekssabogl GssbhagtkNXLH Ngcgahg Xurvky be Lavaof HbojatabosN[ONA Nuotg Oghabogl jk Ngrjaoks Aoegotalks (Ogtabogl Hbuohal be

Kgrly Hmaljhgrk Hkotkrs)LGH Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo Tkfabo, Vbrlj DgoiLHXMK Kjuhgtabo Xkhtbr, Mucgo Jkvklbpckot Jkpgrtckot, Lgtao

Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo Tkfabo, Vbrlj DgoiLHXMM Mkgltm Xkhtbr, Mucgo Jkvklbpckot Jkpgrtckot, Lgtao

Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo Tkfabo, Vbrlj Dgoi

LHXMX Xbhagl Prbtkhtabo Xkhtbr, Mucgo Jkvklbpckot Jkpgrtckot,Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo Tkfabo, Vbrlj DgoiCJF Callkooauc Jkvklbpckot FbglCCT ckgslks, cucps, goj rudkllg (vghhaok)CBK Caoastry be KjuhgtaboCBM Caoastry be MkgltmOFB obofbvkrockotgl brfgoazgtaboOAHMJ Ogtabogl Aostatutk be Hmalj Mkgltm goj Mucgo

JkvklbpckotBKG Brfgoazgtabo be Gckrahgo XtgtksBKHJ Brfgoasgtabo ebr Khbobcah Hb-bpkrgtabo goj JkvklbpckotPAXG Prbfrgcck be Aotkrogtabogl Xtujkot GsskssckotPPUZ Pkgdbjy Pahturk Ubhgdulgry ZkstPTBOBKA Oboebrcgl Prbfrgc ebr Aoatagl KjuhgtaboXKJLGH Xbhab-Khbobcah Jgtgdgsk ebr Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk

Hgraddkgo, jgtgdgsk cgaotgaokj dy Vbrlj DgoiXKTOGC Hmalkgo Ogtabogl Xkrvahk ebr VbckoXKX sbhabkhbobcah stgtusXAXDKO Xystkc ebr tmk Xklkhtabo be Dkokeahagraks

[O [oatkj Ogtabos[OKXHB [oatkj Ogtabos Kjuhgtabo, Xhakohk, goj Hulturk

Brfgoazgtabo[OAHKE [oatkj Ogtabos Hmaljrkos EuojVJT Vbrlj Jkvklbpckot Tkpbrt, Vbrlj DgoiVAH Vbckos Aoegots goj Hmaljrkos Prbfrgc


22/222

xxa

Aotrbjuhtabo

Zmas dbbi gacs tb eall fgps ao kxastaof iobwlkjfk gdbut kgrly hmaljmbbjjkvklbpckot (KHJ) keebrts ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo dy rkvakw-aof g sklkhtabo be KHJ prbfrgcs ao tmk rkfaboaohlujaof tmbsk ao kgrlyhmaljmbbj kjuhgtabo, mkgltm, goj outratabogoj jastallaof lkssbos rklgtkjtb tmkar jksafo, acplkckotgtabo, goj aostatutaboglazgtabo. Zmk dbbi sur-vkys kxastaof kvajkohk bo tmk acpght be prbfrgcs wbrljwajk tmgt prbvajksuppbrt tb hmaljrko juraof tmk pkrabj dkebrk dartm tmrbufm gfk sax, aohluj-

aof prbfrgcs ao jkvklbpkj goj jkvklbpaof ogtabos. At prkskots g hbcpkl-laof kvajkohk-dgskj grfuckot ebr frkgtkr aovkstckot ao KHJ prbfrgcs aoLgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo, wmalk mafmlafmtaof tmk okkj ebr dbtmcbrk rafbrbus kvglugtabos goj cbrk ghhurgtk hbst ghhbuotaof be suhm prb-frgcs. Acprbvkj kvglugtabos goj hbst trghiaof wall fkokrgtk dkttkr jgtgbo mbw tb keekhtavkly jksafo, euoj, goj prbvajk quglaty KHJ prbfrgcs tbgll hmaljrko ao tmk rkfabo, kspkhaglly tmbsk erbc lbw-aohbck egcalaks.

Getkr jkvklbpaof go goglytahgl ergckwbri ebr kxgcaoaof kgrly hmalj-mbbj jkvklbpckot buthbcks, tmk stujy hlbskly kxgcaoks tmk cghrb gojcahrb hbotkxt be kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao tmk hbuotraks be Lgtao

Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo. Bo tmas dgsas, at dualjs tmk hgsk ebr aohrkgs-aof KHJ aovkstckots ao tmk rkfabo, pgrtahulgrly aovkstckots tmgt tgrfktpbbr goj jasgjvgotgfkj hmaljrko (goj tmkar pgrkots) gt vkry kgrly gfks.Zmk dbbi tmko survkys gvgalgdlk kvajkohk bo KHJ aotkrvkotabos grbuojtmk wbrlj, prkskotaof jktgalkj eaojaofs bo prbfrgcs ao tmk [oatkj Xtgtks(tmk Pkrry Prkshmbbl, Hgrblaog Gdkhkjgrago, Hmahgfb Hmalj-Pgrkot, MkgjXtgrt, goj Kgrly Mkgj Xtgrt prbfrgcs), BKHJ hbuotraks, tmk Pmalappaoks,[fgojg, Zuriky, goj Uaktogc.

Dualjaof bo tmas survky be prbfrgcs butsajk be tmk rkfabo, tmk stujy

tmko kxgcaoks hbotkcpbrgry KHJ aotkrvkotabos goj tmkar acpghts ao LgtaoGckrahg goj Hgraddkgo. Bok cgnbr hbohlusabo be tmas goglysas as tmgtaojavajugl hbuotraks ao tmk rkfabo wbulj dkokeat erbc jkvklbpaof ogtaboglKHJ pblahaks tb keekhtavkly shglk up goj sustgao drbgjkr, aotkfrgl aovkst-


23/222

xxaa aotrbjuhtabo

ckots ao tmas grkg. Zmk dbbi ghhbrjaofly jkvbtks g hmgptkr tb rkvakwaoftmk cgnbr hbcpbokots be g ogtabogl KHJ pblahy, goj jrgwaof bo tmk pblahykxpkrakohk be g oucdkr be BKHJ hbuotraks ao dualjaof goj acplkckotaof

sustgaogdlk KHJ pblahaks. Eaoglly, g hbohlujaof hmgptkr succgrazks tmkeaojaofs bo kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot buthbcks goj aotkrvkotabos aotmk rkfabo, gs wkll gs tmk pblahy acplahgtabos be tmksk eaojaofs.

Goglytahgl Ergckwbri

Kxastaof rkskgrhm kvajkohk aojahgtks tmgt tmrkk cgao KHJ buthbcks jktkr-caok laeklbof bppbrtuoataks goj buthbcks> (a) hbfoatavk jkvklbpckot,

wmahm aohlujks tmk ghquasatabo be lgofugfk goj latkrghy9 (aa) sbhabkcb-tabogl jkvklbpckot, wmahm aohlujks tmk gdalaty tb sbhaglazk watm btmkrs9 goj(aaa) pmysahgl wkll-dkaof goj frbwtm, wmahm kohbcpgssks mkafmt, wkafmt,outratabogl stgtus, goj btmkr pmysahgl aojahgtbrs. Gltmbufm lastkj skpg-rgtkly mkrk, gll tmrkk buthbcks grk hbosajkrkj aotkrjkpkojkot, kspkhagllyhbfoatavk goj sbhabkcbtabogl jkvklbpckot.

Zmk ergckwbri stgrts dy rkhbfoazaof tmgt hmalj jkvklbpckot jbks obttgik plghk ao g vghuuc. Ao goy favko hbuotry, tmk cghrb hbotkxt (tmgt as,tmk khbobcah, pblatahgl, goj sbhagl hbotkxt) geekhts tmk ogturk goj kxtkotbe sbhagl pblahaks, wmahm jarkhtly geekht hmaljrkos wkll-dkaof, tmk typk beprbfrgcs cgjk gvgalgdlk tb ybuof hmaljrko goj tmkar hgrkfavkrs, goj tmkbrfgoazgtabos tmgt bpkrgtk tmksk. Xacultgokbusly, tmk cahrb hbotkxttmkaotkrghtabo dktwkko g hmalj goj mkr br mas pracgry hgrkfavkr juraof tmkkgrly ykgrsskts g hmalj bo g trgnkhtbry tmgt geekhts mkr br mas euturk jkvkl-bpckot. Ao gjjatabo, tmk gvgalgdalaty be prbfrgcs, skrvahks, goj pblahaksjarkhtkj gt hmaljrko, tmkar hgrkfavkrs, br dbtm, geekhts tmas aotkrghtabo gojtrgnkhtbry.

Kvajkohk bo Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot

[otal egarly rkhkotly, at wgs wajkly dklakvkj tmgt mucgo dkaofs wkrk dbrowatm fkoktahglly prkjktkrcaokj gdalataks, gs tmkar drgaos wkrk tmbufmt tbdk eully jkvklbpkj gt dartm. Tkhkot shakotaeah rkskgrhm mgs kstgdlasmkj tmgt,tb tmk hbotrgry, tmk drgao hbotaouks tb jkvklbp goj ebrc okurgl hbookh-tabos juraof tmk kgrly ykgrs be hmaljmbbj. Tkskgrhm mgs glsb smbwo tmgtoutratabo, hbfoatavk staculgtabo, goj ourturaof hgrk juraof tmksk kgrlyykgrs strbofly aoelukohk tmk kxtkot tb wmahm g hmaljs mkgltm, gs wkll gs mkr

br mas hbfoatavk goj sbhabkcbtabogl gdalataks, cgy jkvklbp tb tmkar eullkstpbtkotagl (Qbuof 4004).Hmaljrko be egcalaks lavaof ao pbvkrty eghk cgoy jkvklbpckotgl hmgl-

lkofks juraof tmkar kgrly ykgrs tmgt geekht tmkar bppbrtuoaty tb rkhkavkgjkqugtk outratabo, staculgtabo, goj hgrk. Gs g hboskqukohk, g mafm prb-pbrtabo be hmaljrko be pbbr mbuskmbljs grk obt gdlk tb rkghm tmkar eull


24/222

aotrbjuhtabo xxaaa

jkvklbpckot pbtkotagl, acpkjaof tmkar pmysahgl, hbfoatavk, goj sbhabk-cbtabogl jkvklbpckot. Kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot buthbcks plgy goacpbrtgot rblk tmrbufmbut laek, geekhtaof boks aohbck-kgroaof hgpghaty

goj prbjuhtavaty, lbofkvaty, mkgltm, goj hbfoatavk gdalaty. Acpbrtgotly, tmkjklktkrabus keekhts be pbbr KHJ buthbcks hgo dk lbof lgstaofgeekht-aof shmbbl gttgaockot, kcplbyckot, wgfks, hracaoglaty, goj tmk sbhaglaotkfrgtabo be gjults. Aojkkj, jaeekrkohks ao kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckotghrbss hmaljrko erbc pbbr goj obopbbr mbuskmbljs mgvk dkko smbwo tbdk rklgtkj tb acpbrtgot buthbcks wkll aotb gjultmbbj.

Aovkstaof ao pkbplk mgs dkko lbof smbwo tb dk g fbbj aovkstckot. Aotmk caj-twkotaktm hkotury, skvkrgl rkskgrhmkrs smbwkj tmgt aovkstaof aopkbplktmgt as, ao tmkar sialls goj gdalatakshbulj dk nust gs prbeatgdlk

gs aovkstaof ao pmysahgl hgpatgl. Xhmultz (7157, 7167) kcparahglly smbwkjtmk acpbrtgohk be kjuhgtabo ebr prbjuhtavaty frbwtm ao tmk [oatkj Xtgtks.Gt tmk aojavajugl lkvkl, Caohkr (71;=) wgs tmk earst tb kcparahglly jkc-bostrgtk tmgt kjuhgtabo jaeekrkotagls grk rklgtkj tb jaeekrkohks ao wgfks gtlgtkr stgfks ao laek. Dkhikr (715:) brfgoazkj tmas wbri goj tmgt be btmkrsaotb wmgt wk obw rkekr tb gs mucgo hgpatgl tmkbry, tmk ebuojgtabobe cuhm rkhkot wbri bo tmk rklgtabosmap dktwkko aovkstckots ao pkbplk(aohlujaof tmbsk cgjk tmrbufm kjuhgtabo, mkgltm, goj sbhagl prbtkhtabo)goj tmk dkokeats (aohlujaof dbtm aojavajugl kgroaofs goj laek buthbcks, gswkll gs cultaplk dkokeats ebr sbhakty gs g wmblk).

