THE POWER SHIFT

Jefferson / Madison Presidencies

and the WAR OF 1812

ELECTION of 1800• Jefferson WINS (Aaron Burr becomes VP)

• Adams bitter in defeat

• TJ Ironic Presidency (1801-1809)

• Wrote Dec. of Indep. Proclaiming freedom for all men, BUT owned slaves himself

ELECTION of 1800• Jefferson is elected President

• Shift in country to Dem.-Rep. thinking

• Shift in power in Executive & Legislative– Decentralized power, Reduce Army, Halt Navy, Roll

back Hamilton’s Economic plan (Bank)

MARBURY v. MADISON

1803

1800 - USA

• John Adams (Federalist) is President

• Federalists dominate the new government

• Until…

Federalist Judges Remain• Appointed for life

• Adams bitter in defeat• Judiciary Act 1801• To spite Jefferson and avenge Federalists,

Adams appoints 40 new Fed. Judges in the last hours of his Presidency > “Midnight Judges”

Adams Cartoon

• To be official, commission must be hand delivered to the new judge

• Most are delivered before Adams’ term expires, some aren’t

• Jefferson orders his new Sec. of State James Madison to NOT deliver the remaining commissions

William Marbury • One of the Undelivered

“Midnight Judges”

• Sued the Gov’t (Madison) – wanted the US Supreme Court to force Madison to deliver his commission

• (Judiciary Act of 1789, passed by Congress, said this could happen (gave court the power to force appointments)

USSC Chief Justice John Marshall• Agreed that Marbury

should have been delivered, BUT…

• He wasn’t

• Marshall ruled that Article III of the Constitution (Judicial Branch) did not give the court the power to force an appointment

So What???

• This meant that the court interpreted the law Congress passed (Jud. Act 1798) as UNCONSTITUTIONAL

Thus…

• In all cases, the Constitution takes precedence when a conflict exists between the Constitution and a law passed by Congress (Supremacy Clause)

• This established the principle of…JUDICIAL REVIEW – USSC

determines if laws passed are Unconstitutional

• Also established the USSC as the final voice on what the Constitution means

• Judicial Branch is an equal partner in Gov’t

LA Purchase (1803)-Bought from France (Napoleon) for $15 million-Dilemma for Jefferson!!!!!

-TJ is a Strict Constructionist…-Is the purchase legal???

-TJ advocates States’ Rights BUT…-Purchase increases the power of FEDERAL Gov’t

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Haitian Revolution1791-1804

LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803

Why LA Purchase so Important???

• Doubles size of USA – BIG country• Gets France out of N. America for good• Land and Resources for USA• Increases Role of Federal Gov’t –

administer the new land & states

LA Purchase negative consequences???

• No regard for Native American land claims

• Conflict over Slavery expanding in USA

• Leads to Sectional Crisis and Civil War

Lewis and Clark• Sent by Jefferson to explore LA Purchase

Territory

St. Louis to Ft. Clatsop

NAPOLEONIC WARS IN EUROPEEngland vs. France

• Britain and France both don’t want the USA to trade with the other

• USA caught in the middle – wants to be Neutral & trade with both

• Britain steps up practice of…

IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SAILORS -Kidnapping and forcing US sailors into British Navy service

• Angers America Something Fierce!!!

Jefferson Responds with theEMBARGO ACT - 1807

• Stops most exports (trade) to ALL foreign ports

• Cuts USA off from the world

• Horrible move

• Wrecks American Economy

Sally Hemings Affair

• TJ allledgedly fathered 6 children with this slave over 38 year relationship.

• TJ never spoke publically on the issue.

Jefferson Leaves Presidency

• Hates it so much he leaves it off his Gravestone!!!!

• Election of 1808 – • JAMES MADISON becomes

4th President• DEM.-REP. Party• “Father of Constitution”

WAR OF 1812“The Second War for Independence”

THOMAS JEFFERSONPresident 1801-1809

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

NAPOLEONIC WARS IN EUROPEEngland vs. France

• Britain and France both don’t want the USA to trade with the other

• USA caught in the middle – wants to be Neutral & trade with both

• Britain steps up practice of…

IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SAILORS -Kidnapping and forcing US sailors into British Navy service

• Angers America Something Fierce!!!

Jefferson Responds with theEMBARGO ACT - 1807

• Stops most exports (trade) to ALL foreign ports

• Cuts USA off from the world

• Horrible move

• Wrecks American Economy

JAMES MADISONRepublican President 1809-1817

• Replaces Embargo Act with… • Non-Intercourse Act – prohibits trade with

only Britain and France (belligerent nations)

• Does nothing to help US economy

• Citizens calling for war with Britain

AMERICAN “INDIAN” POLICY DEVELOPING

• BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE – November 7, 1811• Tecumseh’s Shawnee Tribe Defeated

GENERAL WILLIAM TECUMSEHHENRY HARRISON

Causes of War of 1812

• “2nd War of Independence”

• Demand for Neutral Rights – No Impressment

• Frontier Native Attacks Blamed on British Meddling

• USA desires new lands in British Canada & Spanish Florida

• USA Conditions - totally unprepared to fight a war

• Only 20 ships in the Navy• No Standing Army• Weak Economy after Embargo• Republicans not been taxing much

WAR OF 18121812-1814

• British 3 pronged invasion attack

• Though USA fighting poorly, again Brits can’t quite nail the coffin shut

• USA able to hold off the British just enough

BATTLES WITH NATIVE AMERICANS DURING WAR OF 1812

• FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE IN CHICAGO – August 14, 1812

FT. DEARBORN MONUMENT Michigan Ave. Bridge

GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON

BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND(ALABAMA) March 27,1814

General Andrew Jackson Defeats Creek Indians

WASHINGTON D.C. BURNED BY BRITISH – August 24,1814

FRANCIS SCOTT KEY WRITES“The Star Spangled Banner”

September 13, 1814

• British Siege Fort in Baltimore – Bomb Heavily

• Fort resists attack

• Next morning “our flag was still there”

• Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early lightWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

TREATY OF GHENT – Dec. 24, 1814

ENDS WAR OF 1812

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS – Jan. 8, 1815

• Word of Treaty not yet reach Gen. Jackson

• Holds off 7,500 attacking British

• a. Greatest American victory happens after war is over

b. JACKSON IS A WAR HERO – leads to PresidencyWill use war reputation to get elected President

Results of the War• a. Sense of Patriotism – though fought

poorly, held off British…Again• b. Need for Infrastructure (roads, canals,

bridges)• c. Need for Economic Independence (Birth

of US Manufacturing)• d. USA begins to develop its “Indian Policy”

– they’re trouble, get them out

• Hartford Convention – New England Federalists threaten to secede from Union (destroys the Federalist Party)