Tkskgrhm mgs smbwo tmgt kgrly hmaljmbbj aotkrvkotabos hgo ght gs goacpbrtgot pblahy lkvkr tb kquglazk bppbrtuoataks ebr hmaljrko goj rkjuhktmk aotkrfkokrgtabogl frap be pbvkrty goj aokquglaty. Tkhkot wbri dy ObdklLgurkgtk Ngcks Mkhicgo goj hbllkgfuks dualjs bo tmas prkvabus latkrgturkgoj smbws tmgt mucgo hgpatgl ebrcgtabo as g jyogcah prbhkss tmgt dkfaoskgrly ao laek goj hbotaouks bvkr tmk laek hyhlk. Mkhicgo goj mas hbllkgfuksmgvk hbovaohaofly smbwo tmgt eghtbrs bpkrgtaof juraof tmk kgrly hmaljmbbjykgrs plgy go acpbrtgot rblk ao tmk jkvklbpckot be sialls tmgt jktkrcaokbuthbcks lgtkr ao laek.7

Btmkr rkhkot rkskgrhm bo kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot mafmlafmts tmgtdbtm hbfoatavk suhm gs lgofugfk goj cgtmkcgtahs sialls) goj obohbfoatavk(suhm gs sbhagl sialls goj skle-jashaplaok) sialls grk acpbrtgot ebr suhhkss aoshmbbl goj prbjuhtavaty ao tmk lgdbr cgrikt. Bok acpbrtgot eaojaof as tmgtg hmaljs egcaly kovarbockot as hkotrgl tb mkr br mas jkvklbpckot be siallsgoj gdalaty9 mkohk, kgrly aotkrvkotabos tgrfktkj gt kquglazaof kgrly egcalyjaeekrkohks hgo hbotradutk tb rkjuhaof kgrly aokquglataks. Zmk pgrkotglkovarbockot goj egcaly aohbck be g hmalj grk, cbrkbvkr, egr cbrk jkhasavkao prbcbtaof mucgo hgpatgl goj shmbbl suhhkss juraof kgrly hmaljmbbj

tmgo ao lgtkr ykgrs.Zmas rkskgrhm mgs skvkrgl acpbrtgot pblahy acplahgtabos. Earst, gll klskdkaof kqugl, rkturos tb aovkstckots ao kgrly hmaljmbbj wall dk mafmkr tmgorkturos tb aovkstckots cgjk lgtkr ao laek sacply dkhgusk tmk dkokeahagraksmgvk g lbofkr tack tb rkgp tmk rkwgrjs erbc tmksk aovkstckots. Xkhboj,aovkstckots ao mucgo hgpatgl mgvk jyogcah hbcplkckotgrataks> acprbvkj


25/222

xxav aotrbjuhtabo

KHJ buthbcks rksult ao acprbvkj kjuhgtabogl gttgaockot lkvkls, mkgltmbuthbcks, goj lgdbr cgrikt buthbcks. Zmarj, wmalk kjuhgtabo pblahaks grkacpbrtgot, wmgt mgppkos ao shmbbls as obt sueeahakot tb kquglazk bppbrtuoa-taks goj rkjuhk aokquglaty. At as hruhagl tb aovkst kgrly ao dbtm hmaljrko gojtmkar egcalaks, gs tmk egcaly kovarbockot plgys go acpbrtgot rblk ao tmkjkvklbpckot be hbfoatavk goj obohbfoatavk sialls.

Bok acpbrtgot pblahy hbosajkrgtabo be KHJ aovkstckots as tmgt tmkyjb obt aovblvk g trgjk-bee dktwkko kquaty goj keeahakohy. Hurrak (4007),ebr kxgcplk, grfuks tmgt at cgy dk cbrk keekhtavk tb rkjuhk aokquglaty dykquglazaof aoatagl kojbwckots tmrbufm KHJ prbfrgcs tmgo tb hbcpkosgtkebr jaeekrkohks ao buthbcks lgtkr ao laek. Obt boly cgy KHJ aovkstckots dkcbrk hbst-keekhtavk dkhgusk tmky mgvk lgrfkr dkokeats rklgtavk tb tmkar hbsts9

tmky gvbaj cgoy be tmk cbrgl mgzgrj prbdlkcs aomkrkot ao prbfrgcs tmgtskki tb kquglazk buthbcks ao gjultmbbj, suhm gs tgx goj aohbck trgosekrs,wmahm grk betko skko gs aokquatgdlk.

Gltmbufm tmkrk as strbof kvajkohk be tmk acpght be KHJ aotkrvkotabos,tmkrk as uoebrtuogtkly lattlk kvajkohk bo mbw tb keekhtavkly jksafo, euoj,goj prbvajk quglaty KHJ prbfrgcsaohlujaof kgrly hmaljmbbj kjuhg-tabo, mkgltm, goj outratabo prbfrgcstb gll hmaljrko, kspkhaglly tmbskerbc lbw-aohbck egcalaks. Ao gjjatabo, ekw stujaks kxast tmgt goglyzk tmkhbst-keekhtavkokss be gltkrogtavk KHJ prbfrgcs, wmahm hbulj mklp pblahy

cgikrs ao hmbbsaof gcbof hbcpktaof pblahy gltkrogtavks.

Zmk Grfuckot ebr Aovkstaof ao KHJao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo

Kosuraof tmgt gll aojavajugls mgvk kqugl bppbrtuoataks tb jkvklbp tmkar eullpbtkotagl goj lkgj g euleallaof laek as euojgckotgl ebr khbobcah goj sbhagljkvklbpckot. Zmk 4005 Vbrlj Jkvklbpckot Tkpbrt> Kquaty goj Jkvkl-bpckot (Vbrlj Dgoi 400;) jbhuckotkj tmgt cgoy jaspgrataks hgo mgvkarrkvkrsadlk hboskqukohks bo aojavajugls bppbrtuoataks goj buthbcks,buthbcks tmgt grk tmko betko trgoscattkj ghrbss fkokrgtabos. Ao LgtaoGckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo, sbhagl goj khbobcah aokquglaty as kspkhagllyfrkgt. Gs Aokquglaty ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo grfuks>

Ebr gs lbof gs jgtg bo lavaof stgojgrjs mgvk dkko gvgalgdlk, LgtaoGckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo mgs dkko bok be tmk rkfabos be tmkwbrlj watm tmk frkgtkst aokquglaty. Vatm tmk kxhkptabo be Xud-Xgmgrgo Gerahg, tmas as truk watm rkfgrj tb glcbst kvkry hbo-

hkavgdlk aojahgtbr, erbc aohbck hbosucptabo kxpkojaturks tbckgsurks be pblatahgl aoelukohk goj vbahk goj cbst mkgltm gojkjuhgtabo buthbcks (Jk Ekrrgota goj btmkrs 4008).


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aotrbjuhtabo xxv

Erbc g pudlah pblahy pkrspkhtavk, aokquglaty be harhucstgohks, br bppbr-tuoataks, as be frkgtkst hbohkro. G rkhkot gttkcpt tb kcparahglly kvglugtktmk kxtkot be aokquglaty be khbobcah bppbrtuoaty ao Lgtao Gckrahg (Ekr-

rkarg goj Fafobux 4006g) ebuoj tmgt at ghhbuots ebr g sudstgotagl smgrkbe bdskrvkj khbobcah aokquglatydktwkko 40 pkrhkot goj ;0 pkrhkot(jkpkojaof bo tmk buthbck vgragdlk uskj goj tmk hbuotry).

Gpprbxacgtkly 40 pkrhkot be tmk pbpulgtabo ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmkHgraddkgo lavk dklbw tmk pbvkrty laok, watm tmk prbpbrtabo be pbbr hmal-jrko ao sbck hbuotraks kxhkkjaof :0 pkrhkot. Bvkrgll, tmk rkfabo as skhbojboly tb Xud-Xgmgrgo Gerahg ao tkrcs be tmk aokquglaty be aohbck jastradu-tabo, pblatahgl aoelukohk, vbahk, goj cbst mkgltm goj kjuhgtabo buthbcks(Jk Ekrrgota goj btmkrs 4008).

Pbvkrty goj aokquglaty ao tmk rkfabo dkfao gt dartm> hmaljrko wmb grkdbro aotb pbbr egcalaks grk cuhm cbrk laikly tb mgvk pgrkots wmb mgvklbw lkvkls be kjuhgtabo gttgaockot, lbw-quglaty nbds, goj lbw wgfks. Zmkygrk glsb laikly tb mgvk lkss ghhkss tb pudlah skrvahks, suhm gs wgtkr gojsgoatgtabo, mkgltm hgrk, goj kjuhgtabo. Ekrrkarg goj Fafobux (4006), ebrkxgcplk, kstacgtk tmgt tmk prbpbrtabo be vgragtabo ao stujkot tkst shbrks aorkgjaof goj cgtmkcgtahs bo tmk 4000 Prbfrgcck ebr Aotkrogtabogl Xtu-jkot Gsskssckot (PAXG) tmgt hgo dk kxplgaokj dy tmk kjuhgtabogl gttgao-ckot be stujkots pgrkots, tmkar bhhupgtabo, goj plghk be rksajkohk (scglltbwo, rurgl, lgrfk haty) as dktwkko 7; goj 4; pkrhkot.

Ao cgoy hbuotraks be tmk rkfabo, lgrfk oucdkrs be hmaljrko jb obtrkhkavk gjkqugtk outratabo, staculgtabo, br hgrk. Cgoy KHJ aojahgtbrsghhbrjaofly suffkst tmgt hmalj jkvklbpckot ao tmk rkfabo as aogjkqugtk.Ebr kxgcplk, tmk gvkrgfk aoegot cbrtglaty rgtk ao tmk rkfabo as 44 pkrhkot9ao Dblavag, at kxhkkjs ;0 pkrhkot. Hlbsk tb ;0 pkrhkot be hmaljrko ao tmkrkfabo sueekr erbc arbo-jkeahakohy gokcag, mafm prbpbrtabos sueekr erbcbtmkr vatgcao jkeahakohaks, goj 74 pkrhkot mgvk stuotkj frbwtm (ao Fugtk-cglg, tmk rgtk as bvkr :0 pkrhkot). Vatm g ekw kxhkptabos, ghhkss tb mkgltmskrvahks goj mkgltm hgrk hbvkrgfk as glsb lacatkj goj aokquatgdlk ao tmk

rkfabo. Gll be tmksk hbojatabos grk kxghkrdgtkj dy pbvkrty goj aokqugl-aty. Tkfabogl javkrsaty as, cbrkbvkr, kxtkosavk. Ao sbck hbuotraks vkryekw hmaljrko sueekr erbc bok br cbrk be tmksk hbojatabos, wmalk ao btmkrhbuotraks, cbst hmaljrko jb. Gll hbuotraks ao tmk rkfabo, mbwkvkr, hbotaouktb eghk hmgllkofks ao kosuraof tmgt gll tmkar ybuof hmaljrko rkhkavk kquglbppbrtuoataks tb rkghm tmkar mafmkst pbtkotagl.

Gjkqugtk KHJ aotkrvkotabos hgo mklp kquglazk bppbrtuoataks ebr lbw-aohbck hmaljrko, goj tmus mblj pgrtahulgr prbcask ebr hmaljrko ao LgtaoGckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo. Vmalk KHJ prbfrgcs hbohkro g wkll-jkeaokj

pbpulgtabo goj mgvk prbvko rkturos, hbuotraks ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmkHgraddkgo mgvk boly rkhkotly dkfuo cbvaof tbwgrjs g mblastah gpprbghmtb KHJ acplkckotgtabo. Mblastah gpprbghmks grk uskeul dkhgusk cbst KHJprbfrgcs grk cultaskhtbrgl goj aovblvk aotkrvkotabos ao mkgltm, myfakok


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xxva aotrbjuhtabo

goj outratabo, kjuhgtabo, goj pbvkrty gllkvagtabo. Ao gjjatabo, boly g ekwhbuotraks (Hmalk, Ngcgahg, goj Pkru stgoj but) glrkgjy mgvk br grk ao tmkprbhkss be jkvklbpaof g ogtabogl KHJ pblahy hmgcpabokj dy mafm-lkvkl

pblatahgl lkgjkrs. Cbst prbfrgcs ao tmk rkfabo grk aojkpkojkot keebrtstmgt vgry ao shglk, skrvahks beekrkj, goj cbjk be jklavkry. Cbrkbvkr, tmkhbvkrgfk be KHJ skrvahks ghrbss Lgtao Gckrahg rkcgaos lbw, gs kxastaofprbfrgcs hbvkr boly g scgll erghtabo be pbtkotagl dkokeahagry pbpulgtabos,kspkhaglly gcbof ybuofkr hmaljrko.

Bvkrvakw be KHJ ao Lgtao Gckrahggoj tmk Hgraddkgo Zbjgy

Hbotkxt

Kvko tmbufm Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo hbotaouks tb lgf dkmaojjkvklbpkj hbuotraks ao sbhabkhbobcah goj KHJ aojahgtbrs, at egrks cuhmdkttkr, bo gvkrgfk, tmgo btmkr, pbbrkr rkfabos ao tmk wbrlj. Tkfabogl jas-pgrataks, mbwkvkr, grk lgrfk. Pbvkrty rgtks gcbof hmaljrko goj ybutm vgrywajkly. Ao Hbstg Tahg, Grfkotaog, goj Hmalk, ebr kxgcplk, boly g scgllsmgrk be tmk pbpulgtabo uojkr sax ykgrs blj lavks ao pbvkrty. Ao Kl Xglvg-jbr, Oahgrgfug, goj Pkru, dy hbotrgst, tmk satugtabo as cuhm cbrk jark.Ao sbck hbuotraks ao tmk rkfabo, cbst hmaljrko mgvk ghhkss tb dgsah KHJskrvahks laik kjuhgtabo, mkgltm aosurgohk, goj vghhaoks, wmalk ao btmkrs,tmas as uoebrtuogtkly obt tmk hgsk. Ao sbck hbuotraks, kgrly hmaljmbbjjkvklbpckot aojahgtbrs grk hlbskr tb jkvklbpkj wbrlj stgojgrjs, wmalk aobtmkrs (aohlujaof Dblavag, Kl Xglvgjbr, Fugtkcglg, goj Oahgrgfug), ybuofhmaljrkokspkhaglly tmbsk ao tmk lbwkst aohbck quaotalks goj gcbof aojaf-kobus pkbplksgrk skvkrkly jasgjvgotgfkj.

Vmalk KHJ as go acpbrtgot hbohkro ebr ogtabogl pbpulgtabos ao tmkrkfabo gs g wmblk, cbuotaof kvajkohk bo tmk dkokeats be KHJ ebr jasgjvgo-

tgfkj pbpulgtabos cgik g hbcpkllaof hgsk ebr ebhusaof bo hmaljrko lavaofao pbvkrty. (Xlafmtly bvkr 70 pkrhkot be hmaljrko ybuofkr tmgo eavk ykgrsblj ao Lgtao Gckrahg tbjgy lavk bo lkss tmgo $7 pkr jgy, tmk dkohmcgriebr kxtrkck pbvkrty.) Kcparahgl stujaks ao Khugjbr, Drgzal, goj Ckxahb, ebrkxgcplk, smbw sacalgr jkeahats ao jkvklbpckotgl buthbcks gcbof ybuofhmaljrko dy sbhabkhbobcah hgtkfbry, watm tmbsk be pbbr dghifrbuojsdkaof gt tmk cbst jasgjvgotgfk. Tkhkot rkskgrhm glsb smbws tmgt aojafk-obus frbups ao tmk rkfabo mgvk tmk lkgst ghhkss tb sbhagl wklegrk prbfrgcs,aohlujaof tmbsk tgrfktkj gt prkpracgry shmbbl-gfk hmaljrko.

KHJ Prbfrgcs

Cbst prbfrgcs tmgt suppbrt kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao tmk rkfabogrk aojkpkojkot keebrts tmgt vgry ao shglk, skrvahks beekrkj, goj cbjk


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aotrbjuhtabo xxvaa

be jklavkry. Ao gjjatabo, hbvkrgfk be KHJ skrvahks ghrbss Lgtao Gckrahgrkcgaos lbw> kxastaof prbfrgcs rkghm boly g scgll erghtabo be pbtkotagldkokeahagry pbpulgtabos, kspkhaglly gcbof ybuofkr hmaljrko. Cbst be tmksk

prbfrgcs pursuk hbccbo fbgls, suhm gs> (a) komgohkckot be g hmaljsjkvklbpckot kgrly ao laek, aohlujaof mas br mkr hbfoatavk goj sbhabkcb-tabogl jkvklbpckot, pmysahgl frbwtm, goj wkll-dkaof9 (aa) komgohkckot beg cbtmkrs gotkogtgl hgrk watm skrvahks goj aoebrcgtabo tb strkoftmko tmkprbdgdalaty be jklavkry be g mkgltmy dgdy9 goj (aaa) kjuhgtabo be pgrkotsgoj/br hgrkfavkrs ao dkttkr pgrkotaof, mkgltm, goj myfakok prghtahks, gs wkllgs prbvajaof tmkc tmk bppbrtuoaty tb pgrtahapgtk ao tmk lgdbr ebrhk. KHJprbfrgcs ao tmk rkfabo tmus geekht hmaljrko erbc dartm tb gfk sax, tmkarcbtmkrs, tmkar hgrkfavkrs, jgyhgrk hkotkrs, prkshmbbls, mkgltm hkotkrs, goj

hbccuoataks.KHJ prbfrgcs ao tmk rkfabo mgvk smbwo acpbrtgot dkokeats bo g vgraktybe buthbcks. Hbojatabogl hgsm trgosekr (HHZ) prbfrgcs ao Ckxahb mgvkdkko smbwo tb mgvk lgrfk pbsatavk keekhts bo tmk pmysahgl jkvklbpckot beybuof hmaljrko, gltmbufm tmky jb obt gppkgr tb mgvk acprbvkj hbfoatavkbuthbcks ebr dkokeahagraks. Btmkr kvglugtabos be HHZ prbfrgcs ao tmkrkfabo ebuoj tmgt tmky acprbvk tmk prbdgdalaty be ybuof hmaljrko gttkoj-aof prkshmbbl (Hmalk) goj rkjuhk jkvklbpckotgl jklgys (Oahgrgfug).

Pgrkotaof prbfrgcs ao Ngcgahg, Dblavag, Mbojurgs, Oahgrgfug, gojklskwmkrk suffkst tmgt pgrkots jb acprbvk tmkar hmaljrkgraof goj hmaljstaculgtabo tkhmoaquks, rksultaof ao hmaljrko watm acprbvkj jkvklbpckotbe hbfoatavk, lgofugfk, cbtbr, sbhagl, goj btmkr sialls. Ao sbck hgsks, suhmgs Ngcgahg, pgrkotaof prbfrgcs tmgt mgvk dkko rafbrbusly kvglugtkj glsbsmbw dkokeats ebr cbtmkrs, suhm gs rkjuhkj cgtkrogl jkprkssabo rgtks. Kgrlykjuhgtabo goj prkshmbbl prbfrgcs ao Grfkotaog goj [rufugy suffkst tmgthmaljrkos lgofugfk goj cgtm tkst shbrks, dkmgvabrgl sialls, gs wkll gs tmkarlbof-tkrc kjuhgtabogl gttgaockots, dkokeat erbc prkshmbbl gttkojgohk.

Outratabo goj supplkckotgtabo prbfrgcs ao tmk rkfabo gppkgr tb dkkspkhaglly acpbrtgot ebr acprbvaof hmaljrkos pmysahgl wkll-dkaof goj

frbwtm, ao gjjatabo tb dkttkr hbfoatavk buthbcks. Zmas eaojaof mklj ebrsudsajazkj cali goj cali ebrtaeahgtabo prbfrgcs ebr hmaljrko goj prkfogotgoj lghtgtaof wbcko ao Ckxahb, outratabo goj kgrly hmalj hgrk prbfrgcs aoHblbcdag goj Fugtkcglg, goj HHZ prbfrgcs ao Ckxahb goj Hblbcdag.Zmk kvajkohk suffksts tmgt tmk outratabo hbcpbokot be KHJ aotkrvkotabostgrfktkj tb lbw-aohbck hmaljrko as pgrtahulgrly dkokeahagl. Xkvkrgl stujaksglsb ebuoj pbsatavk keekhts erbc prbfrgcs tmgt hbojatabokj dkokeats bomkgltm hbotrbls goj frbwtm cboatbraof. Ao tmk hgsk be HHZ prbfrgcs aoCkxahb, Hblbcdag, goj Mbojurgs, ebr kxgcplk, hgsm trgosekrs wkrk hbo-

jatabogl bo hmaljrkos gttkojgohk gt mkgltm hkotkrs goj pkrabjah pmysahglcboatbraof. Kvko uohbojatabogl hgsm trgosekr prbfrgcs, mbwkvkr, gppkgrtb mgvk pbsatavk keekhts bo tmk jkvklbpckot be hmaljrkos cbtbr sialls gojbtmkr jkvklbpckotgl aojahgtbrs, juk ao pgrt tb dkttkr mbuskmblj outratabo(gs ao Khugjbr).


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xxvaaa aotrbjuhtabo

Kvajkohk erbc prbfrgcs ao Fugtkcglg, Ngcgahg, Hblbcdag, Oahgrg-fug, goj Dblavag suffkst tmgt aotkrvkotabos tmgt beekr outratabo supplk-ckots, tbfktmkr watm tmbsk tmgt hbcdaok skvkrgl strgtkfaks (suhm gs pgrkot-

aof prghtahks, kgrly hmaljmbbj hgrk, goj outratabo) mgvk pbsatavk keekhts bohmaljrkos ghquasatabo be lgofugfk, rkgsboaof, vbhgdulgry, goj shmbblaof.

Bvkrgll, KHJ prbfrgcs ao tmk Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo rkfabosmbw kxhkptabogl prbcask ebr acprbvkckots ao hbfoatavk goj sbhabkcb-tabogl jkvklbpckot, gs wkll gs tmk pmysahgl wkll-dkaof goj frbwtm be hmal-jrko. Obtgdly, tmksk keekhts gppkgr tb dkokeat cbstly hmaljrko erbc pbbrkrdghifrbuojs.

Pblahy AcplahgtabosDgskj bo tmk gcplk kvajkohk be tmk cgoy dkokeats be KHJ aotkrvkotabosao dbtm jkvklbpkj goj jkvklbpaof hbuotraks, kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckotsmbulj dk g ogtabogl prabraty ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo. KHJaotkrvkotabos beekr g pgrtahulgrly acpbrtgot tbbl ebr rkjuhaof aohbck gojsbhagl fgps dktwkko pbbr goj obopbbr pbpulgtabos ao tmk rkfabofgpstmgt grk dkhbcaof kxhkkjaofly jaeeahult tb drajfk. Cbrkbvkr, suhm aotkr-vkotabos gppkgr tb dk cbrk hbst-keekhtavk tmgo cgoy aotkrvkotabos tmgtgttkcpt tb acprbvk hbojatabos ebr pbbr pkbplk lgtkr ao tmkar lavks. Eaoglly,KHJ prbfrgcs grk go acpbrtgot tbbl ebr rkcbvaof tmk cbst flgraof bdstg-hlks tb hmaljrkos jkvklbpckot ao tmk rkfabo, ogckly, cgloutratabo, allokss,stuotkj frbwtm, goj allatkrghy.

Hbuotraks ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo grk kohburgfkj tbjkvklbp ogtabogl KHJ pblahaks tb keekhtavkly shglk up aovkstckots ao KHJprbfrgcs. Ajkglly, suhm pblahaks hrkgtk laois gcbof jaeekrkot pblahy grkgstmgt geekht ybuof hmaljrko, aohlujaof suhm skrvahks gs mkgltm, outratabo,kjuhgtabo, wgtkr, myfakok, sgoatgtabo, goj lkfgl prbtkhtabo. Ao btmkr wbrjs,ogtabogl pblahaks grk cultajashaplaogry goj cultaskhtbrgl, prbvajaof g

ergckwbri tmgt hgo hbbrjaogtk tmk wbri be tmk vgrabus fbvkrockot skh-tbrs okkjkj tb jklavkr aotkfrgtkj KHJ skrvahks.

Brfgoazgtabo be tmk Ubluck

Zmk brfgoazgtabo be tmk rkst be tmas vbluck as gs ebllbws. Ao Hmgptkr 7,wk jashuss go goglytahgl ergckwbri ebr kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot,wmahm wall dk kcplbykj ao bur rkvakw be tmk kvajkohk erbc jkvklbpkj goj

jkvklbpaof hbuotraks. Ao Hmgptkr 4, wk prkskot tmk rksults erbc g hbc-prkmkosavk goglysas be tmk cbst rkhkot jgtg tb jbhuckot tmk satugtabo bekgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo gs wkllgs go bvkrvakw be KHJ pblahaks ao tmk rkfabo. Ao Hmgptkr 8, wk succgrazk


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aotrbjuhtabo xxax

tmk kvajkohk erbc rafbrbus kvglugtabos be KHJ aotkrvkotabos ao jkvklbpkjgoj jkvklbpaof hbuotraks. Hmgptkr : earst prkskots go bvkrgll pahturk beaovkstckot ao KHJ prbfrgcs ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo9 tmko,

at kxgcaoks aojavajugl aotkrvkotabos ao tmk rkfabo ao jktgal, watm go kyktbwgrj tmkar acpght bo tmk tmrkk cgnbr kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot but-hbcks> hbfoatavk jkvklbpckot, sbhabkcbtabogl jkvklbpckot, goj pmysahglmkgltm goj wkll-dkaof. Hmgptkr ; prkskots g hurrkot sogpsmbt be KHJpblahaks ao tmk Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo rkfabo, getkr wmahm atbutlaoks, usaof kxgcplks erbc tmk rkfabo gs wkll gs erbc BKHJ hbuotraks,sbck dgsah stkps tb jkvklbp g hbcprkmkosavk KHJ pblahy. Zmk lgst hmgptkrprkskots sbck hbohlusabos goj pblahy bptabos tb shglk up KHJ aovkstckotsao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo.

Obtks

7. Xkk Mkhicgo 40059 Huomg goj btmkrs 400;9 Huomg, goj Mkhicgo 40069Hgrokarb goj Mkhicgo 4008.


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7

7

Go Goglytahgl Ergckwbri ebr

Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot

Zmas hmgptkr dkfaos watm g jashussabo be rkhkot rkskgrhm bo tmk jkvklbp-ckot be tmk drgao goj ats acpght bo kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot (KHJ).At tmko jkvklbps go goglytahgl ergckwbri tmgt wall dk uskj tmrbufmbuttmk dbbis aovkstafgtabo be KHJ buthbcks. Zmk ergckwbri as aotkojkj tbdualj tmk hgsk ebr pblahy cgikrs goj btmkrs aotkrkstkj ao acprbvaof tmksk

buthbcks ao tmk Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo rkfabo tb gjbpt KHJaotkrvkotabos bo g wajkr shglk, pgrtahulgrly ao suppbrt be pbbr goj btmkr-wask jasgjvgotgfkj ybuof hmaljrko.

Kgrly Jkvklbpckot be tmk Drgao

Ao tmk pgst, shakotasts tmbufmt tmk drgao wgs eully ebrckj dy tmk tack ghmalj wgs dbro goj, gs g hboskqukohk, kjuhgtabo br kxpkrakohk hbulj jb

lattlk tb smgpk aojavajugl drgao jkvklbpckot. Cbrk rkhkot rkskgrhm mgsrkvkglkj, mbwkvkr, tmgt tmk drgao ikkps hmgofaof tmrbufmbut laek, watm gfrkgt jkgl be drgao ebrcgtabo tgiaof plghk dktwkko dartm goj tmk gfk betmrkk. Hmaljmbbj kxpkrakohks, cbrkbvkr, smgpk tmk ghtugl grhmatkhturk gojwaraof be tmk drgao (Qbuof 4004). Zmus, tmk hgrk goj staculgtabo tmgthmaljrko rkhkavk ao tmkar kgrlakst ykgrs as hratahgl tb tmkar hbfoatavk jkvklbp-ckot goj euturk lavks.

Hbookhtabos watmao tmk drgao grk cgjk dkebrk dartm goj hbotaouk tbdk cgjk cbrk rgpajly tmrbufmbut hmaljmbbj goj wkll aotb gjblkshkohk.

Aojkkj, kgrly hmaljmbbj as g pkrabj be aohrkjadly rgpaj drgao jkvklbpckot.G okwdbro dgdy mgs gpprbxacgtkly bok muojrkj dallabo okurbostmkdualjaof dlbhis be tmk drgaos klkhtrahgl systkc. Gt dartm, gpprbxacgtklyboly 76 pkrhkot be okurbos grk laoikj tmrbufm syogptah hbookhtabos9 tmksk


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4 tmk prbcask be kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao lgh

okurbos mgvk obt ykt jaeekrkotagtkj goj spkhaglazkj dy euohtabo.7 Zmkoucdkr be pbssadlk hbookhtabos as, cbrkbvkr, uolacatkj (BKHJ 4006). Gllgoacgls watm drgaos, mbwkvkr, cust ghtavgtk hbcpbokots be tmkar fkoktah

pbtkotagl tb prbjuhk g javkrsaty be hklls. Xtacula (kxpkrakohks) mgvk gokeekht bo tmk ebrcgtabo be okurgl hbookhtabos goj tmk jkvklbpckot betmk skosbry pgtmwgys (tmgt as, vasabo, sbuoj, spkkhm, tbuhm, sckll, gojpkrhkptabo). Zmk skosaof pgtmwgys grk tmk hbrk okurbogl pgtmwgys gojaotkrght tb aoelukohk goj jkvklbp mafmkr drgao euohtabos suhm gs kcbtabo,lgofugfk, goj dkmgvabr.

Drgao jkvklbpckot as tmk rksult be tmk aotkrghtabo be ogturk (dablbfahglkojbwckot br fkoktahs) goj ourturk (br kxpkrakohks). Fkoktahs prbvajk tmkmgrjwaraof, br tmk dlukpraot, okkjkj tb dualj tmk drgao. Kxpkrakohks (tmk

staculgtabo tmk drgao rkhkavks erbc tmk kovarbockot) grk rkspbosadlk ebrtmk syogptah hbookhtabos goj pruoaof tmgt tgik plghk watmao tmk drgaogoj tmkrkebrk mgvk g cgnbr keekht bo drgao jkvklbpckot, watm egr-rkghmaofhboskqukohks. Tbskozwkaf goj Dkooktt (7115) grfuk, ebr kxgcplk, tmgt gllokurbos (dallabos) mgvk tmk sgck fkoktah pbtkotagl.

Juraof tmk kgrly ykgrs be g hmaljs laek, drgao plgstahaty as gt ats pkgi.Plgstahaty rkekrs tb tmk hgpghaty be tmk drgao tb hmgofk ao rkspbosk tbstacula dy hrkgtaof goj strkoftmkoaof okurbogl hbookhtabos goj wkgiko-aof br klacaogtaof btmkrs (BKHJ 4006). Ao gjjatabo, drgao jkvklbpckotfbks tmrbufm skosatavk pkrabjs wmko ats ghtavaty as ebhuskj bo jkvklbpaofspkhaeah goj acpbrtgot drgao euohtabos goj struhturks.4

Acpght be drgao jkvklbpckot bo KHJ buthbcks

Zmksk skosatavk pkrabjs hbostatutk waojbws be bppbrtuoaty ebr dbbstaofg hmaljs jkvklbpckot. Kxpkrakohks juraof tmksk pkrabjs, cbrk tmgo gtgoy btmkr tack, pmysahglly smgpk tmk struhturk be g hmaljs drgao dkhgusktmk drgao as cbrk cgllkgdlk goj cbrk rkhkptavk tb butsajk kxpkrakohks.[oebrtuogtkly, tmk kxtrkck plgstahaty be tmk drgao juraof tmksk pkrabjs as g

jbudlk-kjfkj swbrj tmgt lkgjs tb dbtm gjgptgtabo goj vulokrgdalaty. Obr-cgl kxpkrakohks (suhm gs fbbj outratabo goj pgttkrokj vasugl aoebrcgtabo)juraof tmksk skosatavk pkrabjs suppbrt obrcgl drgao jkvklbpckot. Gdobr-cgl kxpkrakohks (suhm gs prkogtgl glhbmbl kxpbsurk, bhhlujkj vasabo, brcgloutratabo) hgo hgusk dbtm gdobrcgl okurgl goj dkmgvabrgl jkvklbp-ckot (Dlghi goj btmkrs 400=).

Dbtm tmk egcaly goj tmk hbccuoaty (tmgt as, tmk sbhagl kovarbockot)geekht g hmaljs jkvklbpckot tmrbufm tmk pmysahgl goj sbhagl kovarbockot,kxpkrakohks, sbhaglazgtabo, goj mkgltm dkmgvabrs (Juohgo goj Tgujkodusm

7111). Zmk pracgry hgrkfavkr as tmk cgao sburhk be drgao staculgtaboao tmk earst ykgrs be laek goj mkr br mas aotkrghtabo watm g hmalj mkgvalyaoelukohks drgao jkvklbpckot. Zmksk kgrly kxpkrakohks grk vatgl ebr tmkjkvklbpckot be tmk hgpghaty tb rkfulgtk boks kcbtabos, konby ckotgl gojpmysahgl mkgltm, goj tb jkvklbp pkrhkptugl, hbfoatavk, goj hbccuoahgtabo


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go goglytahgl ergckwbri ebr khj 8

sialls. Vmko g ybuof hmaljs dgsah okkjs grk ckt, smk br mk hgo fb wklldkyboj cgstkry be dgsah hbcpktkohaks9 tmk hmalj jkvklbps tmk gdalaty tbtmaoi hratahglly, sblvk prbdlkcs, hbbpkrgtk watm btmkrs, goj dualjs frkgtkr

skle-hboeajkohk. Zmksk gdalataks glsb geekht shmbbl pkrebrcgohk goj tmk laektrgnkhtbry be tmk hmalj (Qbuof 4004).

Gs hmaljrko frbw, pkkrs goj btmkr gjults stgrt tb plgy g cbrk prbcaokotrblk ao smgpaof goj rkaoebrhaof tmkar drgao jkvklbpckot. Gpprbxacgtklydy 85 cbotms, hmaljrko dkfao tb jkvklbp tmrbufm sbhagl goj plgy-dgskjaotkrghtabos watm btmkr hmaljrko. Dy tmk tack g hmalj as tmrkk ykgrs blj, tmkaotkrghtavk staculgtabo be plgy watm btmkr hmaljrko goj kgrly kjuhgtbrstgiks bo g cbrk prbcaokot rblk, goj tmk hmalj aohrkgsaofly dkhbcks pgrtbe g sbhagl frbup.

Prkvabus rkskgrhm jaj obt gjjrkss tmk aotkrjkpkojkohk be sbhabkcb-tabogl goj hbfoatavk jkvklbpckot. Tgtmkr, at kcpmgsazkj tmk jkvklbpckotbe hbfoatavk sialls. Okw rkskgrhm bo tmk drgao, mbwkvkr, suffksts tmgtsbhabkcbtabogl goj hbfoatavk siall jkvklbpckot grk aotkrtwaokj goj dko-keat erbc g mblastah gpprbghm tb KHJ (BKHJ 4006).

Tkskgrhm glsb smbws tmgt pbbr mkgltm ao kgrly hmaljmbbj, gs ckgsurkjdy lbw dartm wkafmt goj outratabogl stgtus, as gssbhagtkj watm pbbrkr hbfoa-tavk jkvklbpckot goj okfgtavk lbof-tkrc shmbblaof buthbcks.8

Aogjkqugtk outratabo erbc dkebrk dartm tmrbufm tmk earst twb ykgrs belaek, ebr kxgcplk, hgo mgrc drgao jkvklbpckot (Dlghi goj btmkrs 400=9Frgotmgc-ChFrkfbr 711;9 Frgotmgc-ChFrkfbr goj Goa 4007). Aojkkj,dartm wkafmt as tmk saoflk lgrfkst jktkrcaogot be okbogtgl cbrtglaty. ZwbKHJ buthbcks be lbw dartm wkafmtstuotaof goj abjaok jkeahakohy gok-cagglsb geekht aojavajugls lgtkr ao laek. Vglikr goj btmkrs (4006) hbo-hlujk tmgt aoegots watm abjaok jkeahakohy gokcag grk gt jkvklbpckotgl rasi9tmksk gutmbrs glsb obtk tmgt hmaljrko wmb kxpkrakohk aotrg-utkraok frbwtmrktgrjgtabo mgvk dkko smbwo ao skvkrgl stujaks tb mgvk lbwkr mkgltm, hbf-oatavk, goj sbhabkcbtabogl jkvklbpckot buthbcks lgtkr ao laek.

Vmko hmaljrkos okkjs grk obt ckt, tmkar jkvklbpckot stglls. Pbvkrty,

tmkrkebrk, hgo mgvk jklktkrabus keekhts bo hmaljrkos pmysahgl goj kcbtaboglmkgltm, gs wkll gs tmkar hbfoatavk gdalataks goj kjuhgtabogl ghmakvkckots.

Zmk Hgsk ebr KHJ Aotkrvkotabos

Gs tmk prkhkjaof skhtabo cgiks hlkgr, kvajkohk bo mbw tmk drgao jkvklbpsmgs acpbrtgot acplahgtabos ebr pblahy cgiaof. Earst goj cbst acpbrtgot,tmas kvajkohk cgiks hlkgr tmgt tmk kgrly ykgrs be g hmaljs laek cgttkr. Kxpk-

rakohks ao kgrly hmaljmbbj mgvk lgstaof acpghts bo g hmaljs drgao gojpmysahgl jkvklbpckot. Pbsatavk ghtavataks tmgt prbcbtk mkgltmy jkvklbp-ckot mgvk dkokeahagl hboskqukohks ebr tmk kotark laek be g hmalj. Hbovkrskly,kxpkrakohks tmgt geekht br lkgj tb uojkrjkvklbpckot hgo skrabusly maojkrg hmaljs pbtkotagl. Xkhboj, ogturk goj ourturk dbtm cgttkr. Kxpkrakohk as


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: tmk prbcask be kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao lgh

hruhagl> at smgpks dbtm mbw (tmk quglaty) goj mbw cuhm (tmk qugotaty) tmkdrgao jkvklbps.

Cuhm hgo dk jbok tb bvkrhbck sbhabkhbobcah jasgjvgotgfks dy eghala-

tgtaof pbsatavk kxpkrakohks tmgt prbcbtk drgao jkvklbpckot ao tmk kgrlyhmaljmbbj ykgrs, suhm gs ebstkraof pbsatavk aotkrghtabos dktwkko g hmaljgoj mkr br mas kovarbockot goj hbuotkrghtaof tmk okfgtavk keekhts be pbbrstaculgtabo goj hgrk. Ao suc, kgrly hmaljmbbj prkskots g hratahgl waojbwbe bppbrtuoaty ao wmahm aotkrvkotabos hgo aoelukohk tmk mkgltmy jkvklbp-ckot be hmaljrko goj ybutm. Hboskqukotly, pblahaks goj prbfrgcs tgrfktkjgt kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot hgo mgvk sudstgotagl goj lgstaof acpghtsbo mucgo jkvklbpckot. Zmk acpbrtgohk be g hmaljs kgrlakst ykgrs ebr atslbof-tkrc mkgltm, kjuhgtabogl, goj kcbtabogl buthbcks cgiks g hbcpkl-

laof hgsk ebr kxpgojaof ghhkss tb quglaty KHJ aotkrvkotabos, kspkhaglly ebrtmk cbst jasgjvgotgfkj hmaljrko.

Go Goglytahgl Ergckwbri ebr KHJ Buthbcks

Kxastaof kvajkohk aojahgtks tmgt tmrkk cgao KHJ buthbcks jktkrcaok laek-lbof bppbrtuoataks goj rksults> (a) hbfoatavk jkvklbpckot, wmahm aohlujkstmk ghquasatabo be lgofugfk goj latkrghy9 (aa) sbhabkcbtabogl jkvklbpckot,wmahm aohlujks tmk gdalaty tb sbhaglazk watm btmkrs9 goj (aaa) pmysahgl wkll-dkaof goj frbwtm, wmahm kohbcpgssks mkafmt, wkafmt, outratabogl stgtus,goj btmkr pmysahgl aojahgtbrs. Gltmbufm lastkj skpgrgtkly mkrk, gll tmrkkbuthbcks grk hbosajkrkj aotkrjkpkojkot, kspkhaglly hbfoatavk goj sbhabk-cbtabogl jkvklbpckot.

Zmk goglytahgl ergckwbri prbpbskj mkrk ebr goglyzaof KHJ buthbcksstgrts dy rkhbfoazaof tmgt hmalj jkvklbpckot jbks obt tgik plghk ao gvghuuc. Ao goy favko hbuotry, tmk cghrb hbotkxt (tmgt as, tmk khbobcah,pblatahgl, goj sbhagl hbotkxt) geekhts tmk ogturk goj kxtkot be sbhagl pbla-haks, wmahm jarkhtly geekht hmaljrkos wkll-dkaof, tmk typk be prbfrgcs cgjk

gvgalgdlk tb ybuof hmaljrko goj tmkar hgrkfavkrs, goj tmk brfgoazgtabostmgt trgoslgtk tmksk pblahaks aotb prbfrgcs ebr ybuof hmaljrko. Zmk cahrbhbotkxttmk aotkrghtabo dktwkko g hmalj goj mkr br mas pracgry hgrkfavkrjuraof tmk kgrly ykgrsskts hmaljrko bo g trgnkhtbry tmgt geekhts tmkareuturk jkvklbpckot. Ao gjjatabo, tmk gvgalgdalaty be prbfrgcs, skrvahks,goj pblahaks jarkhtkj gt hmaljrko, tmkar hgrkfavkrs, br dbtm, geekhts tmasaotkrghtabo goj trgnkhtbry.

Eafurk 7.7 smbws tmk goglytahgl ergckwbri. Ao tmk hkotkr bvgl grk tmktmrkk iky KHJ buthbcks> hbfoatavk jkvklbpckot, sbhabkcbtabogl jkvklbp-

ckot, goj pmysahgl wkll-dkaof goj frbwtm. Zmk hbotkxt be KHJgt dbtmtmk cghrb lkvkl be tmk hbuotry (khbobcahs, pblatahs, goj hulturk) goj tmkcahrb lkvkl be tmk egcalygrk jkpahtkj ao tmk dbx gt tmk uppkr lket sajkbe tmk eafurk. Zmk dbx bo tmk lbwkr lket sajk allustrgtks tmgt KHJ pblahaks(aohlujaof aotkrvkotabos ao mkgltm, outratabo, kjuhgtabo, goj pbvkrty gllk-


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go goglytahgl ergckwbri ebr khj ;

HBOZK]Z

Cghrb (hbuotry lkvkl)

- khbobcah jkvklbpckot goj frbwtm- pbvkrty- pblatahgl goj sbhagl hbccatckot

tb KHJ- hulturgl dklakes- rghagl goj ktmoah javkrsaty- ekcglk lgdbr ebrhk pgrtahapgtabo- mucgo rafmts

Cahrb (egcaly lkvkl)

- egcaly hmgrghtkrastahs- sbhabkhbobcah dghifrbuoj- cgtkrogl mkgltm- hmalj mkgltm goj outratabo- mbuskmblj aohbck- pgrkotgl kjuhgtabo goj

kcplbyckot- pgrkotaof prghtahks/egcaly

kovarbockot

- Kjuhgtabo

KHJ PBLAHAKX

- Mkgltm, myfakok, goj outratabo

- Pbvkrty gllkvagtabo

KGTLQ

HMALJMBBJ

JKUKLBPCKOZ

B[ZHBCKX

Hbfoatavk jkvklbpckot

Xbhabkcbtabogljkvklbpckot

Pmysahgl wkll-dkaofgoj frbwtm

LAEK

B[ZHBCKX

Xhmbblaof

Mkgltm

Ekrtalaty

Kgroaofs

Tasiydkmgvabrs

Eafurk 7.7Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot> GoglytahglErgckwbri

Xburhk>Gutmbrs.

vagtabo) glsb acpght KHJ buthbcks. Eaoglly, tmk bvgl gt tmk egr rafmt be tmkeafurk smbws tmk cgao laek buthbcks tmgt, ghhbrjaof tb kcparahgl rkskgrhm,grk aoelukohkj dy KHJ buthbcks. Zmksk buthbcks aohlujk, gcbof btm-krs, shmbblaof lkvkls, mkgltm, ekrtalaty, kgroaofs goj btmkr lgdbr cgrikt

buthbcks, gs wkll gs tmk prbdgdalaty be kofgfaof ao rasiy dkmgvabrs (ebrkxgcplk, hrack).Gt tmk cghrb lkvkl, hmaljrko dbro ao jkvklbpaof hbuotraks grk cbrk

laikly tb dk cgloburasmkj, pbbr, goj mgvk lkss ghhkss tb kjuhgtabo gojbtmkr skrvahks tmgo grk hmaljrko dbro ao jkvklbpkj ogtabos. Gt tmk cahrblkvkl, tmky grk cbrk laikly tb dk dbro aotb egcalaks wmbsk mkgjs mgvklkss kjuhgtabo goj lbwkr aohbck. Obt boly jbks tmk hbotkxt geekht KHJjarkhtly, dut at glsb geekhts at aojarkhtly tmrbufm ats acpght bo KHJ pblahaksao g favko hbuotry. Zmksk pblahaks, wmahm tmkcsklvks grk jktkrcaokj dy tmkcghrb-lkvkl hbotkxt, glsb geekht hmaljrkos kgrly jkvklbpckotgl buthbcks.

Zmk grrbw dktwkko tmk lbwkr lket dbx goj tmk KHJ buthbcks bvgl aoeafurk 7.7 allustrgtks tmas rklgtabosmap. Zmk gcbuot be euojaof aovkstkjao kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot as tmus rklgtkj tb tmk lkvkl be g hbuotryskhbobcah jkvklbpckot goj frbwtm.


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Cghrb hbotkxt> Khbobcahs, pblatahs, goj hulturk

Tkhkot rkskgrhm jbhuckots tmgt pbvkrty gjvkrskly geekhts hmaljrkos jkvkl-

bpckot, wmahm hgo rksult ao tmk aotkrfkokrgtabogl trgoscassabo be pbv-krty (Frgotmgc-ChFrkfbr goj btmkrs 4006). G hbuotry tmgt kxpkrakohkshbotaoubus, sustgaokj khbobcah frbwtmbvkr lbof pkrabjs be tack as ao gdkttkr pbsatabo tb prbvajk gjkqugtk goj stgdlk euojaof ebr KHJ prbfrgcs.Gs skko ao hmgptkr 4, wmalk at as jaeeahult tb kstacgtk tbtgl kxpkojaturk boKHJ ao Lgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo, hbuotraks ao tmk rkfabo spkojbo gvkrgfk lkss tmgo 7 pkrhkot be tmkar frbss jbckstah prbjuht (FJP) bokgrly hmaljmbbj kjuhgtabo.

Vmalk g okhkssgry hbojatabo ebr rksburhk gvgalgdalaty, khbobcah frbwtm

glbok jbks obt trgoslgtk aotb aohrkgskj aovkstckot ao ybuof hmaljrko. Gstrbof pblatahgl goj sbhagl hbccatckot tb aovkstaof ao kgrly hmaljmbbjjkvklbpckot as glsb okkjkj. Zmk pblatahgl hbotkxt acpghts dbtm g hbuotrysaovkstckot ao KHJ goj tmk typk be pblahaks goj prbfrgcs tmgt at eaogohks.Favko tmgt aovkstckot ao ybuof hmaljrko mgs ob acckjagtk pblatahgl rkturo,at as gtypahgl ebr pblatahgl lkgjkrs tb gjvbhgtk aovkstckots ao ybuof hmal-jrko. Ebrtuogtkly, tmas tkojkohy as hmgofaof gs pblatahgl lkgjkrs dkhbckaohrkgsaofly egcalagr watm tmk lgtkst kvajkohk bo tmk acpbrtgohk be kgrlyhmaljmbbj goj dkfao tb acplkckot cgnbr KHJ rkebrcs.

Zmk pblatahgl hbccatckot be aotkrogtabogl brfgoazgtabos tb kgrlyhmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot hgo plgy go acpbrtgot rblk ao eghalatgtaof ogtaboglpblatahgl hbccatckots tb ybuof hmaljrko. Xtrbof gjvbhgtks be KHJ aovkst-ckot aohlujk brfgoazgtabos suhm gs [OKXHB, [OAHKE, tmk Vbrlj Dgoi,tmk Aotkr-Gckrahgo Jkvklbpckot Dgoi, tmk Brfgoazgtabo be GckrahgoXtgtks, goj tmk Pgo-Gckrahgo Mkgltm Brfgoazgtabo9 lgrfk, aotkrogtabogl,obofbvkrockotgl brfgoazgtabos (OFBs) suhm gs Plgo Aotkrogtabogl, Xgvktmk Hmaljrko, goj tmk Hmrastago Hmaljrkos Euoj9 goj ebuojgtabos suhmgs Ugo Lkkr. Zmksk lgrfk brfgoazgtabos beekr dbtm eaogohagl suppbrt gojtkhmoahgl gjvahk tb lkgjkrs, aohlujaof tmk lgtkst kvajkohk goj dkst prghtahks

ao tmk eaklj.Eurtmkrcbrk, aotkrogtabogl jkvklbpckot gfrkkckots hgo suppbrt

ogtabogl goj sbhagl pblahaks tmgt ebhus bo tmk okkjs be hmaljrko. Aotkr-ogtabogl pblahaks suhm gs tmk Callkooauc Jkvklbpckot Fbgls/KjuhgtaboEbr Gll (CJFs/KEG) beekr jkvklbpaof ogtabos dbtm g hmgllkofk goj gobppbrtuoaty. Gltmbufm mafmly skhtbrgl ao gpprbghm, tmk CJFs mgvk gstrbof ebhus bo hmaljrko goj hrkgtk syokrfaks ao tmk aotkrogtabogl gojogtabogl spmkrks tmgt hgo dk uskj tb prbcbtk cgaostrkgc pblahaks ebhuskjbo hmaljrko.

Hulturgl dklakes gdbut hmaljrkgraof, cbtmkrmbbj, goj tmk rblk bewbcko ao sbhakty mgvk acplahgtabos ebr tmk pudlah jkdgtk bo hmaljmbbjwklegrk. Xuhm dklakes aoelukohk obt boly mbw hmaljrko grk rgaskj, dut glsbtmk jkfrkk tb wmahm tmk stgtk as gllbwkj tb aotkrvkok tb suppbrt tmkc. Zmgtas, tmky smgpk wmktmkr hmaljrkgraof as pkrhkavkj gs kxhlusavkly g egcaly br


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stgtk rkspbosadalaty. Hulturgl dklakes glsb geekht tmk aovkstckots tmgt pgrkotscgik ao tmkar hmaljrkos euturks. Ebr kxgcplk, tmksk dklakes geekht wmktmkrpgrkots skoj tmkar hmaljrko tb kjuhgtabo goj hgrk prbfrgcs butsajk tmk

mbck tb dbbst tmkar jkvklbpckot pbtkotagl, br wmktmkr tmky grk wallaof tbrkhkavk fuajgohk bo pgrkotaof prghtahks goj kjuhgtabo.

Hulturgl dklakes glsb geekht pkrhkptabos be tmk rblk be wbcko, kspkhagllywmktmkr wbcko smbulj rkcgao gt mbck br dkhbck ghtavk ckcdkrs be tmklgdbr ebrhk. Zmk kxtkot be ekcglk lgdbr ebrhk pgrtahapgtabo,gs wkll gs tmkstgtus be wbcko gs mbuskmblj mkgjs, mgs hboskqukohks dbtm ebr tmk iaojbe KHJ aotkrvkotabos tmgt grk ekgsadlk ao g hbuotry goj wmktmkr suhm prb-frgcs hgo dkokeat g mafm prbpbrtabo be wbcko. Ao gjjatabo, ekcglk lgdbrebrhk pgrtahapgtabo, ao goj be atskle, geekhts KHJ buthbcks.

Vmkrkgs jkvklbpkj hbuotraks mgvk kxpkrakohkj jrgcgtah frbwtm aoekcglk lgdbr ebrhk pgrtahapgtabo gcbof ybuof wbcko gfkj 4; tb 8:ykgrs: (Vbrlj Dgoi 4005g), lgdbr ebrhk pgrtahapgtabo ao Lgtao Gckrahggcbof gll wbcko (obt boly tmbsk wmb grk khbobcahglly ghtavk) as cbj-krgtk. Ao 4007, ekcglk pgrtahapgtabo ao tmk lgdbr ebrhk wgs 54 pkrhkotao Ergohk goj 64 pkrhkot ao tmk [oatkj Xtgtks (Gdrgcb goj Uglkozuklg400;). Ao Lgtao Gckrahg, tmk rgtk as lbw dut frbwaof> tmk pkrhkotgfk bewbcko ao tmk wbriebrhk bvkrgll rbsk erbc 81 pkrhkot ao 7110 tb glcbst50 pkrhkot ao 400;05.

At as wkll iobwo tmgt KHJ pblahaks hgo acprbvk g cbtmkrs gdalaty tbpgrtahapgtk ao tmk lgdbr ebrhk goj hbotradutk tb mbuskmblj aohbck. Ebrkxgcplk, cgtkroaty lkgvk pblahaks grk jksafokj tb favk wbriaof cbtmkrstmk bppbrtuoaty tb rkcgao gt mbck goj ourturk g hmalj juraof tmk kgrlywkkis, cbotms, goj ao sbck hbuotraks, ykgrs, be laek. Kgrly hmalj hgrk pbla-haks grk jksafokj tb favk cbtmkrs tmk bppbrtuoaty tb rkturo tb tmk lgdbrcgrikt getkr go aotkrruptabo ebr tmk dartm be tmkar hmaljrko. Mbwkvkr, tmkskpblahaks betko boly dkokeat wbcko wmb wbri ao tmk ebrcgl skhtbr, lkgvaofcgtkroaty goj hmalj hgrk prbfrgcs uogvgalgdlk tb tmk lgrfk prbpbrtabo bewbcko ao jkvklbpaof ogtabos wmb grk kcplbykj ao tmk aoebrcgl skhtbr.

Tghagl goj ktmoah javkrsatyglsb prkskot uoaquk hmgllkofks (goj bppbr-tuoataks) ebr kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot. Ao eght, cgoy KHJ aotkrvko-tabos stravk tb dk hulturglly skosatavk tb caobrataks (skk gppkojax 4), pgr-tahulgrly ao hbuotraks hmgrghtkrazkj dy mafm rghagl goj/br ktmoah javkrsaty.[oebrtuogtkly, hbuotraks watm lgrfk aojafkobus pbpulgtabos, kspkhaglly aoLgtao Gckrahg goj tmk Hgraddkgo, betko mgvk lkss jkvklbpkj khbobcaksgoj tmkrkebrk ekwkr rksburhks tb aovkst ao KHJ prbfrgcs.

Zmk sbhagl rkhbfoatabo goj prkstafk gssbhagtkj watm kgrly hmaljmbbjprbekssaboglsglsb rkelkhts hulturgl goj sbhagl vgluks rkfgrjaof hmaljmbbj.

Kgrly hmaljmbbj wbrikrs grk betko pgrgprbekssabogls wmb kgro lbw wgfksgoj rkhkavk ekw dkokeats, aohlujaof sbhagl skhuraty br mkgltm aosurgohk.Lgstly, at hgo dk grfukj tmgt kgrly hmalj hgrk goj hmalj jkvklbpckot

grk dgsah mucgo rafmts,favko tmk frgjugl kxpgosabo be tmk jkeaoatabo bemucgo goj hmalj rafmts ao aotkrogtabogl hbovkotabos bvkr tmk pgst hkotury.


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= tmk prbcask be kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao lgh

Zmk aotkrogtabogl hbccuoaty mgs spkhaeahglly kosmraokj tmk bdlafgtabo tbprbtkht aoegots goj aovkst ao tmkar jkvklbpckot ao ouckrbus jkhlgrgtabosgoj trkgtaks. G strbof dbjy be daojaof aotkrogtabogl lgw obw suppbrts tmk

aovkstckot be pudlah goj pravgtk rksburhks ao hmalj hgrk goj hmalj jkvklbp-ckot, aojahgtaof g hboskosus watmao tmk aotkrogtabogl hbccuoaty bo tmkacpbrtgohk be skhuraof g fbbj updraofaof ebr tmk okxt fkokrgtabos.

Zmk hbohkpt be hmalj jkvklbpckot mgs, ao eght, dkko g pgrt be aotkrog-tabogl jkhlgrgtabos goj trkgtaks saohk tmk kgrly twkotaktm hkotury. Gs kgrlygs 714:, tmk Lkgfuk be Ogtabos gjbptkj tmk Fkokvg Jkhlgrgtabo be tmkTafmts be tmk Hmalj, wmahm stgtks, YZSmk hmalj cust dk favko tmk ckgosrkquasatk ebr ats obrcgl jkvklbpckot, dbtm cgtkraglly goj sparatuglly([oatkj Ogtabos 714:).

Zmkrkgetkr, tmk [.O. Fkokrgl Gsskcdly gjbptkj tmk [oavkrsgl Jkhlgrg-tabo be Mucgo Tafmts ao 71:=. Ebrcglly g obodaojaof rksblutabo, tmasjkhlgrgtabo mgs bvkr tack dkhbck hustbcgry aotkrogtabogl lgw juk tb atsuoavkrsgl ghhkptgohk. Zmk jkhlgrgtabo jbks obt rkekr tb tmk rafmts be hmal-jrko spkhaeahglly, dut grtahlk 4; spkhaeaks, YCSbtmkrmbbj goj hmaljmbbjgrk kotatlkj tb spkhagl hgrk goj gssastgohk. Gll hmaljrko, wmktmkr dbro aobr but be wkjlbhi, smgll konby tmk sgck sbhagl prbtkhtabo, goj grtahlk 45spkhaeaks, kvkrybok mgs tmk rafmt tb kjuhgtabo. Kjuhgtabo smgll dk erkk,gt lkgst ao tmk klkckotgry goj euojgckotgl stgfks ([oatkj Ogtabos 71:=).Ao lafmt be tmk kvajkohk prkskotkj ao tmas dbbi, tmkrk as rkgsbo tb hbosajkrkgrly hmaljmbbj kjuhgtabo g euojgckotgl stgfk be kjuhgtabo, gs jkeaokjdy tmk 71:= Jkhlgrgtabo.

Ao 71;1, tmk [.O. Fkokrgl Gsskcdly pgsskj g Jkhlgrgtabo be tmk Tafmtsbe tmk Hmalj, goj ao 7155, go Aotkrogtabogl Hbvkogot bo Khbobcah, Xbhagl,goj Hulturgl Tafmts, wmahm kstgdlasmkj jarkht bdlafgtabos rkfgrjaof hmaljhgrk goj hmalj jkvklbpckot. Zmk Hbvkogot rkhbfoazks tmk rafmt bekvkrybok tb dk erkk erbc muofkr (grtahlk 77), goj spkhaeahglly cgojgtksprbvasabo ebr tmk rkjuhtabo be tmk stall-dartm rgtk goj be aoegot cbrtglatygoj ebr tmk mkgltmy jkvklbpckot be tmk hmalj (grtahlk 74). Zmk hbvkogot

glsb cgojgtks tmgt, Xpkhagl ckgsurks be prbtkhtabo goj gssastgohk smbuljdk tgiko bo dkmgle be gll hmaljrko goj ybuof pkrsbos watmbut goy jashracaog-tabo ebr rkgsbos be pgrkotgfk br btmkr hbojatabos. Hmaljrko goj ybuof pkrsbossmbulj dk prbtkhtkj erbc khbobcah goj sbhagl kxplbatgtabo. Zmkar kcplby-ckot ao wbri mgrceul tb tmkar cbrgls br mkgltm br jgofkrbus tb laek br laiklytb mgcpkr tmkar obrcgl jkvklbpckot smbulj dk puoasmgdlk dy lgw. Xtgtkssmbulj glsb skt gfk lacats dklbw wmahm tmk pgaj kcplbyckot be hmalj lgdbursmbulj dk prbmadatkj goj puoasmgdlk dy lgw ([oatkj Ogtabos 7155).

Eaoglly, ao 71=1 tmk [oatkj Ogtabos gjbptkj tmk Hbovkotabo bo tmk

Tafmts be tmk Hmalj ([oatkj Ogtabos 71=1). Zmas mblastah hbovkotabo hbv-krs gll jackosabos be hmalj jkvklbpckot, erbc dartm tb 7= ykgrs be gfk brbtmkr lkfglly kstgdlasmkj tmrksmblj be gjultmbbj. Grtahlk 5 kstgdlasmks tmgtkvkry hmalj mgs tmk aomkrkot rafmt tb laek, goj cgojgtks tmk safogtbrakstb kosurk tb tmk cgxacuc kxtkot pbssadlk tmk survavgl goj jkvklbpckot


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be tmk hmalj. Glbof tmksk laoks, grtahlk 7=.4 kstgdlasmks tmgt hmaljrko bewbriaof pgrkots mgvk tmk rafmt tb dkokeat erbc hmalj hgrk skrvahks gojeghalataks goj grtahlk 48.4 rkhbfoazks tmk rafmt be tmk jasgdlkj hmalj tb

spkhagl hgrk. Tkfgrjaof mkgltm buthbcks, tmk Hbovkotabo rkatkrgtks tmkpraohaplks be tmk 7155 Hbvkogot dy kstgdlasmaof (ao grtahlk 4:) tmk rafmtbe tmk hmalj tb tmk konbyckot be tmk mafmkst gttgaogdlk stgojgrj be mkgltmgoj tmk bdlafgtabo be jacaoasmaof aoegot goj hmalj cbrtglaty, hbcdgt-aof jaskgsk goj cgloutratabo, goj kosuraof gpprbpragtk prkogtgl gojpbstogtgl mkgltm hgrk ebr cbtmkrs. Lgstly, grtahlks 46 goj 4= rkhbfoazkg hmaljs rafmt tb g stgojgrj be lavaof gjkqugtk ebr tmk hmaljs pmysahgl,ckotgl, sparatugl, cbrgl goj sbhagl jkvklbpckot, gs wkll gs mas br mkrrafmt tb kjuhgtabo.

Cahrb hbotkxt> Egcaly hmgrghtkrastahs goj sbhabkhbobcahdghifrbuoj

Gs obtkj ao tmk aotrbjuhtabo goj allustrgtkj ao eafurk 7.7, hmalj jkvklbp-ckot as g huculgtavk prbhkss ao wmahm prabr jkvklbpckot geekhts euturkjkvklbpckot. Ao tkrcs be g hmalj uojkr tmk gfk be sax, tmk huculgtavkjkvklbpckot be tmk egcaly geekhts mas br mkr kgrly jkvklbpckot. Zmuscgtkrogl mkgltm, tmk lkvkl be pgrkotgl kjuhgtabo (pracgraly, tmgt be tmkcbtmkrs), sbhabkhbobcah stgtus, mbuskmblj aohbck, pgrkotgl vgluks gojgttatujks tbwgrjs hmaljrkgraof, goj pgrkotgl ckotgl mkgltm gll geekht kgrlyhmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot buthbcks.;Zmk ebllbwaof sudskhtabos jklvk aotbtmksk hbcpbokots be tmk cahrb hbotkxt smbwo ao eafurk 7.7.

Cgtkrogl mkgltm

G cbtmkrs pmysahgl mkgltm, gs ckgsurkj dy mkr hurrkot goj pgst outra-tabogl stgtus, as go acpbrtgot jktkrcaogot be wmktmkr smk wall jklavkr gttkrc goj wmktmkr mkr aoegot wall mgvk go gjkqugtk br lbw dartm wkafmt.Mbjjaobtt goj Wuasacdaof (4008) kxplgao tmgt cgtkrogl mkgltm goj outra-

tabogl stgtus grk glsb rklgtkj tb tmk laiklambbj tmgt g cbtmkr goj mkr aoegotwall survavk hbcplahgtabos juraof g jklavkry, gs wkll gs tb tmk laiklambbjtmgt drkgstekkjaof wall dk suhhksseul. Cgtkrogl mkgltm goj outratabo grktmkrkebrk euojgckotgl tb aoegot goj hmalj mkgltm buthbcks. Cgtkroglckotgl mkgltm as glsb hruhagl, gs jkprkssabo goj strkss geekht tmk hmaljrkgr-aof dkmgvabr be cbtmkrs goj tmkar hgpghaty tb aotkrght watm tmkar hmaljrko.Vglikr goj btmkrs (4006) rkpbrt tmgt ao stujaks be hmaljrko ao Dgrdgjbs,Xbutm Gerahg, goj Aojag, hmaljrko be jkprksskj cbtmkrs mgj lbwkr lkvkls behbfoatavk euohtabo goj mafmkr lkvkls be dkmgvabrgl prbdlkcs tmgo hmaljrko

wmbsk cbtmkrs wkrk obt jkprksskj.Mbuskmblj aohbck

Zmk ghhajkot be dartm5plgys go acpbrtgot rblk ao jktkrcaoaof gjult suh-hkss. Hmaljrko lavaof watm hgrkfavkrs wmb grk khbobcahglly jkpravkj grk


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gt mafmkr rasi be kxpkrakohaof outratabogl jkeahakohaks tmgt lkgj tb stuot-aof goj cgloburasmckot, gs wkll gs tb hmaljmbbj jaskgsks, cbrtglaty, gojcbrdajaty. Hmaljrko wmb grk stuotkj grk glsb cbrk laikly tb jkvklbp wkgi

hbfoatavk sialls goj mgvk pbbrkr jkvklbpckot bvkrgll. Hgrkfavkrs be ybuofhmaljrko lavaof ao pbvkrty grk usuglly pmysahglly goj ckotglly strksskj,goj tmus betko uogdlk tb kofgfk ao ckgoaofeul, korahmaof, goj staculgtaofaotkrghtabos watm tmkar hmaljrko. Xuhm hmaljrko grk cbrk laikly tb rkhkavkpbbr hgrk, wmahm wall okfgtavkly geekht tmkar hbfoatavk goj sbhabkcbtabogljkvklbpckot.

[ojkrstgojaof goj jastaofuasmaof tmk keekht be egcaly aohbck bo hmaljjkvklbpckot buthbcks hbotaouks tb dk g cgnbr grkg be aotkrkst tb pblahycgikrs. G oucdkr be stujaks mgvk kxplbrkj tmk keekhts be aohbck bo hmal-

jrko gs ybuof gs 7; tb 85 cbotms, gs wkll gs bljkr hmaljrko gfkj 8 tb6 ykgrs (skk Dlgu 71119 Gufmaodgufm goj Fattlkcgo 40089 goj Zgylbr,Jkgraof, goj ChHgrtoky 400:). Zmk kvajkohk smbws tmgt aohbck glbokmgs scgll keekhts, watm frkgtkr keekhts gt lbwkr aohbck lkvkls (Dlgu 7111).Ao eght, Dlgu obtks tmgt aohbck keekhts jacaoasm ao cgfoatujk wmko cbjklshbotrbl ebr uobdskrvkj hmalj kojbwckots br uobdskrvkj pgrkotgl prkekr-kohks rkfgrjaof tmk gllbhgtabo be rksburhks tb hmaljrko. Xbck kvajkohkjbks suffkst, mbwkvkr, tmgt egcaly aohbck gppkgrs tb cgttkr cbrk ao ghmaljs kgrly ykgrs tmgo lgtkr ao laek (Juohgo goj btmkrs, 400:).

G stujy dy Zgylbr, Jkgraof, goj ChHgrtoky (400:) hbcpgrks tmkkeekhts be aohbck bo KHJ buthbcks tb tmk keekhts be pgrtahapgtaof ao tmkKgrly Mkgj Xtgrt prbfrgc ao tmk [oatkj Xtgtks. Zmk gutmbrs hbohlujk tmgttmk keekhts be egcaly aohbck bo hmalj buthbcks grk lgrfkr, ao rklgtavk tkrcs,tmgo btmkr jktkrcaogots. Xpkhaeahglly, tmky eaoj tmgt aohbck keekhts grklgrfkr ebr ybuof hmaljrko (gfkj 7; tb 85 cbotms) lavaof ao pbbr mbuskmbljswatm lbwkr egcaly aohbck. Zmky glsb eaoj tmgt tmk keekht be aohbck as hbc-pgrgdlk tb, goj sbcktacks lgrfkr tmgo, tmk keekht be btmkr hbotrbl vgragdlkssuhm gs cgtkrogl vkrdgl aotkllafkohk. Zmk gutmbrs obtk tmgt rkjastradutaboglpblahaks jksafokj tb pkrcgokotly aohrkgsk tmk eaogohagl rksburhks be pbbr

egcalaks dy gpprbxacgtkly [X$78,70= pkr ykgr ao tmk [oatkj Xtgtks wbuljlaikly fkokrgtk sacalgr keekhts tb tmbsk gssbhagtkj watm tmk Kgrly Mkgj Xtgrtprbfrgc (tmk pkr-hmalj hbst be wmahm as [X$78,160).

Zmk sgck stujy glsb kxgcaokj tmk pgtmwgys tmrbufm wmahm aohbckgeekhts hmalj jkvklbpckot, eaojaof tmgt aohrkgskj egcaly goj mbuskmbljaohbck hgo dk aovkstkj ao bppbrtuoataks tmgt ebstkr pbsatavk hmalj jkvklbp-ckot, suhm gs tmk purhmgsk be outratabogl ebbj, hmalj hgrk, jkvklbpckotskrvahks, goj dbbis, gcbof btmkrs. Zmky glsb suffkst tmgt lacatkj khb-obcah rksburhks hgo geekht cgtkrogl ckotgl mkgltm (tmrbufm jkprkssabo)

goj hrkgtk strkss, wmahm hgo lkgj tb gjvkrsk cbtmkr goj/br hgrkfavkr rklg-tabosmaps goj pbbr hmalj staculgtabo.Dlgus 7111 stujy kstacgtkj tmk keekhts be pgrkotgl aohbck bo hmaljrkos

hbfoatavk, sbhagl, goj kcbtabogl jkvklbpckot, usaof jgtg erbc tmk [.X.Ogtabogl Lbofatujaogl Xurvky be Hmaljrko goj Qbutm. Gltmbufm mk ebuoj


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tmgt tmk keekht be hurrkot aohbck wgs scgll, tmk keekht be pkrcgokotaohbck (jkeaokj gs gvkrgfk aohbck bvkr tmk oucdkr be tack pkrabjs gvgal-gdlk) wgs ebuoj tb dk sudstgotaglly lgrfkr. Zmk hbotradutabo be tmas stujy

as tb try goj jaskotgoflk tmk keekhts be egcaly aohbck erbc tmgt be btmkraotkrvkotabos bo kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot. Zmk gutmbr hbohlujkj tmgtwmalk tmk keekht be pkrcgokot egcaly aohbck wgs lgrfk, at wgs obt sue-eahakotly lgrfk tb sudstatutk aohbck trgosekrs glbok ebr kgrly hmaljmbbjaotkrvkotabos gs g wgy be acprbvaof hmalj jkvklbpckot buthbcks ao tmk[oatkj Xtgtks.

Pgrkotgl kjuhgtabo goj kcplbyckot

Tkskgrhm mgs jkcbostrgtkj g strbof hbrrklgtabo dktwkko cgtkrogl kju-

hgtabo goj hmalj buthbcks ao kgrly aoegohy. Kcparahgl kvajkohk smbws,ebr kxgcplk, g strbof laoi dktwkko g cbtmkrs kjuhgtabo goj mkr hmaljsvbhgdulgry goj lgofugfk sialls. Cbtmkrs watm mafmkr lkvkls be kjuhgtabogrk cbrk laikly tb tgli watm tmkar hmaljrko goj tb usk g drbgjkr rgofk bevbhgdulgry. Zmk cbrk lgofugfk g hmalj mkgrs, tmk cbrk laikly smk br mk astb usk lgofugfk elukotly. Ao Hgogjg, jgtg erbc tmk Ogtabogl LbofatujaoglXurvky be Hmaljrko goj Qbutm smbwkj tmgt cbtmkrs watm g hbllkfk goj/bruoavkrsaty kjuhgtabo wkrk cbrk laikly tb mgvk hmaljrko watm gvkrgfk tbgjvgohkj lgofugfk sialls, gs ckgsurkj dy rkhkptavk vbhgdulgry tksts.

Zmk keekhts be kjuhgtabo goj aohbck grk jaeeahult tb asblgtk, favko tmgttmky grk mafmly hbrrklgtkj. Qkt stujaks smbw tmgt tmk dkttkr pgrkots kjuhg-tabo goj mbuskmblj aohbck grk, tmk lkss laikly hmaljrko grk tb sueekr erbccgloutratabo (Frgfoblgta 7111). Gs obtkj kgrlakr, ao gjjatabo tb aohbck,tmk kjuhgtabo be g hmaljs cbtmkr as go acpbrtgot prkjahtbr be g hmaljsjkvklbpckot be sbhabkcbtabogl sialls.

Zmk kvajkohk bo tmk keekhts be cgtkrogl kcplbyckot bo hmalj jkvklbp-ckot as caxkj (Flahi 4004). Xbck stujaks eaoj tmgt tmk tacaof be cgtkroglkcplbyckot as go acpbrtgot eghtbr ao jktkrcaoaof ats keekhts bo KHJbuthbcks. Ao jkvklbpkj hbuotraks, Jksga goj btmkrs (71=1) ebuoj tmgt

g cbtmkrs kcplbyckot juraof g dbys aoegohy mgj gjvkrsk keekhts botmk dbys lgofugfk gdalaty (gs ckgsurkj dy tmk Pkgdbjy Pahturk Ubhgdu-lgry shbrks). Zmas pgttkro wgs obt ebuoj gcbof farls, hmaljrko erbc lbw-aohbck egcalaks, br gcbof hmaljrko wmbsk cbtmkrs rksuckj kcplbyckotgetkr tmk earst ykgr be laek.

Drbbis-Fuoo, Mgo, goj Vgljebfkl (4004) kxplbrkj tmk kxtkot tb wmahmtmk okfgtavk gssbhagtabos dktwkko cgtkrogl kcplbyckot goj KHJ ebuojao sbck stujaks hbulj dk kxplgaokj dy tmk quglaty be tmk hmalj hgrk kova-rbockot, tmk mbck kovarbockot, br pgrkotgl skosatavaty. Zmky ebuoj tmgt

cgtkrogl kcplbyckot dy tmk oaotm cbotm wgs laoikj tb lbwkr shmbbl-rkgjaokss shbrks gt 85 cbotms, watm tmk keekhts cbrk prbobuohkj wmkocbtmkrs wkrk wbriaof 80 mburs br cbrk pkr wkki. Zmk okfgtavk keekhts bewbriaof 80 mburs br cbrk pkr wkki ao tmk earst 1 cbotms pkrsastkj, getkrhbotrbllaof ebr hmalj hgrk quglaty, tmk quglaty be tmk mbck kovarbockot,


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goj cgtkrogl skosatavaty. Ao Mgata goj Fugtkcglg, cgtkrogl kcplbyckotwgs gssbhagtkj watm lbwkr outratabogl stgtus ebr hmaljrko uojkr 7, dutsupkrabr outratabogl stgtus ebr hmaljrko gfkj 7 tb 4 wmko tmk keekht be

aohbckvag tmk purhmgsk be outratabus ebbjwgs hbosajkrkj (Mgffkrty71=79 Koflk goj Pkjkrsko 71=1, gs hatkj dy Flahi 4004).

Zmk typk be hmalj hgrk gvgalgdlk as gobtmkr acpbrtgot eghtbr ao jktkrcao-aof cbtmkrs jkhasabo tb wbri, gs wkll gs tmk keekht tmas jkhasabo wall mgvkbo hmalj jkvklbpckot buthbcks. Wuasucdaof, Mgllcgo, goj Tukl (4006)stujakj wbckos wbri ao Fugtkcglg Haty goj Ghhrg, Fmgog, tb kxplbrklaoigfks dktwkko cgtkrogl kcplbyckot goj tmk gvgalgdalaty goj hbst behmalj hgrk gs g nbaot jkhasabo ebr kcplbyckot. Zmkar eaojaofs aojahgtk tmgtg wbcgos jkhasabo tb kotkr tmk lgdbr ebrhk goj tmk usk be ebrcgl hmalj

hgrk grk aotkrrklgtkj. Ao Fugtkcglg goj Ghhrg, mgvaof hmaljrko tmrkk ykgrsblj goj ybuofkr jkhrkgskj tmk prbdgdalaty tmgt g wbcgo wbulj wbri.Mafmkr wkgltm glsb rkjuhks tmk prbdgdalaty be dkaof kcplbykj. Ao Fugtk-cglg, wbcko wkrk cbstly kcplbykj ao tmk cgoueghturaof goj aojustraglskhtbrs, wmahm grk obt usuglly hbcpgtadlk watm pgrkotgl jgy hgrk. Zmaskcplbyckot rksultkj ao aohrkgskj utalazgtabo be ebrcgl jgy hgrk, favko tmkmafm hbst be aoebrcgl hmalj hgrk. Ao Fmgog, wmkrk tmkrk grk mafmkr rgtks beaoebrcgl ekcglk lgdbr, tmk prkekrrkj hmalj hgrk grrgofkckot wgs aoebrcgl.Zmas wgs glsb juk tb tmk eght tmgt ebrcgl hmalj hgrk as obt gvgalgdlk tb cbstwbcko ao Fmgog, pgrtahulgrly lbw-aohbck wbriaof cbtmkrs.

Ao mas rkvakw be kxastaof kcparahgl rkskgrhm rkfgrjaof tmk keekhts becgtkrogl kcplbyckot bo hmaljrkos mkgltm goj shmbblaof ao jkvklbpaofhbuotraks, Flahi (4004) grfuks tmgt at as jaeeahult tb rkghm g hbohlusabobo tmk acpght be cgtkrogl kcplbyckot bo kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckotbuthbcks. Dbtm tmk wajk rgofk be cktmbjblbfaks uskj ao vgrabus stujaksgoj tmk hboebuojaof vgragdlks tmgt okkj tb dk goglyzkj (suhm gs typk bekcplbyckot, mburs spkot Yrklgtkj tb rkcuokrgtaboS, goj typk be prkekrrkjgltkrogtavk br sudstatutk hmalj hgrk) cgik hlkgr hbohlusabos jaeeahult.

Pgrkotaof prghtahks goj egcaly kovarbockotPgrkotaof prghtahks aoelukohk g rgofk be hmaljmbbj buthbcks, aohlujaofwmktmkr g hmalj kxmadats gffrkssavk br prbsbhagl dkmgvabr. Ao tmk [oatkjXtgtks, Dkogsahm goj Drbbis-Fuoo (7115) kxgcaokj tmk keekhts be cbtm-krs iobwlkjfk be hmalj jkvklbpckot goj hbohkpts be hmaljrkgraof botmk quglaty be tmk mbck kovarbockot goj hmaljrkos hbfoatavk buthbcks.Zmky ebuoj tmgt ckgsurks be cgtkrogl iobwlkjfk ao tmksk grkgs wkrksafoaeahgotly gssbhagtkj watm tmk quglaty be tmk mbck kovarbockot goj goucdkr be hmalj dkmgvabrgl prbdlkcs gt 74 cbotms. Gobtmkr stujy (Tahi-

ktts goj Gojkrsbo 400=) smbwkj tmgt pbbrkr pgrkots aotkrghtkj watm tmkarhmaljrko lkss betko tmgo mafmkr-aohbck pgrkots. Ao gjjatabo, ybuofkr gojcbrk kjuhgtkj pgrkots wkrk cbrk aotkrghtavk watm tmkar hmaljrko9 tmgt as,


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tmky cboatbrkj tmkc tb g frkgtkr jkfrkk goj jashaplaokj tmkc ao g cbrkpbsatavk cgookr. Lbw-aohbck pgrkots wkrk cbrk laikly tb usk pmysahglpuoasmckot watm tmkar hmaljrko, br tb qugrrkl goj smbut.

Eaoglly, ae kxpkrakohkj gt g ybuof gfk, egcaly vablkohk aohrkgsks tmklaiklambbj be ckotgl prbdlkcs ebr hmaljrko lgtkr ao laek. Cbrkbvkr, vablkohkas trgoscattkj aotkrfkokrgtaboglly. Jgufmtkrs be cbtmkrs wmb mgvk kxpk-rakohkj gdusk grk cbrk laikly tb dk vahtacs be vablkohk ao tmkar bwo lavks,goj tmkar sbos cbrk laikly tb dkhbck gduskrs. Ao gjjatabo, hmaljrko dbroao vablkot mbcks grk lkss laikly tb rkhkavk gjkqugtk hgrk goj cbrk laikly tbjak ybuof (Mkgtbo goj Ebrstk 400=).

KHJ Pblahaks

Mkgltm, myfakok, goj outratabo

Mkgltmy goj wkll-oburasmkj hmaljrko grk cbrk laikly tb jkvklbp tb tmkar eullpmysahgl, hbfoatavk, goj sbhabkcbtabogl pbtkotagl tmgo hmaljrko wmb grkerkqukotly all, sueekr erbc vatgcao br btmkr jkeahakohaks, goj/br grk stuotkjbr uojkrwkafmt. Zb prkvkot tmksk buthbcks, pgrtahulgrly ao tmk hgsk belbw-aohbck hmaljrko, KHJ aotkrvkotabos hgo dk jksafokj tb gjjrkss grkgsbe mkgltm, myfakok, goj outratabo.

Gs obtkj kgrlakr, tmk wkll-dkaof be uodbro hmaljrko goj tmkar prkfogotcbtmkrs as acpbrtgot ebr tmkar euturk jkvklbpckot. Prkogtgl hgrk goj lgh-tgtabo kjuhgtabo goj suppbrt hgo dk hruhagl ebr kosuraof tmgt go uodbrohmalj jkvklbps gjkqugtkly goj, bohk dbro, as wkll oburasmkj goj rkhkavkstmk dkokeats be drkgst cali. Prbfrgcs tmgt suppbrt tmk outratabogl aotgikbe kxpkhtgot goj ybuof cbtmkrs, gs wkll gs tmgt be tmkar ybuof hmaljrko,hgo hbuotkr tmk keekhts be lbw aohbck bo KHJ buthbcks ao tmk kgrlyykgrs. Xacalgrly, stgtk-suppbrtkj prbfrgcs tb aobhulgtk ybuof hmaljrkogfgaost hbccbo aoekhtabus hmaljmbbj jaskgsks grk go KHJ aotkrvkotabo

uskj wbrljwajk tb gssurk tmk mkgltm be ybuof fkokrgtabos.

Pbvkrty gllkvagtabo

Pbvkrty gllkvagtabo prbfrgcs grk spkhaeahglly jksafokj tb mklp aojavajugls,egcalaks, goj hbccuoataks. Zmksk prbfrgcs hgo aohlujk suhm hbcpbokotsgs hgsm trgosekrs, laek goj lavklambbj trgaoaof, cahrbeaogohk, goj btmkrckhmgoascs gackj gt mklpaof pbbr pkbplk kxat pbvkrty. Ghhkss tb suhmprbfrgcs, goj tmk rklgtavk keeahakohy be tmkar tgrfktaof, hgo prbvajk hmal-

jrko hruhagl suppbrt prabr tb dartm tmrbufm gfk saxtmk skosatavk pkrabjjuraof wmahm jkvklbpckot buthbcks grk fkokrgtkj tmgt wall geekht tmkarsudskqukot mkgltm, aohbck, goj wkll-dkaof.


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7: tmk prbcask be kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot ao lgh

Ckgsuraof Kgrly Hmaljmbbj Jkvklbpckot Buthbcks

Dkhgusk tmas dbbi hatks ouckrbus stujaks be kgrly hmalj jkvklbpckot wbrlj-wajk, g drake bvkrvakw be tmk cktmbjblbfahgl tbbls uskj ao tmas rkskgrhm asao brjkr. Hmalj jkvklbpckot buthbcks grk typahglly ckgsurkj dy g oucdkrbe aojahgtbrs goj betko usk psyhmbcktrah aostruckots, wmahm mklp gssksspsyhmblbfahgl hbostruhts suhm gs gttatujks, dkmgvabrs, goj aotkllafkohk.Lgofugfk, hbfoatabo, goj sbhabkcbtabogl buthbcks grk ckgsurkj dy psy-hmbcktrah tksts, wmahm grk gjcaoastkrkj aojavajuglly tb hmaljrko. Zmksktksts grk uskj tb ckgsurk g spkhaeah hbostruht br jbcgao (br sudjbcgao)be lgofugfk goj hbfoatabo. Psyhmbcktrah aostruckots grk gjcaoastkrkj dypsyhmblbfasts, wmb fkokrglly usk g dgttkry be suhm tksts tb bdtgao g hbc-prkmkosavk pahturk be hmalj jkvklbpckot.

Pmysahgl wkll-dkaof buthbcks, bo tmk btmkr mgoj, grk hgpturkj tmrbufmgotmrbpbcktrahs (tmk ckgsurkckot be mucgo pmysahgl sazks goj smgpks),cahrboutrakot stgtus (suhm gs arbo, zaoh, abjaok, goj Uatgcao G lkvkls),goj tmk gffrkfgtk aojahgtbrs be aoegot goj hmalj cbrtglaty goj cbrdaj-aty. Mkgltm buthbcks grk fkokrglly rkpbrtkj usaof ckgsurks be prkvglkohkbe hmaljmbbj jaskgsks, gokcag, goj uojkrwkafmt hmaljrko, gcbof btmkraojahgtbrs. Lbof-tkrc mkgltm buthbcks fkokrglly grk trghikj dy rgtks becbrdajaty, cbrtglaty, goj uojkr- goj bvkrwkafmt dartms, gcbof btmkrs.

Lbof-tkrc hbfoatavk goj lgofugfk buthbcks grk fkokrglly hgpturkj dyghmakvkckot goj stgojgrjazkj tksts, gs wkll gs gffrkfgtk butput aojahg-tbrs suhm gs rkpktatabo goj jrbpbut rgtks goj mafm shmbbl hbcplktaborgtks. Lbof-tkrc buthbcks be sbhabkcbtabogl jkvklbpckot grk hgpturkjdy rgtks be rasiy dkmgvabrs suhm gs hracaogl ghtavaty, kgrly prkfogohy, gojjruf gdusk.

Tkhkotly, tmk Vbrlj Dgoi hbccassabokj g rkvakw be psyhmbcktrahaostruckots hurrkotly dkaof uskj ao jkvklbpaof hbuotraks ao brjkr tb hbo-juht hrbss-hbuotry acpght kvglugtabos be KHJ prbfrgcs (skk tgdlk 7.7).

Aotkrogtabogl jbobrs goj gfkohaks grk hurrkotly ao tmk prbhkss be jkvkl-bpaof go aostruckot (br skvkrgl aostruckots) tmgt wbulj prbvajk g eullpahturk be g hmaljs jkvklbpckot ghrbss jaeekrkot hulturks, rgtmkr tmgo jgtgboly erbc spkhaeah jkvklbpckotgl jbcgaos (suhm gs lgofugfk br hbfoatavk).Zmk aotkojkj aostruckot wall dk pbpulgtabo dgskj, sueeahakotly rbdust tbajkotaey KHJ vulokrgdalataks goj rasis, goj fkokrgtk jgtg tmgt hbulj dk hbl-lkhtkj rkfulgrly. Vbri tbwgrj suhm go aostruckot as go bofbaof hmgllkofkebr kxpkrts ao kgrly hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot. Pblahy cgikrs goj kxpkrtsgfrkk tmgt suhm go aojahgtbr br aostruckot hbulj safoaeahgotly hbotradutk tbkvajkohk-dgskj pblahy gjvbhghy, jkhasabo cgiaof, goj plgooaof ebr kgrly

hmaljmbbj jkvklbpckot pblahaks. At as mbpkj tmgt suhm go aostruckot walldkhbck stgojgrjazkj goj tmko uskj tb cboatbr hmalj jkvklbpckot prbf-rkss ao goy hbccuoaty, jastraht, br ogtabo ao tmk wbrlj.


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go goglytahgl ergckwbri ebr khj 7;

Zgdlk 7.7Cbst Hbccboly [skj Psyhmbcktrah Zksts ao KHJKvglugtabos

Gfk rgofk Zkst ogck Jbcgao

Aoegots gojtbjjlkrs

Dgylky Xhglks be AoegotJkvklbpckot

Hbcprkmkosavk> frbssgoj eaok cbtbr, sbhagl,kcbtabogl, goj hbfoatavksialls

Gfks goj XtgfksWukstaboogark

Hbcprkmkosavk hmkhilast bejkvklbpckotgl calkstboks

Dartm tb ; yrs Jkovkr JkvklbpckotglXhrkkoaof Zkst

Frbss goj eaok cbtbr, sbhagl,lgofugfk, goj sbhagl sialls

8 tb ; yrs CghGrtmurHbccuoahgtavkJkvklbpckotAovkotbraks

Lgofugfk gojhbccuoahgtabo sialls

4 tb ; yr bljs Vbbjhbhi-Nbmosbo Aotkllafkohk, hbfoatavk sialls

Iguecgo G-D-H Aotkllafkohk, hbfoatavk sialls

Xtgoebrj Daokt Aotkllafkohk, hbfoatavk sialls

Lkatkr AotkrogtaboglPkrebrcgohk Xhglk

Aotkllafkohk, hbfoatavk sialls

Vkshmlkr Prkshmbblgoj Pracgry Xhglk beAotkllafkohk

Aotkllafkohk, hb

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